Sabrina+Bajwa+and+Sam+Richey

=__**Questions:**__= Sam Richey (aff questions)-- richey.sam@gmail.com Sabrina Bajwa (neg questions)-- brinabree99@gmail.com =__**AFF**__= __**1AC -- Disasters -- v1**__

Plan
====The United States federal government should call a summit meeting with the People’s Republic of China for the purpose of drafting humanitarian assistance and disaster relief standard operating procedures through the Asian Defense Minister Meeting Plus framework.====

Natural disasters exacerbate previously existing patterns of discrimination – makes women more vulnerable than men
Ahmed 15 – World Reporter at ThinkProgress (Beenish Ahmed, “5 Reasons Natural Disasters Are Worse For Women”, Think Progress, 5/7/2015, http://thinkprogress.org/world/2015/05/07/3655384/women-disasters/)//MBB Although they level AND respiratory complications and infections.

Biological and physiological differences cause disproportionate suffering for women in disasters
Neumayer and Plumper 7 – Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science [Neumayer], Department of Government, University of Essex and Max-Planck Institute of Economics [Plumper] (Eric Neumayer and Thomas Plumper, “The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 9/1/2007, EBSCOhost)//MBB// // Biological and physiological differences // // AND // does maternal and infant mortality//

The disparate impact goes beyond biological differences – many societies socially condition women not learn to swim and to wear constrictive clothing which means they can’t escape
Neumayer and Plumper 7 – Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science [Neumayer], Department of Government, University of Essex and Max-Planck Institute of Economics [Plumper] (Eric Neumayer and Thomas Plumper, “The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 9/1/2007, EBSCOhost)//MBB The discussion above would AND in their domestic homes (Krishnaraj 1997).

The aftermath of natural disasters makes it even worse – impact on women is intensified
Neumayer and Plumper 7 – Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science [Neumayer], Department of Government, University of Essex and Max-Planck Institute of Economics [Plumper] (Eric Neumayer and Thomas Plumper, “The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 9/1/2007, EBSCOhost)//MBB// // In this subsection, we // // AND // higher than that of males.//

Separation, intestinal disease, and dehydration ensure children face the very worst effects of natural disasters
Kousky 16 – (Carolyn Kousky, “Impacts of Natural Disasters on Children”, The Future of Children, Spring 2016, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43755231)//MBB Following major disasters, AND to disasters' effects on children.

Natural disasters are not just acts of God – policy-makers can and should take steps to lessen the impact
Neumayer and Plumper 7 – Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science [Neumayer], Department of Government, University of Essex and Max-Planck Institute of Economics [Plumper] (Eric Neumayer and Thomas Plumper, “The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 9/1/2007, EBSCOhost)//MBB Geographers and other social AND compared to that of men.

Status quo HADR cooperation takes out their DA’s but doesn’t solve – the US and China are key
Bo 15 (Zhou Bo is an honorary fellow with Center of China-American Defense Relations, Academy of Military Science, PLA, China. “China-U.S. HA/DR Exercise and its Implication for the Asia-Pacific,” China US Focus, Feb 16, 2015, http://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/china-u-s-hadr-exercise-and-its-implication-for-the-asia-pacific/)//wm A Sino-American joint AND from the “plus” countries.

Greater coordination is key in the Asia-Pacific – ADMM-Plus solves
Ibrahim 15 (Garry Ibrahim was a speaker at the 10th CSCAP-Brunei General Conference. “Building Greater Mutual Trust through Disaster Relief Cooperation” 10/21/15-10/23/15 Delivered at 10TH CSCAP GENERAL CONFERENCE: CONFIDENCE BUILDING IN THE ASIA PACIFIC – THE SECURITY ARCHITECTURE OF THE 21ST CENTURY. http://www.cscap.org/uploads/docs/Related%20Research/10GenConf/13GarryIbrahim(Brunei)10GC.pdf)///CW The Asia-Pacific remains the AND the South China Sea (COC).

ADMM-Plus is the best framework for HADR cooperation
Cook 16 (Dr Alistair D. B. Cook is Coordinator of the Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief Programme and Research Fellow at the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies, RSIS. “ONE ASEAN, ONE RESPONSE: ADMM AND ADMM-PLUS CONTRIBUTIONS TO HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE,” ROUNDTABLE ON THE FUTURE OF THE ADMM/ADMM-PLUS AND DEFENCE DIPLOMACY IN THE ASIA PACIFIC; The S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS). Edited by Sarah Teo and Bhubhindar Singh. Feb 2016, https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/PR160223_Future-of-the-ADMM.pdf)//wm Since the establishment AND New York to this region.

The US and China are both absolutely necessary for coordination and response
Lasater 15 (Martin Lasater is a Senior Research Analyst at Energetics Incorporated, the author of several books on Sino-American strategic relations, and a specialist on critical infrastructure security and resilience. “Natural Disasters: Preparing for the Big One,” The Diplomat, April 21, 2015, http://thediplomat.com/2015/04/natural-disasters-preparing-for-the-big-one/)//wm// // Planning for Major // // AND // response and recovery effort//.

China says yes
Tiezzi 14 (Shannon Tiezzi writes with a main focus on China, and she writes on China’s foreign relations, domestic politics, and economy. Shannon previously served as a research associate at the U.S.-China Policy Foundation, where she hosted the weekly television show China Forum. She received her A.M. from Harvard University and her B.A. from The College of William and Mary. Shannon has also studied at Tsinghua University in Beijing. “How Disaster Relief Can Save China-ASEAN Relations” 8/7/14 http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/how-disaster-relief-can-save-china-asean-relations/)///CW China and ASEAN AND an aggressive, revanchist power.

The government has a moral imperative to at least attempt to stop natural disasters
According to Fred Cuny AND
 * Jorgenson 11 (**Hurricane Katrina: Humanitarian Obligations and Lessons Learned Ellen Jorgenson Case-Specific Briefing Paper Humanitarian Assistance in Complex Emergencies University of Denver 2011)
 * __policy and practice.__**

Prioritize structural impacts – worst-case scenario predictions are based on threat exaggeration – distorts rational decision-making and justify preemptive warfare
Mueller & Stewart ’11 [John, Woody Hayes National Security Studies and Professor of Political Science @ Ohio State University, Mark, Professor of Civil Engineering and Director of the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle in Australia, “Terror, Security, and Money”, page numbers below, CMR] Focusing on Worst-Case AND a responsible manner. [page 14-17]

Wars won’t go nuclear
Quinlan 9 (Michael, Former Permanent Under-Sec. State – UK Ministry of Defense, “Thinking about Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects”, p. 63-69) Even if initial nuclear AND __ **belongs to science fiction** __.

Evaluating risk with a one percent doctrine makes life impossible
Tom __Friedman's piece__ today AND __time (just barely) to take action__.
 * Meskill 09** (David, professor at Colorado School of Mines and PhD from Harvard, “The "One Percent Doctrine" and Environmental Faith,” Dec 9, http://davidmeskill.blogspot.com/2009/12/one-percent-doctrine-and-environmental.html)

__**1AC -- MES -- v1**__

MES is inevitable—it’s only a question of whether it is proactive or not
Manning 16 – Senior fellow of the Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security at the Atlantic Council. He served as a senior counselor to the U.S. undersecretary of state for global affairs from 2001 to 2004, as a member of the U.S. Department of State Policy Planning Staff from 2004 to 2008 and on the National Intelligence Council Strategic Futures Group from 2008 to 2012. (Robert, “The China Market Status Dilemma,” Foreign Policy)//BB What lies ahead? AND forward.

Failure to grant market-status leads to an escalatory trade conflict
Goldhaber 15 – JD @ Yale, ‎Senior International Correspondent at The American Lawyer (Michael, “The U.S. Offensive in the China Trade War,” The American Lawyer, Lexis)//BB The normally conciliatory American AND it won't be the last.

A US-China trade war wrecks __global__ trade norms---causes military conflict
Beams 16 – member of the International Editorial Board of the World Socialist Web Site, and an internationally-recognised expert on Marxist political economy. He has written extensively and delivered public lectures in many countries on the global financial crisis, globalisation and the collapse of the USSR (Nick, “Economic Conflicts Threaten Global Trade War,” http://www.globalresearch.ca/economic-conflicts-threaten-global-trade-war/5528689)//BB// //The ongoing stagnation in// //AND// into another global conflagration//.

The impact is great power war
Drezner 16 – professor of international politics @ Tufts (Daniel, “Five Known Unknowns about the Next Generation Global Political Economy,” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/future-global-political-economy-drezner/ios-drezner-web.pdf) __Multiple scholars have observed__ AND resources towards their militaries.

Independently, failure to grant MES causes China to opt-out of WTO obligations
Winters 16 - Professor of Economics at the University of Sussex and former Chief Economist at the Department for International Development (L. Alan, January 20, Borderlex interview with L. Alan Winters, INTERVIEW: L. Alan Winters on China MES – “a coordinated view would look like the rest of the world is ganging up on China”, http://www.borderlex.eu/interview-l-alan-winters-china-market-economy-status/)//SLR// //Q: What happens if the// //AND// // that would be// awfully aggressive//.

Chinese buy-in to WTO norms is key to long-term survival of the WTO
Brown 9 - Associate Professor in the Department of Economics and International Business School at Brandeis University and a Non-Resident Fellow in the Global Economy and Development Program at the Brookings Institution (Chad, “U.S.--China Trade Conflicts and the Future of the WTO,” 33 Fletcher F. World Aff. 27, Lexis)//BB// //This is why the// //AND// survival of the WTO//.

WTO solves nuclear war---credibility and resilience is key
Hamann 9 - associate in Lewis, Roca, Rothberger’s Litigation Practice Group, J.D. from Vanderbilt University Law School (GEORGIA L. Hamann, May 2009, “Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System”, http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/hamann-cr_final_final.pdf)//BB// // Voluntary compliance with WTO // // AND // the organization’s credibility//.108

Excessive regionalism causes trade wars and diverts economic flows – multilateral foundation key
Neumann 9 (Ildiko Virag-Neumann, lecturer of Applied Economics at the University of Pannonia, Hungary, “Regional Trade Agreements and the WTO”, 2009, [], TMP)

International economic order AND economic exchanges and interests.

Independently, regionalism is terrible for the global south
Cho 6 - SJD @ Harvard Law, LLM – International Economic Law @ Michigan Law, MPA – Seoul National University, LLB – Seoul National University, Professor of International Economic Law @ IIT Chicago-Kent, consultant to the South Korean government's Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy, and former WTO negotiator (Sungjoon, “Defragmenting World Trade,” Fall, Lexis)//BB 3. Development Failure __ The proliferation of RTAs __ __ AND __ Third World Network. n187

Graduating China to a market economy __before the deadline__ and __without condition__ solves US-China relations and promotes global trade liberalization
Watson 14 – JD from Tulane University Law School, and an LLM in international and comparative law from the George Washington University Law School (K William, “Will Nonmarket Economy Methodology Go Quietly into the Night?,” CATO Policy Analysis, No. 763)//BB Ending NME Altogether While history tells us AND the global trading system.

The plan promotes sustainable US-China cooperation---it’s comparatively the most important gesture to China, and defuses other areas of tension
Ikenson 12 – MA in economics @ GWU, former director of international trade planning for an international accounting and business advisory firm (Daniel, “Trade Policy Priority One: Averting a U.S.-China “Trade War”,” Free Trade Bulletin, No. 47)//BB U.S. policymakers — with AND recent deterioration of relations.

Frisbie 16 - president of the US-China Business Council (USCBC) since November 2004, has more than 25 years of experience in business and government relations with China, including nearly 10 years living and working in Beijing, BA and MBA degrees from the University of Texas at Austin he received several National Resource Fellowships for language study and is fluent in Mandarin Chinese (John, with Erin Ennis, Senior Vice President of the US-China Business Council, “Is China A “Market Economy”? It Doesn’t Matter.,” http://www.uscnpm.org/blog/2016/05/09/is-china-a-market-economy-it-doesnt-matter/)//BB

Based on the headlines AND

// remain on stable footing //.

China won’t negotiate on MES---they view it as an unconditional guarantee
Yan 16 - PhD candidate for European Studies at the University of Hong Kong (Shaohua, “Market Economy Status: Why is China making a big fuss?,” http://www.euractiv.com/section/trade-society/opinion/market-economy-status-why-is-china-making-a-big-fuss/) Legally speaking, the AND challenge the Chinese position.

Economics outweighs security
Wyne 15 – Adjunct staff @ RAND, Fellow @ Atlantic Council, MPP @ Harvard (Ali, “The Strategic Importance of U.S.-China Trade Ties,” Carnegie Council, http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/ethics_online/0106)//BB At the end of AND of history, to name a few.

Strong relations prevent nuclear war and foster multilateral cooperation on every existential threat

 * Gross, 13** - adjunct fellow of Pacific Forum CSIS, former Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for International Security Affairs in the Department of State, former Counselor of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (Donald, __The China Fallacy: How the U.S. Can Benefit from China’s Rise and Avoid Another Cold War__, p. 62

The foremost near-term AND regional security and stability.

Specifically---the plan sustains cooperation over __Korea__, the __Middle East__ and __climate change__
Deynoot 16 – MA International Conflict and Security @ Kent; Consultant, EU Public Affairs @ Weber-Shandick (Christiaan, “Towards China’s Market Economy Status,” April, http://webershandwick.be/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Weber-Shandwick-Report-Towards-China-Market-Economy-Status_April-2016.pdf)//BB As it currently stands, AND as global standard-setters.

Cooperation is on the __brink__ – China’s carefully assessing US __signals of commitment__
Davenport, 16 —Coral, covers energy and climate change policy at The New York Times, previously a fellow with the Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting and covered energy and the environment for National Journal, Politico, and Congressional Quarterly. “Supreme Court’s Blow to Emissions Efforts May Imperil Paris Climate Accord,” New York Times (NYT), Feb 10, [] --br The Supreme Court’s surprise AND global climate change agreements.

US-China climate cooperation solves warming
Atlantic Council 13 (September,Working Group Members: Chu Shulong, Deputy Director, Institute of International Strategic and Development Studies, Tsinghua University • Da Wei, Director, Institute of American Studies, China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations • Du Lan, Assistant Research Fellow, Department of American Studies, China Institute of International Studies • Huang Ping, Director General, Institute of American Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences • Jin Canrong, Professor and Associate Dean, School of International Studies, Renmin University of China • Liu Qing, Associate Research Fellow, Department of American Studies, China Institute of International Studies • Qu Xing, President, China Institute of International Studies • Ruan Zongze, Vice President, China Institute of International Studies • Wang Fan, Director, Institute of International Relations, Mathew Burrows, former Counselor, US National Intelligence Council; Director, Strategic Foresight Initiative, Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, Atlantic Council • Thomas Fingar, Oksenberg-Rohlen Distinguished Fellow, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University • Banning Garrett, Strategic Foresight Senior Fellow for Innovation and Global Trends, Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, Atlantic Council • Sherri Goodman, Senior Vice President, General Counsel, and Corporate Secretary, CNA • Barry Hughes, Professor and Director, Frederick S. Pardee Center for International Futures, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver • Robert Manning, Senior Fellow, Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, Atlantic Council • Paul Saffo, Consulting Professor, Stanford University; Senior Fellow, Strategic Foresight Initiative, Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, Atlantic Council • Jonathan Woetzel, Director, McKinsey & Company • Casimir Yost, former Director, Strategic Futures Group, US National Intelligence Council China Foreign Affairs University • Wang Yizhou, Associate Dean, School of International Studies, Peking University China-US Cooperation: Key to the Global Future, http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2014-01/13/content_6606656.htm)//SLR Cooperation on climate change AND clean energy technologies.

The impact is extinction---geological history proves
Bushnell 10 - MS in mechanical engineering, won the Lawrence A. Sperry Award, AIAA Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Award, the AIAA Dryden Lectureship, and is the recipient of many NASA Medals for outstanding Scientific Achievement and Leadership Bushnell (Dennis, "Conquering Climate Change," The Futurist 44. 3, May/Jun 2010, ProQuest) __Unless we act, the__ AND __they're actually conservative__.

US-China cooperation over the Korean peninsula solves conflict---new crises are likely and only US and China can defuse escalation
Gady 16 (Franz-Stefan Gady is an Associate Editor with The Diplomat, a Senior Fellow with the EastWest Institute, and has worked previously as an adjunct research assistant at the Institute for National Strategies Studies of the National Defense University in Washington, D.C., an analyst for the Project on National Security Reform, a congressionally funded nonprofit organization founded to reform the national security structure of the United States. He holds an M.A. in Strategic Studies/International Economics. “Sino-US Cooperation Over North Korea Is Now More Important Than Ever,” The Diplomat, March 19, 2016, http://thediplomat.com/2016/03/sino-us-cooperation-over-north-korea-is-now-more-important-than-ever/)//wm// // China and the United // // AND // it is a political necessity//.

That triggers nuclear winter and extinction
Hayes and Hamel-Green 9 - Professor of International Relations – RMIT University AND Michael; Dean and Professor of Arts, Education and Human Development – Victoria University (Peter, “The Path Not Taken, The Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia,” []) The consequences of failing AND from the international community.

US-China geostrategic cooperation is key to resolve Middle Eastern conflicts
Potential for Sino-American AND stability// for the world economy.
 * Garver 16** [John, emeritus professor in the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs at the Georgia Institute of Technology, member of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations, specializes in China’s foreign relations, PhD, “China and Iran: An Emerging Partnership Post-Sanctions”, 2/8/16, http://www.mei.edu/content/china-and-iran-emerging-partnership-post-sanctions]//DBI//

That solves nuclear war
(James A., “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East” IFRI, Proliferation Papers, #26, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf) __Strategic stability__ in AND for the entire world.
 * Russell 9 ** - Russell, Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School

Engagement’s non-unique for decades
Li 15 – PhD, Assistant Professor at the Department of East Asian Studies (Xiaoting, “Dealing with the Ambivalent Dragon: Can Engagement Moderate China’s Strategic Competition with America?,” International Interactions: Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations, 41.3)//BB Still, to this day, AND and regional issues (Foot and Walter 2011; Johnston 2008; Kent 2007; Medeiros 2007; Shirk 2007).

Institutions are inevitable- strategies that don’t utilize institutional policy changes cede the political and initiates violent backlash
Butler, 03 (**Paul Butler, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law School, researches and teaches in criminal and race relations law and critical theory, former Research Professor and Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, George Washington University Law School, former federal prosecutor, U.S. Department of Justice, J.D. Harvard Law School, B.A. Yale University, “By Any Means Necessary: Using Violence and Subversion to Change Unjust Law,” 50 UCLA L. Rev. 721, 2003, [] *this evidence has been modifed 5. The Utility of Violence AND answers to these difficult questions.

=__**NEG**__=

**1NCs**
1NCs have included: Elections DA, Low level cooperation CP, Space leadership DA, T QPQ, T gov to gov, Japan CP, Gender K, Appeasement DA, Rising expectations DA, T Resnick, HR conditions CP, Timeframe CP (vs MES: does the plan the day after the election), Psychoanalysis K, Framework, Spanos K

Past 2NRs
- Elections DA - Japan DA - Low Level Cooperation CP + Space leadership DA - Psychoanalysis K (vs Afro-Asia) - HR conditions CP