Sarah+&+Zaki

Cite requests/questions, etc.
2N - Zaki Atia - zaki.atia [at] gmail.com 2A - Sarah Lim - me [at] sarahlim.com

=Observation One: Topic Education –= First, transportation infrastructure is financed in one of two ways – through the general fund, or through increased revenue – Stimulus Programs finance through the general fund while failing to repair the Highway Trust Fund ARTBA 2k10 (American Road and Transportation Builders Association to the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform “The Contribution of the Federal Transportation Investment Programs to Fiscal Responsibility and Deficit Reduction,” pg online @ [] //um-ef) __ AND __ supporting a federal motor fuels excise increase to finance an expanded transportation improvements. =Observation Two: No Disads= Congress just passed a MASSIVE transportation bill – it should have triggered your disads, but didn’t fix the Highway Trust Fund Snyder 6/26 (Tanya Snyder became Streetsblog's Capitol Hill editor in September 2010 after covering Congress for Pacifica and public radio. She lives car-free in a transit-oriented and bike-friendly neighborhood of Washington, DC., pg online @ [] //um-ef) __ Congress ____ ional leaders __ announced opaquely last week that they’d “ __ moved forward __ ” __ on ____ a deal __ __ AND __ __ that’s a lot of complicated math just to avoid raising the gas tax __. =Contention 1: U.S. Energy Policy= First, current Federal Energy Strategies fail – they impose market distortions, and ineffective constraints on private industry Turgeon 2k10 (Evan N. Turgeon, Legal Associate at the Cato Institute; J.D.University of Virginia School of Law 2009; B.A. Tufts University 2004, “Triple-Dividends: Toward Pigovian Gasoline Taxation,” Journal of Land, Resources, & Envir onmental Law 2010, pg lexis//um-ef)// //__ The U __ nited __ S __ tates __ ' current energy policies take an ineffective, piecemeal approach to addressing the __// //__ AND __// // illusion of good government "as they impoverish society as a whole." n44 // //And, these Energy strategies gut U.S. Foreign Policy strategy – they ensure ineffective diplomatic leverage and lack of U.S. legitimacy// //Turgeon 2k10// //(Evan N. Turgeon, Legal Associate at the Cato Institute; J.D.University of Virginia School of Law 2009; B.A. Tufts University 2004, “Triple-Dividends: Toward Pigovian Gasoline Taxation,” Journal of Land, Resources, & Envir onmental Law 2010, pg lexis//um-ef) C. Foreign Policy Detriment In 1828, James Madison expressed his fear that insufficient AND __ policies __. n60 **__ International law detrimental to the U __** nited **__ S __** tates **__ ' interests may result __**. That lack of legitimacy ensures Nuclear and CBW War Dr. Barlow 2k2 (Jeffrey, March, Director of the Berglund Center for Internet Studies, holds the Matsushita Chair of Asian Studies at Pacific University, Ph.D. in history from UC Berkeley, 2K2, “American Power, Globalism, and the Internet: Editorial Essay”, The Journal of Education, Community and Values, http://bcis.pacificu.edu/journal/2002/03/editorial.php#6) Much of Nye’s analysis is intended to make a relatively simple point: That __the__ __AND__ __their international goals acting alone__ .”14 The uproar, both domestic and international But effective Multilateralism – led by the United States Solves – prevents multiple triggers for conflict and destruction Dr. Zakaria 2k8 (Fareed, Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University, & editor of Foreign Affairs magazine & Newsweek Internationa & professor of IR and political philosophy at Harvard and Columbia University, “Wanted: A New Grand Strategy”, 12/8/08, [] ) __ The "Global Trends __ " report __ identifies ____ several worrying aspects of the new international order __ __ AND __ __ reshape the world. This is his moment. He should seize it. __ And, specifically new CAFE regulations are coming – (Michael, “34.1 MPG CAFE Standards for 2016 Upheld by U.S. Court of Appeals” http://www.treehugger.com/cars/341-mpg-cafe-standards-2016-upheld-us-court-appeals.html//HH)// // __ The ____ 2012-2016 Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards __, better known under the acronym // // AND // // by how much. The can then figure out what solution works best. // //They’ll collapse job growth and the Auto Sector// //**Brownfield 11**// //(Mike, “How Will Obama’s EPA Regulations Affect the Auto Industry?”, http://www.askheritage.org/how-will-obamas-epa-regulations-affect-the-auto-industry//HH) __ Say goodbye to cars ____ and trucks as you know them __. __ Say hello to a __ __ AND __ a single representative year, and to 10 times that many serious injuries.” And, Auto Recovery is essential to U.S. Economic recovery – the auto industry will drive other sectors and ensure job growth U.S. News 2k12 (“Is the U.S. Auto Industry on Track for a Comeback?,” pg online @ [] //um-ef)// //__ More than three years after bad management, a swooning global economy, and foreign __// //__ AND __// // in what they're selling. That's going to be hard for the Japanese." // //And, a weak economy causes conflict – all emprirical analysis goes our way//
 * __ Transportation Investment __** and User Financing __ When Congress created the National System of Interstate and Defense __
 * Greene 6/28**

//Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, (Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)// // Less intuitive is how __ periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood ____ of external conflict __// // AND // // such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views. // //Finally, an increased gas tax is the transition method – it transforms U.S. foreign policy and re-energizes U.S. Diplomacy// //Turgeon 2k10// //(Evan N. Turgeon, Legal Associate at the Cato Institute; J.D.University of Virginia School of Law 2009; B.A. Tufts University 2004, “Triple-Dividends: Toward Pigovian Gasoline Taxation,” Journal of Land, Resources, & Envir onmental Law 2010, pg lexis//um-ef) is the pen mightier than the sword; it is cheaper to use. =Contention 2: Deficits –= First, the deficit is on an unsustainable path – now is the CRITICAL time to re-orient policies to stave-off a new debt tragedy Council on Foreign Relations 3/2/12 (“U.S. Deficits and the National Debt,” pg online @ [] //um-ef)// // At some point __ in the not-too-distant future, analysts say, __// //__ AND __// //**__ sustainability of an active U.S. foreign policy __** ," he says. // //And, Congress has two options for the future – increased revenue generation, or deficit spending – only NEW REVENUE ensures Fiscal Responsibility// //ARTBA 2k10// //(American Road and Transportation Builders Association to the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform “The Contribution of the Federal Transportation Investment Programs to Fiscal Responsibility and Deficit Reduction,” pg online @ []// um-ef) __ For more than 50 years, the federal highway, public transportation and airport **investment** __ transportation investment through fiscally responsible and budget-neutral user taxes and levies. And, the plan is a KEY TEST for future budget debates – increasing revenue ensures a sustainable fiscal path Washington Post 3/7 (“A fiscal test for Congress,” pg lexis//um-ef)// //__ Over the past year, many Republicans and Democrats in the Senate have indicated support __// //**__ AND __**// // avoid what Erskine Bowles called "the most predictable economic crisis in history **__ "? __**// //And, Failure to Reign-In Deficits and Establish Fiscal Discipline Guts U.S.-China Relations they’ll be over-aggressive, gutting cooperation// //Prasad 2/25// // (Eswar, Eswar Prasad holds the New Century Chair in International Economics. He is the Tolani Senior Professor of Trade Policy at Cornell University and a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. He was previously head of the Financial Studies Division and the China Division at the IMF, “The U.S.-China Economic Relationship: Shifts and Twists in the Balance of Power,” pg online @ [] //um-ef) __ The lopsided nature of trade and financial flows between the U.S. and __ __ AND __ __ macroeconomic stability, reform of the international monetary system and tackling climate change __. Multiple Scenarios for Extinction Wenzhong, PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2-7-4 (Zhou, “Vigorously Pushing Forward the Constructive and Cooperative Relationship Between China and the United States,” []) China's development needs a peaceful international environment, particularly in its periphery. We will AND countries, we will see even greater accomplishments in China-US relations. =Contention 3: ADVANCED Manufacturing=
 * __ Significantly increasing federal taxes on gasoline would generate results __****__ vastly superior to those produced by __**
 * __ AND __**
 * __ AND __**

Manufacturing is on steep decline – will take the U.S. economy with it – new action is key
Nash-Hoff 3/28/12 (“American Manufacturing Has Declined More Than Most Experts Have Thought,” pg online @ [] //um-ef)// //__A new report__ released by the Information Technology & Innovation Foundation (ITIF) __presents__// //__AND__// // end product because part of the work was actually done by foreign workers. // //And, surface transportation investment is __CRITICAL__ to U.S. Manufacturing – props up dependent industries// //Hermann 2k11// //(Andrew Herrmann, P.E. SECB, F.ASCE President American Society of Civil Engineers, Impact Of Infrastructure Investment On The Manufacturing Sector, pg lexis//um-ef) ASCE commends the Joint Economic Committee for holding a hearing today on how __surface transportation__ __AND__ to maintain and improve the nation's infrastructure: Increase federal leadership in infrastructure; And, investment in HIGHWAY transportation infrastructure is particularly critical – ensures long-term growth of Steel and the Manufacturing base AISI 2k12 (American Iron and Steel Institute, “AISI Public Policy Priorities – Promoting a Pro-Manufacturing Agenda,” pg online @ [] //um-ef)// // Transportation and Water Infrastructure Background. **__A globally competitive economy depends on an effective and__**// //**__AND__**// // continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) and research on improved gas mileage; // //And, manufacturing capabilities key to technology necessary for U.S. deterrence// //O’Hanlon et al 2k12// //(Mackenzie Eaglen, American Enterprise Institute Rebecca Grant, IRIS Research Robert P. Haffa, Haffa Defense Consulting Michael O'Hanlon, The Brookings Institution Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution Martin Sullivan, Commonwealth Consulting Barry Watts, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments “The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy January 2012,” pg online @ []// um-ef) The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in AND __civilian and military export opportunities for the U__ nited __S__ tates __in a globalized marketplace__. Defense industrial base deters war with Russia Watts 2k8 (Senior Fellow @ The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Barry D, “The US Defense Industrial Base, Past, Present and Future,” CBA, __http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In.pdf__) Since the 1950s, __the US defense industrial base has been a source of long__ __AND__ __term advantage in the decades ahead as it has been since the 1950s__ . Extinction Bostrum ‘02 [Dr. Nick, Dept. Phil @ yale, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html/] A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenalsin AND preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century. All levels of manufacturing and R&D are interconnected – a sustainable manufacturing base in the U.S. is critical to Advanced Manufacturing and R&D Lind 2k12 (Michael Lind is policy director of New America’s Economic Growth Program and a co-founder of the New America Foundation. Joshua Freedman is a program associate in New America’s Economic Growth Program. “Value Added: America’s Manufacturing Future,” pg online @ http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Lind,%20Michael%20and%20Freedman,%20Joshua%20-%20NAF%20-%20Value%20Added%20America%27s%20Manufacturing%20Future.pdf //um-ef) Manufacturing, R&D and the U.S. Innovation Ecosystem __Perhaps the__ __AND__ from 20-30 percent in 2007 to 50 percent by 2020.33 Independently, that innovation solves great power wars Taylor 2k4 (Mark, Professor of Political Science – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “The Politics of Technological Change: International Relations versus Domestic Institutions”, 4-1, http://www.scribd.com/doc/46554792/Taylor) __Tech__ nological __innovation is of central importance to the study of__ international relations ( __IR),__ __AND__ production, and war, international systems would not exist in the first place And, advanced manufacturing technology will make war IMPOSSIBLE Paone 2k9 (Chuck, 66th Air Base Wing Public Affairs for the US Air Force, 8-10-09, “Technology convergence could prevent war, futurist says,” http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123162500) __The convergence of "exponentially advancing technologies" will form a "super-intelligence__ __AND__ systems or products, he says, even if people don't know it. Thus the Plan =Plan= Text: The United States federal government should increase the federal excise tax rate and phase-in a price floor and variable tax on gasoline for transportation infrastructure in the United States. =Contention 4: Solvency –= The plan solves – establishing a price floor sends a signal for renewable energy development, while increasing revenue for transportation infrastructure Abelkop 2k9 (Adam, J.D., University of Iowa College of Law, 2010; B.A., Wake Forest University, PHd Student @ Univ of Indiana, “Why the Government Should Drink Your Milkshake: The Case for Restructuring the Federal Gas Tax,” The Journal of Corporation Law Winter, 2009, 35 Iowa J. Corp. L. 393 pg lexis//um-ef)// //__ Congress should enact legislation ____ to restructure the federal gasoline tax to better internalize the external __// //__ AND __// // any single use, but should be allocated as the government deems appropriate. // //The plan kills damaging CAFÉ Standards and transitions away from government interventions into the market// //Krauthammer 2k9// //(Charles, American Pulitzer Prize–winning syndicated columnist, political commentator, and physician, McGill University degree in political science and economics, Commonwealth Scholar in politics at Balliol College, Oxford, Doctor of Medicine from Harvard Medical School “The Net-Zero Gas Tax; A once-in-a-generation chance,” pg lexis//um-ef) So why even think about it? Because __ the virtues of a gas tax remain __ __ AND __ than undertaking the enormously complicated review and rewriting of fuel-efficiency regulations.

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=**Neg Stuff**=

Past 2NR's

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Process CP Politics + Case Zizek Adv CP + Politics