BerlinZhang

aff: nicholaslzhang57@gmail.com neg: eberlin4@gmail.com

= Renewables Aff =

contention 1: warming
Warming is real and human induced – drastic emissions reductions are key to avoid dangerous climate disruptions Somerville 11 – Professor of Oceanography @ UCSD (Richard Somerville, Distinguished Professor Emeritus and Research Professor at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, Coordinating Lead Author in Working Group I for the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 3-8-2011, “CLIMATE SCIENCE AND EPA'S GREENHOUSE GAS REGULATIONSz,” CQ Congressional Testimony, Lexis)//BB// //1n early 2007, at the time of the publication of WG1 of AR4,// //AND// //next five to ten years, reaching near zero well within this century.//

//Action now averts extinction // //Morgan 9 – professor at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (Dennis Ray, “World on Fire: Two Scenarios of the Destruction of Human Civilization and the Possible Extinction of the Human Race”, 2009) //Beddow As horrifying as the scenario of human extinction by sudden, fast-burning nuclear AND to a fundamentally different premise regarding the relationship between industrial civilization and nature.

Warming is an existential risk – //quickening// reductions is key to avoiding extinction Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA (Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)//BB// //The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2// //AND// //adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.//

//Catastrophic climate change should be measured as the highest priority – do not discount the unpredictable impact it will have on future generations. This is distinctly different from impacts that do not threaten human survival // //Scorse 8  – Professor of International Studies // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Jason, Assistant Professor @ Monterey Institute of International Studies @ Middlebury College, What Environmentalists Need to Know About Economics, Online Book) //BB Even though the science now confirms that human activity is contributing to global warming and AND should revert back to the basic arguments for choosing the proper discount rate.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Technical assistance for renewables significantly reduces greenhouse gases <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">COCEF 12 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> - La Comisión de CooperaciónEcológicaFronteriza <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(“Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Transportation: Project Opportunities in the U.S. – Mexico Border Region,” http://www.cocef.org/Eng/VLibrary/Publications/SpecialReports/BECC%20WP%20%20Nov%202011%20index.pdf)//BB// // This white paper describes the current deficit in the U.S.-Mexico border// //AND// //and the funds will need a // highly // ¶ // capacitated // and // experienced program manager //.//

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Mexico is key: // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">First – production – they have ENORMOUS renewable energy potential // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Wood 10 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> – PhD in Political Studies @ Queen’s, Professor @ ITAM in Mexico City // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Duncan, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf) //BB The North American context ¶ The North American economic region is experiencing an impact from AND // economic and financial incentives // for public or private sector ¶ development of renewable resources

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Second – technology transfer – Mexico will spread the green tech globally <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">ENS 12 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> – Environmental News Service <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(“U.S., Canada, Mexico Vow ‘Continental’ Energy Grid,” http://www.reepedia.com/archives/4568)//BB// //The leaders of the United States, Mexico, and Canada today pledged to develop// //AND// //, including electricity generation and interconnection and welcome increasing North American energy trade.” //

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Third –international cooperation – Mexican leadership leads to GLOBAL climate agreements // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">O’Neill 13 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> – PhD in Government @ Harvard, senior fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonpartisan foreign-policy think tank and membership organization // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Shannon, “Mexico Makes It: A Transformed Society, Economy, and Government,” Foreign Affairs, 92.2) //BB If Mexico addresses these challenges, it will emerge as a // powerful player // on the AND institutions and help construct new international financial, trade, and // climatechange accords //.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">contention 2: energy poverty
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">4 million Mexicans lack energy access <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Calvo et al, 10 – <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Omar Ramirez et al, “Rural Electrification in Chihuahua, Mexico at one third of the cost vs a conventional substation,” http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/congresspapers/273.pdf)//HO// // One of the primary goals of Mexico’s government with the creation of the Comisión Federal// //AND// // have access to electricity which is equal ¶ to // 4 million of people //.//

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">This has a PROFOUND effect on those in need – basic necessities can’t be met without energy // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Wood 10 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> – PhD in Political Studies @ Queen’s, Professor @ ITAM in Mexico City // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Duncan, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf) //BB US engagement with Mexico in the area of renewable energy has been driven by three AND harvest of produce to products that have a higher degree of value added.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Energy access is fundamental – decreases poverty, allows safe access to cheap food, increases educational attainment, prevents child mortality, limits disease and is a necessary investment for achieving gender equality <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Tully 6 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> – PhD from London School of Economics <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Stephen Tully, “The Contribution of Human Rights to Universal Energy Access,” Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 4.3, Scholar)//BB// //Although providing essential infrastructure services was omitted as an explicit target, access to energy// //AND// // to all at an affordable price and on an equitable basis .” 7 3//

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">While the affirmative may not solve every instance, however energy access is a necessary element in achieving //broader improvements//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;"> in quality of life // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Bradbrook and Gardam 6 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> – *Adrian, Professor of Law, **Judith, Professor of International Law // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(“Placing Access to Energy Services within a Human Rights Framework,” Human Rights Quarterly, 28.2, Muse) //BB While the importance of the universal provision of energy services was first recognized as early AND of cultivated land available and the consequent adverse impact on ecosystems and biodiversity.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Equal access to energy provides the conditions to avoid environmental overshoot – the impact is extinction <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Mulligan, 10 – <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">(Shane, Ph.D., Renewable Energy Consultant, “Energy, Environment, and Security:Critical Links in a Post-Peak World,” //Global Environmental Politics,// Vol. 10 Issue 4, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/GLEP_a_00032)//HO// //In terms of our relationship to nature, peak oil reinforces an image of natural // // AND // //humans are not “exempt” from the laws of ¶ nature.77//

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">The 1ac is a //vital starting point//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;"> – Mexico is in a //unique position//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;"> to spread a green and equal economy globally through international institutions // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Pellicer 6 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">– Professor @ Centre for Research and Teaching in Economics // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Olga, “New Powers for Global Change? Mexico--a Reluctant Middle Power?,” FES Briefing Paper, p. 6) //BB Mexico’s ability to deal with the problems posed by // poverty and inequality // will have an AND either strengthen its international image, or maintain it on a minor plane.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">We have an obligation to reduce Latin American poverty – complacency represents acceptance – a political approach is key <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">O’Donnell, 96 – <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">(Guillermo, Helen Kellogg Professor of Government and International Studies, Academic Director of the Kellogg Institute for International Studies at the University of NotreDame; “POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN LATIN AMERICA: SOME POLITICAL REFLECTIONS,” <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|http://-www.rrojasdatabank.info/225odonnell.pdf)//HO] Extensive poverty and deep social inequality are characteristics of Latin America that go back to AND of those governments but also whatever economic stability or growth has been achieved.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Effective politics demands that engaging the state and actual political struggle be prioritized above examining language and changing minds. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Giroux 6 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> – Professor of Education and Cultural Studies @ PSU <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Henry Giroux, Chair professorship—education and cultural studies, penn state, ‘DIRTY DEMOCRACY AND STATE OF TERRORISM”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, pg. 163-177 Abstracted from the ideal of public commitment, the new authoritarianism represents a political and AND the chances of humanity are inscribed, and can be nowhere else.59

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">contention 3: no war
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">No war – economic interdependence and nuclear deterrence <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Deudney and Ikenberry, 09 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> — MA and PhD in Political Science, Professor, Political Science, Johns Hopkins University; PhD, Professor, International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University (Daniel and G. John, January/February 2009, “The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail,” Foreign Affairs Volume 88, Issue 1,ProQuest, Hensel) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">This <span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">bleak outlook is based on an //exaggeration//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> of recent developmentsand //ignores powerful countervailing factors and// //AND// <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">international system is far more primed for peace than the autocratic revivalists acknowledge.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Even if it does occur, it will //never//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;"> involve great powers <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Tepperman 9 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Deputy Editor of Newsweek, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, now Managing Editor of Foreign Affairs, holds a B.A. in English Literature from Yale University, an M.A. in Jurisprudence from Oxford University, and an LL.M. in International Law from New York University(Jonathan, "Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb," 8/28/09, [])//AM// //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">These efforts are all grounded in the same proposition: that, as Obama has // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">AND // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">each instance, very different leaders all came to the same safe conclusion. //

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Nuclear war doesn’t cause extinction – prefer models // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Seitz 6 - <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">former associate of the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University’s Center for International Affairs (Russell, “The' Nuclear Winter ' Meltdown Photoshopping the Apocalypse”, []) //AM <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">All that remains of Sagan's Big Chill are curves such as this, but history <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">invoke rare phenomena as commonplace, claiming it prudent to assume the worst.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">plan
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">The United States Federal Government should provide renewable energy assistance to Mexico through the Border Environmental Cooperation Commission.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">contention 4: solvency
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">An expanded BECC role quickly facilitates a Mexican green economy <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">COCEF 12 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> - La Comisión de CooperaciónEcológicaFronteriza <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(“Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Transportation: Project Opportunities in the U.S. – Mexico Border Region,” http://www.cocef.org/Eng/VLibrary/Publications/SpecialReports/BECC%20WP%20%20Nov%202011%20index.pdf)//BB// //SECTION 4: BECC – THE BORDER TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDER 25 ¶ Since 1995,// // AND // // show a // clear and ample need // for // technical assistance // in the focus sectors. //

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">The US is key–aid is high now, but should be re-oriented towards renewables // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Hartsoch 11 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> – MA @ San Jose State, Senior Vice President of Marketing and Sales for SolFocus(Nancy, “A Sunny Future for Border Relations?,” http://breakingenergy.com/2011/05/10/featured-a-sunny-future-for-border-relations/) //BB

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Amidst the darkening cloud of violence that grips the US-Mexico border region, <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">a //more effective//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> means to creating a peaceful, prosperous, cleaner future.

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">How should we understand human behavior in cases of this sort? My principal answer // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">AND // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">attuned, as ordinary people are not, to the issue of probability. //
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Probability neglect paralyzes and causes serial policy failure **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Sunstein, 2 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Distinguished Service Professor, University of Chicago, Law School and Department of Political Science (Cass R. Sunstein, 9/23/2, “Probability Neglect: Emotions, Worst Cases, and Law”, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/112-1/SunsteinFINAL.pdf)//EM//

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">BECC investment now – takes out your disads // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">EPA 6/19 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> (6/19/13 “U.S. EPA Announces $1 Million Available in Borer Environmental Funding”, [], // JG) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">LOS ANGELES – The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is pleased to announce <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">enhancing the environment in the U.S. – Mexico border region.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">US aid to Mexico high now – Merida Initiative <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Janes 13 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Jared Janes, Reporter for The Monitor, 2/4/13, “Cuellar: U.S. aid to Mexico should continue”, http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/article_72349d54-6e60-11e2-898e-001a4bcf6878.html//DH)//

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">U.S. aid allocated under the Merida Initiative will continue to be delivered // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">AND // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">continuing with Plan Merida or whatever we might call the assistance to Mexico.” //

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Almost $2 million in Mexican technical assistance now // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">USTDA 12 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> (United States Trade and Development Agency, “Latin America and the Caribbean”, [] | JJ <most recent date on it refers to the completion of 2011>) //

CFE Environmental Management Project//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">– A $640,500 //technical assistance grant//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> is assisting <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">that will create greater commercial efficiencies and lower costs along the supply chain.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">New funding coming <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Seelke and Finklea 6-12 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> (Clare RibandoSeelke is a Specialist in Latin American Affairs and Kristin M. Finklea is an Analyst in Domestic Security “U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The Mérida Initiative and Beyond”, June 12, 2013, [], A.S.) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Inaugurated on December 1, 2012, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto has vowed to <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Mexico is meeting the human rights conditions placed on ¶ Mérida Initiative funding.

= Venezuela Aff =

Venezuela is a critical nexus for narco-trafficking – leads to Iranian influence and makes the war on terror __inevitably fail__
Neumann 11 – Senior Fellow of the Foreign Policy Research Institute and is co-chair of FPRI’s Manhattan Initiative (Vanessa, “THE NEW NEXUS OF NARCOTERRORISM: HEZBOLLAH AND VENEZUELA”, Foreign Policy Research Institute, Dec, 2011, [], Daehyun)

Press stories, as well as a television documentary, over the past two months AND to contend with these, whether or not President Chávez remains in power.

Venezuela plays a make or break role --- it’s key to end the growing narco alliance
Farah 11 - Senior Fellow, International Assessment and Strategy Center Adjunct Fellow, Center for Strategic and International Studies (Douglas, “The U.S.<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math',serif;">‐ Caribbean Shared Security Partnership: Responding to the Growth of Trafficking and Narcotics in the Caribbean”, Dec 15, 2011, [], Daehyun)
 * ALBA= Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America

In 2004, presidents Hugo Chávez of Venezuela and Fidel Castro of Cuba announced the AND laundering of narcoticsproceeds in exchange for payments to corrupt government officials .7

These narco terror groups will strike the U.S. --- the military establishment has already identified it as a top threat
Shinkman, 13 --- national security reporter at U.S. News and World Report (4/24/2013, Paul D., “Iranian-Sponsored Narco-Terrorism in Venezuela: How Will Maduro Respond? New Venezuelan president at a crossroads for major threat to U.S.,” [], JMP)

At a conference earlier this month, top U.S. military officers identified AND chummy a relationship" as they enjoyed with the ever-charismatic Chavez.

The impact is an attack on US soil
NTA 8 (National Terror Alert, “U.S. Officials Worry Terrorists Could Align With Drug Cartels,” 10-9, http://www.nationalterroralert.com/2008/10/09/us-officials-worry-terrorists-could-align-with-drug-cartels/)

//to terrorists// **__who are facing new pressures in the Middle East and elsewhere__**.
 * __There is real danger that__** //Islamic extremist groups// **__such as al-Qaeda and Hezbollah__**
 * __AND__**

Nuclear War
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33.7, InformaWorld)//BB But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a AND be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

The plan creates an explicit incentive for Venezuela to implement effective port security standards – the alternative is continued terrorism
Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, [], Daehyun)

Improving national security in the United States requires increasing our efforts insome of the AND the major exports of Venezuela, and the major American imports from Venezuela.

The plan spills over to energy and anti-terror cooperation – it overcomes alt causes
Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, [], Daehyun)

Implementing a security cooperative with Venezuela will bring auxiliary benefitsto United States industry and AND of the negative effects by providing immediate economic gratification for making security upgrades.

Expanded energy cooperation ensures Venezuelan stability and Maduro’s grip on power
Campbell, 13 (4/16/2013, Darren, “A new leader could signal change for Venezuela’s troubled oil and gas sector; If Nicolas Maduro can reverse the industry's decline, it could siphon off investment in Alberta's oil sands,” http://www.albertaoilmagazine.com/2013/04/a-new-leader-could-signal-change-for-venenzuelas-oil-and-gas-sector/, JMP)

That’s because Venezuelan heavy oil is a competitor to the bitumen and heavy oil Alberta AND deep is something that will depend on how Mr. Maduro’s administration performs.

Triggers nuclear war and extinction
** Manwaring ‘5 **– adjunct professor of international politics at Dickinson (Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel, Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf, Wake Early Bird File)

President Chávez also understands that the process leading to **__state failure is the most__**
 * __AND__**
 * __and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity__** .65

Expanded __economic ties__ with Venezuela allows the U.S. to secure regional influence
Delahunt, 12 --- chairman of the Venezuela-US Friendship Group and retired U.S. Representative (10/30/2012, William, “A new role for the US and Venezuela,” [], JMP)

The recent election in Venezuela offers an opportunity to improve the US-Venezuela bilateral AND that the Venezuelan government is prepared to //respond favorably to such an initiative//.

U.S.-Latin American ties key to deal with a laundry list of impacts including proliferation and the economy
O’Neil, 7/16 --- Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies at CFR (7/16/2013, Shannon K., “Latin America’s Secret Success Story,” [], JMP)

For the start of the Biennial of the Americas conference, I wrote an article AND than to look toward its hemispheric neighbors, who //have much to impart//.

Prolif causes extinction --- assumes every warrant
<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Kroenig, 12 [Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government, Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, May 26th “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?” [])

Proliferation Optimism: Proliferation optimism was revived in the academy in Kenneth Waltz’s 1979 book AND that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.

Global Economic decline causes war – studies prove

 * Royal 10** [Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215]

AND not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
 * __Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict__**

Engagement fosters better relations and crowds out hostile country’s presence in Venezuela --- alternatives are unsustainable and create instability
LeMaster 9 – Lieutenant Colonel of the US Army (Dennis P., “US POLICY OPTIONS MITIGATING VENEZUELAN SPONSORED SECURITY CHALLENGES”, Dec 3, 2009, [], Daehyun)

US Policy Alternatives The US could adopt three potential options for future relations with Venezuela AND bridges the differences ofthe two nations and ultimately strengthens the Western Hemisphere.

Plan
====**The United States federal government should offer to increase trade with The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela if it complies with the standards of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Program code set by International Maritime Organization.**====

The plan boosts trade relations and avoids political confrontation with Venezuela
Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, [], Daehyun)

Abstract: Trade with Venezuela has risen to the top 15 nations with which the AND comparing similar case studies as well as noting inherent benefits of trade systems.

The plan solves --- provides the critical incentive for Venezuela to adopt the ISPS standards
Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, [], Daehyun)

It is widely believed that increased security at a country’s borders facilitates an increase in AND become secure, even those who may beexempt from IMO’s ISPS code.

Venezuela will say yes --- it prioritizes trade relations Jamison 13 – writer, studying international politics at Georgetown (Anne, “Maduro Venezuela: He Won't Usher in a New Era Of U.S.-Venezuela Relations, and That's OK”, April, Policy Mic Network)//DLG//

// The April 19 inauguration of Nicolás Maduro, vice president of Venezuela under the recently // // AND // // death. //Their trade relationship// is intact, and that is //their priority//.

The ISPS is successful --- fosters international cooperation and provides regional flexibility
Timien 7 - Head of the Baltic and International Maritime Council’s (BIMCO) Security and International Affairs Department(Thomas, “The ISPS Code: Where are we now?”, Apr, 2007, [], Daehyun)

Beginning with the former, the United States Coast Guard (USCG) is mandated AND which, in comparison, still have quite some catching up to do.

Boosting counter narcotics cooperation is feasible --- would put the ball in Venezuela’s court
Mannes 9 – American writer, former Director of Research at the Middle East Media Research Institute(Aaron, “Mind the Gap: Reinstituting Counternarcotics Cooperation with Venezuela”, Jul 22, 2009, [], Daehyun)

The GAO’s recent report U.S. Counternarcotics Cooperation with Venezuela Has Declined provides AND might leave him speechless, and fill a real gap in hemispheric security.

__2AC Add-Ons Read__ (to be updated during tournament)
= Negative = Round 1 vs BFJR AY Aff- Cuba Travel Ban 2NR-T