wewillsmashyou

=1ac - desal=
 * __ First AFF __**

We control uniqueness of magnesium prices– the aff’s gradual approach of supplying magnesium is key to maintain a stable price and supply and the auto industry’s adoption
In the 1970s, when the Western world experienced oil shortages that greatly increased the AND 2015 (from ~5 kg today) were shown as likely results.
 * Urbance et al 2** – Randall J. Urbance, Frank Field, Randy Kirchain, Richard Roth, and Joel P. Clark are with the Material Systems Laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (“Market Model Simulation: The Impact of Increased Automotive Interest in Magnesium,” August 2002 JOM, http://msl.mit.edu/publications/MktModelSimMg-UrbanceFRF-REK-RR-JPC.pdf)//ac

The plan resolves price volatility – extracting minerals from the ocean creates a sustainable supply chain for phosphorus and magnesium
Phosphorus and nitrogen are considered as nutrients which are needed for living organisms to metabolize AND water of other desalination methods can be analyzed under the same experimental conditions.
 * Fattah et al 13** – Fattah received his Ph.D degree in civil engineering (Environmental Discipline); Sina Shabani earned his B.Sc degree in civil engineering, American University of Sharjah, UAE. 2011.; Ahmed earned his M.Tech degree in civil engineering (Geotechnical) (Kazi P. Fattah, Sina Shabani, and Aqeel Ahmed, “Use of Desalinated Reject Water as a Source of Magnesium for Phosphorus Recovery,” International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2013, http://www.ijcea.org/papers/286-I30007.pdf)//ac

Bacteria allows for the extraction of massive amounts of magnesium and phosphorus – solves all peak-mineral crises
__This new approach uses bacteria to mine__ sulphur and __magnesium from desalination’s__ polluting __brine.__ AND . This would be a boon to water-starved Middle East nations.
 * Balbo 12**– Director - Environmental Business at JACOBS Engineering Ireland (Laurie, “Green Miner Pulls Minerals from Desalination’s Seawater Brine,” The Green Prophet, August 30, 2o12, http://www.greenprophet.com/2012/08/mining-minerals-desalination/ )//ac

Magnesium usage is key to lightweight cars – it causes a “down-sizing spiral” that significantly increases fuel-efficiency
Volkswagen’s beetle, produced more than 21 million times from 1938 until 2003, already AND and clearly offering better mileage on a large scale if made of magnesium.
 * Waldraff 11** – Dr. Andreas Waldraff has Ph.D. (Systems Dynamics of Supply Chains), Universität Stuttgart Honorary Professorship for Management, Universität Stuttgart; CEO of UBF.B Management Consultancy, a service company with a focus on automotive industry and Indo-German business (Andreas, “Magnesium gives better mileage,” German Global Trade, 6/3/11, http://www.germanglobaltrade.de/downloads/green-cities-waldraff-better-mileage-2011-06-3.pdf)//ac

Auto industry and overall economy collapse coming now
Car and truck sales in the U.S. surged in the years after AND the next [downturn] comes they are sitting with too much capacity."
 * White 7/1/14** – Staff Reporter for WSJ (Joseph, “Is U.S. Auto Sales Rebound Fading?,” Wall Street Journal, 7/1/14, http://online.wsj.com/articles/forecasters-say-u-s-auto-sales-rebound-ripe-for-swoon-1404187295)//ac

First, fuel-efficiency is key to the auto industry – creates jobs and increases sales
The Obama administration today promulgated fuel-economy and carbon-pollution limits for 2017 AND , we must continue government support for fuel efficiency and for innovative vehicles.
 * Weiss and Weidman 12** – Daniel J. Weiss is a Senior Fellow and Director of Climate Strategy and Jackie Weidman is a Special Assistant with the Energy Team at the Center for American Progress. (“5 Ways the Obama Administration Revived the Auto Industry by Reducing Oil Use,” Center for American Progress, August 27, 2012, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/report/2012/08/27/34054/5-ways-the-obama-administration-revived-the-auto-industry-by-reducing-oil-use/)//ac

Second is innovation – fuel efficiency creates new engineering opportunities
Fuel-Efficiency Standards Provide Investment Certainty Setting strong __fuel efficiency__ standards __has given manufacturers__ AND and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in Detroit, January 17, 2012
 * NRDC 1**2 – Natural Resource Defense Council (“How Fuel Efficiency is Driving Job Growth in the U.S. Auto Industry,” Driving Growth, October 2012, http://drivinggrowth.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/How_Fuel_is_Driving_Growth_October_revise.pdf)//ac

The auto industry must innovate or die – Detroit and GM prove
General Motors, the parent of the iconic Holden, was once upon a time AND generous wages and conditions must be matched with a corresponding increase in productivity.
 * Cai 13** – Contributor to Business Spectator (Peter, “The decline and fall of a motoring empire,” Business Spectator, 12/23/13, http://www.businessspectator.com.au/article/2013/12/23/automotive/decline-and-fall-motoring-empire)//ac

Auto industry collapse would devastate the economy and manufacturing sector – causes ripple effects through other industries
DETROIT (CNNMoney.com) -- __As Detroit's Big Three automakers fight for survival__ __AND__ guys are being treated the way they've treated their suppliers," Mullen said.
 * Harrison 9** – Staff Reporter for CNN Money (Sheena, “The auto collapse's ripple effects,” CNN Money, January 26, 2009, http://money.cnn.com/2009/01/23/smallbusiness/detroits_small_suppliers.smb/index.htm?postversion=2009012612)//ac

Economic decline causes global nuclear war
Nevertheless, al-Qaeda failed to seriously destabilize the American economic and political systems AND world affairs move; the world could devolve to that point very quickly.
 * Tilford 8 ** — Earl Tilford, military historian and fellow for the Middle East and terrorism with The Center for Vision & Values at Grove City College, served as a military officer and analyst for the Air Force and Army for thirty-two years, served as Director of Research at the U.S. Army’s Strategic Studies Institute, former Professor of History at Grove City College, holds a Ph.D. in History from George Washington University, 2008 (“Critical Mass: Economic Leadership or Dictatorship,” Published by The Center for Vision & Values, October 6th, Available Online at http://www.visionandvalues.org/2008/10/critical-mass-economic-leadership-or-dictatorship/, Accessed 08-23-2011)

Collapse causes lash out and increased risk
Freidberg & Schonfeld, 8 --- *Professor of Politics and IR at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School, AND **senior editor of Commentary and a visiting scholar at the Witherspoon Institute in Princeton (10/21/2008, Aaron and Gabriel, “The Dangers of a Diminished America”, Wall Street Journal, []) With the global financial system in serious trouble, is America's geostrategic dominance likely to AND disastrous effects of disengagement and the stiff price tag of continued American leadership.

Manufacturing is key to deterrence
The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in AND in turn can also generate civilian and military export opportunities for the U nited S tates
 * O'Hanlon 12**, Scholar at the Brookings Institution, 12 (Michael, January 2012, The Brookings Institution, “The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy”, [] )

Population growth, per capita demand, and climate change make water crises inevitable
While population growth and per capita increase in demand are two major water stressors, AND will be in regions under the threat of signifi cant drought [7].
 * Kucera 2014** - (Jane Kucera - chemical engineer with over 31 years’ experience in the area of membrane technology. M.S. in Chemical Engineering. As a research engineer, where she spent 7 years developing novel membrane materials and process designs, including serving as lead researcher for several NASA research contracts to develop membrane-based water-recovery and reuse systems for the International Space Station. She is currently a Senior Technical Consultant in the Engineering and Project Development Group at Nalco/an Ecolab Company where she is responsible for developing industrial desalination treatment equipment and system designs. “Introduction to Desalination” in “Desalination: Water from Water” WileyOnline, ISBN 9781118904855)

First – hydro-solidarity
Geopolitical Considerations In addition to economic, social, and environmental dimensions of desalination, AND (Varady, et al. 2010; Wilder et al., 2010).
 * Wilder et al 12** – M. Wilder - University of Arizona, I. Aguilar Barajas - Tecnológico de Monterrey (ITESM), J. McEvoy - University of Arizona, R. Varady - University of Arizona, S. Megdal - University of Arizona, N. Pineda - El Colegio de Sonora, and C. Scott – University of Arizona (“Desalination Technology in a Binational Context: Systemic Implications for Water, Society, Energy, and Environment in the Arizona-Sonora portion of the U.S.-Mexico Border,” 2012 Puentes Consortium Paper, http://aquasec.org/wrpg/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Wilder-etal-2012-Desalination-US-Mex-border-Puentes.pdf)//ac

Second, the plan spurs US global water leadership – harnesses diplomatic leverage at key subnational actors – de-escalates conflict and provides governmental legitimacy
The USG has the opportunity to prioritize, develop and implement stronger water ** management ** policies AND S. water assistance could help national governments stabilize and regain their legitimacy.
 * King 13**, John O. Rankin Associate Professor of International Affairs; Director, Master of Arts Program in International Affairs at George Washington University (Marcus DuBois King, October 15, 2013, “Water, U.S. Foreign Policy and American Leadership”, http://elliott.gwu.edu/sites/elliott.gwu.edu/files/downloads/faculty/king-water-policy-leadership.pdf)

Those go nuclear
If we do not destroy ourselves with the A-bomb and the H- AND at the 60.000 **__nuclear warheads__** the world has stockpiled since Trinity.
 * Weiner 90** (Professor – Princeton, “The Next 100 Years”, pg. 270)

Water wars risk instability and inhibit cooperation with America – multiple hotspots for escalation globally
On 17 January, scientists downloaded fresh data from a pair of Nasa satellites and AND , thus threatening water insecurity for farms, other industry and the public.
 * Goldenberg 14** – US environment correspondent (Suzanne, “Why global water shortages pose threat of terror and war,” The Guardian, 2/8/14, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/09/global-water-shortages-threat-terror-war)//ac

That’s key to infinite water – desalination is just becoming competitive but federal funding key to resolve market uncertainty
Efforts to identify new, untapped sources of supply have dominated water policy for the AND by state and local governments, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector.
 * NRC 8 -** (National Research Council - Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology Water Science and Technology Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. AMY K. ZANDER, Chair, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York MENACHEM ELIMELECH, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut DAVID H. FURUKAWA, Separation Consultants Inc., Poway, California PETER GLEICK, Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, Oakland, California KENNETH HERD, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Brooksville, Florida KIMBERLY L. JONES, Howard University, Washington, DC PHILIP ROLCHIGO, Pentair, Inc., Golden Valley, Minnesota SANDEEP SETHI, Carollo Engineers, Sarasota, Florida JOHN TONNER, Water Consultants International, Mequon, Wisconsin HENRY J. VAUX, University of California, Berkeley JUDITH S. WEIS, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, WARREN W. WOOD, Michigan State University, East Lansing. “Desalination: A National Perspective” [])

Only the plan provides sufficient certainty
Public health protection and reliability are high priorities for public water supply facilities; therefore AND an assessment of environmental impacts or to provide better estimates of treatment costs.
 * NRC 8** - (National Research Council - Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology Water Science and Technology Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. AMY K. ZANDER, Chair, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York MENACHEM ELIMELECH, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut DAVID H. FURUKAWA, Separation Consultants Inc., Poway, California PETER GLEICK, Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, Oakland, California KENNETH HERD, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Brooksville, Florida KIMBERLY L. JONES, Howard University, Washington, DC PHILIP ROLCHIGO, Pentair, Inc., Golden Valley, Minnesota SANDEEP SETHI, Carollo Engineers, Sarasota, Florida JOHN TONNER, Water Consultants International, Mequon, Wisconsin HENRY J. VAUX, University of California, Berkeley JUDITH S. WEIS, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, WARREN W. WOOD, Michigan State University, East Lansing. “Desalination: A National Perspective” [])

Nuclear energy is key – they are safe and necessary for sufficient solvency
The American Nuclear Society (ANS) endorses the use of nuclear power reactors AND delivering the copious quantities of energy required for large-scale desalination projects.
 * ANS 2005** - (American Nuclear Society March 2005, The American Nuclear Society (ANS) is an international, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) scientific and educational organization with a membership of approximately 15,000 scientists, engineers, educators, students, and other associate members. Approximately 900 members live outside the United States in 45 countries. There are 51 U.S. and nine non-U.S. local sections, 24 nuclear plant branches and 34 student sections. ANS members represent more than 1,750 corporations, educational institutions, and government agencies “Use of Nuclear Energy for Desalination”, ANS, http://www.ans.org/pi/ps/docs/ps62.pdf)

The plan is key to market dominance and global modelling – it’s safe and the tech spills over and is modelled globally
Seventy percent of the planet is covered with water, but only 2.5 AND the fossil fuelled based systems for the production of needed electricity and heat.
 * IAEA 7** – International Atomic Energy Agency (“Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies,” July 2007, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf)

Communicating risk is productive - inaction is worse – only debating risk mobilizes effective action
Introduction As we float in a mood of post-millennial angst, the future AND anticipate and prepare for possible and avoidable sources of harm to our successors.
 * Kurasawa, 04** [Fuyuki Kurasawa is Assistant Professor of Sociology at York University, Toronto, and a Faculty Associate of the Center for Cultural Sociology at Yale University. He is the author of The Ethnological Imagination: A Cross-Cultural Critique of Modernity (2004), Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK, []]

Ceding the political fails—engaging institutions is the best possibility for change
__Leftist__ American culture __critics might put their__ considerable __talents to better use if they bury__ AND critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."
 * McClean 1**, Professor – Philosophy, Rutgers, 2001 (The Cultural Left And The Limits Of Social Hope, Http://Www.American-Philosophy.Org/Archives/2001%20conference/Discussion%20papers/David_Mcclean.Htm)

There are no prior questions - empirical validity is a sufficient justification for action. Emphasis on metaphysical hurdles destroys any chance of effectively describing the world and guiding action
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that __‘[a]__ __AND__ the first and second dangers, and so __a__ potentially __vicious circle arises__.
 * Owen** **2 -** Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton, 2 (David, Millennium Vol 31 No 3, p. 655-7)

Personal pacific beliefs have no place in policy making circles-consequences key
Pacifists, when truly and consistently committed to the supreme value of nonviolence, remind AND democracies has no counterpart in the Soviet Union. (18-20)
 * Lewy** **5** - has been on the faculties of Columbia University, Smith College, and the University of Massachusetts Pacifism and Citizenship, (Guenter, Can they Coexist?)


 * __ Second AFF __**


 * __ 1ac – nuclear leadership __**

__ONE consequence of nuclear power that dominates all others is__ the **__safety and security of__** AND __power, thereby resulting in infringement on__ the __civil rights__ of the citizens.
 * Nuclear power is __inevitable__ – current trends prove it will be __unsafe__ – it’s just a question of how we __manage__ it**
 * Haider 14** – Prof Physics @ Fordhams Univ. (Quamrul Haider, 2/27/14, “Nuclear power plant: Security, dirty bombs, and civil rights,” http://www.thedailystar.net/nuclear-power-plant-security-dirty-bombs-and-civil-rights-13144)twonily

In my seemingly endless desire to dive headfirst into controversy, let me return to AND __and far less expensive than other approaches__ being focused on most actively today.
 * The plan is the __key starting point__ to __revitalize__ nuclear leadership – sub-seabed disposal is __comparatively__ better than alternatives**
 * Wilson 14** – founder of BuildingGreen and the RDI Institute (Alex Wilson, 1/14/14, “Safe storage of nuclear waste,” http://www.reformer.com/columnists/ci_24904718/safe-storage-nuclear-waste)twonily


 * Three internal links –**

__If nuclear energy is to enjoy a sustained renaissance__, the **__challenge of managing nuclear__**
 * a) __Public confidence__ – Fukushima __devastated__ it – that’s key to __sustainable__ nuclear power**
 * Moniz 11** – Energy Secretary of the US, American nuclear physicist (Ernest Moniz, Nov/Dec 2011, Council on Foreign Relations Foreign Affairs Magazine, “Why We Still Need Nuclear Power,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136544/ernest-moniz/why-we-still-need-nuclear-power)twonily
 * __AND__**
 * __an alternative to Yucca Mountain for storing nuclear waste in the long run.__**

__The **U**__ nited **__S__** tates' __dysfunctional nuclear waste management system has an unfortunate international side effect__ : AND __comes to setting up a proliferation-resistant__ international fuel-cycle __program__.
 * b) __Nuclear diplomacy__ – their evidence doesn’t assume newest industry shifts**
 * Moniz 11** – Energy Secretary of the US, American nuclear physicist (Ernest Moniz, Nov/Dec 2011, Council on Foreign Relations Foreign Affairs Magazine, “Why We Still Need Nuclear Power,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136544/ernest-moniz/why-we-still-need-nuclear-power)twonily

As __more nations consider pursuing nuclear energy__ or expanding their nuclear programs, **__U.__** .S. nuclear policy from the earliest days of the nuclear era.
 * c) __Modeling__ – other countries will follow effective US policy**
 * BRC 12** – Blue Ribbon Commission (BRC, January 26, 2012, “Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future; Report to the Secretary of Energy,” http://cybercemetery.unt.edu/archive/brc/20120620220235/http:brc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/brc_finalreport_jan2012.pdf)twonily
 * __AND__**


 * Two scenarios –**

Subsequently, __I__ decided to __examine the likelihood of a monumental nuclear catastrophe in this__ __AND__ the Chinese to park right next door to so many nuclear power plants?
 * First is safety –Meltdowns cause a __chain reaction__ – extinction**
 * Hodges 14** – Editor and Host of The Common Sense Show, citing FEMA inspectors of nuclear power plants (Dave Hodges, 4/18/14, “Nuclear Power Plants Will Become America’s Extinction Level Event,” http://www.dcclothesline.com/2014/04/18/nuclear-power-plants-will-become-americas-extinction-level-event/)twonily

__Nuclear waste is a problem__ that’s here to stay and, if the radioactive isotope AND , __we support a **national waste policy that results in more immediate progress.**__
 * Restoring leadership solves __safe__ nuclear development**
 * Wallace et al 13** – Michael Wallace, director of the Nuclear Energy Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) AND Dave Banks, senior fellow and deputy director of the Nuclear Energy Program at CSIS AND Alayna Rodriguez, research intern with the Nuclear Energy Program at CSIS (CSIS, 8/2/13, “Finding a Solution to America’s Nuclear Waste Problem,” http://csis.org/publication/finding-solution-americas-nuclear-waste-problem)twonily

__The health of the__ U.S. __civil nuclear infrastructure can have an important__ __AND__ __initiatives designed to discourage the spread of sensitive nuclear facilities to other countries.__
 * Second is prolif – the __perception__ of nuclear leadership solves**
 * Bengelsdorf** **7**, Consultant and former director of both key State and Energy Department offices that are concerned with international nuclear and nonproliferation affairs, 07 (Harold, “The U.S. Domestic Civil Nuclear Infrastructure and U.S. Nonproliferation Policy” The U.S. Domestic Civil Nuclear Infrastructure AND U.S. Nonproliferation Policy, May 2007, 6/2/12)twonily

Finally, several __new nuclear__ weapons __contenders are__ also __likely to emerge in the next__ __AND__ , would ever want. __None of this, however, is inevitable__.
 * Prolif causes global nuclear war**
 * Sokolski 9** (Henry, Executive Director – Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, “Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd”, Policy Review, June/July, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/46390537.html)

The __continued existence of nuclear weapons bears **incalculable risks**__ and **__undermines efforts__** to prevent further AND weak borders and ill-secured nuclear facilities and depots (Zenko 2006).
 * That’s uniquely true in the context of reactor prolif – we outweigh their turns on time frame – uniquely causes lashout**
 * Scheffran 12** -- Professor at the Institute for Geography and head of the Research Group Climate Change and Security at the Klima Campus of Hamburg University (Jurgen Scheffran, 2012, “Climate Change, Nuclear Risks and Nuclear Disarmament,” http://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/110517_WFC_Scheffran_Report.pdf)twontwon


 * __ 1ac – ilaw __**

1. The **__I__** nternational **__S__** eabed **__A__** uthority and __"Appropriation" Issues__ UNCLOS III's most unique AND __be unnecessarily cast into a developed/less developed "appropriation" issue.__
 * Three internal links –**
 * a) __ISA legitimacy__ – it creates a __sufficient__ regulatory framework – sub-seabed disposal is key**
 * Kaplan 91** – B.A. Carleton College, J.D. Candidate 1991, UPenn (Robert A. Kaplan, January, 1991, “Into the Abyss: International Regulation of Subseabed Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 769)twonily

In 1996, an update to the Convention, known as __the London Protocol,__ __AND__
 * b) __Signal__ – this __solidifies__ regulatory control and complies with status quo statutes**
 * McAllister** **13**, 2/28/13—works at the department of Navy, Assistant Program Manager at PEO LMW, LCS Mission Modules Program Office (Keith R., “Sub-Seabed Repository for Nuclear Waste - a Strategic Alternative – 13102”, Department of the Navy, email chenemily817@gmail.com, http://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:45045842)twonily
 * __be amended to reclassify managed sub-seabed disposal as__** a **__recognized__** exception.

__Full-scale operation for disposal__ of 250,000 metric tons (MTU). AND it could reduce the U.S. cost by 30-50%.
 * c) __Science__ – the plan demonstrates a __strong commitment__ to international R&D – solves science diplomacy and is __modeled internationally__**
 * Hollister 87** – Dean of Graduate Studies and Senior Scientist @ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Dr. Charles D. Hollister, 7/17/87, “Responses to Follow-Up Questions,” http://archive.org/stream/civilianradioact00unit/civilianradioact00unit_djvu.txt)twontwon

__Officials in Japan are beginning to suggest **the unthinkable**__ at the damaged Fukushima nuclear power AND Each __release of radiation from Fukushima increases the risk to__ that __food supply__.
 * Scenario one is the environment – nuclear waste dumping is __inevitable__ and destroys it**
 * Herron 13** – staff writer @ examiner magazine (David Herron, 12/18/13, “Radioactive water release from Fukushima may be inevitable,” http://www.examiner.com/article/radioactive-water-release-from-fukushima-may-be-inevitable)twonily

Thus, __barring discovery of any breakthrough__ transmutation __process__ n15 in the next decade, __AND__ __regime could serve as a **precedent for solving several other international environmental crises**__.
 * Causes __extinction__ through collapse of the ocean ecosystem – try or die for __regulations__ – independently __spills over__ to ensure solutions to __other__ environmental problems**
 * Kaplan 91** – B.A. Carleton College, J.D. Candidate 1991, UPenn (Robert A. Kaplan, January, 1991, “Into the Abyss: International Regulation of Subseabed Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 769)twonily

‘ __Science diplomacy and science and technology cooperation. . . is one of our__ __AND__ __are already the locus of existing instability and conflict__ (see Figure 2).
 * Scenario two is science diplomacy – global instability’s coming now and causes __extinction__ — science diplomacy increases soft power that’s necessary to prevent military conflict**
 * Royal 10** – a Fellowship of more than 1400 outstanding individuals from all areas of science, mathematics, engineering and medicine (Royal Society, January, 2010, “New frontiers in science diplomacy” https://royalsociety.org/policy/publications/2010/new-frontiers-science-diplomacy/)gingE

Imagine for a moment that the globe is inhabited by a single individual who roams AND __trade and security.____Many countries have recognised the value of science diplomacy.__
 * Also solves all __existential impacts__ – war, climate, population, and disease all require __international cooperation__**
 * Sackett 10** – former Chief Scientist for Australia, former Program Director at the NSF, PhD in theoretical physics (Penny, August 10, 2010, “Science diplomacy: Collaboration for solutions,” Forum for Australian-European Science and Technology cooperation magazine, http://www.chiefscientist.gov.au/2010/08/science-diplomacy-collaboration-for-solutions/)gingE

The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND __adaptation__ to these extremes __would mean profound__ social, cultural and political __changes__.
 * Climate change causes __extinction__**
 * Mazo 10**– PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)BB

__ Do you consult your dentist about your heart condition? In science, as in __ __ AND __ could also drive decades of economic growth. Just what the doctor ordered.
 * Warming’s real and human caused – overwhelming consensus**
 * Trenbeth 12 –** Kevin Trenbeth, Distinguished Senior Scientist, Climate Analysis Section, National Center for Atmospheric Research et al., writing with over 30 other distinguished climate researchers ( “Check with Climate Scientists for Views on Climate,” WALL STREET JOURNAL, letter to the editor, 2—1—12, [|__http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204740904577193270727472662.html__] )

The __international response to seabed emplacement__ to date __has been inadequate__. While certian governing AND A new regime with a clear mandate and appropriate operative philosophy is imperative.
 * Third is dispute adjudication – marine resource regulations conflicts __spill over__ and undermine the __entire basis__ of international dispute adjudication**
 * Kaplan 91** – B.A. Carleton College, J.D. Candidate 1991, UPenn (Robert A. Kaplan, January, 1991, “Into the Abyss: International Regulation of Subseabed Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 769)twonily

I. Pressures on International Law: Demands Placed on It and Obstacles to Its AND with the U.N. Charter and other norms of international law.
 * International law solves extinction**
 * Damrosch and Mullerson 95** (Professor of Law – Columbia University, and Professor of International Law – King’s College, “Beyond Confrontation, International Law for the Post Cold War Era”, pg. 2-3)


 * __ 1ac – plan __**


 * The United States federal government should substantially increase its development of the Earth’s oceans by amending the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act to develop a regulated pilot sub-seabed nuclear waste disposal program.**


 * __ 1ac – solvency __**

1 . International Law __Three international legal agreements__ as well as general principles of international AND sites **__is legal but__**, apparently, **__politically unacceptable to the host states__**.
 * The plan increases the federal government’s development of the ocean – it’s legal and doesn’t leak**
 * Hollister 87** – Dean of Graduate Studies and Senior Scientist @ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Dr. Charles D. Hollister, 7/17/87, “Responses to Follow-Up Questions,” http://archive.org/stream/civilianradioact00unit/civilianradioact00unit_djvu.txt)twontwon

The __disposal of radioactive wastes in a repository constructed below the seabed has been considered__ AND __of radionuclides__ when __compared with the disposal of wastes directly to the seabed.__
 * Containment is robust – dispersal solves their environment turns**
 * WNA 13** – World Nuclear Association (August 2013, “Radioactive Waste Management Appendix 2,” http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-wastes/appendices/radioactive-waste-management-appendix-2--storage-and-disposal-options/)twonily

The selection of a site for waste sequestration requires a number of criteria, many AND the waste must be packaged and transported, emplaced, and then protected.
 * There are __tons__ of accessible sites**
 * McAllister** **13**, 2/28/13—works at the department of Navy, Assistant Program Manager at PEO LMW, LCS Mission Modules Program Office (Keith R., “Sub-Seabed Repository for Nuclear Waste - a Strategic Alternative – 13102”, Department of the Navy, email chenemily817@gmail.com, http://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:45045842)twonily

C. Customary International Law __Customary international law represents a final potential restraint on SSD__ AND who refuse to comply with the LDC's non-binding ban on SSD.
 * No risk of their ilaw turns – the plan results in changes to CIL**
 * Kaplan 91** – B.A. Carleton College, J.D. Candidate 1991, UPenn (Robert A. Kaplan, January, 1991, “Into the Abyss: International Regulation of Subseabed Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 769)twonily

__For nuclear waste, **a simple, quick, and easy**__ __disposal method would be__ __AND__ __by as much as 1%__ above its present level from natural radioactivity.
 * The tech exists – SSD is __uniquely feasible__ and doesn’t hurt the environment**
 * Cohen 90** Bernard L. Cohen, Professor of Physics at the University of Pittsburgh, 1990 [The Nuclear Energy Option, http://home.pacbell.net/sabsay/nuclear/index.html]


 * __ Third AFF __**
 * __ 1ac – marine science leadership __**


 * Contention 1 is marine science leadership—**

As the case in 1962, our nation’s scientific numbers have never been greater or AND to the NOAA Director Jane Lubchenco. Their contact information is listed below.
 * Cuts to ocean exploration are destroying US marine science leadership**
 * McClain 12** - Assistant Director of Science for the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (Craig, March 15, 2012 “Losing Deep-Sea Science in the United States” []

Goodwin is PhD Marine Biologist and Science Writer at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (“Why Do We Explore” []) zabd Why Ocean Exploration Is Important Today Curiosity, desire for knowledge, and quest for AND __the reasons we explore Earth’s ocean; but we also explore to survive__.
 * Greater ocean exploration is vital to understanding deep-ocean thermohaline circulation which determines our ability to adapt to climate change**
 * Goodwin 9** – The Harmon Project, NOAA

The misconceptions that drove spending on space were mirrored in our lack of knowledge about AND __the importance of aggressive ocean research__ and management __before it is too late__.
 * Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience**
 * Young, 14 –** thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT **(**Grace, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, []

__Scientists are warning of a__ potential __marine massacre with a mass extinction__ of sea life __AND__ will be presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York this week.
 * It will end all life on the planet**
 * Dingle 11** – Sarah Dingle is a reporter for ABC Radio Current Affairs. (“Ocean heading for mass extinction, scientists warn”, ABC News, [], June 21, 2011, Quay)

The importance of __the ocean__ in daily life, whether you live on the East AND __that U.S. ocean science research will have **around the globe**__.
 * Stable federal exploration funding is the __bellwether__ for catalyzing investment in __adaptation technologies__ and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem management**
 * Avery 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)DH

__The major drawback of a NOPP-sponsored ocean exploration program is that NOPP itself__ __AND__ with consideration to the comments above) or NSF would be appropriate alternatives.
 * A dedicated federal funding stream through NOPP is __perceived__ as restoring the U.S. __reputation__ within the marine science community – that’s vital to attracting scientists into research collaboration**
 * NRC 3** – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, [])

__The rebirth of the seas will require large doses of education to dispel the myth__ __AND__ the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, the world’s largest ocean preserve.
 * US oceans leadership creates the political will for protection– change is empirically possible**
 * Sielen 14 -** ALAN B. SIELEN is Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (“Sea Change: How to Save the Oceans” 4/16, []

Justification for a New Ocean Exploration ProgramThe ocean supports us—whether we live AND the oceans respond to chemical, biological, and physical changes __must increase__.
 * Exploration is vital to biodiscovery and developing new cures for diseases**
 * NRC 3**(Committee on Exploration of the Seas, National Research Council “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown” National Academies Press []) GY

__Antimicrobial resistance__ (AMR) __within a wide range of infectious agents is__ a growing AND has a negative impact on outcomes for patients and health-care expenditures.
 * Global antibiotic resistance is increasing rapidly - the ability to treat diseases at all is close to collapsing – ending modern medicine**
 * Fukuda 14 -** Assistant Director-General Health Security, World Health Organization, 14 (Keiji**,** “Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014” April, []

Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent slew of emerging diseases in almost biblical terms AND “might easily transmute into a tune whistled whilst passing a graveyard.”3154
 * That risks extinction**
 * Greger 8** **–** M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger,, Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, [])

__The successes of the ocean partnership effort started more than ten years ago have been__ __AND__ __partnering and apply them to society’s most exigent needs with haste and vigor__.
 * A dedicated NOPP funding stream will maximize ocean science partnerships and lead to __applied solutions__ for ocean ecosystem management**
 * Watkins et al 9** - Watkins chaired the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, served as the President of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, and founding President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (James, How the Oceanographic Community Created a National Oceanographic Partnership Program” Oceanography Vol. 22, Iss. 2. Published by the NOPP. https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2982/22.2_watkins.pdf?sequence=1) zabd


 * __ 1ac – plan __**

**Plan – the United States federal government should substantially increase its National Oceanographic Partnership Program ocean exploration of the Earth’s oceans.**

 * __ 1ac – maritime conflicts __**


 * Contention 2 is maritime conflicts—**

__Incorporating a **new ocean exploration program** into the **U.S. marine science** field__ __AND__ force __to plan for collaborative exploration programs proposed by international groups of scientists__.
 * Establishing a new ocean exploration is vital to both __inter-agency__ and __international__ coordination in marine science**
 * NRC 3** – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, [])

The oceans cover nearly three-quarters of the Earth's surface, regulate our weather AND __common global bond__, highlighting their importance in our lives," Orcutt said.
 * The plan establishes a __global model__ and builds __international marine research collaboration__**
 * Pages 4** – Media Relations Officer at National Academies (Patrice, “Exploration of the Deep Blue Sea” National Academies In Focus Magazine, Winter/Spring, []

INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR AN OCEAN EXPLORATION PROGRAM __The involvement of many nations in ocean exploration__ __AND__
 * This spurs __global solutions__ and the development of multilateral agreements**
 * NRC 3** – National Research Center (Committee on Exploration of the Seas Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown ( 2003 )” pp 6-7 []
 * __international agreements__** __to undertake regional exploration or to pursue themes of shared interest.__

Fishing for Peace? The Need for a New EBM Initiative in the South China AND multilateral cooperation and mutual trust so urgently needed in the South China Sea.
 * Maritime conflicts are likely in the South China Sea over unsustainable fishing – transnational marine science collaboration is vital to creating trust necessary for __durable peace__**
 * Leutert et al 13** - third-year PhD student in the government department at Cornell University, currently based in Beijing from 2013-2014 as a visiting scholar at PekingUniversity and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Also authored by Dr. C. Sachi GERBIN, the 2013-2014 US resident Sasakawa Peace Foundation fellow, and Jennifer MCARDLE, program associate at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Center for Science, Technology and Security Policy at Pacific Forum CSIS. (Wendy, "Forging Cooperation over Competition: Opportunities for Practical Security Collaboration in the Asia-Pacific” Issues & Insights Vol. 14 – No. 6 Beijing, People’s Republic of China December 2013, [|http://csis.org/files/publication/issuesinsights_vol14no6.pdf)//gingE] DOC = Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea

While **__nuclear weapons__** exist, there remains a danger that they __will be used__. AND __—destroying agriculture, creating__ worldwide __famine, and generating__ chaos and __destruction__.
 * Risks extinction**
 * Wittner 11** - Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany (Lawrence S. Wittner, 11/28, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", [|www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)emchen]

There are a number of successful international marine science partnerships and specific models that should AND __improve foreign relations between governments__ and build goodwill between peoples of different nations.
 * Stronger marine science partnerships act as confidence building measures that dampen conflict incentives and bolster inter-state relations**
 * Crosby 7 –** executive director, National Science Board (Michael, “Improving International Relations Through Marine Science Partnerships”, __Law, Science and Ocean Management__, p. 275-276


 * __ 1ac – stem __**

Many members of Congress on both sides of the aisle seem to agree. Yet __AND__ own the global economy tomorrow. __This is an edge America cannot surrender.”__
 * STEM education is eroding now – a federal model for interagency cooperation is vital to revitalizing STEM fields**
 * Augustine and Lane** 4/28/**14**--*member of the American Academy, former Under Secretary of the Army, member of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology member of the American Academy, Senior Fellow in Science and Technology Policy at the Baker Institute, served as Director of the National Science Foundation (Norma R. and Neal F., Inside Sources, "What if America had a plan for scientific research? ", [|www.insidesources.com/what-if-america-had-a-plan-for-scientific-research/)//emchen]

The National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP) marked its 14th year in 2011. AND __exciting and novel areas of ocean research, with an emphasis on partnerships.__
 * NOPP is the ideal model for interagency cooperation and forging links with the educational community – it’s key to STEM**
 * NOPP 12****—an innovative collaboration of U.S. federal government agencies that fund research partnerships(National Oceanographic Partnership Program, "Report to the U.S. Congress on the National Oceanographic Partnership Program: Fiscal Year 2011", [|www.nopp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/FY11NOPP_ReportToCongress_FINAL.pdf)//emchen]

**A renewed national commitment to ocean exploration will revitalize STEM career paths**
On the Importance of a National Program of Ocean Exploration to Education __In the current__ __AND__ and to fall in love with the magic and mystery of scientific exploration.
 * Beattie* & Schubel 13** - *President of Shedd Aquarium, President of Aquarium of the Pacific (Ted, Jerry “The Report of Ocean Exploration 2020: A National Forum” pg. 32 July 19-21 2013 []) GY

The world has become a smaller place as technology becomes an increasing presence in our AND __worthwhile investment in our economy and are vital to our__ __future economic prosperity.__
 * That’s key to US leadership and economic competitiveness**
 * Johnson** 5/4/**14**--senior United States Senator from South Dakota (Tim, "JOHNSON: STEM boosts economy", Rapid City Journal, rapidcityjournal.com/news/local/communities/sturgis/johnson-stem-boosts-economy/article_43671352-9824-524a-bc36-7f4c9245df65.html)emchen

Today, __economic__ and fiscal __trends pose the most severe__ long-term __threat to__ __AND__ __leading the world toward a__ new, __dangerous era of multi-polarity__.
 * Prevents great power wars**
 * Khalilzad 11**** (Zalmay, Former Ambassador – Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations, Former Director of Policy Planning – Defense Department, “The Economy and National Security”, The National Review, 2-8, [|http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024]

= PAST NEG STRATS = AFF: WIND Block = states + ptix 2nr = states

AFF: Drones Block = Japan, noaa da, military, tech theft 2nr = military

AFF: Drones Block = Japan, noaa da, military, tech theft 2nr = Japan

AFF: Drones Block = Japan, noaa da, military, tech theft 2nr = tech theft

AFF: Odyssey Block = adv cp, case turns, pqd, oil 2nr = oil

AFF: Odyssey Block: t-its, adv cp, china ddev, china rels da, ospec, oil da, 2nr = china ddev, china rels, adv cp

AFF: Middle Passage Block = Anthro, Eurocentricism, FW 2nr = FW