Sarah+and+Anthony

**Nuclear power’s inevitable – global trends prove – assumes Fukushima**
Nearly __three years after__ the __Fukushima__ nuclear power plant meltdown began, __things are not__ AND Chernobyl, it looks like __nuclear power won’t be going away anytime soon.__
 * Donaldson 3/5** – staff writer for Crikey, owner of Entergize Energy Management Systems (David Donaldson, 3/5/14, “Three years on from Fukushima, nuclear power has some new allies,” []

**But, nuclear leadership is __slipping__ – sub-seabed disposal is __comparatively better__ than alternatives**
In my seemingly endless desire to dive headfirst into controversy, let me return to AND __and far less expensive than other approaches__ being focused on most actively today.
 * Wilson 14** – founder of BuildingGreen and the RDI Institute (Alex Wilson, 1/14/14, “Safe storage of nuclear waste,” http://www.reformer.com/columnists/ci_24904718/safe-storage-nuclear-waste)//twonily

**Now is key – total leadership meltdown in eight years**
__AND__ role to play in ensuring the safe and permanent storage of nuclear waste.
 * Easley 12** – candidate for J.D., Cornell Law School (Megan Easley, March 2012, 97 Cornell L. Rev. 659, Lexis)//twonily
 * __The clock is ticking on__** the **__problem of nuclear waste disposal__** . The __majority of__

**a) Nuclear diplomacy – leadership overcomes international obstacles to nuclear waste management cooperation – producers will establish bilateral agreements**
//__The__// __U__// nited //S// tates' __dysfunctional nuclear waste management system has an unfortunate international side effect__ : AND __comes to setting up a proliferation-resistant__ international fuel-cycle __program__.
 * Moniz 11** – Energy Secretary of the US, American nuclear physicist (Ernest Moniz, Nov/Dec 2011, //Council on Foreign Relations Foreign Affairs Magazine,// “Why We Still Need Nuclear Power,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136544/ernest-moniz/why-we-still-need-nuclear-power)//twonily//

**b) Leading by example – other countries will model effective US policy**
As __more nations consider pursuing nuclear energy__ or expanding their nuclear programs, //U.// //AND// .S. nuclear policy from the earliest days of the nuclear era.
 * BRC 12** – Blue Ribbon Commission (BRC, January 26, 2012, “Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future; Report to the Secretary of Energy,” http://cybercemetery.unt.edu/archive/brc/20120620220235/http://brc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/brc_finalreport_jan2012.pdf)//twonily

**First is safety – restoring leadership establishes international standards for safe nuclear development**
__Nuclear waste is a problem__ that’s here to stay and, if the radioactive isotope AND , __we support a **national waste policy that results in more immediate progress.**__
 * Wallace et al 13** – Michael Wallace, director of the Nuclear Energy Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) AND Dave Banks, senior fellow and deputy director of the Nuclear Energy Program at CSIS AND Alayna Rodriguez, research intern with the Nuclear Energy Program at CSIS (CSIS, 8/2/13, “Finding a Solution to America’s Nuclear Waste Problem,” http://csis.org/publication/finding-solution-americas-nuclear-waste-problem)//twonily

**Unsafe nuclear standards make spent fuel pool meltdowns __likely__ – the plan is key**
__If a fire were to break out at__ the Millstone Reactor Unit 3 __spent fuel__ __AND__ therefore __decay time) beyond which a__ zirconium __fire is not__ physically __possible.”__
 * Alvarez 2 ** Senior Scholar, Institute for Policy Studies, award winning science author, http://www.nirs.org/radwaste/atreactorstorage/alvarezarticle2002.pdf

**Extinction**
Subsequently, __I__ decided to __examine the likelihood of a monumental nuclear catastrophe in this__ __AND__ the Chinese to park right next door to so many nuclear power plants?
 * Hodges 14** – Editor and Host of The Common Sense Show, citing FEMA inspectors of nuclear power plants (Dave Hodges, 4/18/14, “Nuclear Power Plants Will Become America’s Extinction Level Event,” http://www.dcclothesline.com/2014/04/18/nuclear-power-plants-will-become-americas-extinction-level-event/)//twonily

**Second is prolif – the US is losing leverage because of its deteriorating waste policies**
__The health of the__ U.S. __civil nuclear infrastructure can have an important__ __AND__ __initiatives designed to discourage the spread of sensitive nuclear facilities to other countries.__
 * Bengelsdorf** **7**, Consultant and former director of both key State and Energy Department offices that are concerned with international nuclear and nonproliferation affairs, 07 (Harold, “The U.S. Domestic Civil Nuclear Infrastructure and U.S. Nonproliferation Policy” The U.S. Domestic Civil Nuclear Infrastructure AND U.S. Nonproliferation Policy, May 2007, 6/2/12)//twonily

**Prolif causes global nuclear war**
Finally, several __new nuclear__ weapons __contenders are__ also __likely to emerge in the next__ __AND__ , would ever want. __None of this, however, is inevitable__.
 * Sokolski 9** (Henry, Executive Director – Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, “Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd”, Policy Review, June/July, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/46390537.html)

**That’s uniquely true in the context of reactor prolif – we outweigh their turns on time frame – uniquely causes lashout**
A __considerable international effort__ of inspections is __pursued by the__ International Atomic Energy Agency __(__ __AND__ __a source for **discrimination**, **threat**, **mistrust** and **fear**__ in international relations.
 * Scheffran 12** -- Professor at the Institute for Geography and head of the Research Group Climate Change and Security at the Klima Campus of Hamburg University (Jurgen Scheffran, 2012, “Climate Change, Nuclear Risks and Nuclear Disarmament,” http://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/110517_WFC_Scheffran_Report.pdf)//twontwon

**a) ISA legitimacy – it creates a sufficient regulatory framework – sub-seabed disposal is key**
// 1. The //I// nternational //S// eabed //A// uthority and __"Appropriation" Issues__ UNCLOS III's most unique AND __be unnecessarily cast into a developed/less developed "appropriation" issue.__
 * Kaplan 91** – B.A. Carleton College, J.D. Candidate 1991, UPenn (Robert A. Kaplan, January, 1991, “Into the Abyss: International Regulation of Subseabed Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 769)//twonily//

**b) Signal – this reconciles regulatory conflicts and complies with status quo statutes**
In 1996, an update to the Convention, known as __the London Protocol,__ __AND__
 * McAllister** **13**, 2/28/13—works at the department of Navy, Assistant Program Manager at PEO LMW, LCS Mission Modules Program Office (Keith R., “Sub-Seabed Repository for Nuclear Waste - a Strategic Alternative – 13102”, Department of the Navy, email chenemily817@gmail.com, http://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:45045842)//twonily
 * __be amended to reclassify managed sub-seabed disposal as__** a **__recognized__** exception.

**c) Science – the plan demonstrates a strong commitment to international R&D – that solves science diplomacy and means the plan is modeled internationally**
__Full-scale operation for disposal__ of 250,000 metric tons (MTU). AND it could reduce the U.S. cost by 30-50%.
 * Hollister 87** – Dean of Graduate Studies and Senior Scientist @ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Dr. Charles D. Hollister, 7/17/87, “Responses to Follow-Up Questions,” http://archive.org/stream/civilianradioact00unit/civilianradioact00unit_djvu.txt)//twontwon

**Scenario one is the environment – nuclear waste dumping is inevitable and destroys it**
//__Officials in Japan are beginning to suggest__// __the unthinkable//__ at the damaged Fukushima nuclear power AND Each __release of radiation from Fukushima increases the risk to__ that __food supply__.
 * Herron 13** – staff writer @ examiner magazine (David Herron, 12/18/13, “Radioactive water release from Fukushima may be inevitable,” http://www.examiner.com/article/radioactive-water-release-from-fukushima-may-be-inevitable)//twonily//

**That causes __extinction__ – only the plan can __spill over__ to create __cohesive regulations__ and __frameworks__ to solve __broader__ environmental problems**
// Thus, __barring discovery of any breakthrough__ transmutation __process__ n15 in the next decade, // //__AND__// //__regime could serve as a__// __precedent for solving several other international environmental crises//__.
 * Kaplan 91** – B.A. Carleton College, J.D. Candidate 1991, UPenn (Robert A. Kaplan, January, 1991, “Into the Abyss: International Regulation of Subseabed Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 769)//twonily//

**Scenario two is science diplomacy – global instability’s coming now and causes extinction — science diplomacy increases soft power that’s necessary to prevent military conflict**
‘ __Science diplomacy and science and technology cooperation. . . is one of our__ __AND__ __are already the locus of existing instability and conflict__ (see Figure 2).
 * Royal 10** – a Fellowship of more than 1400 outstanding individuals from all areas of science, mathematics, engineering and medicine (Royal Society, January, 2010, “New frontiers in science diplomacy” https://royalsociety.org/policy/publications/2010/new-frontiers-science-diplomacy/)//gingE

**It’s also key to solve all existential impacts – specifically climate change**
Imagine for a moment that the globe is inhabited by a single individual who roams AND __trade and security.____Many countries have recognised the value of science diplomacy.__
 * Sackett 10** – former Chief Scientist for Australia, former Program Director at the NSF, PhD in theoretical physics (Penny, August 10, 2010, “Science diplomacy: Collaboration for solutions,” Forum for Australian-European Science and Technology cooperation magazine, http://www.chiefscientist.gov.au/2010/08/science-diplomacy-collaboration-for-solutions/)//gingE

**Climate change causes extinction**
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND __adaptation__ to these extremes __would mean profound__ social, cultural and political __changes__.
 * Mazo 10** – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)//BB

1ac – plan
====**The United States federal government should substantially increase its development of the Earth’s ocean by amending the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act to develop a regulated pilot sub-seabed nuclear waste disposal program.**====

**The plan increases the federal government’s development of the ocean – it’s legal internationally – but amending MPRSA is key**
// 1 . International Law __Three international legal agreements__ as well as general principles of international // // AND // // sites //is legal but//, apparently, //politically unacceptable to the host states//.
 * Hollister 87** – Dean of Graduate Studies and Senior Scientist @ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Dr. Charles D. Hollister, 7/17/87, “Responses to Follow-Up Questions,” http://archive.org/stream/civilianradioact00unit/civilianradioact00unit_djvu.txt)//twontwon//

**Containment is robust – dispersal solves their environment turns**
The __disposal of radioactive wastes in a repository constructed below the seabed has been considered__ AND __of radionuclides__ when __compared with the disposal of wastes directly to the seabed.__
 * WNA 13** – World Nuclear Association (August 2013, “Radioactive Waste Management Appendix 2,” http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-wastes/appendices/radioactive-waste-management-appendix-2--storage-and-disposal-options/)//twonily

**There are tons of accessible sites**
The selection of a site for waste sequestration requires a number of criteria, many AND the waste must be packaged and transported, emplaced, and then protected.
 * McAllister** **13**, 2/28/13—works at the department of Navy, Assistant Program Manager at PEO LMW, LCS Mission Modules Program Office (Keith R., “Sub-Seabed Repository for Nuclear Waste - a Strategic Alternative – 13102”, Department of the Navy, email chenemily817@gmail.com, http://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:45045842)//twonily

**No risk of their ilaw turns – the plan results in changes to CIL**
C. Customary International Law __Customary international law represents a final potential restraint on SSD__ AND who refuse to comply with the LDC's non-binding ban on SSD.
 * Kaplan 91** – B.A. Carleton College, J.D. Candidate 1991, UPenn (Robert A. Kaplan, January, 1991, “Into the Abyss: International Regulation of Subseabed Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 769)//twonily