spiderman

toc =Contact Info=

2N - Peter Heft: pheft4289@gmail.com 2A - Parker Murphy: parkermurphy4@hotmail.com

=Aff=

Contention 1 is Inherency
(Tierramérica, “MEXICO: Scientists Call For Regulation of Nanotechnology,” 03/12/2012, http://www.tierramerica.info/nota.php?lang=eng&idnews=3920&olt=568, AC) MEXICO CITY, Mar 12 (Tierramérica).- Nanotechnology, which is currently unregulated in AND is used in electronic components, cosmetics and packaging, among other products.
 * First, Nano Development in Mexico is on the rise – it’s unregulated and risks spinning out of control**
 * Inter Press Service ‘12**

(ReLANS coordinators, Doctoral Program in Development Studies Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Zacatecas, México, “Nanotechnologies in Latin America,” pg online @ [] //um-ef) At the beginning of 2002, all nanotechnology-related research became an area of AND but it is worth mentioning some of the efforts made in this regard.
 * And, haphazard development risks spilling over – Latin America is a potential hotbed for Nanotech, but lack of controls or vision risks disaster – cooperation is key**
 * Foladori and Lau ‘7**

Contention 2 is The Tech of the Future
(Woodrow Wilson Internatonal Center for scholars “The promise of Nanotechnology” may 2007 pg online @ [] //um-ef)// //The market opportunity is substantial. Nanotechnology has been incorporated into billions of dollars worth// //AND// //for people in both rich and poor nations and at relatively low cost."//
 * First, Nanotech is a savior for the developing world, but current nanotech policies avoid places like Latin America - despite substantial market opportunity, businesses refuse to invest—we link turn your k**
 * Wilson Center ‘7**

//**This is specifically true in Latin America**// //**Foladori and Lau ‘7**// //(ReLANS coordinators, Doctoral Program in Development Studies Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Zacatecas, México, “Nanotechnologies in Latin America,” pg online @ []// um-ef) There has been little coverage in the international media about the development of nanotechnologies in AND nanotechnology programs and is completely ignored in the policy rationale behind their implementation.

(T. Lodwick*, R. Rodrigues**, R. Sandler***, W.D. Kay * Nanotechnology and Society Research Group (NSRG), Northeastern University **Santa Clara University, School of Law,** *NSRG, Department of Philosophy and Religion, Northeastern University, NSRG, Deapartment of Political Science, Northeastern University, “nanotechnology and the global poor: the united states policy and international collaborations” pg online @ [], AC) Perhaps the most basic barrier to conducting nanotechnology research is equipment costs. One way AND address the social problems facing the developing world (pro-poor research).
 * Collaboration is key – only way to ensure Pro-Poor Research**
 * Lodwick et al 7**


 * And two scenarios:**

First is disease –
(Peter J. Hotez, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University and Sabin Vaccine Institute, Washington, D.C., United States of America 21,* Maria Elena Bottazzi,1 Carlos Franco-Paredes,2,3 Steven K. Ault,4, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, México, D.F., México 3Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America“The Neglected Tropical Diseases of Latin America and the Caribbean: A Review of Disease Burden and Distribution and a Roadmap for Control and Elimination,” pg online @ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553488/ //um-ef)// // The neglected tropical diseases ( //NTDs) represent some of the most common infections of the poorest people living in the Latin American// and Caribbean region (LAC). // // AND // // Reference lists of identified articles and reviews were also hand searched as were databases from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Web site (http://www.paho.org). //
 * Neglected diseases on the rise now**
 * Hotez et al ‘8**

//**Nanotech in Latin America is critical – Saves thousands of lives and provides the best laboratories for development of disease prevention techniques**// //**VOA News ‘9**// //(“Nanotechnology Could Improve Health Care in Developing Countries,” pg online @ http://www.voanews.com/articleprintview/347615.html// um-ef) Scientists say nanotechnology, which involves some of the smallest things on earth, could AND as well as consumers, such as those taking nano-based medicines.

(5/22, Victoria, Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, "Human extinction: the uncertainty of our fate", http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate) A pandemic will kill off all humans. In the past, humans have indeed AND could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).
 * And, Disease spread causes extinction**
 * Yu ‘9**

(E. Court*, A. Daar**, E. Martin***, T. Acharya, P. Singer* *University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada **McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine and Departments of Public Health Sciences and Surgery, University of Toronto; University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada** *University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada * University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada, “Will Prince Charles et al diminish the opportunities of developing countries in nanotechnology?”, 01/28/2004, []//VS) Nanotechnology offers a range of potential benefits for developing countries. Nanometre-sized quantum AND of these activities, of course, also hold promise for economic development.
 * Nanotech solves disease—reject generic defense—quantum dots sidestep conventional disease prevention**
 * Court et al 04**

Second is Warming –
//An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public// //AND// //and evaluate the level and evolution of consensus over the last two decades.//
 * Best compilation of scientific data proves consensus – warming is real and anthropogenic.**
 * Cook et al 5/15** – Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, Australia (John, “Quantifying the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Scientific Literature”, 5/15/13; < http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/8/2/024024/pdf/1748-9326_8_2_024024.pdf>)//Beddow//

//**Global warming is reversible but this decade is key.**// //**Chestney 12** – Reuters reporter, citing executive director of the Australian National University’s Climate Change Institute (Nina, “Global Warming Close to Becoming Irreversible – Scientists”, 3/26/13; < http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/26/us-climate-thresholds-idUSBRE82P0UJ20120326>) //Beddow (Reuters) - The world is close to reaching tipping points that will make AND firm's vice president of global business environment. The conference runs through Thursday.


 * Nanotech key to solve warming for a few reasons:**


 * a) New sources of carbon free energy quickly**
 * Lane et. al 7** (Neal Lane, professor of physics at Rice University, was director of NSF from 1993 to 1998 and science advisor to President Clinton beginning in 1998. Thomas Kalil, assistant to the chancellor for science and technology at the University of California at Berkeley, was deputy assistant to the president for technology and economic policy and deputy director of the National Economic Council during the Clinton administration, 2007, The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Present at the Creation, [])

Invest in nanotechnology for clean energy. Experts believe that combating global warming may require AND new sources of carbon-free energy that are competitive with fossil fuels.


 * b) Solar cells - improves overall efficiency, and are extremely cheap**
 * Walsh 7** (Ben, MSci PhD MRSC, “Environmentally Beneficial Nanotechnologies”, May 2007, http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/reports/reportpdf/report86.pdf //nz)//

//Photovoltaic technologies offer a potentially unlimited source of emission free, renewable energy by converting// //AND// //roll‐to‐roll printing may provide a high throughput solution.//

//**c) Batteries- greater and faster charges**// //**Walsh 7** (Ben, MSci PhD MRSC, “Environmentally Beneficial Nanotechnologies”, May 2007, http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/reports/reportpdf/report86.pdf //nz)

The problems of range and power are being addressed. For example the Tesla AND of these materials is likely to result in batteries with higher charge density.

The world has warmed since those heady days of Gaia, and scientists have grown AND scope, that could make a rapid transition from one state to another.
 * Best methodology shows positive feedbacks will push us past the tipping point – causes extinction.**
 * Guterl 12** – Executive Editor of Scientific American, expert in Climate and Environment, Science Policy, citing James Hanson, a NASA scientist (Fred, “Climate Armageddon: How the World’s Weather Could Quickly Run Amok”, 5/25/12; < http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-worlds-weather-could-quickly-run-amok>)//Beddow

Contention 3 is Solvency
//For the most part, there are two features that distinguish the nanotechnology initiatives¶// //AND// //relationship gives a¶ special character to the development of nanotechnology in México.//
 * US key to reorient nanotech sector—Mexico’s key**
 * Foladori et al 07** - Professor at Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas; Invernizzi-Senior associate at the Wilson Center (Guillermo, Noela, “Nanotechnologies in ¶ Latin America”, 12/2007, [])//VS//

//**Nanotech is feasible—prefer this evidence—assumes your warrants**// //**Merta 10**// //(E. Merta, University of New Mexico School of Law, Health Sciences Library, “THE NANOTECHNOLOGY AGENDA:¶ MOLECULAR MACHINES AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION¶ IN THE 21st CENTURY”, 3/22/2010, []//VS) Despite these barriers, nanotechnologists cite several reasons for long range hope that they can AND thought to show the eventual feasibility of human-controlled nanotechnology.[38]

(Science Daily News, “Nanotechnology's Miniature Answers To Developing World's Biggest Problems”, 05/12/2005, []//VS)// //"Resource-rich member nations of the international community have a self-interest// //AND// //to generate real benefits for the 5 billion people in the developing world."//
 * North-South initiatives are modeled globally**
 * Science Daily 05**

//**No war – economic interdependence and nuclear deterrence**// //**Deudney and Ikenberry, 09** — MA and PhD in Political Science, Professor, Political Science, Johns Hopkins University; PhD, Professor, International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University (Daniel and G. John, January/February 2009, “The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail,” Foreign Affairs Volume 88, Issue 1, ProQuest, Hensel)// //This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent developments and ignores powerful countervailing// //AND// //international system is far more primed for peace than the autocratic revivalists acknowledge.//

//**No war – international institutions and societal shifts**// //**Contreras, 12** – Fellow, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University (Dominic, citing Steven Pinker, Harvard College Professor and Johnstone Family Professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University, citing Joshua A. Goldstein, Professor Emeritus, School of International Service, American University, February 1, 2012, “Winning the War on War?”, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/21707/winning_the_war_on_war.html?breadcrumb=%2Fproject%2F52%2Fintrastate_conflict_program, Hensel)// //In a jointly authored December 2011 op-ed in the New York Times,// //AND// //, but according to Pinker, “you can’t miss the trend line.”//

//**Even if it does occur, it will __never__ involve great powers**// //**Tepperman 9** Deputy Editor of Newsweek, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, now Managing Editor of Foreign Affairs, holds a B.A. in English Literature from Yale University, an M.A. in Jurisprudence from Oxford University, and an LL.M. in International Law from New York University (Jonathan, "Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb," 8/28/09, [])//AM These efforts are all grounded in the same proposition: that, as Obama has AND each instance, very different leaders all came to the same safe conclusion.

(E. Merta, University of New Mexico School of Law, Health Sciences Library, “THE NANOTECHNOLOGY AGENDA:¶ MOLECULAR MACHINES AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION¶ IN THE 21st CENTURY”, 3/22/2010, []//VS) The same technology, they say, can be used to prevent aging. Since AND put an end to the most ancient forms of human suffering.[44]
 * Oh and Be-Tee-Dubs, you’ll be immortal in the world of the aff—we assume your warrants**
 * Merta 10**

Contention 1 is Inherency
On any given day, a Mexican woman will be promised a good paying job AND human trafficking must take into consideration both countries’ interests through a bilateral partnership.
 * 1: Currently, untold numbers of Mexican men, women, and children are being unfairly imprisoned by human traffickers along the border—a bilateral partnership is critical**
 * GARZA 2011** (Rocio, Candidate for Juris Doctor, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, May 2011; A.B. (2005) Harvard University, CARDOZO J. OF INT’L & COMP. LAW, March, www.cjicl.com/uploads/2/9/5/9/2959791/cjicl_19.2_garza_note.pdf‎)

Mexico is a large source, transit, and destination country for men, women AND be relatively weak, and official complicity continued to be a serious problem.
 * 2: Mexico is the key—they’re a global hotspot for sex trafficking**
 * Department of State, 13** (U.S. Department of State, 2013, “Trafficking in Persons Report 2013” http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2013/index.htm)//EM

Contention 2 is The Advantage
The recent surge in interest in ending human trafficking has led even Hollywood to take AND in fostering or tolerating the conditions under which the Other can be exploited.
 * 1: Trafficking operates through a dominant conception of Otherness that sees victims as unimportant, which perpetuates exploitation. Only through rejecting this understanding can we open up space for effective politics that combat this violence**
 * Todres ’09 ** (Jonathan, Professor of Law at Georgia State University, “Law, Otherness, and Human Trafficking”, July 2009, Accessed via Project MUSE, [SG])

We have all heard the catchy song lyrics about "what happens in Mexico" AND processes create a society where peace and prosperity are possible for all citizens.
 * 2:** **Victims of trafficking experience horrific forms of dehumanization- we must reject this violence**
 * Crouse ’07** (Janice, PhD, Senior Fellow at the Beverly LaHaye Institute, the think tank for Concerned Women for America, “Sex Trafficking Victims: Disposable or Human”, July 12, 2007, [], [SG])

Assuming we are able to predict who or what are optimized humans, this entire AND inevitable for every epoch has evil and dehumanization is evil's most powerful weapon.
 * 3: Dehumanization makes every impact inevitable—****it is the equivalent of nuclear war, environmental collapse, and genocide**
 * Berube,** **97** (David, professor of speech communication, Nanotechnology Magazine, June/July 1997, http://www.cla.sc.edu/ENGL/faculty/berube/prolong.htm)

¶ Five years ago, I became the UN's first special rapporteur on contemporary forms AND individuals, companies and governments accountable. Complacency is no longer an option.
 * 4:** **This modern form of slavery affects millions of oppressed persons worldwide—we need to act both via legislation and through our speech-act**
 * Shahinian, 13** – Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, United Nations (Gulnara, April 26, 2013, “Slavery must be recognised in all its guises,” The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/apr/26/slavery-recognised-all-guises, Hensel)

//Tenancingo is at the center of the issue of human trafficking. Most people in// //AND// //information in the narrow streets that make up this hillside town.— Peggy Peattie//
 * 5: This is made worse by the culture of silence surrounding trafficking in the status quo means the speech act solves**
 * Aguilera, 5/28** (Elizabeth Aguilera, immigration expert for The San Diego Union-Tribune, 5/28/13, “Sex trafficking in U.S. linked to Mexico”, http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/may/28/sex-trafficking-mexico-tlaxcala-fugitive-atlanta/all/?print)//EM//

//**6: This silence renders** **bodies** **as** **disposable piece of property**// //**Soodalter, 9** (interview with Ron Soodalter, 6/18/9, “The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today”, https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/multimedia/20090701b/0179.html/_res/id=sa_File1/Bales_Soodalter.pdf)//EM We as Americans know that the South kept slaves and the North fought a righteous war of liberation. We know that the Emancipation Proclamation freed all the __slaves__. AND As Devin said, the State Department estimates that somewhere around 17,000 foreign nationals are trafficked into this country, from at least 35 other countries, every year and enslaved here.

The new culture of cruelty combines with the arrogance of the rich as morally bankrupt AND march aimed at destroying every public sphere essential to a vibrant democratic state.
 * 7: The politics of disposability leaves entire populations open to eradication- this ignorance of human dignity has become politicized, and will ultimately be the death of politics **
 * Giroux ’10 ** (Henry, Professor of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, previous professors at BU, Miami U, and Penn State “Memories of Hope in the Age of Disposability”, published 9/28/2010, [] [SG])

Giroux ‘ 10 (Henry, Professor of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, previous professors at BU, Miami U, and Penn State “Memories of Hope in the Age of Disposability”, published 9/28/2010, accessed online 7/2, http://archive.truthout.org/memories-hope-age-disposability63631)//BZ// //The working-class neighborhood of my youth never gave up on democracy as an// //AND// //young people waiting for adults to prove the courage of their democratic convictions.//
 * 8: Affirmation of political hope is necessary to reinvigorate democracy. Democracy is militarized in the status quo, parallel with disposability. To educate and advocate for hope is to evoke the political power of resistance. **

//**9: US human trafficking policies are modeled globally**// //**Srikantiah 7** Associate Professor of Law and Director, Immigrants’ Rights Clinic, Stanford Law (Jayashri, “Perfect Victims and Real Survivors: The Iconic Victim In Domestic Human Trafficking Law,” Boston University Law Review v. 187, []) //AM As the U nited S tates continues to grapple with human trafficking, other ¶ countries are doing the same and, in many cases, are using the U.S. trafficking ¶ legislation as a model. Our trafficking approach could have global ¶ consequences. Unless we allow our approach to evolve as our understanding ¶ of trafficking evolves, we erroneously exclude trafficking victims from ¶ immigration relief.

Victims on both sides of the United States-Mexico border ¶ would greatly benefit AND about ¶ the dangers and criminal consequences of engaging in human ¶ trafficking.
 * 10: A bilateral partnership increases prevention initiatives in addition to number of prosecutions - allows for information sharing and expedited investigations**
 * Garza 11** Candidate for Juris Doctor, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, AB from Harvard (Rocio, 11/1/11, "Addressing Human Trafficking Along the United States-Mexico Border: The Need for a Bilateral Partnership," [])//AM

As neighboring countries that share a highly volatile border with high rates of human trafficking AND cooperation mechanisms so as to increase the number of prosecutions and rescued victims.
 * 11: Specifically, modeling a partnership after the Mérida Initiative solves human trafficking**
 * Tena, 10** (Maria, Trans-Border Institute, University of San Diego, September 30, 2010, “Modern Day Slavery in U.S.–Mexican Territory: Human Trafficking at the Border,” Border Brief, Trans-Border Institute, University of San Diego, http://catcher.sandiego.edu/items/peacestudies/Border_Brief_FINAL_BW_oct4_10.pdf, Hensel)

Contention 3 is Framing
Hintjens 7 [Helen Hintjens is Lecturer in the Centre for Development Studies, University of Wales, “MDF Understanding Development Better”] From Johan Galtung, famous Norwegian peace ‘guru’, still alive and heads up AND violence…is neither natural nor inevitable”, p. 301 (Prontzos).
 * 1: Structural violence outweighs all of your magnitude claims**

Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about AND structural violence, can also be used to empower citizens to reduce it.
 * 2: Failure to incorporate methods of dealing with structural violence into our politics is the failure of politics all together**
 * Winter and Leighton in 1999** (Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter: Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century. Pg 4-5)

**Cuomo 96** – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30) In "Gender and `Postmodern' War," Robin Schott introduces some of the ways AND the face of what appears to be the inevitability of war and militarism. This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent developments and ignores powerful countervailing AND international system is far more primed for peace than the autocratic revivalists acknowledge.
 * 3: A crisis focused ethic is wrong – attention to isolated instances of warfare ignores the daily horrors of structural violence. This is the precondition for any war to happen**
 * 4: No war – economic interdependence and nuclear deterrence**
 * Deudney and Ikenberry, 09** — MA and PhD in Political Science, Professor, Political Science, Johns Hopkins University; PhD, Professor, International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University (Daniel and G. John, January/February 2009, “The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail,” Foreign Affairs Volume 88, Issue 1, ProQuest, Hensel)

These efforts are all grounded in the same proposition: that, as Obama has AND each instance, very different leaders all came to the same safe conclusion.
 * 5: Even if it does occur, it will __never__ involve great powers**
 * Tepperman 9** Deputy Editor of Newsweek, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, now Managing Editor of Foreign Affairs, holds a B.A. in English Literature from Yale University, an M.A. in Jurisprudence from Oxford University, and an LL.M. in International Law from New York University (Jonathan, "Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb," 8/28/09, [])//AM

=Neg=

Past 2NRs

 * Schmitt K, Oil DA and Case**