Katie+&+Erik

toc =AFF=

If you have AFF questions email Katie at mangofrog7@gmail.com

1AC - Vulnerability

 * Contention one is vulnerability:**


 * Lack of port security is a major threat – we have the technology to upgrade and we should**
 * Washington Post 7/15/12** Port security: U.S. fails to meet deadline for scanning of cargo containers By Douglas Frantz, Published: July 15 []

__The Obama administration. . . __ __the United States.”__


 * Obama administration will miss the deadline for port security – risks huge attacks – tech is available, all that is missing is urgency.**
 * NYT 6/26/12** OP-ED CONTRIBUTORS Cargo, the Terrorists’ Trojan Horse By JERROLD L. NADLER, EDWARD J. MARKEY and BENNIE G. THOMPSON Published: June 26, 2012

__MILLIONS of cargo. . . __
 * __urgency and determination__**.

As time has. . . the Iraq war.
 * Security measures are weak exposing the flaws**
 * Flynn 11- Vice President at a global maritime security company** (Stuart Flynn is Vice President at global maritime security services provider SecureWest International; Written February 4, 2011, Accessed June 20, 2012; Port Technology International; “Next Generation Port Security” http://www.porttechnology.org/im-ages/uploads/technical_papers/PT40-25.pdf)


 * Maritime attacks being planned now**
 * Houreld 11—Associated Press Writer** [Katharine, “Oil Tanker Terror Hijacks Easy, Attacks Complex,” Web, 5/21/11, LexisNexis, 6/19/12]

__The FBI and. . . __ __for extensive destruction__.

Now, five years. . . __tragedy could do.__
 * It’s only a matter of time**
 * The Providence Journal 2006** (“Neglecting port security puts U.S. in economic peril” Providence Journal/Evening Bulletin 9/24/06 ProQuest 6/20/12)

1AC - Military

 * Contention Two is Military**
 * Ports are vulnerable to a terrorist attack – it would shut down military and naval power**
 * Watts 05** [CDR Bob Watts is a 1985 graduate of the U.S. Coast Guard Academy and has served six tours at sea conducting drug/migrant operations, most recently commanding the USCGC STEADFAST (WMEC 623). He is currently assigned as the chief of drug and migrant interdiction at Coast Guard Headquarters, where his responsibilities include drafting migrant policy and strategy, including planning for mass migration. A 2006 graduate of the Naval Postgraduate School’s Center for Homeland Defense and Security, he has advanced degrees from the Naval War College, Old Dominion University, American Military University, and is a doctoral candidate at the Royal Military College of Canada.] Maritime Critical Infrastructure Protection: Multi-Agency Command and Control in an Asymmetric Environment http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=1.2.3

Throughout its history. . . from the experience?


 * That would destroy naval power and military operations**
 * Talor et al. 07** (Bruce Taylor director of research at the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) in Washington, D.C; Antony Pate Bruce Kubu;) Protecting America’s Ports: Promising Practices A Final Report Submitted https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/221075.pdf

__The U.S. Navy. . . __ __overburdened airlift resources__.


 * Navy power solves war**
 * Conway et al. 07** [James T., General, U.S. Marine Corps, Gary Roughead, Admiral, U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower,” October, http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf]

Deter major power. . . __extended campaigns ashore__.


 * Port security key to military mobilization**
 * Hart 00** [Clyde J. Hart, Jr., Maritime Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation] HEARING before the COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED SIXTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION __OCTOBER 4, 2000__  Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/hearings/106s/86533.txt

__MARAD recognizes that. . . __ as Strategic Ports.


 * That solves a laundry list of global conflicts**
 * Hickins 09** (COLONEL KENNETH, United States Army, March 30, 2009, “STRATEGIC MOBILITY: FORGOTTEN CRITICAL REQUIREMENT OF THE CONTEMPORARY OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT”, http://www.dtic.mil.proxy.lib.umich.edu/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA494718///TS)//

//As I stated. .. // //__and strategic success__//

//**Ports are key to overall military power**// //**AAPA Seaports 03** U.S. ports essential to war cargo efforts Rail infrastructure demands funding [] //

//__Vital national efforts. . . __// // planning and execution. //

//**Now the impact debate**// //**Threats are real and inevitable- only primacy solves great power war**// //**Thayer 06** [Bradley Thayer, //Associate Professor of Defense and Strategic Study at Missouri State University, Former Research Fellow at International Security Program at Harvard Belfer Center of Science and International Affairs //November/December 2006, “In Defense of Primacy”, The National Interest]//

//A grand strategy. . . // // economic prosperity it provides. //

//**Intervention is inevitable – it’s only a question of effectiveness**// //**Kagan 11** ** [ Robert Kagan, **//**a contributing editor to The Weekly Standard, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institute, B.A., Yale University, M.P.P., John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Ph.D., American University. //“The Price of Power”. The Weekly Standard, Jan 24, 2011, Vol. 16, No. 18. http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3]//**

//__Before examining whether. . . __// // built and defended. //

//**American intervention solves poverty, violence, and extinction**// //**Barnett 11** [Thomas Barnett, //Chief analyst at Wikistrat, former visiting scholar at the University of Tennessee’s Howard Baker Center for Public Policy and a visiting strategist at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis & Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, //March 7, 2011, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts US, and the Globalization, at Crossroads”, World Politics Review, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads]//

//Events in Libya. . . // // state-based conflicts. //

// US primacy is key to maintain the liberal world order—empirics prove the alternative is catastrophe and multipolarity is destructive // // Kagan 12 [Robert Kagan, //Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institute, B.A., Yale University, M.P.P., John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Ph.D., American University,// March 14, 2012, “America Has Made the World Freer, Safer and Wealthier”, Brookings Institute, [], DMintz]

We take a. . . __came into being.__

Barry Posen and Andrew Ross,1997, Professor of Political Science, MIT; Professor of International Security, US Naval War College, International Security, Winter
 * And any transition away from hegemony causes multiple scenarios for nuclear war in the short term**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">The United States. . . not directly involved.

1AC - Trade
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Securing __the global. . .__ bond __cargo shipments.__
 * Contention three is trade:**
 * An attack is likely and would shut down trade**
 * Giermanski 2012**- former Air Force colonel, special agent in the Air Force Office of Special Investigations, former FBI agent, worked with Customs and Border Protection on drug intelligence development (Jim, Laura Hains- retired CBP/US Customs supervisor and law enforcement officer, President of Hammerhead Security Solutions LLC, former maritime security specialist at Cubic Applications Inc., chairwoman of the Supply Chain & Transportation Security Council at ASIS International, security consultant at Halcrow “Supply Chain Security and DHS Oversight” Homeland Security Today 6/5/12 <http://www.hstoday.us/blogs/guest-commentaries/blog/supply-chain-security-and-dhs-oversight/55079ca7058f8f48ad6ba50411635596.html> 6/20/12)


 * Terrorists are most likely to attack US ports – lead in trade**
 * Lukas, 2004—**** Analyst with Cato's Center for Trade Policy Studies and U.S. Trade Representative ** [Title: Protection without protectionism: Reconciling Trade and Homeland Security, April 8 2004, Lukas is also an analyst at the Cato Institute’s Center for Trade Policy Studies. CATO foundation site, http://www.cato.org/pubs/tpa/tpa-027.pdf, accessed Jun 19 2012]

__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Despite some protectionist. . . __ the black market.


 * Terrorist attack collapses trade**
 * Flynn 03** Written Testimony before a hearing of the U.S. Senate Governmental Affairs Committee Stephen E. Flynn, Ph.D. Commander, U.S. Coast Guard (ret.) Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies and Director, Council on Foreign Relations Independent Task Force on Homeland Security Imperatives March 20, 2003 []

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">On October 12, 2001, I had. ..
 * __up international trade.__**


 * Strong trade is a prerequisite to solve all problems—collapse causes war**
 * PANITCHPAKDI 4** – Secretary-General of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (Supachai, “American Leadership and the World Trade Organization: What is the Alternative?” 2/26/2004, [] )

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 7pt;">The second point. . . more just world.


 * Prefer our impacts over their defense – it is based in research and studies**
 * Hegre et al 9** – Professor of Political Science @University of Oslo [Havard Hegre, John R. Oneal (Professor of Political Science @ The University of Alabama) Bruce Russett (Professor of Political Science @ Yale University) Trade Does Promote Peace: New Simultaneous Estimates of the Reciprocal Effects of Trade and Conflict, August 25, 2009, pg. [] ]

__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Liberals expect economically. . . __ leaders are rational.

1AC - Plan

 * Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in the Port Security Grant Program.**

**1AC - Solvency**

 * Contention four is solvency:**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">The country needs. . . our national goals?
 * Federal government is key – agent, states, and privatization CPs fail because they lack coordination**
 * Puentes 11 – Director of Metropolitan Policy at Brookings**(Robert Puentes, Senior Fellow and director of Metropolitan Policy at Brookings, former director of infrastructure at the intelligent transportation society of America, masters degree in urban planning, May 23, 2011 “Move It: How the U.S. Can Improve Transportation Policy”; http://www.brookings.edu-/research/opinions/2011/05/23transportation-policy-puentes; Brookings, Accessed June 19 2012)


 * Immediacy and assurance are key to effective protection**
 * GAO 2011** (“PORT SECURITY GRANT PROGRAM: Risk Model, Grant Management, and Effectiveness Measures Could Be Strengthened” United States Government Accountability Office 11/11 <http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-47> 6/22/12)

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Port areas have. ..
 * __infrastructure is protected.__**


 * Cuts now mean PSGS is not being funded – this is a threat to port security**
 * PR Newswire 2011** (American Association of Port Authorities, “10 Years After 9/11, Security Still a Top Priority of U.S. Ports” Lexis 6/19/12)

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">In the decade. . . out more quickly.

=NEG=

If you have neg questions email Erik at erik.howard8@gmail.com