Aff+-+Gabi+and+Jacob

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__**1AC NOPP**__

 * Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its non-military ocean exploration through the National Oceanographic Partnership Program.**

**Advantage 1: Science**
Mclain, 12 - Assistant Director of Science for the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (Craig, March 15, 2012 “Losing Deep-Sea Science in the United States” http://deepseanews.com/2012/03/losing-deep-sea-science-in-the-united-states/)//gingE As the case in 1962, our nation’s scientific numbers ... Their contact information is listed below.
 * Cuts to ocean exploration are destroying US marine science leadership**

Goodwin is PhD Marine Biologist and Science Writer at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (“Why Do We Explore” [] ) zabd Why Ocean Exploration Is Important Today ... the reasons we explore Earth’s ocean; but we also explore to survive.
 * Greater ocean exploration is vital to understanding deep-ocean thermohaline circulation which determines our ability to adapt to climate change**
 * Goodwin, 9** – The Harmon Project, NOAA

**Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience**
The misconceptions that drove spending ... aggressive ocean research and management before it is too late.
 * Young, 14 –** thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT **(**Grace, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, []

**It will end all life on the planet**
Dingle 11 – Sarah Dingle is a reporter for ABC Radio Current Affairs. (“Ocean heading for mass extinction, scientists warn”, ABC News, [], June 21, 2011, Quay) Scientists are warning of a potential ... will be presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York this week.

// The importance of the ocean in daily life ... U.S. ocean science research will have //around the globe//.//
 * Stable federal exploration funding is the __bellwether__ for catalyzing investment in __adaptation technologies__ and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem management**
 * Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH//

**Climate Change is unavoidable – adaptation is the only way to solve**
Jacobs et al 10 - Works at University of Arizona, and other members of the Panel on Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change (Katharine, “Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change”) National Academy of Sciences. []] (LT) Adaptation to climate change requires attention ... avoid painful impacts by adapting.

//**A dedicated federal funding stream through NOPP is perceived as restoring the U.S. reputation within the marine science community – that’s vital to attracting scientists into research collaboration**// // NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, [] )// // The major drawback of a NOPP-sponsored ocean exploration ... NOAA (with consideration to the comments above) or NSF would be appropriate alternatives. //

//**Research-driven adaptation strategies build in resilience to prevent total ecosystem collapse**// //**Doney, 8 -** Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, **“**The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174” Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives6/5, [] // // Major gaps exist in our current scientific understanding ... as well as local-scale mitigation efforts. //

//**A dedicated NOPP funding stream will maximize ocean science partnerships and lead to applied solutions for ocean ecosystem management**// //**Watkins et al, 9** - Watkins chaired the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, served as the President of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, and founding President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (James, How the Oceanographic Community Created a National Oceanographic Partnership Program” Oceanography Vol. 22, Iss. 2. Published by the NOPP. https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2982/22.2_watkins.pdf?sequence=1) zabd// // The successes of the ocean partnership effort ... them to society’s most exigent needs with haste and vigor. //

//**US oceans leadership creates the political will for protection– change is empirically possible**// //**Sielen, 14 -** ALAN B. SIELEN is Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (“Sea Change: How to Save the Oceans” 4/16, [] // // The rebirth of the seas will require ... Marine National Monument, the world’s largest ocean preserve. //

//** Exploration is vital to biodiscovery and developing new cures for diseases **// //** NRC, ’03 **(Committee on Exploration of the Seas, National Research Council “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown” National Academies Press [] )// GY Justification for a New Ocean Exploration Program ... and physical changes __must increase__.

**Global antibiotic resistance is increasing rapidly - the ability to treat diseases at all is close to collapsing – ending modern medicine**
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within ... impact on outcomes for patients and health-care expenditures.
 * Fukuda, 14 -** Assistant Director-General Health Security, World Health Organization, 14 (Keiji**,** “Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014” April, []

**That risks extinction**
Greger 8 **–** M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger,, Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, [] ) Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent ... whistled whilst passing a graveyard.”3154

**Exploration can specifically prevent the spread of antibiotic resistant diseases**
// Answer. Scientists at Woods Hole Oceanographic ... //inhibit these multidrug transporters// of various types.
 * Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH//

Advantage 2: Maritime Conflicts
NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, [] ) Incorporating a // new ocean exploration program // into the // U.S. marine science ... //programs proposed by international groups of scientists.
 * Establishing a new ocean exploration program within the NOPP is vital to both inter-agency and international coordination in marine science**

// The oceans cover nearly three-quarters of the Earth's surface ... oceans as a common global bond, highlighting their importance in our lives," Orcutt said. //
 * The plan establishes a global model and builds international marine research collaboration**
 * Pages, 4** – Media Relations Officer at National Academies (Patrice, “Exploration of the Deep Blue Sea” National Academies In Focus Magazine, Winter/Spring, [] )//DH//

//**This spurs global solutions and the development of multilateral agreements**// // NRC, 3 – National Research Center (Committee on Exploration of the Seas Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown ( 2003 )” pp 6-7 [] // // INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR AN OCEAN EXPLORATION PROGRAM ... pursue themes of shared interest. //

//**Maritime conflicts are likely in the South China Sea over unsustainable fishing – transnational marine science collaboration is vital to creating trust necessary for durable peace**// //**Leutert, et al, 13** - third-year PhD student in the government department at Cornell University, currently based in Beijing from 2013-2014 as a visiting scholar at PekingUniversity and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Also authored by Dr. C. Sachi GERBIN, the 2013-2014 US resident Sasakawa Peace Foundation fellow, and Jennifer MCARDLE, program associate at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Center for Science, Technology and Security Policy at Pacific Forum CSIS. (Wendy, "Forging Cooperation over Competition: Opportunities for Practical Security Collaboration in the Asia-Pacific” Issues & Insights Vol. 14 – No. 6 Beijing, People’s Republic of China December 2013, [] **DOC = Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea**// // Fishing for Peace? The Need for a New EBM Initiative in the South China Sea Littoral ... and mutual trust so urgently needed in the South China Sea. //

//**The risk of a South China Sea dispute is high and will draw in the U.S.**// // Dupont and Baker, 14 - * Nonresident Fellow at the Lowy Institute for International Policy **Principal Engineer, CSC/ServiceMesh (Alan and Christopher, “East Asia’s Maritime Disputes: Fishing in Troubled Waters” March 01, 2014 https://twq.elliott.gwu.edu/east-asia%E2%80%99s-maritime-disputes-fishing-troubled-waters)**//**gingE**
 * Chinese fishing boats are also appearing in unprecedented ... as Japan’s ally and ultimate security guarantor. **

//**Risks extinction**// Wittner 11 **- Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany (Lawrence S. Wittner, 11/28, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", [|www.huntingtonnews.net/14446] )**
 * While nuclear weapons exist, ... **//**famine, and generating chaos and destruction.**

There are a number of successful international ... and build goodwill between peoples of different nations.
 * Stronger marine science partnerships act as confidence building measures that dampen conflict incentives and bolster inter-state relations**
 * Crosby, 7 –** executive director, National Science Board (Michael, “Improving International Relations Through Marine Science Partnerships”, __Law, Science and Ocean Management__, p. 275-276

==== ** Bateman ** 8/12/** 2013 ** - Professorial Fellow at the Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong (Sam, “Maritime Confidence Building Measures in the South China Sea Conference,” Australian Strategic Policy Institute, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB8QFjAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspi.org.au%2Fpublications%2Fspecial-report-maritime-confidence-building-measures-in-the-south-china-sea-conference%2FSR55_MCBM.pdf&ei=31_DU6myO42p7AaujoGoDQ&usg=AFQjCNEq0-0eJcZRBN3fXmN1XCVcgbC6Jw&sig2=2ywhQij7TwJmo2KNel6jmg) ==== Non-military MCBMs serve two purposes ... it is at those levels that the problems lie.
 * Maritime cooperation solves South China Sea conflicts**

**Additionally, STEM education is __eroding now__ – a federal model for interagency cooperation is vital**
Augustine and Lane, 14 --*member of the American Academy, former Under Secretary of the Army, member of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology **member of the American Academy, Senior Fellow in Science and Technology Policy at the Baker Institute, served as Director of the National Science Foundation (Norma R. and Neal F., Inside Sources, "What if America had a plan for scientific research? ", [|www.insidesources.com/what-if-america-had-a-plan-for-scientific-research/)//emchen] Many members of Congress on both sides of the aisle... // This is an edge America cannot surrender.” //

**The plan solves - NOPP is the ideal model for interagency cooperation and __forging links__ with the educational community**
NOPP, 12 —an innovative collaboration of U.S. federal government agencies that fund research partnerships(National Oceanographic Partnership Program, "Report to the U.S. Congress on the National Oceanographic Partnership Program: Fiscal Year 2011", [|www.nopp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/FY11NOPP_ReportToCongress_FINAL.pdf)//emchen] The National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP) marked its 14th year ... __ exciting and novel areas of ocean research, with an emphasis on partnerships. __

**That’s the key internal link to competitiveness and leadership**
Johnson 14 --senior United States Senator from South Dakota (Tim, "JOHNSON: STEM boosts economy", Rapid City Journal, rapidcityjournal.com/news/local/communities/sturgis/johnson-stem-boosts-economy/article_43671352-9824-524a-bc36-7f4c9245df65.html)//emchen// // The world has become a smaller place ... economy and are vital to our // future economic prosperity //

**Competiveness prevents __global conflict escalation__ and is the __only relevant internal link__ to hegemony**
Khalilzad 11 – PhD, Former Professor of Political Science @ Columbia, Former ambassador to Iraq and Afghanistan (Zalmay Khalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. "The Economy and National Security" Feb 8 [] Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term ...be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

**The pursuit of hegemony is __inevitable__, __sustainable__, and prevents great power war**
IBW 13 – Ikenberry, Brooks, and Wolforth; *Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, **John Ikenberry is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul,** William C. Wohlforth is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College (“Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement”, January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward) __ Since the end of World War II, the U __ nited __S__tates ... __ without an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could __ well __be disastrous__


 * The NOPP model is empirically successful – increasing its exploration focus is vital to interagency coordination and public visibility**

//Pomponi, 4** ­- Acting Managing Director, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution (Shirley, “U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy: Recommendations for an Updated National Ocean Policy” Congressional Testimony, 5/5, [] )//DH

Coordinating ocean and coastal research and education programs ... interagency ocean science investments.