Filipp+&+Rakin

1AC

The United States federal government should expand United States Maritime Administration Title XI loan guarantee funding for short sea transportation in the United States


 * ECON **

==== The plan generates a massive economic stimulus and reduces oil dependence – loan guarantees are the most effective catalyst for widespread investment ====


 * Margaronis, 08 **

That recovery is fragile now – the risk of catastrophic economic failure is high

 * Xinhua News, 5/23/12 **

==== And, a __federal program__ is a vital internal link to US global competitiveness – current funding is insufficient ====
 * Zimmer, 11 **

Oil dependence causes extinction
Mark **Rosen** (Deputy General Counsel at the Center for Naval Analyses & Professor of Homeland Security Law and Policy at George Washington University) **2010**

Competitiveness is key to hegemony

 * Segal, 4 **

Great power war

 * Barnett, 11 **

==== And, independently an effective MTS is vital to growth – capacity limitations act as a deadly stranglehold ====
 * Lobiondo, et al 11 **

==== And, an ineffective MTS kills power projection - separate internal link to hegemony ==== Jackson, 07

And, the impact is great power nuclear war
Austin ‘09

**SHIPBUILDING**

Increased support for short sea shipping sustains the shipbuilding industry
[] To help meet the current … reduced emissions and energy use. European Union (EU) countries use short sea shipping to mitigate their significant surface transportation problems. Today, more than 44 percent of all freight movements in the EU are waterborne. EU policymakers have put short sea and coastal shipping—in close coordination with rail and highway freight improvements—at the top of their transportation agendas. Short sea shipping is already a vital part of the EU's transportation system. It is the only European transportation mode to keep pace with the growth of road transportation. Indeed, its ton-kilometer performance grew by almost 38 percent in the 1990s. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">A Fragmented U.S. System <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">In the U <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">nited <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">S <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">tates, public … <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">and the services at U.S. ports. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">But building necessary intermodal freight and passenger capacity in congested metropolitan or transportation corridor areas is capital-intensive and time-consuming—and can sometimes be controversial. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">The General Accountability Office is investigating the viability of short sea shipping as part of the United States' overall intermodal transportation system. This should help raise awareness of short sea shipping's potential with the major legislative and executive policymakers in the United States. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Currently under consideration is legislation that would provide resources to help local ports meet their growing infrastructure needs and better handle increased business. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">This legislation focuses on leveraging funds from federal, state, and local governments, as well as the private sector. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Genuine progress in moving freight off our crowded highways and rail systems and onto the waterways // requires a real commitment //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> on the part of U.S. political leaders.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Raymond, 05 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">[Charles, President and CEO Horizon Inc. “Short Sea Shipping: Long On Benefits”,

And, expansion of title XI … funding ensures __increased naval capacity__
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">A <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> less well recognized <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">candidate … <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">more <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">money behind the MHI.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Goure, 11 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> [Lexington Institute, Obama Could Create Jobs And Support Defense, Daniel, PhD, []]

==== And, the plan reverses tidal waves of shipyard closings which decimate the industry ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">As President Obama announced his … care for the poor. Imagine….[F1]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Munoz, 11 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> [January 11, The Obama Infrastructure Plan, and Another Shipyard Closes, OP-ED by Tony Munoz, Editor-in-Chief of the Maritime ExecutiveMagazine and the MarEx Newsletter,[]]

Ship building industries falling now. investment key. [F1]

Naval power is critical to effective BMD
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Operations in time of peace … <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">be used <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">as terrorist weapons
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Vego, 8 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, [], Deech)

Increased naval power is critical to maintain nuclear primacy and credibility

 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Vego, 8 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, [], Deech)

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Blue water navies play a critical … <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">the People’s Republic of China.

==== And, inland water ways are functionally limitless – the plan is the easiest means of infrastructure expansion and revitalizes the maritime sector ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">In addition to the above …, and the public as well [46].
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Perakis and Denisis,08 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> [A survey of short sea shipping and its prospects in the USA, ANASTASSIOS N. PERAKIS* and ATHANASIOS DENISIS Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, 213 NAME Building, 2600 Draper Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2145, USA, []]

==== And, a strong maritime and shipbuilding industry is a vital pre requisite to credible naval capabilities ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">In conclusion, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">our study found … <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">the nation of the vessel.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Alberto, et al., 5 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> (Lieutenant Colonel Ronald P., U.S. Army, Colonel Michael G. Archuleta, U.S. Air Force, Lieutenant Colonel Steven H. Bills, U.S. Air Force, Commander William A. Bransom, U.S. Navy, Mr. Kenneth Cohen, Department of State, Commander William A. Ebbs, U.S. Navy, George Manjgaladze, Ministry of Defense, Republic of Georgia, Commander Elizabeth B. Myhre, U.S. Navy, Audrea M. Nelson, DA, Robert L. Riddick, Department of Defense, Colonel Christopher M. Ross, U.S. Army, Julia N. Ruhnke, DA, Lieutenant Colonel Gregory M. Ryan, U.S. Marine Corps, Colonel David D. Thompson, U.S. Air Force, Commander Hugh D. Wetherald, U.S. Navy, Dr. Mark Montroll, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Dr. Michael Farbman, USAID, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Captain David B. Hill, U.S. Coast Guard, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, “SHIPBUILDING”, The Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, 2005, [], Deech)

Great power war

 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Conway et al 7 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> [James T., General, U.S. Marine Corps, Gary Roughead, Admiral, U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower,” October,[]]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Deter major power war**.** __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">No … projection enable extended campaigns ashore __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">NLUS, 12 – a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating our citizens about the importance of sea power to U.S. national security and supporting the men and women of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and U.S.-flag Merchant Marine and their families (Navy League of the United States, “Maritime Primacy & Economic Prosperity: Maritime Policy 2012-13”, Navy League of the United States, 1/21/12, [] | AK) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Global engagement is critical to … <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">our wounded warriors is fundamental.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">And, causes and escalation of every transnational threat – the ship building industry is key **

**<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Naval forces are most extensively … ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">committed to full-scale combat. 9
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">A strong navy is critical to effective peacekeeping **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Vego, 8 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, [], Deech)

__<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Experts ____<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">throughout the world expect … an increasing number of conflicts __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Peacekeeping prevents great power wars **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Dean 95 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">– Adviser on international security issues for the Union of Concerned Scientists [Dean, Jonathan. (P articipated in East-West arms control negotiations and worked with U.N. peacekeepers in the field and in the State Department) “A stronger U.N. strengthens America,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Chicago: Mar 1995. Vol. 51, Iss. 2; pg. 45Ebscohost]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Naval forces can be employed … opposing forces quickly <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> and decisively.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Naval strength solves Middle East war **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Vego, 8 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, [], Deech)

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Gold, 07 [Thomas J., Masters in Strategic Intelligence, Joint Military Intelligence College, Nuclear Conflict in the Middle East: An Analysis of Future Events, p. 53-55] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">If the political, ethnic, and … more <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">money behind the MHI.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">… And, goes __global__ and __nuclear__ **

NUCLEAR PRIMACY

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Caves 10 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> – John P. Caves Jr., Senior Research Fellow In The Center For The Study Of Weapons Of Mass Destruction At The National Defense University, January 2010, “Avoiding A Crisis Of Confidence In The U.S. Nuclear Deterrent,” Strategic Forum, No. 252 __<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">Perceptions of a compromised U.S. nuclear deterrent __ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> as described above __<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">would have profound __ __<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;"> policy __ __<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">implications __ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> particularly if they emerge at a time __<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">when a nuclear-armed great power is pursuing a more aggressive strategy toward U.S. allies and partners in its region in a bid to enhance its regional and global clout. __ __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> ... ____<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> At worst, __ __<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">war could lead to state-on-state employment of __ __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">weapons of mass destruction __ __<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">(WMD) on a scale far more catastrophic than what nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict. __
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Loss of primacy leads to nuclear war – perception heightens the link **

==== Primacy is key to deter Chinese nuclear threats – it’s reverse casual – the U.S. will first strike Beijing and China would invade Taiwan. ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Lieber and Press 6 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">[Keir A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press Lieber -- Associate Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Press -- Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and Coordinator of the War and Peace Studies Program at the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding. “The Rise of U.S. Nuclear Primacy march/April 2006 – Foreign Affairs Published by the Council on Foreign Relations – Copy of PDF found on: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt;">[] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> SMerchant] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">This debate may now seem like ancient history, but it is actually more relevant than ever -- because the age of MAD is nearing an end. Today, for the first time in almost 50 years, __<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">the United States stands ____<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">on the verge of attaining nuclear primacy. ... __ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> Finally, a third group -- owls, who worry about the possibility of inadvertent conflict -- will fret that U.S. nuclear primacy could prompt other nuclear powers to adopt strategic postures, such as by giving control of nuclear weapons to lower-level commanders, that would make an unauthorized nuclear strike more likely -- thereby creating what strategic theorists call "crisis instability."

U.S. – China war over Taiwan guarantees nuclear war
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Glaser 11 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">[Charles Glaser – PHD from Harvard in International Relations Theory and International Security Policy -- Professor of Political Science and International Affairs Director, Institute for Security and Conflict Studies at George Washington University “Will China’s Rise lead to War?” March/April 2011http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/zselden/coursereading2011/Glaser.pdf SMerchant] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">The prospects for avoiding intense military competition and war may be good, but growth in China's power may nevertheless require some changes in U.S. foreign policy that Washington will find disagreeable--particularly regarding Taiwan. ... Enhancements to U.S. offensive targeting capabilities and strategic ballistic missile defenses might be interpreted by China as a signal of malign U.S. motives, leading to further Chinese military efforts and a general poisoning of U.S.-Chinese relations.

==== Only increased naval __capacity__ can deter growing Chinese capabilities – action now is vital ==== __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">One potential oversight issue for Congress __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">, particularly in the context of reductions in planned levels of defense spending that are anticipated as a result of the Budget Control Act of 2011 (S. 365/P.L. 112-25 of August 2, 2011), __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">concerns whether the U.S. Navy in coming years will be large enough to adequately counter improved Chinese maritime anti-access forces while also adequately performing other missions around the world of interest to U.S. policymakers __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">.... As cost-saving measures, the Navy’s FY2013 budget proposes the early retirement in FY2013 and FY2014 of seven Aegis cruisers, the shifting into reduced operation status (ROS) of two amphibious ships, and the deferral of some planned ship procurements.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">O’Rourke 12 **** <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;">(Ronald, specialist in Naval Affairs, “China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities – Background and Issues for Congress”, //Congressional Research Service//, June 14th, 2012, <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 7pt;">[|http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33153.pdf)//AMV] **

Only incremental upgrades occur now – the plan is key to develop new systems
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lieber and Press 6 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">[Keir A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press Lieber -- Associate Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Press -- Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and Coordinator of the War and Peace Studies Program at the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding. “The Rise of U.S. Nuclear Primacy march/April 2006 – Foreign Affairs Published by the Council on Foreign Relations – Copy of PDF found on: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt;">[] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> SMerchant] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">The improvements to the U.S. nuclear arsenal offer evidence that the United States is actively seeking primacy. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">__...__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> The current and future U.S. nuclear force, in other words, seems designed to carry out a preemptive disarming strike against Russia or China.

==== Primacy is key to dissuade other countries from escalating – capabilities can solve all nuclear impacts ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Counterforce capabilities should make adversaries expect that escalating a conventional war will lead to a disarming counter <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">, not a cease-fire. Beyond deterrence, these <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">capabilities will provide a <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">more humane <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> means of protecting allies who are threatened by nuclear attack and give U.S. leaders theability to pursue regime change <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> if an adversary acts in a truly egregious fashion. Moreover, some danger of escalation is unavoidable because the style of U.S. conventional operations will inevitably blind, rattle, and confuse U.S. adversaries <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">. ... Unless the United States maintains potent counterforce capabilities, U.S. adversaries may conclude— <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">perhaps correctly— <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">that the United States’ strategic positions abroad rest largely on a bluff.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Lieber & Press 9 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> - Keir A. Lieber, Assistant Professor Of Political Science At The University Of Notre Dame, And Daryl G. Press, Associate Professor Of Political Science At The University Of Pennsylvania, November-December 2009, “The Nukes We Need: Preserving The American Deterrent,” Foreign Affairs, p. 50-51 SMerchant

Seabasing solves rapid marine response
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Hanlon 4 – General Edward Hanlon, US Marine Corps. Feb 26, 2004. FDCH Testimony. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">The inherent mobility, security, and flexibility __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Sea Strike describes ____<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">the naval capabilities to project dominant and decisive offensive power from the sea in support of joint objectives. ... __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> Our fumre command and control systems, such as the Common Aviation Command and Control System and the Unit Operations Center, along with advanced communications systems such as the Joint Tactical Radio System, will move us toward a truly integrated C2 architecture. Organizational Concepts


 * SOLVENCY **

==== A comprehensive federal expansion of Title XI loan guarantees mitigates congestion and creates conditions favorable for private investment – the plan reverse the only barrier to short sea transportation ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">It is difficult for private operators to support the scale of investment needed to initiate large-scale operations <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">... <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">But, in fact, it is simply "mortgage insurance," as it was termed in its 1938 enactment, that is being purchased by the vessel owner and included as a transaction cost.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Cook, 11 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> — former General Counsel of the Maritime Administration, Counsel to Seward and Kissel LLP (H. Clayton, “Dead in the Water”, Maritime Executive, 7/8/2012, [], Deech)

==== And, solely private sector action is insufficient – high startup costs make external incentives critical ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">.. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">. While // no specific funding has been provided //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">to conduct this research, the <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Maritime Administration isincorporating Marine Highways into its overall research and development strategy and will // make the most of existing resources and research //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">relationships to advance this very important component of the Marine Highway
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">McCormick, 10 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> [Strengthening US Government US Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood addressed the recent National Port Summit in San Diego. Wayne McCormick, of America’s Marine Highways, conducted the following interviewSupport of Marine Highways, []]

==== And, the plan reduces risk and creates the financial backing necessary for short sea shipping ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">A loan guarantee is not the same as a federal grant <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">. Rather, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">it means the federal government will assign a loan-loss reserve to guarantee that the bank makingthe loan <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> or mortgage <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">for ship building will have a solvent debtor should the ship owner default.It reduces the risk to the lender <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">and is an // essential element to attracting financial backing. // <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">... <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">In a recent interview, Mark <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Schlefer <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">, a retired Washington, D.C., maritime attorney and an authority on Title XI, also recalled that problems with the program surfaced with passenger ships that he says should never have been built. Congressional meddling, Schlefer agrees, undermined the program. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Schlefer not only <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">calls for // the re-authorization of Title XI funding //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">, but for reforming the program to remove obstacles to new participants and start-up companies that hope to build ships.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Margaronis, 08 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">[Green Ships Can Fight Global Warming, <span class="st" style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">president of California-based Santa Maria Shipowning & Trading Inc, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">p. online document retrieved via a google download, full text emailalexanderdpappas@gmail.com]

==== And, that heightens the resiliency of the transportation network – a secure federal funding stream ensures adequate coordination ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Opportunities <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">A <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">successful // short sea shipping program //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> offers an opportunity to add value to a <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> national or international <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">transportation network <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> and, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">thus, increase theaffected economy’s efficiency <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> and ultimately the societal standard of living... <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Expected benefits include public transportationimprovements <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">highway congestion relief,environmental and health and welfare benefits and the growth in the short sea shipping industry with a commensurate increase in employment. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> Vessel, start-up, facility and infrastructure cost categories were identified.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Lombardo, 04 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> [Short Sea Shipping: Practices, Opportunities and Challenges[|[1]] Written by Gary A. Lombardo, Ph.D.[|[2]] Prepared by TransportGistics, Inc,[]]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">As our road and rail networks have become **increasingly congested** and near **maximum capacity** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">we must look to the inland waterway system <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> as a solution.... In 2005, USTRANSCOM’s Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC) synchronized 212 vessel operations and the related land movement by truck, rail, and barge in support of DOD operations worldwide, moving over 22,239,700 square feet of unit cargo.23 Since USTRANSCOM works with a variety of commercial assets, services, and systems, it must continually grow the partnership with industry to incorporate current technology, anticipate trends, and develop future capabilities.24
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">And, marine infrastructure is key – other networks have reached maximum capacity – ineffective coordination precipitates wider congestion **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Jackson, 07 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">[LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser,[]]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">2NRs

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">T-maintenance <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Privitization CP <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> JV Politics <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> Virilio <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> Zizek <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">