Andy+&+Cole


 * Plan: The United States federal government should substantially expand the US Coast Guard’s non-military heavy polar icebreaking capabilities. **

=ADV 1 IS POLAR SCIENCE=

Reliance on foreign icebreakers is undermining the credibility and quality of US polar science leadership
and International Studies (CSIS).(Heather, “A New Security Architecture for the Arctic: an American perspective” January, csis.org)//DH
 * Conley, 12** - director and senior fellow of the Europe Program at the Center for Strategic

Although the United States lacks an overarching Arctic economic development strategy and suffers from insufficient AND critical and foundational element of a proactive U.S. leadership model. Unfortunately, strong capabilities as an Arctic science power do not make up for the AND to miss the opportunities of the Arctic while watching other nations advance.”61

Icebreakers are vital to revitalizing US polar sciences leadership – it’s key to understanding the climate
NRC 7 – working arm of the United States National Academies, which produces reports that shape policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine (National Research Council, “Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of US Needs,” [] ) mj

Fundamental advances resulting from polar research have directly benefited society. Polar research led to AND in the design of freeze-resistant crops and improved biomedical cryopreservation techniques. The Arctic and Antarctic are natural laboratories whose extreme, relatively pristine environments and geographically AND International Polar Year. Multinational collaboration and new polar research activities are planned. The health and continued vitality of polar research are intimately linked to the availability of AND adequate icebreaking capabilities will be essential to advancing research in both polar regions.

Arctic Science is key to climate change adaptation
Ford and Furgal 9 - James Ford, Department of Geography, McGill University - Chris Furgal, Indigenous Environmental Studies Program, Trent University, - Norsk Polar Institute “Foreword to the special issue: climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability in the Arctic” // JV International and national efforts to respond to the problem of climate change are guided by AND Reid & Vogel 2006; Smit & Wandel 2006; Ford in press).

Global warming real – arctic proves
O’Rourke ’14 – naval analyst for the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, received a Distinguished Service Award from the Library of Congress (Ronald, “Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress”, June 5th, //Congressional Research Service//) //J.N.E Climate Change and Loss of Arctic Sea Ice Record low extents of Arctic sea ice AND recent years of both ice quantity and location could be expected to continue.

Warming risks extinction
Costello 11 –, Anthony, Institute for Global Health, University College London, Mark Maslin, Department of Geography, University College London, Hugh Montgomery, Institute for Human Health and Performance, University College London, Anne M. Johnson, Institute for Global Health, University College London, Paul Ekins, Energy Institute, University College London [“Global health and climate change: moving from denial and catastrophic fatalism to positive action” May 2011 vol. 369 no. 1942 1866-1882 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society] Advocacy about the health consequences will ensure that climate change is a high priority. AND as dissipation of metabolic heat becomes impossible, therefore making many environments uninhabitable.

Research-driven adaptation strategies build in __resilience__ to prevent total ecosystem collapse

 * Doney, 8 -** Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, **“**The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174” Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives6/5, []

Major gaps exist in our current scientific understanding, limiting our ability to forecast the AND response of populations and communities to more realistic gradual changes is largely unknown. Other aspects of ocean biogeochemistry may be strongly influenced by rising CO2 levels. Recent AND seawater chemical speciation of trace metals, trace elements and dissolved organic matter. A fully-integrated research program with in-water and remote sensing observing systems AND will influence future climate feedbacks. A program should include the following components: Systematic monitoring system with high resolution measurements in time and space of atmospheric and surface water carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2), total dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and pH to validate model predictions and provide the foundations for interpreting the impacts of acidification on ecosystems; In regions projected to undergo substantial changes in carbonate chemistry, tracking of abundances and depth distributions of key calcifying and non-calcifying species at appropriate temporal and spatial scales to be able to detect possible shifts and distinguish between natural variability and anthropogenic forced changes; Standardized protocols and data reporting guidelines for carbonate system perturbation and calcification experiments; Manipulative laboratory experiments to quantify physiological responses including calcification and dissolution, photosynthesis, respiration, and other sensitive indices useful in predicting CO2 tolerance of ecologically and economically important species; New approaches to investigate address long-term subtle changes that more realistically simulate natural conditions; Manipulative mesocosm and field experiments to investigate community and ecosystem responses (i.e., shifts in species composition, food web structure, biogeochemical cycling and feedback mechanisms) to elevated CO2 and potential interactions with nutrients, light and other environmental variables; Integrated modeling approach to determine the likely implications of ocean acidification processes on marine ecosystems and fisheries including nested models of biogeochemical processes and higher trophic-level responses to address ecosystem-wide dynamics such as competition, predation, reproduction, migration, and spatial population structure; Robust and cost effective methods for measuring pH, pCO2, and dissolved total alkalinity on moored buoys, ships of opportunity, and research vessels, floats and gliders; Studies on the human dimensions of ocean acidification including the socio-economic impacts due to damaged fisheries and coral reefs; Assessment of potential adaptation strategies needed by resource managers including reducing other human stresses (over-fishing, habitat destruction, pollution) to //increase ecosystem resiliency// as well as local-scale mitigation efforts.

Specifically, Antarctic research is necessary to understand climate change and adopt best mitigation and survival strategies
NRC 11 (Committee on Future Science Opportunities in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean; National Research Council, Future Science Opportunities in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, The National Academies Press, 2011. Pg online at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13169) Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean remains one of the world’s last frontiers. Covering AND , an important step toward understanding present climate and predicting future climate change.

Current reliance on non-US icebreakers puts the entire US commitment to Antarctica in jeopardy

 * Augustine, 12** - Report of the U.S. Antarctic Program Blue Ribbon Panel; Augustine was the chair of the Panel (Norman, “More and Better Science in Antarctica Through Increased Logistical Effectiveness” July, [|http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/usap_special_review/usap_brp/rpt/antarctica_07232012.pdf)//DH] **USAP = US Antarctic Program**

The U.S. inventory of icebreakers relevant to McMurdo resupply operations is effectively limited to three USCG ships—the medium icebreaker Healy and two polar class icebreakers, Polar Sea and the Polar Star17. Healy, commissioned in 2000, participated in the McMurdo break-in mission in AND extension that would permit it to remain in operation for the foreseeable future. Polar Sea, commissioned in 1978, is in “commissioned, inactive” status and has been incapable of operating since May 2010, when it experienced an unexpected catastrophic failure of five of its recently refurbished engines. It is not decided whether the Polar Sea will return to active status. Polar Star, commissioned in 1976, is undergoing a $60 million service life extension that should provide an additional seven to ten years of operating life. Polar Star would not be available for operational icebreaking services until 2013/14 at the earliest, and is unlikely to be operational much past the 20 20/21 season. At present, and perhaps again in the future, the USAP is in the AND S. government, preferably an icebreaker owned and operated by the USCG.

That threatens the stability of the Antarctic Treaty

 * Augustine, 12** - Report of the U.S. Antarctic Program Blue Ribbon Panel; Augustine was the chair of the Panel (Norman, “More and Better Science in Antarctica Through Increased Logistical Effectiveness” July, []

Setting aside the ambiguities associated with the federal budgeting process, logistics planning in Antarctica AND four-week annual sea ice minimum—a challenging and unreliable practice. In Antarctica, weather changes frequently and abruptly, necessitating contingency plans for most activities AND to within a few degrees of the point where air operations are precluded. Long-term uncertainties abound. Some Antarctic research activity will continue to shift from AND runway and ice pier construction and thereby impact both air and sea operations.

Antarctic science is the vital internal link to global science diplomacy
Collins 11 – Center for Global Sustainability Studies and major sponsor of the 22nd Pacific Science Congress (June 2011, “Founded on science, world cooperation in Antarctica a model for meeting climate, other challenges,” [] ) mj

__The success of world co-operation based on science__ AND 195__ culture and foundation for nations and people to work together in decision-making on shared global interests." __

Science diplomacy solves all impacts – climate change, economy, poverty
Federoff 8 – professor of biology at Penn State University known for her research on biology and life sciences, president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (April 2008, “International Science and Technology Cooperation: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Research and Science Education,” Committee on Science and Technology, [] ) mj

Chairman Baird, Ranking Member Ehlers, and distinguished members of the Subcommittee, thank AND and technology are essential to achieving stability and strengthening failed and fragile states. S&T advances have immediate and enormous influence on national and global economies, AND technological edge, and leading the way internationally through science diplomacy and engagement. The Public Diplomacy Role of Science Science by its nature facilitates diplomacy because it strengthens political relationships, embodies powerful ideals, and creates opportunities for all. The global scientific community embraces principles Americans cherish: transparency, meritocracy, accountability, the objective evaluation of evidence, and broad and frequently democratic participation. Science is inherently democratic, respecting evidence and truth above all. Science is also a common global language, able to bridge deep political and religious AND science and technology will increasingly drive the successful economies of the 21st century. Using Science Diplomacy to Achieve National Security Objectives The welfare and stability of countries and regions in many parts of the globe require AND our allies, to advance U.S. interests in foreign policy. There are also important challenges to the ability of states to supply their populations with sufficient food. The still-growing human population, rising affluence in emerging economies, and other factors have combined to create unprecedented pressures on global prices of staples such as edible oils and grains. Encouraging and promoting the use of contemporary molecular techniques in crop improvement is an essential goal for U.S. science diplomacy. An essential part of the war on terrorism is a war of ideas. AND a means to enhance security, increase global partnerships, and create sustainability.

=ADV 2 is Shipbuilding=

Monica ** Schnitger ** 3/2/** 14 ** [President and Principal Analyst at Schnitger Corp., FW Olin School at Babson College, Undergrad from MIT, US shipbuilding: a study in contrasts, [], ml]
 * US shipbuilding declining – lack of efficiency and affordability **

Last week I attended the American Society of Naval Engineers (ASNE) annual meeting AND and the commercial side of North American shipbuilding in a post sometime soon.

Plan revitalizes the industry
O'Rourke 10 - Naval specialist and congressional consultant (Ronald, “Coast Guard Polar Icebreaker Modernization: Background, Issues, and Options for Congress”) Congressional Research Service. [] //Laura T The status of the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base, particularly the part AND in their construction for a ¶ period of a few or several years.

Strong shipbuilding industry key to naval capabilities
Alberto et al 5 - U.S. Army (Lieutenant Colonel Ronald P, “SHIPBUILDING”) The Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University. http://www.ndu.edu/icaf/programs/academic/industry/reports/2005/pdf/icaf-is-report-shipbuilding-2005.pdf, Deech) //Laura T In conclusion, our study found that the tremendous advantage the US enjoys in naval AND skyrocket out of proportion to the value to the nation of the vessel.

Naval power deters great conflict - prevents extinction
Conway et al 7 - General of U.S. Marine Corps and Commandant of the Marine Corps, Admiral of U.S. Navy and Chief of Naval Operations ("A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower", Department of the Navy, United States Marine Corps, United States Coast Guard, []) //Laura T This strategy reaffirms the use of seapower to influence actions and activities at sea and AND ability to retaliate against aggressors conventionally, unconventionally, and with nuclear forces.

Second, no other country (or combination of countries) will create the forces AND number of assets) would quickly deplete their resources and political support at home
 * No one can fill in for US naval power **
 * WHITENECK 2010** (Daniel Whiteneck • Michael Price • Neil Jenkins •Peter Swartz, CNA Analysis & Solutions, “The Navy at a Tipping Point: Maritime Dominance at Stake?” March, http://www.public.navy.mil/usff/documents/navy_at_tipping_point.pdf)

Economy falling now – don’t trust their “predictive” evidence – they overly optimistic
Mutikani, 6/8 (Lucia, “US economy is growing more slowly than was predicted”, The Independent, http://www.independent.ie/business/world/us-economy-is-growing-more-slowly-than-was-predicted-30384904.html) The US Federal Commerce Department said yesterday that gross domestic product (GDP) fell AND of expectations, which range as high as a 3.6pc rate.

Shipbuilding accelerates US economic growth
LECG 2 - LECG Corporation, global consulting firm (“The Economic Contribution of the U.S. Commercial Shipbuilding Industry”) []) //LT U.S. commercial shipbuilders’ activities make a substantial contribution to U.S AND turn, the owners and employees pay taxes on the income they receive.

US economic growth solves war, collapse ensures instability
National Intelligence Council, ’12 (December, “Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds” http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/GlobalTrends_2030.pdf) Big Stakes for the International System The optimistic scenario of a reinvigorated US economy would AND the 1930s when Britain was losing its grip on its global leadership role.

=Solvency=

Foreign icebreakers are increasing Arctic presence
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) governs many AND certainly capable of running tight ships on the Arctic Ocean year after year.
 * Bennett 7/14** – writer for Cryopolitics: leading news site on Arctic news (Mia, “Full steam ahead for Asian icebreakers in the Arctic this summer”, [], *we don’t endorse offensive language) //J.N.E

Every other country is building far more than the US

 * Treadwell 11** -- Lieutenant Governor of Alaska (Mead, “House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Hearing,” Insurance News Net, [])BC

First, the United States must commission new heavy icebreakers to operate in the Arctic AND Europe and Asia see the same potential for shipping. Why don't we?


 * Current heavy polar icebreakers are degrading – it threatens U.S. Arctic leadership **
 * Koren 7/11** – Staff Writer for National Journal (Marina, “What Happened to America's Most Important Arctic Ships?”, []) //J.N.E

The U.S. Coast Guard is facing a dilemma at the North Pole AND A young and capable fleet of icebreakers would certainly come in handy then.

Building two new icebreakers is sufficient for the US to reclaim polar leadership
NRC 7 – working arm of the United States National Academies, which produces reports that shape policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine (National Research Council, “Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of US Needs,” [] ) mj

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The committee finds that both operations and maintenance of the polar icebreaker AND costs associated with directed mission tasking.

The plan immediately retrofits the Polar Sea as a stopgap solution while new Icebreakers are being built
[])//DH
 * Song, 14** (Kyung, The Seattle Times, “Coast Guard makes case to refurbish idled icebreaker” 6/18

WASHINGTON — The U.S. Coast Guard’s No. 2 commander said refurbishing the AND act quickly. //“That window is now//,” he said.

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