Alan+and+Callie


 * Thus the plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in evacuation transportation infrastructure in New Orleans. **

**__ Advantage __**
 * Contention one is New Orleans – **


 * New Orleans still lacks mass transit evacuation plans – the carless will be trapped again. **
 * Renne et al. 08 ** – Renne is a PhD from the University of New Orleans, Sanchez is a PhD from the University of Utah, and Litman is a director at the Victoria Transport Policy Institute (John Renne, Thomas Sanchez, and Todd Litman, “National Study on Carless and Special Needs Evacuation Planning: A Literature Review”, October 2008, accessed 7/3/12)//BZ


 * The intersection of race and poverty and car-lessness made the aftermath of Katrina into an overwhelming display of institutional racism. Mass transportation is critical for evacuation **
 * Wailoo et al. 10 ** (Keith Wailoo- B.A, 1984, Yale University; M.A., 1989, and Ph.D. (History and Sociology of Science), 1992, University of Pennsylvania; joint appointment: Associate Professor of History, Karen M. O’Neill- Karen M. O’Neill studies how land and water policies change the standing of program beneficiaries and experts and change government's claims to authority and power., Jeffrey Dowd- graduate student, Roland Anglin- Associate Research Professor; Director, Joseph C. Cornwall Center for Metropolitan Studies School of Public Affairs and Administration (SPAA) Rutgers University-Newark ; Katrina’s Imprint: Race and Vulnerability in America; 11/2010; pages 23-27)


 * Our fight against this is key to our ethic **
 * Memmi 2k **** – ** Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Paris (Albert, “RACISM”, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165)


 * There is an infinite obligation for government action on Katrina **
 * Jorgenson 11 ** Hurricane Katrina: Humanitarian Obligations and Lessons Learned Ellen Jorgenson Case-Specific Briefing Paper Humanitarian Assistance in Complex Emergencies University of Denver 2011


 * Contention Two is Ethics- **


 * Our ethic is one of environmental and racial justice – this is necessary to understand and rebuild Katrina. **
 * Sze 06 ** Julie Sze is an assistant professor in American Studies at the University of California, Davis. Her forthcoming book on the culture, politics and history of environmental justice activism in New York City is under contract with MIT Press. It looks at the intersection of planning and health, especially through the prism of asthma, and at changes in garbage and energy systems as a result of privatization, globalization and deregulation. Toxic Soup Redux: Why Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice Matter after Katrina By Julie Sze Published on: Jun 11, 2006

Health Policy Institute (Reilly, “Environmental Justice Through the Eye of Hurricane Katrina” 2008, [] )//ALo
 * Environmental justice demands federal action; leaving policies up to local populations CREATES disasters as communities fail to live up to their obligations to the poor. **
 * Morse 2008 ** - senior attorney with the Biloxi office of Mississippi Center for Justice; received Equal Justice Works Katrina Legal Fellowship; received Edwin D. Wolf Public Interest Law Award from the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law; co-founder of the Steps Coalition; Panelist for the Joint center for Political and Economic Studies, NAACP; published by the Joint Center For Political and Economic Studies


 * Welcoming the Other is the only way to prevent apocalypse **
 * Fasching 93 ** Darrell, professor of religious studies at the University of South Florida, The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima: Apocalypse or Utopia


 * Our obligation is to make the state ethical – the state is inevitability and the alternative to state ethics is the destruction of the other **
 * Simmons 99 ** William Paul, current Associate Professor of Political Science at ASU, formerly at Bethany College in the Department of History and Political Science, “The Third: Levinas' theoretical move from an-archical ethics to the realm of justice and politics,” Philosophy & Social Criticism November 1, 1999 vol. 25 no. 6


 * This ethic outweighs consequences **
 * Burns 08 ** Lawrence, Professor in History of Medicine at the King’s University College at the University of Western Ontario, “Identifying concrete ethical demands in the face of the abstract other: Emmanuel Levinas’ pragmatic ethics”, Philosophy Social Criticism March 2008 vol. 34 no. 3


 * T **** he 1AC is a pedagogical advocacy that opens up new opportunities for democratic deliberation and political action. A recognition of our obligations to the materially deprived helps to combat the biopolitics of disposability. **
 * Giroux, 2006 ** – Professor of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, previous professors at BU, Miami U, and Penn State (Henry, “Reading Hurricane Katrina: Race, Class, and the Biopolitics of Disposability”, accessed from JSTOR 7/1/12)//BZ


 * Structural harms outweigh all other considerations. **
 * Abu-Jamal 98 ** (Mumia, award-winning PA journalist, 9/19, [] )


 * A federal response is the only ethical route. We need to recognize our collective responsibility to vulnerable populations. **
 * Giroux, 2006 ** – Professor of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, previous professors at BU, Miami U, and Penn State (Henry, “Reading Hurricane Katrina: Race, Class, and the Biopolitics of Disposability”, accessed from JSTOR 7/1/12)//BZ


 * A crisis focused ethic is wrong – attention to isolated instances of warfare ignores the daily horrors of militarist exceptionalism. This is the precondition for any war to happen **
 * Cuomo 1996 ** – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30)


 * (maybe)**


 * Our politics is necessary to celebrating life. The alternative denies our potential to affirm life and condemns others to unnecessary suffering.**
 * May ‘5** (Todd May, prof @ Clemson. “To change the world, to celebrate life,” Philosophy & Social Criticism 2005 Vol 31 nos 5–6 pp. 517–531)