Ruth+&+Christina

The NOPP model is empirically successful – increasing its __exploration__ focus is vital to interagency coordination and __public visibility__
Coordinating ocean and coastal research and education programs. One of the most significant conclusions AND to use NOPP as a model for coordinating expanded interagency ocean science investments.
 * Pomponi, 4** ­- Acting Managing Director, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution (Shirley, “U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy: Recommendations for an Updated National Ocean Policy” Congressional Testimony, 5/5, [])//DH

NOPP model is vital to inter-agency coordination
The sorts of systematic data sets necessary to “fill in the blanks” for AND achieving the goals of exploration will require more patience and a consistent direction.
 * McNutt, 2** - President and CEO, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (Marcia, Testimony for the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, “Ocean Exploration”, 6/14, [])//DH

Cuts to ocean exploration are destroying US marine science leadership
Mclain, 12 - Assistant Director of Science for the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (Craig, March 15, 2012 “Losing Deep-Sea Science in the United States” http://deepseanews.com/2012/03/losing-deep-sea-science-in-the-united-states/)//gingE As the case in 1962, our nation’s scientific numbers have never been greater or AND to the NOAA Director Jane Lubchenco. Their contact information is listed below.

Greater ocean exploration is vital to understanding deep-ocean thermohaline circulation which determines our ability to adapt to climate change
Goodwin is PhD Marine Biologist and Science Writer at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (“Why Do We Explore” []) zabd Why Ocean Exploration Is Important Today Curiosity, desire for knowledge, and quest for AND the reasons we explore Earth’s ocean; but we also explore to survive.
 * Goodwin, 9** – The Harmon Project, NOAA

Global warming is inevitable
Bastasch 14 a forestry professor at Auburn University Michael “US, UK scientists: Cutting all CO2 emissions would not stop global warming” news article http://dailycaller.com/2014/02/27/us-uk-scientists-cutting-all-co2-emissions-would-not-stop-global-warming/ ¶ Calls from environmentalists and lawmakers to cut carbon dioxide emissions to fight global warming // AND // expected to hash out an international climate agreement to replace the Kyoto Protocol.

Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience
The misconceptions that drove spending on space were mirrored in our lack of knowledge about AND the importance of aggressive ocean research and management before it is too late.
 * Young, 14 –** thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT **(**Grace, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, []

It will end all life on the planet
Dingle 11 – Sarah Dingle is a reporter for ABC Radio Current Affairs. (“Ocean heading for mass extinction, scientists warn”, ABC News, [], June 21, 2011, Quay) Scientists are warning of a potential marine massacre with a mass extinction of sea life AND will be presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York this week.

But it isn't just the destruction of the rainforests that should trouble us. __Healthy__ __AND__ __just another Great Dying, but perhaps the greatest dying of them all.__
 * Independently, Biodiversity loss causes extinction. **
 * Coyne and Hoekstra 07** (Jerry, professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago, Hopi, Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, both are with The New Republic, “The Greatest Dying", September 24th, 2007, [] )

Stable federal exploration funding is the __bellwether__ for catalyzing investment in __adaptation technologies__ and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem management
The importance of the ocean in daily life, whether you live on the East AND that U.S. ocean science research will have // around the globe //.
 * Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH

====A dedicated federal funding stream through NOPP is __perceived__ as restoring the U.S. __reputation__ within the marine science community – that’s vital to attracting scientists into research collaboration==== NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, []) The major drawback of a NOPP-sponsored ocean exploration program is that NOPP itself AND with consideration to the comments above) or NSF would be appropriate alternatives.

Research-driven adaptation strategies build in __resilience__ to prevent total ecosystem collapse
Major gaps exist in our current scientific understanding, limiting our ability to forecast the AND ) to // increase ecosystem resiliency // as well as local-scale mitigation efforts.
 * Doney, 8 -** Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, **“**The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174” Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives6/5, []

A dedicated NOPP funding stream will maximize ocean science partnerships and lead to __applied solutions__ for ocean ecosystem management
The successes of the ocean partnership effort started more than ten years ago have been AND partnering and apply them to society’s most exigent needs with haste and vigor.
 * Watkins et al, 9** - Watkins chaired the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, served as the President of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, and founding President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (James, How the Oceanographic Community Created a National Oceanographic Partnership Program” Oceanography Vol. 22, Iss. 2. Published by the NOPP. https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2982/22.2_watkins.pdf?sequence=1) zabd

Establishing a new ocean exploration within the NOPP is vital to both __inter-agency__ and __international__ coordination in marine science
NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, []) Incorporating a // new ocean exploration program // into the // U.S. marine science // field AND force to plan for collaborative exploration programs proposed by international groups of scientists.

The plan establishes a __global model__ and builds __international marine research collaboration__
The oceans cover nearly three-quarters of the Earth's surface, regulate our weather AND common global bond, highlighting their importance in our lives," Orcutt said.
 * Pages, 4** – Media Relations Officer at National Academies (Patrice, “Exploration of the Deep Blue Sea” National Academies In Focus Magazine, Winter/Spring, [])//DH

Justification for a New Ocean Exploration ProgramThe ocean supports us—whether we live AND the oceans respond to chemical, biological, and physical changes __must increase__.
 * Exploration is vital to biodiscovery and developing new cures for diseases **
 * NRC, ’03 **(Committee on Exploration of the Seas, National Research Council “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown” National Academies Press []) //GY

Global antibiotic resistance is increasing rapidly - the ability to treat diseases at all is close to collapsing – ending modern medicine
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within a wide range of infectious agents is a growing AND has a negative impact on outcomes for patients and health-care expenditures.
 * Fukuda, 14 -** Assistant Director-General Health Security, World Health Organization, 14 (Keiji**,** “Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014” April, []

Exploration can specifically prevent the spread of antibiotic resistant diseases
Answer. Scientists at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution explores microbial chemical ecology and the interplay AND marine habitats produce diverse molecules that // inhibit these multidrug transporters // of various types.
 * Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH

Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent slew of emerging diseases in almost biblical terms AND “might easily transmute into a tune whistled whilst passing a graveyard.”3154
 * Mutating diseases cause extinction**
 * Greger 8** **–** M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger,, Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, [] )

Multiple factors check war
Robb 12 —Lieutenant, US Navy (Doug, Why the Age of Great Power War is Over, [|www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over], JZG) Whereas in years past, when nations allied with their neighbors in ephemeral bonds of AND a war is equal parts costly, counterproductive, archaic, and improbable.

No war – economic interdependence and nuclear deterrence
Deudney and Ikenberry, 09 — MA and PhD in Political Science, Professor, Political Science, Johns Hopkins University; PhD, Professor, International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University (Daniel and G. John, January/February 2009, "The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail," Foreign Affairs Volume 88, Issue 1, JZG) This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent developments and ignores powerful countervailing AND international system is far more primed for peace than the autocratic revivalists acknowledge.

New science proves that extinction won’t occur from nuclear winter
Robock 2010 (Alan, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, "Nuclear Winter," WIREs Climate Change, May/June, [], JZG) While it is important to point out the consequences of nuclear winter, it is AND consequences of nuclear winter are extreme enough without these additional effects, however.

No scenario for escalation — inevitable incentives for conflict minimization
Quinlan 9 - distinguished former British defence strategist, former Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the British Ministry of Defence, Prof. @ Wimbledon College and Merton College, Oxford. Director of the Ditchley Foundation (Sir Michael, Thinking About Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects, 2009, [], JZG) It was occasionally conjectured that nuclear war might be triggered by the real but accidental AND action at short notice should be abandoned. Chapter 13 returns to this.
 * No escalation – empirics prove the risk of miscalc is miniscule – rational actors check accidental launch – means there is no terminal impact to their offense – that’s Quinlan

Nuclear winter can’t be proven—their studies are politically biased
American Institute of Physics August 2011 ("Wintry Doom," August, [], JZG) Atmospheric scientists were well-placed to take up the question of smoke from a AND more people through starvation than would die directly under the bombs.)(10)

No war – no benefits, high costs, and international institutions mitigate risks
Miller 12 Students Editor at E-International and Relations Research Assistant at Pacific Resolutions (Sarah, “The Transformation of War”, E-International Relations Students, 8/16/12, http://www.e-ir.info/2012/08/16/the-transformation-of-war/)//BZ Many scholars who argue that the worst of war is behind us, that war AND so that war no longer recommends itself as a useful instrument (1990).