Puja+&+Sahar

= __Economy __ = **Margaronis 8** [Marine highway would ride wave of economic benefits, Stas, Guest Columnist Seattle Pi, http://www.seattlepi.com/local/opinion/article/Marine-highway-would-ride-wave-of-economic-1293286.php#ixzz1yY1CGarw] Currently, the United States is experiencing ……. costs for shippers and consumers.
 * The plan generates a massive economic stimulus and reduces oil dependence – loan guarantees are the most effective catalyst for widespread investment **

**Zimmer 11** [Nancy, August, “Progress on America’s Marine Highway” graduated from Smith College (B.A., cum laude, 1998), and City University of New York School of Law, (J.D., 2001). She is admitted to the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and the First Circuit Court of Appeals, and is a trained mediator. She is also a former commercial fisherman and commercial fishing boat owner. She is a member of the Maritime Law Association of the United States. Nancy can be contacted on +1 508 432-2121 or by email at zimmer@sealaw.org, http://www.corporatelivewire.com/top-story.html?id=66] For the United States ……. a shortsightedness that is disheartening at best.
 * And, a federal program is a vital internal link to US global competitiveness – current funding is insufficient **

**Rosen 10** - (Deputy General Counsel at the Center for Naval Analyses & Professor of Homeland Security Law and Policy at George Washington University) “Energy Independence and Climate Change: The Economic and National Security Consequences of Failing to Act” University of Richmond Law Review, Lexis There is a growing consensus in U.S. national ……….. environmentally sensitive Indonesian archipelago would be held hostage. 110
 * Oil dependence causes extinction **

**Martino 7**—Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute (Rocco, “A Strategy for Success: Innovation Will Renew American Leadership,” Orbis, Volume 51, Issue 2, HW Wilson]
 * Competitiveness is key to hegemony **

Much of the foreign policy discussion in the ……. industries which build upon the contemporary revolution in information technology; and the means of execution will have to include a partnership of industry, government, and people.

**Barnett 11** [Thomas P.M. Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis & Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads] Events in Libya are a further reminder for ……. influence and neocolonial burdens that are intuitively hoarded by great powers grown increasingly suspicious of one another.And if you know your history, that should make you nervous.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Great power war **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Needham 11** [Report: Traffic congestion costs billions, weighs on the economic recovery, Vicki, The Hill, http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/801-economy/184105-report-traffic-congestion-costs-billions-weighs-on-the-economic-recovery] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Traffic …………….one thing they all share in common is urgency, Lomax said. “If we want a strong economy, doing nothing is not a productive option.”
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Congestion underlies a multibillion dollar drag on the economy – chokes any possible recovery **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Xinhua News 5/23** [OECD: Global Economy Recovery Fragile, reprinted, http://english.cri.cn/6826/2012/05/23/191s701502.htm] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The global economy has embarked on ……..equity as "these structural reforms are not only good at creating growth, they can help address the problem of income inequality."
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">That recovery is fragile now – the risk of catastrophic economic failure is high **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Lewis 8** [David, Senior Vice President with HDR where he serves as the firm’s Chief Economist and Direc­tor for Economics and Financial Services, He served previously as President and CEO of HLB Decision Economics, prior to which he was a Principal Economist of the U.S. Congressional Budget Office. Brookings Institution, America’s Traffic Congestion Problem: Toward a Framework for Nationwide Reform, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2008/07/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2008/7/congestion%20pricing%20lewis/07_congestion_lewis.PDF] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Apart from a handful of ……. work in the office. In sum, the New York study finds that traffic jams in the region add millions of dollars to produc­tion and distribution costs and erode the economy of nearly fifty-five thousand jobs.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">And, the externalities act as a multiplier – decreases the underlying foundation of US economic leadership **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Perakis and Denisis 8** [A survey of short sea shipping and its prospects in the USA, ANASTASSIOS N. PERAKIS* and ATHANASIOS DENISIS Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, 213 NAME Building, 2600 Draper Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2145, USA, http://intermodalmarine.com/pdfs/Survey%20of%20SSS%20Prospects%20in%20the%20U.S..pdf] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">3. Mitigating highway congestion…….. Trucks will do the short-haul, pick-up and delivery, at the start and the end of the transportation chain.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The internal link is linear – the plan is necessary and sufficient to relieve congestion **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Lobiondo et al 11** [Congressional Testimony, Frank A. LoBiondo is the U.S. Representative for New Jersey's 2nd congressional district, serving since 1995. He is a member of the Republican Party, CREATING JOBS AND INCREASING U.S. EXPORTS BY ENHANCING THE MARINE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TUESDAY, JUNE 14, 2011 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION, COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:BIbLMqrPg5gJ:www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg66919/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg66919.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">In order to remain competitive ……. must summon the world to invest in this system or we risk choking off the very conduit that makes our economy hum, that drives job creation and that ensures the U.S. market remains pre-eminent in global trade. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">And, independently an effective MTS is vital to growth – capacity limitations act as a deadly stranglehold **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Austin 9** (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman, Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Conversely, global policymakers do not seem to have grasped the downside risks to the global economy posed by a deteriorating domestic and international political environment. If the past is any guide, …… leaders actually know what they are doing. The result may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">And, the impact is great power nuclear war **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Jackson 7** [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The importance of a viable …….. and effective transportation infrastructure; onlythrough further advancements in this imperative system will it maintain this status.5
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">And, an ineffective MTS kills power projection - separate internal link to hegemony **

= __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Ship Building __ = <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Raymond 5** [Charles, President and CEO Horizon Inc. “Short Sea Shipping: Long On Benefits”, <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">http://www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/article/short-sea-shipping-long-on-benefits/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">To help meet the ……… crowded highways and rail systems and onto the waterways requires a real commitment on the part of U.S. political leaders.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Increased support for short sea shipping sustains the shipbuilding industry **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Goure 11** [Lexington Institute, Obama Could Create Jobs And Support Defense, Daniel, PhD, http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/obama-could-create-jobs-and-support-defense?a=1&c=1171] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">A less well ……... Mr. President, put more money behind the MHI.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">And, expansion of title XI funding ensures increased naval capacity **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Munoz 11** [January 11, The Obama Infrastructure Plan, and Another Shipyard Closes, OP-ED by Tony Munoz, Editor-in-Chief of the Maritime ExecutiveMagazine and the MarEx Newsletter, http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/obama-infrastructure-plan-and-another-shipyard-closes] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">As President Obama announced his robust infrastructure investment program touting an immediate infusion of $50 billion for improvements to the nation’s infrastructure, images of a newly revitalized U.S. maritime industry swirled around me in a twilight zone moment. The six-year plan is estimated to cost about $350 billion to fix 150,000 miles of broken roadways, 233,000 miles of dilapidated railroad track, and 150 miles of aging airline runways. Yet not aword was uttered about increasing funding for America’s Marine ……. to them that the way to alleviatecongestion and pollution and save billions of dollars in fuel costs is by transporting goods over water. Think of the creation of jobs at shipyards, on vessels, and in ports.Imagine a budget surplus for the arts, education, mass transportation, and health care for the poor. Imagine….
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">And, the plan reverses tidal waves of shipyard closings which decimate the industry **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Perakis and Denisis 8** [A survey of short sea shipping and its prospects in the USA, ANASTASSIOS N. PERAKIS* and ATHANASIOS DENISIS Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, 213 NAME Building, 2600 Draper Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2145, USA, http://intermodalmarine.com/pdfs/Survey%20of%20SSS%20Prospects%20in%20the%20U.S..pdf] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">In addition to the ……… mode of freight transportation and attractenvironmentally aware shippers. Recent surveys however have showed a lack of awareness about the advantages of SSS among shippers, shipowners, and the public as well [46].
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">And, inland water ways are functionally limitless – the plan is the easiest means of infrastructure expansion and revitalizes the maritime sector **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Alberto et al. 5** (Lieutenant Colonel Ronald P., U.S. Army, Colonel Michael G. Archuleta, U.S. Air Force, Lieutenant Colonel Steven H. Bills, U.S. Air Force, Commander William A. Bransom, U.S. Navy, Mr. Kenneth Cohen, Department of State, Commander William A. Ebbs, U.S. Navy, George Manjgaladze, Ministry of Defense, Republic of Georgia, Commander Elizabeth B. Myhre, U.S. Navy, Audrea M. Nelson, DA, Robert L. Riddick, Department of Defense, Colonel Christopher M. Ross, U.S. Army, Julia N. Ruhnke, DA, Lieutenant Colonel Gregory M. Ryan, U.S. Marine Corps, Colonel David D. Thompson, U.S. Air Force, Commander Hugh D. Wetherald, U.S. Navy, Dr. Mark Montroll, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Dr. Michael Farbman, USAID, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Captain David B. Hill, U.S. Coast Guard, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, “SHIPBUILDING”, The Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, 2005, http://www.ndu.edu/icaf/programs/academic/industry/reports/2005/pdf/icaf-is-report-shipbuilding-2005.pdf, Deech) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">In conclusion, …………. is necessary. This restructuring may entail the politically difficult decision to allow some yards to close, but if the naval order book does not increase and the restructuring does not occur, unit cost will continue to skyrocket out of proportion to the value to the nation of the vessel.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">And, a strong maritime and shipbuilding industry is a vital pre requisite to credible naval capabilities **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Conway et al 7** [James T., General, U.S. Marine Corps, Gary Roughead, Admiral, U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower,” October, http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Deter major power war…….. with freedom of maneuver. Reinforced by a robust sealift capability that can concentrate and sustain forces, sea control and power projection enable extended campaigns ashore.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Great power war **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Navy League of US 12** – a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating our citizens about the importance of sea power to U.S. national security and supporting the men and women of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and U.S.-flag Merchant Marine and their families (Navy League of the United States, “Maritime Primacy & Economic Prosperity: Maritime Policy 2012-13”, Navy League of the United States, 1/21/12, http://www.navyleague.org/files/legislative_affairs/maritime_policy20122013.pdf | AK) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Global engagement ……. retirement and quality-of-life benefits to remain an effective fighting force. Taking care of our wounded warriors is fundamental.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">And, causes and escalation of every transnational threat – the ship building industry is key **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Vego 8** — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/jfq-50/JFQ-50.pdf, Deech) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Blue ………the Russian Federation, Britain, France, and the People’s Republic of China.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Increased naval power is critical to maintain primacy and credibility **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Caves 10** – John P. Caves Jr., Senior Research Fellow In The Center For The Study Of Weapons Of Mass Destruction At The National Defense University, January 2010, “Avoiding A Crisis Of Confidence In The U.S. Nuclear Deterrent,” Strategic Forum, No. 252 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Perceptions of a ………. a scale far more catastrophic than what nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Loss of primacy leads to nuclear war – perception heightens the link **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Vego 8** — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/jfq-50/JFQ-50.pdf, Deech) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Naval forces ……. interests of the United States and its allies or friends. Naval forces deployed in forward areas should be of sufficient size and combat power to defeat opposing forces quickly and decisively.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Naval strength solves Middle East war **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Gold 7** [Thomas J., Masters in Strategic Intelligence, Joint Military Intelligence College, Nuclear Conflict in the Middle East: An Analysis of Future Events, p. 53-55] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">If the political, ethnic, and military policies, and future nuclear weapons development in the Middle East continue in their present directions, Iran or Iraq will eventually ……… would be certain. The potential now exists for the involvement of the major nuclear powers, the U.S. siding with Israel, and Russia siding with Iran. Escalation to regional or global nuclear war is now a possibility. = <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Plan Text = = <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Solvency = <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Cook 11** — former General Counsel of the Maritime Administration, Counsel to Seward and Kissel LLP (H. Clayton, “Dead in the Water”, Maritime Executive, 7/8/2012, http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/dead-in-the-water, Deech) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">***Note: SST = short sea transportation, CCF = capital construction fund <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> For more than a decade, Europe and the U.S. have witnessed increasing highway traffic congestion and considered the possible use of water transport as a highway supplement and alternative. The European Community has ……. insurance," as it was termed in its 1938 enactment, that is being purchased by the vessel owner and included as a transaction cost.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">And, goes global and nuclear **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Plan Text: The United States federal government should expand United States Maritime Administration Title XI loan guarantee funding and the Marine Highway Initiative for short sea transportation in the United States. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">A comprehensive federal expansion of Title XI loan guarantees mitigates congestion and creates conditions favorable for private investment – the plan reverse the only barrier to short sea transportation **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**McCormick 10** [Strengthening US Government US Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood addressed the recent National Port Summit in San Diego. Wayne McCormick, of America’s Marine Highways, conducted the following interviewSupport of Marine Highways, http://americasmarinehighways.com/userfiles/Inland%20Port%20Mag%20-%20LaHood%20%282%29.pdf] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The private sector most always is ……… relationships to advance this very important component of the Marine Highway
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">And, solely private sector action is insufficient – high startup costs make external incentives critical **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Margaronis 8** [Green Ships Can Fight Global Warming, president of California-based Santa Maria Shipowning & Trading Inc, p. online document retrieved via a google download, full text email alexanderdpappas@gmail.com] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">A loan guarantee is not the same as ………. but for reforming the program to remove obstacles to new participants and start-up companies that hope to build ships.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">And, the plan reduces risk and creates the financial backing necessary for short sea shipping **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Lombardo 4** [Short Sea Shipping: Practices, Opportunities and Challenges[1] Written by Gary A. Lombardo, Ph.D.[2] Prepared by TransportGistics, Inc, http://www.insourceaudit.com/WhitePapers/Short_Sea_Shipping.asp] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Opportunities A successful short sea shipping program ………. initiatives. Expected benefits include public transportationimprovements, highway congestion relief,environmental and health and welfare benefits and the growth in the short sea shipping industry with a commensurate increase in employment. Vessel, start-up, facility and infrastructure cost categories were identified.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">And, that heightens the resiliency of the transportation network – a secure federal funding stream ensures adequate coordination **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Jackson 7** [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">As our road and rail ……. synchronized 212 vessel operations and the related land movement by truck, rail, and barge in support of DOD operations worldwide, moving over 22,239,700 square feet of unit cargo.23 Since USTRANSCOM works with a variety of commercial assets, services, and systems, it must continually grow the partnership with industry to incorporate current technology, anticipate trends, and develop future capabilities.24
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">And, marine infrastructure is key – other networks have reached maximum capacity – ineffective coordination precipitates wider congestion **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Jackson 7** [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">In order to be an ….. container traffic off the even more congested roadways. The Columbia-Snake River system already has significant container-on-barge traffic, and similar services are growing along the Gulf Intra-coastal and North Atlantic ports.77
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">And, put away your process and funding counterplans – consistent funding and a net increase are required to generate new capacity **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Cook 12** [H. Clayton Cook, Esq. has been involved with Jones Act issues for more than 40 years and served as General Counsel of the Maritime Administration from 1970-1973. He is currently Counsel to Seward & Kissel LLP in Washington, DC. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The Dual-Use Vessel Program and Americas Marine Highway Next Steps, http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/the-dual-use-vessel-program-and-america-s-marine-highway-next-steps] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">“Short Sea Shipping” and AMH
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">No link uniqueness – modest federal assistance key **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">A MarAdand Department of Transportation …………….de it may be possible to initiate one or more AMH services with relatively modest forms of government start-up assistance.