Brandon+&+Gabe

=Contention One: Inherency= Obama has expedited approval for projects, but not allocated funds – aff is still inherent, but you don’t have any DA’s. Morgan and Rabin 7/19 – Miami Herald reporter, environment reporter (Curtis and Charles, “White House Speeds Up Permits, Offers No New Cash For PortMiami Dredge Project”, The Miami Herald, July 21 2012, [])//CB The White House on Thursday... expediting all remaining federal reviews.”

=Advantage 1: Economic Competitiveness= Panama Canal expansion will disrupt American trade routes - Other nations deepening ports, US is not Bridges, 11 – Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority (Jerry A., “Testimony of Jerry A. Bridges Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority before the United States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee Hearing: the Economic importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?”, 10/26/11, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Bridges.pdf)]

Since the birth of our nation,.. environmental programs that benefit ports.

Lack of U.S. adaptation will devastate trade and the economic competitiveness Weakley, 8 – Realize America’s Maritime promise, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, testimony of James Weakley the president of the Lake Carriers’ Association (James, “Realize America’s Maritime Promise”, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, 4/30/08, []) //EK//

//Introduction/ Summary of Testimony¶ My ... would quickly lose its efficiencies.//

//We’ll isolate two scenarios:// //First is international trade: it’s key to the economy and accounts for 27% of GDP// //Kiefer et al., 2k – principal investigator for Planning and Management Consultants– study authorized by Section 401 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1999, report to the US Army Corps of Engineers (Jack, Planning and Management Consultants, “The National Dredging Needs Study of Ports and Harbors Implications to Cost-Sharing of Federal Deep Draft Navigation Projects Due to Changes in the Maritime Industry”, 5/2000, [])// EK

The value of international trade... in terms of tonnage (see Figure 2-4).

Economic collapse now causes a nuclear World War III Hamer, 10 – Professor and doctor, writes for Current Concerns (Eberhard, “Increasing Indications for a Third World War”, 3/6/10, []) //AJ//

//Due to the fact that ... we can escape this danger.//

//Second is economic competitiveness:// //American economic leadership prevents mercantilism – solves protectionism// //Posen, 9 – Deputy director and senior fellow of the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Adam, “Economic leadership beyond the crisis,” [])// EK

In the postwar period, US ... on the following priority measures.

Protectionism leads to global nuclear war Panzner, 8 – faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” p. 136-138) //EK//

//Continuing calls for curbs on... beginnings of a new world war.//

//Port dredging is key to international trade and competitiveness – increased exports, trade, manufacturing jobs, and trillions in revenue// //Nagle, 11 – President and CEO of the American Association of Port Authorities (December 2011, Kurt, Industry Today, “Association: American Association of Port Authorities; Port-Related Infrastructure Investments Can Reap Dividends,” vol. 14, no. 3, [])// EK

It seems the United States willingly... utilized to maintain federal navigation channels.

Advantage 2: Military Steel Clogged waterways are killing the steel industry competitiveness – decreases shipping capabilities. Dredging will open waterways allow tons of extra steel to be shipped. Petry, 12 - correspondent for American Metal Market (Corinna, “US shippers urge feds to use funds for dredging”, Metal Bulletin Weekly, 4/2/12, ProQuest)//SS//

//Insufficient federal funding for dredging ... auto plant running for 14 days.//

//This kills hegemony; we’ll isolate two internal links//

//First, the steel industry key to military tech-development// //AISI, 7 – AISI’s goal is to educate about the U.S. and North American steel industry (American Iron and Steel Institute, “Steel and the National Defense,” Specialty Steel Industry of North America, January 2007,// //[])//SS

The U.S. carbon/alloy and... shipbuilding or other military uses.

Military R&D key to heg Paarlberg, 4 - Robert Paarlberg is the Betty Freyhof Johnson Class of 1944 Professor of Political Science at Wellesley College and Associate at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University. (Peter L., “Knowledge as Power: Science, Military Dominance, and U.S. Security,” International Security, 2004, [])//SS//

//Military primacy today comes from ... more fundamentally became a science race.//

//SECOND, a robust steel industry key to strong infrastructure// //AISI, 6 - AISI’s goal is to educate about the U.S. and North American steel industry (American Iron and Steel Institute, “[|A Strong U.S. Steel Industry: Critical to Protecting U.S. Infrastructure, Homeland Security and Economic Security],” American Iron and Steel Institute, 2/1/6, [])//SS

In the wake of September 11,... industry to meet this need.

Good infrastructure is key to the economy AISI, 6 - AISI’s goal is to educate about the U.S. and North American steel industry (American Iron and Steel Institute, “[|A Strong U.S. Steel Industry: Critical to Protecting U.S. Infrastructure, Homeland Security and Economic Security],” American Iron and Steel Institute, 2/1/6, [])//SS//

//An efficient national highway system ... as cranes, is steel-intensive.//

//Econ collapse tanks heg// //FPRI, 9 – Founded in 1955, FPRI is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization devoted to bringing the insights of scholarship to bear on the development of policies that advance U.S. national interests. (“Security Challenges Arising from the Global Economic Crisis,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, March 11, 2009, [])//SS

Economists have long debated whether ... Nation’s vital defense industrial base.

Heg is sustainable and prevents conflict Brown et al. 8 – ***Michael E. Brown is Dean of the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University.** *OWEN R. COTÉ, JR. is the associate director of the MIT Security Studies Program. ***Sean M. Lynn-Jones is a Belfer Center researcher at Harvard University and Editor of International Security.** * Steven E. Miller is Director of the International Security Program (“Primacy and its Discontents,” MIT Press, 2008, []))//SS//

//Several scholars have argued that ... or explicitly with the United States.//

//Rentrenchment triggers great power wars// //Zhang & Shi, 11 – ***Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.** *Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. (Yuhan and Lin, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry,” East Asia Forum, 1/22/11, [])//SS

As history attests, power decline ... devoid of unrivalled US primacy.¶

=Advantage 3: Agriculture= U.S. agricultural competitiveness decreasing now. Exports are critical to maintain competitiveness. Kagochi, 2007 – doctor of philosophy, A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University (“EVALUATING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF US AGRICULTURAL MARKET COMMODITIES”, 8/04/07, [])//MK

The United States (US) has incurred large ... US agricultural export commodities competitiveness.

US agricultural competitiveness key to prevent starvation, war, fanaticism, proliferation, and terrorism

Lugar, 4 – U.S. Senator – Indiana, (Richard, “Plant Power” Our Planet v. 14 n. 3, @http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html MK)

In a world confronted by global ... materials essential to modern society.

Starvation triggers genocidal war—comparatively worse than nuclear war Trudell 5 - Trudell, J.D. Candidate 2006, 05 (Robert H., Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277, Lexis)

2. But, Is It Really an Emergency? ... out before it is too late.

Dredging critical to maintain US agricultural competitiveness. IWR 6/20 – Institute for Water Resources (“U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Modernization: Preparing for Post-Panamax Vessels”, Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 20, 2012, [|http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/docs/portswaterways/rpt/June_20_U.S._Port_and_Inland_Waterways_Preparing_for_Post_Panamax_Vessels.pdf)//MM]

The Panama Canal expansion is ... for a competitive navigation system.

=Plan= The United States federal government should increase expedited funding for waterway and port dredging in the United States.

=Contention Two: Solvency=

Federal action is necessary – several reasons: First, coordinated and adequate funding requires federal action on port dredging. Calhoun, 11 – President of Cargo Carriers (Cargill) and Chairman of Waterways Council, Inc (Rick, “DREDGING FOR PROSPERITY”, Marine Log, 8/2011, ProQuest, []”) //EK//

//At press time, the debate... strong and keep her moving.//

//USACE regulation and permits require federal oversight.// //IWR 6/20 – Institute for Water Resources (“U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Modernization: Preparing for Post-Panamax Vessels”, Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 20, 2012, [|http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/docs/portswaterways/rpt/June_20_U.S._Port_and_Inland_Waterways_Preparing_for_Post_Panamax_Vessels.pdf)//BL]//

//Regardless of the Federal government’s ... permits for any proposed action. ¶//

//Federal action key- USACE in charge of dredging all ports// //Cohen and Monaco 8 – *associate professor of Economics at the University of Hartford and ** Professor of Economics at California State University, Long Beach. She is a recognized expert in the economics of the trucking industry and has published extensively on the wages, characteristics, and working conditions of port truck drivers, port labor issues, port infrastructure, and the effects of port deregulation. (Jeffrey and Kristen, “Ports and Highways Infrastructure Investment and Inter-state Spatial Spillovers”, International Regional Science Review, July 2008, [])//BL

The bulk of U.S. ports are ... for dredging the access to ¶ ports.


 * Federal action key- USACE in charge of dredging all ports **
 * Cohen and Monaco 8 ** – * associate professor of Economics at the University of Hartford and ** Professor of Economics at California State University, Long Beach. She is a recognized expert in the economics of the trucking industry and has published extensively on the wages, characteristics, and working conditions of port truck drivers, port labor issues, port infrastructure, and the effects of port deregulation. (Jeffrey and Kristen, “Ports and Highways Infrastructure Investment and Inter-state Spatial Spillovers”, International Regional Science Review, July 2008, [] )//BL


 * __ The bulk of U.S. ports are __****__ ... dredging __** the access to ¶ **__ ports. __**

Fed key- Constitutional Commerce Clause

 * Gibbs, 2011** – Subcommittee Chairman (Bob, “Memorandum on the Hearing on “The Economic Importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?” U.S. House of Representatives ¶ Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, October 21, 2011 [] )//BL
 * __Maritime shipping remains__** **__the__** **__preferred__****__...__** development of the nation's water resources.