Gloria+Oladipo+and+Charles+Kang 

Affs: Afro Asia (K) Nuclear Energy Cooperation (BFHLR)

1NC: Military CP, Arctic Council Advantage CP, Appeasement, Xi Good, Elections, T Unconditional, T QPQ, Spanos K, Neolib K, Humarn Rights CP 2NR: Appeasement, Xi Good

For questions about the neg, email Charles at 180100@glenbrook225.org For questions about the aff, email Gloria at gaoladipo@cps.edu

__**Cites for 1ac Afro Asia:**__
White supremacy has maintained forms of racial violence against African Americans specifically--- the evident spike in police violence has left minorities groups, specifically Asiatic demographics, unsure of how to stand in solidarity in these times --- Asian Americans are privileged and oppressed at the same time, the best person AND being aware of the complex racial history of the United States.
 * Lynch 14 ** [Grace Hwang Lynch is a San Francisco Bay Area based writer and journalist focused on race relations and culture. Her work has been featured on PBS, Salon, MSNBC, and various online journals; “As an Asian American, I Care About Ferguson and Race Relations”, August 22, 2014; REJ]

====Typically, in the shadow of white supremacy, African-Americans and Asians have stood as allies—finding common intersections in their fight for racial justice—instead of running their revolutions parallel.====

====There was once an interlocking relationship between the Black and Asiatic worlds--- found in the exportation of resistance tactics between the Black Panther Party and the Dalit Panthers, the friendships between Yuri Kochiyama and Malcolm X, and the solidarity between the Black Power and American Asian movements respectively.====

====Historically, the bond between the Blacks and Asians dates back to slavery--- where the “abolition” of slavery gave rise to the trade of Asiatic coolies, bringing Asian laborers to the same plantation societies as the African slaves, on the SAME slave ships. The shared experience and traditions of RESISTANCE and STRUGGLE have created a space for an untold collaboration and friendship between the two groups.====

====Despite the HISTORY of COLLABORATION and ENGAGEMENT between the black and Asian populations of the U.S. and China, federal government-instituted policies have constructed TENSION between the two identities where none existed. “Black vs. minorities” is the common strategy used to divide and conquer—allowing the rise of minority neoconservatives to create divisions and infighting==== Mullen & Ho 08  [Bill V. Mullen is the Professor of English and American Studies @ Purdue and teaches courses in African American Literature and Culture; Fred Ho is a political activist and the founder and bandleader of the Afro Asian Music Ensemble; Afro Asia: Revolutionary Political and Cultural Connections between African Americans and Asian Americans, pp. 6-8; REJ] The African American radical and revolutionary movement has , since its explosion, suffered assassination AND //other minorities vie for most-favored minority status with the dominant administration.//

====Forms of racism once only situated in the United States have now been exported globally--- The color line that divides America has made its way to China. Racial discrimination---situated in federal institutions and in the interpersonal relationships between people—has resulted in forms of racial violence==== Goldberg 11 [David Theo; Director of the University of California Humanities Research Institute, Formerly Director and Professor of the School of Justice Studies at Arizona State University; *Frank Dikötter is Chair Professor of Humanities at the University of Hong Kong and Professor of the Modern History of China, he has published a trilogy on racism, sexism and eugenics in modern China; A Companion to Comparative Literature Ch. 22 — The Comparative and the Relational: Meditations on Racial Method, pp. 360-363, REJ] In a recent discussion piece for Ethnic and Racial Studies, Frank Dikötter at first AND this unitary field of analysis is deeply if differentially, heterogeneously, relational.

====Instead of having an amiable relationship, now the relationship between Blacks and Asians is fraught with tensions and disdain—manifesting in forms of overt racism and xenophobia between the two groups==== Several days ago, a Chinese friend and I were discussing the protests in Baltimore AND us to come to a place where no one wants us to be.”
 * Rothschild 15 ** [Viola; Fulbright Scholar @ Zhejian University in Jinhua, Pursing research on African entrepreneurs in China; recent graduate of Bowdoin College in the United States; “Online Reaction to Baltimore Protests Reveals Much About Chinese Tension with African Immigrants;” CHINA FILE, May 6; https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/media/online-reaction-baltimore-protests-reveals-much-about-chinese-tension]

What is needed is Afro Asia CONSCIOUSNESS that seeks to FIGHT, COUNTER, and RESIST the faded consciousness and insert scholarship that incites political and cultural resistance against oppression.
==== Thus, we call to affirm Afro Asia, a method to provide a proper framework of analysis of the political manipulation of Black and Asian bodies through our insertion of scholarship and collective resistance against white supremacy. ====

====We choose to complicate understandings of U.S. diplomatic engagement with China and expose anti-blackness and orientalism that sustain violence between black and Asian populations, we choose to affirm AFRO ASIA====

For JIAN LIN CHUN, an unarmed Chinese delivery worker killed in a Bedford-Stuyvesant housing lobby by ANTOINE BELTON.
====For those whose Blackness and Asianness clash at a point of no reutrn, with backlash and no concern, we offer a method to challenge white supremacy in our spaces of sanctity, in our community, we offer unity, we offer our bodies for life.====

==== This dialectical insertion of our scholarship in the 1AC creates a SHIFT of CRITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS to allow us to understand Afro-Asian relations, allowing our performance to preserve the POLITICAL and CULTURAL connections between blacks and Chinese to confront white supremacy and global oppression. ==== Mullen & Ho 08 [Bill V. Mullen is the Professor of English and American Studies @ Purdue and teaches courses in African American Literature and Culture; Fred Ho is a political activist and the founder and bandleader of the Afro Asian Music Ensemble; Afro Asia: Revolutionary Political and Cultural Connections between African Americans and Asian Americans, pp. 13-16; REJ] //The urgency for greater Afro Asia solidarity and the general elevation of radical, anti// //AND// //in the African and Asian diasporas in confronting white supremacy and national oppression.//

====The 1AC methodology exposes the INDIFFERENCES from the LINKAGES, CONECTIONS, and CROSS-CULTURE INTERACTIONS, to the COMPLEXITIES, CONTRADICTIONS, and CONFLICTS between black and Asian populations in the U.S. and China.==== Mullen & Ho 08 [Bill V. Mullen is the Professor of English and American Studies @ Purdue and teaches courses in African American Literature and Culture; Fred Ho is a political activist and the founder and bandleader of the Afro Asian Music Ensemble; Afro Asia: Revolutionary Political and Cultural Connections between African Americans and Asian Americans, pp. 2-5; REJ] Fred himself came of age during the late 1960s and early 1970s, and he AND road still being pursued and paved by the authors represented in this book.

====AFRO ASIA is a call for supporting scrutiny and criticism of a system that has perpetuated Afro-Asian violence in history. A support for a stand in front of the many who FOOLISHLY believe that America has their best interest at hand. It is the discussion, making people uncomfortable, speaking truth, challenging systematic oppression, and refusing to assimilate into an anti-black framework of discussion that embodies a POLITICS OF RESPECTABILITY.==== I am Asian-American. I believe that Black lives matter. It is AND ¶ I am Asian-American. I believe that Black lives matter.
 * Ng 15 ** [Kelvin Ng is a write for the ColumbiaSpectator who works with All Women's Action Society and AWARE Singapore and forefronts discussions of Asian identity in relation to Anti-Black violence; 11-20-2015, "Asian America, address anti-Blackness," Columbia Daily Spectator, http://columbiaspectator.com/opinion/2015/11/20/asian-america-address-anti-blackness, Nish]

Racism makes all forms of violence inevitable, it must be rejected in every instance.
Memmi 2k  [Albert Memmi is a Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ University Of Paris, //Racism//, translated by Steve Martinot, pg.163-165] The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission AND . True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

====We advocate CULTURAL DIPLOMATIC ENGAGEMENT that has a vital role to play in international relations over standard government-to-government forms of diplomacy, especially with emerging powers such as China. This allows us to address cultural conflicts and anti-blackness through Afro-Asia’s intellectual productivity and political consciousness that cannot be accomplished with USFG-instituted policies.==== Online strategies should reflect the full range of possible contributions to cultural diplomacy.
 * Bound, et. al. 07** [Kirsten Bound leads on international innovation research with a team that examines new global trends and practices in innovation, with an emphasis on China, India, Brazil and Malaysia, Rachel Briggs is the Director of the charity Hostage UK and a security expert working on security and foreign policy, acting as the Director of Research and Policy at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, John Holden is a freelance writer, speaker, and cultural commentator, Samuel Jones is Head of Culture at British think-tank Demos (Demos think-tank authors); “Culture is a central component of international relations. It’s time to unlock its full potential…”, pp. 11-14; REJ]
 * __ Cultural __****__ Diplomacy argues that __** today, more than ever before, **__ culture has a vital __**
 * __ AND __**

China is planning a massive expansion of nuclear reprocessing capabilities – that causes other Asian countries to follow suit and undermines non-prolif
China has huge plans at reprocessing—wants to start making nuclear weapons--- causing AND comment on Moniz's remarks and CNNC said its press officers weren't available.19
 * Green 16** [Jim Green ‒ Nuclear Monitor editor, “Reprocessing and plutonium stockpiling in East Asia,” //Nuclear Monitor//, Issue: #82145510, June 4, 2016, []]

East Asian reprocessing catalyzes a race to stockpile plutonium --- that provides a cover for weapons development
Later this week, from March 31 to April 1, Washington will host the AND and China to follow America’s example of //deferring the commercializing of plutonium fuels//.
 * Sokolski 16** [Henry, executive director of The Nonproliferation Policy Education Center in Arlington, Virginia; an adjunct professor at Georgetown Univ, “Can East Asia avoid a nuclear explosive materials arms race?,” //Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,// March 26, 2016, []]

Reprocessing arms races cause an atmosphere of paranoia and instability that escalates to nuclear acquisition and causes global prolif
In contrast, China’s plutonium reprocessing ambitions are only now beginning to materialize into concrete AND interest in nuclear reprocessing far outweigh any benefit achieved in nuclear waste management.
 * Armstrong 16** [Ian Armstrong is a Supervisor and Researcher at Wikistrat, he previously assisted in research at Temple University, the University of Pennsylvania, Scottish Parliament, and Hudson Institute's Center for Political-Military Analysis, where he has focused on non-proliferation and international energy, his research has been presented at conferences at Tufts University and University of Edinburgh, and his analysis has been featured at prominent outlets such as Business Insider, Foreign Policy Association, CBS News, and RealClearEnergy, “East Asian plutonium policies risk regional stability,” Global Risk Insight, April 25, 2016, http://globalriskinsights.com/2016/04/east-asian-plutonium-policies]

Unmanaged tech breakout causes nuclear war --- commercial reprocessing triggers the link
Sokolski 9 [Henry Sokolski, Executive Director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, 6/1/2009, Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd, []] Fissile for peace and war Compounding this worrisome prospect are large amounts of weapons AND , would ever want. None of this, however, is inevitable.

Prolif causes extinction --- only impact capable of breaching mutually assured deterrence
The spread of nuclear weapons poses at least six severe threats to international peace and AND , any one of those crises could result in a //catastrophic nuclear exchange//.
 * Kroenig 15** [Matthew, Associate Professor and International Relations Field Chair in the Department of Government and School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have a Future?,” //Journal of Strategic Studies//, Volume 38, Issue 1-2, 2015]

Engagement with global markets gives the US leverage to shape reprocessing norms – the alternative is proliferation
Wallace et al, 13 – CSIS Senior Advisor [Michael, John Kotek, Sarah Williams, Paul Nadeau, Thomas Hundertmark, George David Banks, June, CSIS, Restoring Us Leadership in Nuclear Energy, [|https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3f public/legacy_files/files/publication/130614_ RestoringUSLeadershipNuclearEnergy_ WEB.pdf], accessed 7/17/16, ge] CONTROLLING THE SPREAD OF ENRICHMENT AND REPROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES ¶ Growth in nuclear electricity production outside AND a //loss of leverage in persuading aspiring nuclear nations to refrain from////reprocessing.//

China abandoning reprocessing now is key --- encourages a shift to safer tech --- delay ensures bureaucratic momentum locks-in long-term reprocessing
If there’s one country that could disprove the old joke among engineers about nuclear power AND and developing technologies that might enable nuclear energy to play a larger part.
 * Nature 16** [Nature editorial, Nature is “the weekly, international, interdisciplinary journal of science”, Editor-in-Chief: Philip Campbell, BSc, aeronautical engineering, University of Bristol; MSc, astrophysics, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London; PhD and postdoctoral fellowship, upper atmospheric physics, University of Leicester, “The nuclear option: China is vigorously promoting nuclear energy, but its pursuit of reprocessing is misguided,” //Nature//, May 4, 2016, http://www.nature.com/news/the-nuclear-option-1.19844

Advantage 2: Nuclear Power
====China’s rapidly investing in nuclear power, both domestically and internationally --- they’ve already agreed to build a plant in the UK, and they want to establish export markets --- bolstering transparency is crucial to ensure safe tech expansion==== A European nuclear plant built and operated by China? Unimaginable, one might say AND __technology is a //more transparent nuclear industry and safety regime within China itself//.__
 * Wübbeke and Ting 16** [Jost Wübbeke is head of the economy and technology program at the Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS) in Berlin. Guan Ting is a visiting academic fellow at MERICS, “China's Nuclear Industry Goes Global,” //The Diplomat//, February 11, 2016, http://thediplomat.com/2016/02/chinas-nuclear-industry-goes-global/]

Chinese designs are key to rapid global nuclear energy transitions --- their capital flows and labor costs make Chinese exports more cost-effective than any other country
SHENZHEN, China— China wants to shift from customer to competitor in the global AND hurdles, though these may be overcome through jointly investing with local partners.
 * Spegele 16** [Brian, graduate degrees in Mandarin and Chinese Studies from Nanjing University, WSJ China correspondent, “China Inc.’s Nuclear-Power Push,” Wall Street Journal, February 23, 2016, []]

Multifaceted nuclear industry engagement between the US and China establishes a culture of safety cooperation that establishes effective global safeguards
Nakano 14 [Jane, Fellow, Energy and National Security Program, The Center for Strategic and International Studies, “U.S.-CHINA CLEAN ENERGY COOPERATION”, Statement before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, [|http:// uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Testimony_Nakano_USCC_4%2025%202014_revised.pdf] ] Nuclear energy has become central to energy planning for China, the world’s most populous AND between the two countries in //enhancing regulatory and safety standards around the world//.

Current energy supplies are collapsing—increased investment in US nuclear power advances is key to prevent warming and ensure sustainable energy production
// I. __THE NEED FOR NUCLEARENERGY__ ∂ __Next-generation nuclear power should be a__// AND consumption of nuclear waste//, as discussed below in Section II.A.
 * Robock 16** [Zachary, JD, associate at Jones Day, where his practice focuses on corporate and energy matters, “Economic Solutions to Nuclear Energy's Financial Challenges”, 2016, http://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1053&context=mjeal]//DBI//

US-China cooperation over safe nuclear power development in China is key to prevent warming—now is key
// China – U.S. cooperation & planetary resurgence∂ There are many reasons // // AND // //__United States, but the__// __repercussions of success would ring throughout the planet//.__
 * Hansen 14** [James, adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, elected to the National Academy of Sciences, has won several awards for his climate change research, “Renewable Energy, Nuclear Power and Galileo: Do Scientists Have a Duty to Expose Popular Misconceptions?”, 2/21/14, http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2014/20140221_DraftOpinion.pdf]//DBI//

Warming causes extinction---geological history proves
Bushnell 10 - MS in mechanical engineering, won the Lawrence A. Sperry Award, AIAA Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Award, the AIAA Dryden Lectureship, and is the recipient of many NASA Medals for outstanding Scientific Achievement and Leadership Bushnell (Dennis, "Conquering Climate Change," The Futurist 44. 3, AND, so, __ as dire as the forecasts sound, they're actually conservative __.

Global adaption of nuclear power solves water wars
Whatever one believes about the causes of climate change, there is no denying that AND that humanity will desire in the years to come have already been invented.
 * Blees 11** [“Nuclear power and climate change – what now?”, May 28, 2011, Brave New World, Tom Blees. Tom an advanced energy systems consultant from Davis, California, and author of Prescription for the Planet – The Painless Remedy for Our Energy & Environmental Crises. Tom is also the president of the Science Council for Global Initiatives, an international think tank of distinguished scientists dedicated to creating an environmentally sound energy-rich future for the entire human race]

Water shortages are coming globally---escalates
Goldenberg 14 [Suzanne Goldenberg, US Environmental Correspondent for The Guardian, “Why Global Water Shortages Pose Threat of Terror and War”, The Guardian, 2-8, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/09/global-water-shortages-threat-terror-war] There are other shock moments ahead – and not just for California – in a AND water rationing in the greater Tehran area, home to 22 million people.

Extinction
People go to war when their way of life is threatened. I have written AND stopping growing rice, for example) and their dependence on the Nile.
 * Coddrington 10** [PhD-Business Adminstration & Guest lecturer at top business schools, including the London Business School, Duke Corporate Education and the Gordon Institute of Business Science, 7/1, http://www.tomorrowtoday.co.za/2010/07/01/a-looming-crisis-world-water-wars]

U.S. nuclear leadership will collapse in the status quo – expanding access to global markets ensures the US continues to shape global nuclear norms
Wallace et al, 13 – CSIS Senior Advisor [Michael, John Kotek, Sarah Williams, Paul Nadeau, Thomas Hundertmark, George David Banks, June, CSIS, Restoring Us Leadership in Nuclear Energy, [|https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3f public/legacy_files/files/publication/130614_ RestoringUSLeadershipNuclearEnergy_ WEB.pdf], accessed 7/17/16, ge] EXECUTIVE SUMMARY America’s nuclear energy industry is in decline. Low natural gas prices, AND to become irrelevant in a newnuclear age. This brief outlines why.

1ac – plan
====The United States federal government should offer to lift restrictions on foreign ownership of nuclear power reactors for investors from the People’s Republic of China in exchange for the People’s Republic of China suspending nuclear spent fuel reprocessing development programs, expanding anti-proliferation outreach efforts targeted at the domestic nuclear industry, and establishing high-level intelligence exchanges between China National Nuclear Corp. and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.====

China is leapfrogging America’s nuclear industry --- refusing to open domestic plants up to foreign investment means the U.S. gets left behind
A. Increasing Globalization of the Nuclear Energy Industry With ninety-nine reactors AND taken foreign funding and may //even be majority-foreign-owned//. n37
 * Desai and Schroeder 16** [Sachin Desai is a law clerk for the Atomic Safety & Licensing Board Panel at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Kathleen Schroeder is an attorney with the Department of Energy General Counsel's Office for Civilian Nuclear Programs, “U.S. Nuclear Foreign Ownership Policy Ready for a Refreshed Interpretation,” Energy Law Journal Vol. 37, No. 1, 2016]

====The plan revitalizes the US nuclear industry through opening up US nuclear plants to Chinese investment in exchange for approving their nuclear tech. China says yes- they agreed to a similar QPQ with Britain and they’re trying to expand to the U.S. now==== B. The Need to Revisit Restrictions on Foreign Ownership of U.S. AND Staff to reach diverging views with applicants on the meaning of the term.
 * Desai and Schroeder 16** [Sachin Desai is a law clerk for the Atomic Safety & Licensing Board Panel at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Kathleen Schroeder is an attorney with the Department of Energy General Counsel's Office for Civilian Nuclear Programs, “U.S. Nuclear Foreign Ownership Policy Ready for a Refreshed Interpretation,” Energy Law Journal Vol. 37, No. 1, 2016]

The NRC can approve foreign ownership --- opening up nuclear plants to Chinese investment infuses the American nuclear industry with cash and improves America’s nuclear competitiveness
As the global energy economy becomes increasingly fluid, foreign ownership of U.S AND licensed facility remain in the hands of U.S. citizens ." n363
 * Desai and Schroeder 16** [Sachin Desai is a law clerk for the Atomic Safety & Licensing Board Panel at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Kathleen Schroeder is an attorney with the Department of Energy General Counsel's Office for Civilian Nuclear Programs, “U.S. Nuclear Foreign Ownership Policy Ready for a Refreshed Interpretation,” Energy Law Journal Vol. 37, No. 1, 2016]

China says yes – they’re desperate to find any market for nuclear exports
China’s nuclear power industry has eyed up a big push to export its technologies as AND be needed to fulfil its order book, must be in serious doubt.
 * Thomas 16** [Steve Thomas, professor of energy studies at the University of Greenwich, in London, “Why China’s Nuclear Exports May Struggle to Find a Market,” May 13, 2016, China File, https://www.chinafile.com/environment/why-chinas-nuclear-exports-may-struggle-find-market]

====Chinese nuclear industry growth is the single greatest risk to global nonprolif --- inducing Chinese nuclear sector transparency and government-to-government information exchange ensures effective safety measures==== __China continues to be the //key source of goods// and technology for the prohibited nuclear__ __AND__ waning, but //it could also undermine broader nonproliferation efforts around the world//.
 * Bowen 13** [Wyn Q. Bowen, professor of nonproliferation and international security and the director of the Centre for Science and Security Studies in the Department of War Studies at King's College in London, his expertise is in nonproliferation, terrorism, and US security policy, from 1997 to 1998, he served as a weapons inspector on several missile teams in Iraq with the UN Special Commission; he has also worked as a consultant to the International Atomic Energy Agency, more recently, he was a specialist adviser to the House of Commons' Foreign Affairs Committee for inquiries into Britain's decision to enter the Iraq War, also written with Ian J. Stewart and Daniel Salisbury, “Engaging China in proliferation prevention,” //Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists//, October 29, 2013, http://thebulletin.org/engaging-china-proliferation-prevention]