Anthony+&+Jonah

Cuts to ocean exploration are destroying US marine science leadership
Mclain, 12 - Assistant Director of Science for the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (Craig, March 15, 2012 “Losing Deep-Sea Science in the United States” http://deepseanews.com/2012/03/losing-deep-sea-science-in-the-united-states/)//gingE As the case in 1962, our nation’s scientific numbers have never been greater or AND to the NOAA Director Jane Lubchenco. Their contact information is listed below.

Greater ocean exploration is vital to understanding deep-ocean thermohaline circulation which determines our ability to adapt to climate change
Goodwin is PhD Marine Biologist and Science Writer at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (“Why Do We Explore” []) zabd Why Ocean Exploration Is Important Today Curiosity, desire for knowledge, and quest for AND we explore Earth’s ocean; but we also explore to survive.
 * Goodwin, 9** – The Harmon Project, NOAA

Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience
The misconceptions that drove spending on space were mirrored in our lack of knowledge about AND the importance of aggressive ocean research and management before it is too late.
 * Young, 14 –** thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT **(**Grace, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, []

It will end all life on the planet
Dingle 11 – Sarah Dingle is a reporter for ABC Radio Current Affairs. (“Ocean heading for mass extinction, scientists warn”, ABC News, [], June 21, 2011, Quay) Scientists are warning of a potential marine massacre with a mass extinction of sea life AND will be presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York this week.

Stable federal exploration funding is the __bellwether__ for catalyzing investment in __adaptation technologies__ and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem management
The importance of the ocean in daily life, whether you live on the East AND that U.S. ocean science research will have //around the globe//.
 * Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH

====A dedicated federal funding stream through NOPP is __perceived__ as restoring the U.S. __reputation__ within the marine science community – that’s vital to attracting scientists into research collaboration==== NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, []) The major drawback of a NOPP-sponsored ocean exploration program is that NOPP itself AND with consideration to the comments above) or NSF would be appropriate alternatives.

Research-driven adaptation strategies build in __resilience__ to prevent total ecosystem collapse
Major gaps exist in our current scientific understanding, limiting our ability to forecast the AND pollution) to //increase ecosystem resiliency// as well as local-scale mitigation efforts.
 * Doney, 8 -** Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, **“**The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174” Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives6/5, []

A dedicated NOPP funding stream will maximize ocean science partnerships and lead to __applied solutions__ for ocean ecosystem management
The successes of the ocean partnership effort started more than ten years ago have been AND partnering and apply them to society’s most exigent needs with haste and vigor.
 * Watkins et al, 9** - Watkins chaired the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, served as the President of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, and founding President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (James, How the Oceanographic Community Created a National Oceanographic Partnership Program” Oceanography Vol. 22, Iss. 2. Published by the NOPP. https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2982/22.2_watkins.pdf?sequence=1) zabd

US oceans leadership creates the political will for protection– change is empirically possible
The rebirth of the seas will require large doses of education to dispel the myth AND the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, the world’s largest ocean preserve.
 * Sielen, 14 -** ALAN B. SIELEN is Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (“Sea Change: How to Save the Oceans” 4/16, []

1ac – disease
Justification for a New Ocean Exploration ProgramThe ocean supports us—whether we live AND the oceans respond to chemical, biological, and physical changes __must increase__.
 * Exploration is vital to biodiscovery and developing new cures for diseases **
 * NRC, ’03 **(Committee on Exploration of the Seas, National Research Council “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown” National Academies Press []) //GY

Ocean exploration of microbes solve resources for drugs to combat disease
Although thousands of organisms can be identified in a single drop of seawater, __the__ __AND__
 * NRC, 3**—committee on Exploration of the Seas Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies (National Research Council, “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, the National Academies Press, [], pg. 46)//emchen
 * __the ocean exploration program would provide new resources for their drug discovery programs.__**

Global antibiotic resistance is increasing rapidly - the ability to treat diseases at all is close to collapsing – ending modern medicine
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within a wide range of infectious agents is a growing AND has a negative impact on outcomes for patients and health-care expenditures.
 * Fukuda, 14 -** Assistant Director-General Health Security, World Health Organization, 14 (Keiji**,** “Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014” April, []

Antibiotic resistance is spreading quickly because no new antibacterial drugs have been developed in 27 years
Dangerous antibiotic-resistant bacteria and other pathogens have now emerged in every part of AND or lack health insurance have nowhere to turn for effective treatments.
 * Maron, 14** – staff, Scientific American (Dina, “Antibiotic Resistance Is Now Rife across the Globe” Scientific American, 4/30, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/antibiotic-resistance-is-now-rife-across-the-globe/)

That risks extinction
Greger 8 **–** M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger,, Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, [] ) Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent slew of emerging diseases in almost biblical terms AND “might easily transmute into a tune whistled whilst passing a graveyard.”3154

Independently -- Mutating cancers and diseases cause __extinction__
Our body is in constant competition with a dizzying array of __viruses__, bacteria, AND marsupial in Australia) __the very survival of our species could be threatened__.
 * Darling 12** – astronomer (David, “9 Strange Ways the World Really Might End”, Seattle's Big Blog, 3-18, http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2012/03/18/9-strange-ways-the-world-really-might-end/?fb_xd_fragment, Washington State University)//twontwon

Diseases are an existential threat
Posner, 5 - senior lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School (Richard A, 2005, “Catastrophe: the dozen most significant catastrophic risks and what we can do about them.” http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-130930466.html)//gingE The 1918-1919 flu pandemic is a reminder that nature may yet do us AND AIDS, which is spread mainly by voluntary intimate contact with infected people.

Exploration can specifically prevent the spread of antibiotic resistant diseases
Answer. Scientists at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution explores microbial chemical ecology and the interplay AND marine habitats produce diverse molecules that //inhibit these multidrug transporters// of various types.
 * Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH

No burnout – spreads too quickly
Over the next few years, the bigger story turned out not to be SARS AND on the planet, begun to multiply the risks to our own survival.
 * Guterl, 12 –** executive editor of Scientific American (Fred, __The Fate of the Species__, p. 1-2)