Samantha+Jacobs+&+Martina+Povolo

=Past 2nrs: elections da, uncondo cp,= =1ac - cyber=

US-Sino hacking activity is blocking effective implementation of global cyber norms leading to active calls for sanctions against China
On 5 January 2016, the Kiev government accused Russia of being behind a major AND especially given that they lack a seat at the decision-making table.
 * Maurer 16 - associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. member of the Research Advisory Network of the Global Commission on Internet Governance, the Freedom Online Coalition's cybersecurity working group "An Internet Free and Secure," and co-chaired the Civil Society Advisory Board of the Global Conference on CyberSpace. Developed the Global Cyber Definitions Database for the chair of the OSCE to support the implementation of the OSCE's cyber confidence-building measures. In 2013 and 2014, Maurer spoke about cybersecurity at the United Nations in New York and Geneva and co-authored "Tipping the Scale: An Analysis of Global Swing States in the Internet Governance Debate," published by the Global Commission on Internet Governance. His work has also been published by Jane's Intelligence Review, TIME, Foreign Policy, CNN, Slate, and other academic and media venues. (Tim, "The New Norms: Global Cyber-Security Agreements Face Challenges", February 5, 2016, Carnegie Endowment, http://carnegieendowment.org/2016/02/05/new-norms-global-cyber-security-agreements-face-challenges-pub-63031//dmeth)**

Cyberattacks are increasing – china's ignoring their pledge, spurring US backlash
Chinese hacking attempts on American corporate intellectual property have occurred with regularity over the past AND to abide by all of its commitments, the official told the AP.
 * AP 15 – Associated Press ("Chinese Cyberattacks on U.S. Companies Continue, Report Says", October 19, 2015, NBC News, http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/chinese-cyberattacks-u-s-companies-continue-report-says-n447016//dmeth)**

3 scenarios – first is cyber attacks – They'll escalate
In spite of significant differences in views, Beijing and Washington appear committed to not AND agenda and threaten to undermine the U.S.-China relationship again.
 * Segal and Lan 16 - Adam Segal is the Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow for China Studies and Director of the Program on Digital and Cyberspace Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations. Tang Lan is Deputy Director at the Institute of Information and Social Development, China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations. (Adam and Tang, "CAN THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA DE-CONFLICT IN CYBERSPACE?", War on the Rocks, April 27, 2016, http://warontherocks.com/2016/04/can-the-united-states-and-china-de-conflict-in-cyberspace//dmeth)**

Causes nuclear war
Andrew Nolan, Legislative Attorney at the Congressional Research Service, former Trial Attorney at the United States Department of Justice, holds a J.D. from George Washington University, 2015 ("Cybersecurity and Information Sharing: Legal Challenges and Solutions," CRS Report to Congress, March 16th, Available Online at http://fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/R43941.pdf, Accessed 07-05-2015, p. 1-3) The high profile cyberattacks of 2014 and early 2015 appear to be indicative of a AND the words of one prominent cybersecurity expert—"vulnerabilities of staggering proportions."26
 * Nolan, 15**

Second is sanctions – Sanctions will increase Chinese aggression and nationalism – supercharges the risk of miscalc and escalation
Prior to last week's summit between Chinese President Xi Jinping and U.S. AND it is, a major spark which could start a very serious fire.
 * Pickrell 15 – China political consultant, The Diplomat (Ryan, "A Dangerous Game: Responding to Chinese Cyber Activities", September 29, 2015, The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2015/09/a-dangerous-game-responding-to-chinese-cyber-activities///dmeth)**

Third is indo-pak conflict - absent cyber norms, India will first strike a vulnerable Pakistan
Starting with the Stuxnet attack on Iran in January 2009, the scale and damage AND region and allow India to conduct punitive strikes against Pakistan with relative ease.
 * Younus 16 - graduate of The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, consultant in the US. (Uzair, "The threat of cyberterrorism", Dawn News, March 21, 2016, http://www.dawn.com/news/1246971/the-threat-of-cyberterrorism//dmeth)**

The results is global nuclear famines
Shifferd 14 – Director of Peace Studies @ Northland College [Kent Shifferd (Founder of the Wisconsin Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies and Ph.D. in history from Northern Illinois University), "Nuclear winter follows war," Battle Creek Enquirer, Jan. 3, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/n7n5zp5] What could be worse than a nuclear war? A nuclear famine following a nuclear AND temperature, altered rainfall patterns and would not dissipate for about 10 years.

Increased US-China cyber cooperation is key to sustainable high relations
Chen and Lim 16 [Gang, Senior Research Fellow at the East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore, PhD contemporary international relations, Wen Xin, Research Associate at IPP Review, "Xi Jinping's Economic Cybersecurity Agreement with Barack Obama", 3/28/16, http://ippreview.com/index.php/Home/Blog/single/id/35.html]//DBI During Chinese President Xi Jinping's state visit to the United States, he reached an AND an overarching cyber doctrine and define the limits of acceptable behavior in cyberspace.

Specifically, cyber tensions derail cooperation on trade, the environment, and geostrategic matters
Harold et al 16 [Scott, an associate director of the RAND Center for Asia Pacific Policy, a political scientist at the RAND Corporation, and a member of the Pardee RAND Graduate School faculty, specializes in Chinese foreign policy, East Asian security, and international affairs, PhD political science, Martin Libicki, a senior management scientist at the RAND Corporation, a professor at the Pardee RAND Graduate School, and a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the U.S. Naval Academy, research focuses on the impacts of information technology on domestic and national security, PhD economics, Astrid Cevallos, Project Associate at the RAND Corporation, MPhil international relations, "Getting to Yes with China in Cyberspace", 2016, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1300/RR1335/RAND_RR1335.pdf]//DBI Chinese interlocutors recognize that the cyber issue is an irritant in relations between the two AND medium could have a knock-on effect outside it and vice versa.

US-China economic cooperation is key to global economic stability
Shulong et al 13 [Chu, Deputy Director, Institute of International Strategic and Development Studies, Tsinghua University, Da Wei, Director, Institute of American Studies, China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations, Du Lan, Assistant Research Fellow, Department of American Studies, China Institute of International Studies, Huang Ping, Director General, Institute of American Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Jin Canrong, Professor and Associate Dean, School of International Studies, Renmin University of China, Liu Qing, Associate Research Fellow, Department of American Studies, China Institute of International Studies, Qu Xing, President, China Institute of International Studies, Ruan Zongze, Vice President, China Institute of International Studies, Wang Fan, Director, Institute of International Relations, China Foreign Affairs University • Wang Yizhou, Associate Dean, School of International Studies, Peking University, Zhao Minghao, Research Fellow, China Center for Contemporary World Studies, Mathew Burrows, former Counselor, US National Intelligence Council; Director, Strategic Foresight Initiative, Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, Atlantic Council, Thomas Fingar, Oksenberg-Rohlen Distinguished Fellow, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Banning Garrett, Strategic Foresight Senior Fellow for Innovation and Global Trends, Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, Atlantic Council, Sherri Goodman, Senior Vice President, General Counsel, and Corporate Secretary, CNA, Barry Hughes, Professor and Director, Frederick S. Pardee Center for International Futures, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, Robert Manning, Senior Fellow, Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, Atlantic Council, Paul Saffo, Consulting Professor, Stanford University; Senior Fellow, Strategic Foresight Initiative, Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, Atlantic Council, Jonathan Woetzel, Director, McKinsey & Company, Casimir Yost, former Director, Strategic Futures Group, US National Intelligence Council, all part of The Atlantic Council of the United States and China Institute of International Studies, "China-US Cooperation: Key to the Global Future", September 2013, http://cusef.org.hk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/05_eng.pdf]//DBI Providing long-term perspective on US-China relations. The three scenarios explored AND -China cooperation on the global economy as well as bilateral economic relations.

Economic decline causes war and miscalculation
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
 * Royal 10** — Jedidiah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, M.Phil. Candidate at the University of New South Wales, 2010 ("Economic Integration, Economic Signalling and the Problem of Economic Crises," Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Edited by Ben Goldsmith and Jurgen Brauer, Published by Emerald Group Publishing, ISBN 0857240048, p. 213-215)

US-China environmental cooperation are critical to all warming mitigation efforts
Shulong et al 13 [Chu, Deputy Director, Institute of International Strategic and Development Studies, Tsinghua University, Da Wei, Director, Institute of American Studies, China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations, Du Lan, Assistant Research Fellow, Department of American Studies, China Institute of International Studies, Huang Ping, Director General, Institute of American Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Jin Canrong, Professor and Associate Dean, School of International Studies, Renmin University of China, Liu Qing, Associate Research Fellow, Department of American Studies, China Institute of International Studies, Qu Xing, President, China Institute of International Studies, Ruan Zongze, Vice President, China Institute of International Studies, Wang Fan, Director, Institute of International Relations, China Foreign Affairs University • Wang Yizhou, Associate Dean, School of International Studies, Peking University, Zhao Minghao, Research Fellow, China Center for Contemporary World Studies, Mathew Burrows, former Counselor, US National Intelligence Council; Director, Strategic Foresight Initiative, Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, Atlantic Council, Thomas Fingar, Oksenberg-Rohlen Distinguished Fellow, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Banning Garrett, Strategic Foresight Senior Fellow for Innovation and Global Trends, Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, Atlantic Council, Sherri Goodman, Senior Vice President, General Counsel, and Corporate Secretary, CNA, Barry Hughes, Professor and Director, Frederick S. Pardee Center for International Futures, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, Robert Manning, Senior Fellow, Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, Atlantic Council, Paul Saffo, Consulting Professor, Stanford University; Senior Fellow, Strategic Foresight Initiative, Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, Atlantic Council, Jonathan Woetzel, Director, McKinsey & Company, Casimir Yost, former Director, Strategic Futures Group, US National Intelligence Council, all part of The Atlantic Council of the United States and China Institute of International Studies, "China-US Cooperation: Key to the Global Future", September 2013, http://cusef.org.hk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/05_eng.pdf]//DBI Cooperation on climate change mitigation, adaptation, and consequence management. China-US AND US businesses as well as lower costs and widely disseminate clean energy technologies.

The impact is extinction—-geological history proves
Bushnell (Dennis, "Conquering Climate Change," The Futurist 44. 3, AND, so, as dire as the forecasts sound, they're actually conservative.
 * Bushnell 10** - MS in mechanical engineering, won the Lawrence A. Sperry Award, AIAA Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Award, the AIAA Dryden Lectureship, and is the recipient of many NASA Medals for outstanding Scientific Achievement and Leadership

US-China geostrategic cooperation is key to resolve Middle Eastern conflicts
Garver 16 [John, emeritus professor in the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs at the Georgia Institute of Technology, member of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations, specializes in China's foreign relations, PhD, "China and Iran: An Emerging Partnership Post-Sanctions", 2/8/16, http://www.mei.edu/content/china-and-iran-emerging-partnership-post-sanctions]//DBI Potential for Sino-American Partnership in the Middle East∂ American and Chinese interests AND global partnership in mitigating conflict, and ensuring stability for the world economy.

That solves nuclear war
Russell 9 - Russell, Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School (James A., "Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East" IFRI, Proliferation Papers, #26, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf) Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1) AND the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.

The plan allows the US and China to enforce international norms for a shared and harmonious cyberspace
benefits people of all countries and safeguards international peace, security and stability.
 * Qun 16 - Director-General, Department of Arms Control and Disarmament, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China (Wang, "Shared Interests and Responsibility: The US and China Must Join to Promote a Rules-based Cyberspace", The Huffington Post, May 11, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/wang-qun/shared-interests-and-resp_b_9873642.html//dmeth)**
 * Today, the US and China are to launch, in Washington DC, their**
 * AND**

Only formal dialogue secures effective cooperation – the plan is key
Segal and Lan 16 [Adam, Ira A. Lipman chair in emerging technologies and national security and director of the Digital and Cyberspace Policy Program at the Council on Foreign Relations, expert on security issues, technology development, and Chinese domestic and foreign policy, PhD government, Tang, Deputy Director at the Institute of Information and Social Development, China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations, "CAN THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA DE-CONFLICT IN CYBERSPACE?", 4/27/16, http://warontherocks.com/2016/04/can-the-united-states-and-china-de-conflict-in-cyberspace/] In spite of significant differences in views, Beijing and Washington appear committed to not AND agenda and threaten to undermine the U.S.-China relationship again.

The previous cyber-security agreement didn't go far enough – the aff is key to promote sustainable cooperation
Mussington '15 —- Assistant Director, Information Technology and Systems Division at Institute for Defense Analyses. Ph.D [B. David A, "The Missing Compliance Framework in the 2015 U.S.-China Cybersecurity Agreement," Institute for Defense Analysis, https://www.ida.org//media/Corporate/Files/Publications/IDA_Documents/ITSD/2015/D-5648.ashx, November 18^^th^^, 2015]//Mnush Summary In September 2015 the United States and the Peoples' Republic of China reached an AND data upon which cross-infrastructure cyber risk management decisions might be made.

Cybersecurity is the crucial issue
Lieberthal and Singer 12 [Kenneth, senior fellow emeritus in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings, professor emeritus at the University of Michigan, doctorate in political science, Peter, PhD government, Strategist and Senior Fellow at The New America Foundation, former Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at The Brookings Institution, "Cybersecurity and U.S.-China Relations", February 2012, http://www.brookings.edu//media/research/files/papers/2012/2/23-cybersecurity-china-us-singer-lieberthal/0223_cybersecurity_china_us_lieberthal_singer_pdf_english.pdf]//DBI There is perhaps no relationship as significant to the future of world politics as that AND , human rights, cross-Strait relations, and regional territorial disputes).

Securitizing cyber space is the ONLY way to prevent large scale cyber war – vulnerability creates a Unique need for it
In analysing the problems of securitization, major issues have been raised. Threat inflation AND issue is de-securitized, for now securitization is a necessary evil.
 * Pickin 12** (Matthew, MA War Stuides – Kings College, "What is the securitization of cyberspace? Is it a problem?", http://www.academia.edu/3100313/What_is_the_securitization_of_cyberspace_Is_it_a_problem)

Our discussion raises awareness of cyber militarism and spills over to policy
A historical analogy might be drawn to the study of nuclear issues. In many AND in providing education and background is in our view its most important function.
 * Owens et al. 09** (WILLIAM A. OWENS, AEA Holdings, Inc., Co-chair KENNETH W. DAM, University of Chicago, Co-chair THOMAS A. BERSON, Anagram Laboratories GERHARD CASPER, Stanford University DAVID D. CLARK, Massachusetts Institute of Technology RICHARD L. GARWIN, IBM Fellow Emeritus JACK L. GOLDSMITH III, Harvard Law School CARL G. O'BERRY, The Boeing Company JEROME H. SALTZER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (retired) MARK SEIDEN, MSB Associates SARAH SEWALL, Harvard University WALTER B. SLOCOMBE, Caplin & Drysdale WILLIAM O. STUDEMAN, U.S. Navy (retired) MICHAEL A. VATIS, Steptoe & Johnson LLP, "Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities", pdf)