Gaby+&+Gonni+(BMW-GHJPP)

=1AC=

**__ 1ac – nuclear leadership __**

__ONE consequence of nuclear power that dominates all others is__ the **__safety and security of__** AND __power, thereby resulting in infringement on__ the __civil rights__ of the citizens.
 * Nuclear power is inevitable – current trends prove it will be unsafe and trigger all of their turns – it’s just a question of how we manage it**
 * Haider 14** – Prof Physics @ Fordhams Univ. (Quamrul Haider, 2/27/14, “Nuclear power plant: Security, dirty bombs, and civil rights,” http://www.thedailystar.net/nuclear-power-plant-security-dirty-bombs-and-civil-rights-13144)//twonily

In my seemingly endless desire to dive headfirst into controversy, let me return to AND __and far less expensive than other approaches__ being focused on most actively today.
 * The plan is the key starting point to revitalize nuclear leadership – sub-seabed disposal is comparatively better than alternatives**
 * Wilson 14** – founder of BuildingGreen and the RDI Institute (Alex Wilson, 1/14/14, “Safe storage of nuclear waste,” http://www.reformer.com/columnists/ci_24904718/safe-storage-nuclear-waste)//twonily

__AND__ role to play in ensuring the safe and permanent storage of nuclear waste.
 * Now is key – total leadership meltdown in eight years**
 * Easley 12** – candidate for J.D., Cornell Law School (Megan Easley, March 2012, 97 Cornell L. Rev. 659, Lexis)//twonily
 * __The clock is ticking on__** the **__problem of nuclear waste disposal__** . The __majority of__


 * Specifically, we’ll isolate two internal links –**

__The **U**__ nited **__S__** tates' __dysfunctional nuclear waste management system has an unfortunate international side effect__ : AND __comes to setting up a proliferation-resistant__ international fuel-cycle __program__.
 * a) Nuclear diplomacy – their evidence doesn’t assume newest industry shifts**
 * Moniz 11** – Energy Secretary of the US, American nuclear physicist (Ernest Moniz, Nov/Dec 2011, //Council on Foreign Relations Foreign Affairs Magazine,// “Why We Still Need Nuclear Power,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136544/ernest-moniz/why-we-still-need-nuclear-power)//twonily

As __more nations consider pursuing nuclear energy__ or expanding their nuclear programs, **__U.__** .S. nuclear policy from the earliest days of the nuclear era.
 * b) Leading by example – other countries will model effective US policy**
 * BRC 12** – Blue Ribbon Commission (BRC, January 26, 2012, “Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future; Report to the Secretary of Energy,” http://cybercemetery.unt.edu/archive/brc/20120620220235/http://brc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/brc_finalreport_jan2012.pdf)//twonily
 * __AND__**


 * Three scenarios –**


 * First is safety –**

Subsequently, __I__ decided to __examine the likelihood of a monumental nuclear catastrophe in this__ __AND__ the Chinese to park right next door to so many nuclear power plants?
 * a) Meltdowns cause a chain reaction – extinction**
 * Hodges 14** – Editor and Host of The Common Sense Show, citing FEMA inspectors of nuclear power plants (Dave Hodges, 4/18/14, “Nuclear Power Plants Will Become America’s Extinction Level Event,” http://www.dcclothesline.com/2014/04/18/nuclear-power-plants-will-become-americas-extinction-level-event/)//twonily

__Nuclear power is a source of high-level waste which has to be sequestered__ __AND__ a distraction from the need to face up to the coming energy gap.
 * b) On-site storage pools will explode – extinction**
 * Fleming 7** – MA @ Oxford, MBA @ Cranfield, worked in industry, financial services and environmental consultancy, designed Tradable Energy Quotas (David Fleming, 2007, “The Lean Guide to Nuclear Energy – A Life Cycle In Trouble,” http://energyskeptic.com/2014/david-fleming-2007-the-lean-guide-to-nuclear-energy-a-life-cycle-in-trouble/)//twonily

__Nuclear waste is a problem__ that’s here to stay and, if the radioactive isotope AND , __we support a **national waste policy that results in more immediate progress.**__
 * Restoring leadership solves safe nuclear development**
 * Wallace et al 13** – Michael Wallace, director of the Nuclear Energy Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) AND Dave Banks, senior fellow and deputy director of the Nuclear Energy Program at CSIS AND Alayna Rodriguez, research intern with the Nuclear Energy Program at CSIS (CSIS, 8/2/13, “Finding a Solution to America’s Nuclear Waste Problem,” http://csis.org/publication/finding-solution-americas-nuclear-waste-problem)//twonily

__The health of the__ U.S. __civil nuclear infrastructure can have an important__ __AND__ __initiatives designed to discourage the spread of sensitive nuclear facilities to other countries.__
 * Second is prolif – the perception of nuclear leadership solves**
 * Bengelsdorf** **7**, Consultant and former director of both key State and Energy Department offices that are concerned with international nuclear and nonproliferation affairs, 07 (Harold, “The U.S. Domestic Civil Nuclear Infrastructure and U.S. Nonproliferation Policy” The U.S. Domestic Civil Nuclear Infrastructure AND U.S. Nonproliferation Policy, May 2007, 6/2/12)//twonily

Finally, several __new nuclear__ weapons __contenders are__ also __likely to emerge in the next__ __AND__ , would ever want. __None of this, however, is inevitable__.
 * Prolif causes global nuclear war**
 * Sokolski 9** (Henry, Executive Director – Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, “Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd”, Policy Review, June/July, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/46390537.html)

__Waste management has stood for decades as a barrier to the growth of nuclear energy__ __AND__ could lead to even more rapid shutdowns of presently operating nuclear power plants.
 * Third is leadership – formulating a credible nuclear waste solution revitalizes domestic nuclear industry leadership – this solves every impact and is modeled globally**
 * CSIS 13** – Center for Strategic and International Studies (June 2013, “Restoring U.S. Leadership in Nuclear Energy,” http://csis.org/files/publication/130614_RestoringUSLeadershipNuclearEnergy_WEB.pdf)//twonily

**__ 1ac – ilaw __**


 * Three internal links –**

1. The **__I__** nternational **__S__** eabed **__A__** uthority and __"Appropriation" Issues__ UNCLOS III's most unique AND __be unnecessarily cast into a developed/less developed "appropriation" issue.__
 * a) ISA legitimacy – it creates a sufficient regulatory framework – sub-seabed disposal is key**
 * Kaplan 91** – B.A. Carleton College, J.D. Candidate 1991, UPenn (Robert A. Kaplan, January, 1991, “Into the Abyss: International Regulation of Subseabed Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 769)//twonily

In 1996, an update to the Convention, known as __the London Protocol,__ __AND__
 * b) Signal – this solidifies regulatory control and complies with status quo statutes**
 * McAllister** **13**, 2/28/13—works at the department of Navy, Assistant Program Manager at PEO LMW, LCS Mission Modules Program Office (Keith R., “Sub-Seabed Repository for Nuclear Waste - a Strategic Alternative – 13102”, Department of the Navy, email chenemily817@gmail.com, http://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:45045842)//twonily
 * __be amended to reclassify managed sub-seabed disposal as__** a **__recognized__** exception.

__Full-scale operation for disposal__ of 250,000 metric tons (MTU). AND it could reduce the U.S. cost by 30-50%.
 * c) Science – the plan demonstrates a strong commitment to international R&D – that solves science diplomacy and means the plan is modeled internationally**
 * Hollister 87** – Dean of Graduate Studies and Senior Scientist @ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Dr. Charles D. Hollister, 7/17/87, “Responses to Follow-Up Questions,” http://archive.org/stream/civilianradioact00unit/civilianradioact00unit_djvu.txt)//twontwon

__Officials in Japan are beginning to suggest **the unthinkable**__ at the damaged Fukushima nuclear power AND Each __release of radiation from Fukushima increases the risk to__ that __food supply__.
 * Scenario one is the environment – nuclear waste dumping is inevitable and destroys it**
 * Herron 13** – staff writer @ examiner magazine (David Herron, 12/18/13, “Radioactive water release from Fukushima may be inevitable,” http://www.examiner.com/article/radioactive-water-release-from-fukushima-may-be-inevitable)//twonily

Thus, __barring discovery of any breakthrough__ transmutation __process__ n15 in the next decade, __AND__ __regime could serve as a **precedent for solving several other international environmental crises**__.
 * This comparatively outweighs their DAs and causes extinction through collapse of the ocean ecosystem – try or die for regulations – independently spills over to ensure solutions to other environmental problems**
 * Kaplan 91** – B.A. Carleton College, J.D. Candidate 1991, UPenn (Robert A. Kaplan, January, 1991, “Into the Abyss: International Regulation of Subseabed Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 769)//twonily

‘ __Science diplomacy and science and technology cooperation. . . is one of our__ __AND__ __are already the locus of existing instability and conflict__ (see Figure 2).
 * Scenario two is science diplomacy – global instability’s coming now and causes extinction — science diplomacy increases soft power that’s necessary to prevent military conflict**
 * Royal 10** – a Fellowship of more than 1400 outstanding individuals from all areas of science, mathematics, engineering and medicine (Royal Society, January, 2010, “New frontiers in science diplomacy” https://royalsociety.org/policy/publications/2010/new-frontiers-science-diplomacy/)//gingE

Imagine for a moment that the globe is inhabited by a single individual who roams AND __trade and security.____Many countries have recognised the value of science diplomacy.__
 * It’s also key to solve all existential impacts – war, climate, population, and disease all require international cooperation**
 * Sackett 10** – former Chief Scientist for Australia, former Program Director at the NSF, PhD in theoretical physics (Penny, August 10, 2010, “Science diplomacy: Collaboration for solutions,” Forum for Australian-European Science and Technology cooperation magazine, http://www.chiefscientist.gov.au/2010/08/science-diplomacy-collaboration-for-solutions/)//gingE

The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND __adaptation__ to these extremes __would mean profound__ social, cultural and political __changes__.
 * Climate change causes extinction**
 * Mazo 10**– PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)//BB

Fishing for Peace? The Need for a New EBM Initiative in the South China AND multilateral cooperation and mutual trust so urgently needed in the South China Sea.
 * Specifically, South China Sea conflict is on the brink – multilateral science diplomacy is key**
 * Leutert et al 13** - third-year PhD student in the government department at Cornell University, currently based in Beijing from 2013-2014 as a visiting scholar at PekingUniversity and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Also authored by Dr. C. Sachi GERBIN, the 2013-2014 US resident Sasakawa Peace Foundation fellow, and Jennifer MCARDLE, program associate at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Center for Science, Technology and Security Policy at Pacific Forum CSIS. (Wendy, "Forging Cooperation over Competition: Opportunities for Practical Security Collaboration in the Asia-Pacific” Issues & Insights Vol. 14 – No. 6 Beijing, People’s Republic of China December 2013, http://csis.org/files/publication/issuesinsights_vol14no6.pdf)//gingE **DOC = Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea**

While **__nuclear weapons__** exist, there remains a danger that they __will be used__. AND __—destroying agriculture, creating__ worldwide __famine, and generating__ chaos and __destruction__.
 * Extinction**
 * Wittner 11** - Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany (Lawrence S. Wittner, 11/28, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)//emchen


 * Science diplomacy causes diseases – that’s Sackett**

Our body is in constant competition with a dizzying array of __viruses__, bacteria, AND marsupial in Australia) __the very survival of our species could be **threatened**__.
 * Diseases cause extinction**
 * Darling 12** (David, Astronomer, “9 Strange Ways the World Really Might End”, Seattle's Big Blog, 3-18, http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2012/03/18/9-strange-ways-the-world-really-might-end/?fb_xd_fragment, Washington State University)//twontwon

**__ 1ac – plan __**


 * The United States federal government should substantially increase its development and/or exploration of the Earth’s oceans by amending the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act to develop a regulated pilot sub-seabed nuclear waste disposal program.**

**__ 1ac – solvency __**

1 . International Law __Three international legal agreements__ as well as general principles of international AND sites **__is legal but__**, apparently, **__politically unacceptable to the host states__**.
 * The plan increases the federal government’s development of the ocean – it’s legal and doesn’t leak**
 * Hollister 87** – Dean of Graduate Studies and Senior Scientist @ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Dr. Charles D. Hollister, 7/17/87, “Responses to Follow-Up Questions,” http://archive.org/stream/civilianradioact00unit/civilianradioact00unit_djvu.txt)//twontwon

__For nuclear waste, **a simple, quick, and easy**__ __disposal method would be__ __AND__ __by as much as 1%__ above its present level from natural radioactivity.
 * The tech exists – SSD is uniquely feasible and doesn’t hurt the environment**
 * Cohen 90** Bernard L. Cohen, Professor of Physics at the University of Pittsburgh, 1990 [The Nuclear Energy Option, http://home.pacbell.net/sabsay/nuclear/index.html]

The selection of a site for waste sequestration requires a number of criteria, many AND the waste must be packaged and transported, emplaced, and then protected.
 * There are tons of accessible sites**
 * McAllister** **13**, 2/28/13—works at the department of Navy, Assistant Program Manager at PEO LMW, LCS Mission Modules Program Office (Keith R., “Sub-Seabed Repository for Nuclear Waste - a Strategic Alternative – 13102”, Department of the Navy, email chenemily817@gmail.com, http://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:45045842)//twonily

C. Customary International Law __Customary international law represents a final potential restraint on SSD__ AND who refuse to comply with the LDC's non-binding ban on SSD.
 * No risk of their ilaw turns – the plan results in changes to CIL**
 * Kaplan 91** – B.A. Carleton College, J.D. Candidate 1991, UPenn (Robert A. Kaplan, January, 1991, “Into the Abyss: International Regulation of Subseabed Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 769)//twonily