Bree+&+Haley

=__**1AC Military Ocean Terminals**__=

toc =**Contention 1 is Deterrence**=

Ward **Wilson** (former Fellow at the Robert Kennedy Memorial Foundation) **2006** “Rationale for a study of City Annihilations,” http://wardhayeswilson.squarespace.com/city_annihilation/
 * Global crises are inevitable – There will inevitably be international contingencies that will require rapid military responses**

Paul **Murphy** (Major, United States Airforce, MA in Mobility Studies) **1999** “THE AVAILABILITY OF CONTAINER SHIPPING NEEDED TO MEET WARTIME AMMUNITION SUSTAINMENT REQUIREMENTS” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA372314 V. Ammunition Port Restrictions
 * Infrastructure limitations can add almost 2 weeks to critical ammunition shipments – ensuring broadened transport capability is key to avoid strategic bottlenecks**


 * These bottlenecks crush our military’s surge deployment capability – link magnitude is massive – effective MoTs are pre-requisites to over 90 percent of our sealift capability**
 * VanHoosen 97** [Paul VanHoosen, Lieutenant Commander, February 7, 1997, “MILITARY OCEAN TERMINALS WHO NEEDS THEM?”, Naval War College, [],


 * Err on the side of caution – overinvestment is better than underinvestment – otherwise we develop a false sense of security – hollows out our entire military capability**
 * Fogleman 94** - MA in military history and pol sci, former chief of staff of the Air Force (Ronald R., “Reengineering Defense Transportation,” DTIC, Winter, []


 * This is particularly true NOW – investment in our strategic mobility infrastructure is key to efficiency – acts as a force multiplier in the face of budgetary cuts elsewhere**
 * McNabb 11** - retired Air Force general (Duncan J., “We Measure Success Through the Eyes of the War Fighter,” Air and Space Power Journal, Winter, [])//mat//

//**The aff is the linchpin of all rapid response and power projection globally**// Paul **Murphy** (Major, United States Airforce, MA in Mobility Studies) **1999** “THE AVAILABILITY OF CONTAINER SHIPPING NEEDED TO MEET WARTIME AMMUNITION SUSTAINMENT REQUIREMENTS” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA372314


 * This is key to overall deterrence and conflict de-escalation – we control ceiling on all war impacts- no wars occur if the US can stop the conflict**
 * Hickins 09 ** (COLONEL KENNETH, United States Army, March 30, 2009, “STRATEGIC MOBILITY: FORGOTTEN CRITICAL REQUIREMENT OF THE CONTEMPORARY OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT”, http://www.dtic.mil.proxy.lib.umich.edu/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA494718 /TS)//


 * Even anti-hegemonic authors agree that the u.s. will continue to pursue hegemonic options –only a question if we ensure this dominance will be effective or ineffective**
 * Mearsheimer 11** John J. Mearsheimer, the “R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago” Jan/Feb 2011 “Imperial By Design” http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0059.pdf

=**Contention 2 is PACOM**=


 * Credible maritime support is key to USPACOMs effectiveness – otherwise the US will be overwhelmed in the theatre with regional contingencies**
 * Keating 09** [Timothy J. Keating, retired United States Navy admiral of PACOM, March 19, 2009, “ STATEMENT OF ADMIRAL TIMOTHY J. KEATING, U.S. NAVY COMMANDER U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND BEFORE THE SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE ON U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND POSTURE”, PACOM, [], DMintz]


 * Military Ocean Terminal infrastructure upgrades are critical to USPACOM effectiveness**
 * Fraser 12** [William Fraser, February 28, 2012, “Statement of General William Fraser, USAF Commander, United States Transportation Command Before the Senate Armed Services Committee On the State of the Command”, United States Transportation Command, [], DMintz]


 * Otherwise we will be completely absent in the region – lift capabilities are key**
 * Gulledge and Keating 10** [Jay Gulledge, Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, served on the faculties of Tulane University and the University of Louisville, Timothy J. Keating, retired United States Navy admiral of PACOM,// 2010 “Future Naval Operations in Asia and the Pacific” in “Climate and Energy Proceedings 2010”, Johns Hopkins University, page 344-345, [], DMintz]
 * All text is from Timoth y J. Keating


 * US maritime deployment credibility and strength is key to prevent war in the South China Sea – key to force peaceful cooperation**
 * Cronin and Kaplan 12** [Patrick M. Cronin, Senior Advisor and Senior Director of the Asia-Pacific Security Program at the Center for a New American Security, and Robert D. Kaplan, Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, January 2012, “Cooperation from Strength The United States, China and the South China Sea”, Center for New American Security, [], DMintz]


 * The impact is multiple nuclear conflicts**
 * Straits Times 2k** (Ching Cheong, Straits times, July 25 2000, lexis nexis)

=**Contention 3 is Diplomacy**=


 * Only the DoD can have rapid humanitarian assistance—sealift support is key**
 * DoD 11** [Department of Defense Security Cooperation Agency, February 2011, “Fiscal Year 2012 Budget Estimates Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster Assistance, and Civic Aid”, [], DMintz]


 * DoD will have to respond and the ability to isn’t ensured now**
 * Youngblut 09** [Christine Youngblut, //Adjunct Research Staff Member at the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA), a Federally-Funded R&D Center (FFRDC) that supports the Secretary of Defense. In her nearly thirty-year career, she has worked on defense-related issues ranging from military uses of virtual environments to cognitive readiness for irregular warfare. Most recently, Dr. Youngblut served as a member of the Defense Science Board study team examining the Trends and Implications of Climate Change for National and International Security. She holds a doctorate in Information Technology from George Mason University,// July 2009, “Climate Change Effects: Issues for International and US National Security”, Institute for Defense Analysis, [], DMintz]


 * PACOM does humanitarian aid—just a question of whether they have the capacity to do it—plan is key**
 * Gulledge and Keating 10** [Jay Gulledge, //Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, served on the faculties of Tulane University and the University of Louisville,// Timothy J. Keating, //retired United States Navy admiral of PACOM,// 2010 “Future Naval Operations in Asia and the Pacific” in “Climate and Energy Proceedings 2010”, Johns Hopkins University, page 354, [], DMintz]
 * All text is from Timoth y J. Keating**


 * Humanitarian assistance relief key to prevent escalation of conflict and has favorable responses**
 * Serafino 08** [Nina M. Serafino, Specialist in International Security Affairs, December 9, 2008, “The Department of Defense Role in Foreign Assistance: Background, Major Issues, and Options for Congress”, FAS, [], DMintz]


 * Humanitarian aid has been empirically beneficial for diplomacy—inability to further provide it is detrimental**
 * Katzenstein and Legro 09** [Peter J. Katzenstein, //Cornell University, APSA President (2008-09)//, and Jeffrey W. Legro, //University of Virginia, Chair,// September 2009, “US Standing in the World: Causes, Consequences, and the Future”, American Political Science Association, DMintz]


 * Diplomacy prevents extinction **
 * Jervis 9 **[Robert Jervis, //Professor of International Politics at Columbia//, 2009, “Unipolairty: A Structural Perspective”, Muse]


 * Soft power is key to cooperation on terrorism and obtaining what the US wants**
 * Nye 04** [Joseph S. Nye, Jr., //former Dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, currently the University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University, Bachelors from Princeton, PhD. From Harvard, Rhode Scholar,// 2004, “The Decline of America's Soft Power”, Foreign Affairs, DMintz]


 * Soft power is the only way to combat terrorism**
 * Nye 08** [Joseph S. Nye Jr., //former Dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, currently the University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University, Bachelors from Princeton, PhD. From Harvard, Rhode Scholar,// March 7, 2008, “Security and Smart Power”, American Behavioral Scientist, [], DMintz]


 * The consequences of delay are catastrophic—terrorists plotting massive devastation**
 * Calvan 6-20-12—Boston Globe Writer** [Bobby Caina, “US to Miss Target for Tighter Port Security: Cargo Screening Put Off to 2014,” Web, 6/12/12, Boston Globe, Proquest, 6/20/12]


 * Nuclear terrorism causes extinction – there are no checks on terrorist organizations**
 * Sid-Ahmed 4 **** (Mohamed Sid-Ahmed; former member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of Egypt, leading member of the National Progressive Unionist Party, and leading journalist for Al-Ahmar; Accessed June 25, 2012; http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm; Written August 26, 2004; “Extinction!”)

=** Plan: **=
 * The United States federal government should substantially increase funding for transportation infrastructure for the Defense Transportation System in and around its military ocean terminals.**

=**Contention 4 is Solvency**=


 * Current funding structure guarantees rampant price volatility - Creating a stable funding structure for ammunition port infrastructure can prevent it – ONLY the military can solve**
 * Keating and Sommerhauser 12 ** (Edward G. Keating, professor at the Pardee RAND Graduate School, senior economist specializing in defense economics issues, PhD, economic analysis, Stanford University, Daniel Sommerhauser, Statistical Project Associate in the Statistical Research and Consulting Group, RAND, MA, statistics, University of Missouri, “Funding Ammunition Ports,” RAND, Technical Report, Arroyo Center, 2012, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2012/RAND_TR1204.pdf,


 * Military Ocean Terminal usage is ramping up now – uncertain funding will hamstring ammunition transports**
 * Keating and Sommerhauser 12** (Edward G. Keating, professor at the Pardee RAND Graduate School, senior economist specializing in defense economics issues, PhD, economic analysis, Stanford University, Daniel Sommerhauser, Statistical Project Associate in the Statistical Research and Consulting Group, RAND, MA, statistics, University of Missouri, “Funding Ammunition Ports,” RAND, Technical Report, Arroyo Center, 2012, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2012/RAND_TR1204.pdf


 * The Sealift budget is falling apart – only a reinvigoration of the program will maintain it**
 * Bonney 6-26** Senior Editor of the Journal of Commerce and expert on Transportation Finance and Economics for 30 years (Joseph, “Military Sealift ‘Holding Breath’ on Budget Cuts”, Journal of Commerce, 6-26-2012, http://www.joc.com/washington/military-sealift-%E2%80%98holding-breath%E2%80%99-budget-cuts) RaPa


 * DTS infrastructure sustains DoD capabilities that are essential to power projection**
 * USTC 11** [United States Transportation Command, August 18, 2011 (original: August 2007), “Defense Transportation Regulation Part VII”, [], DMintz]