Christina+&+Nico


 * Affirmative - christinaxodair@gmail.com**
 * Negative - williamsnicolas9@gmail.com**


 * AFF**

a) economics, and depleting reservoirs
The speed and scope of the shale-led energy renaissance in the US has AND 345 billon barrels, equivalent to 10 percent of estimated global oil resources.
 * Gopinath 13** [New Delhi economist writing for Yale Global Online (Deepak, "Shale Energy No Quick Solution," Yale Global Online, http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/shale-energy-no-quick-solution]

b) Temporary recoveries only mask structural instabilities
AND even bigger financial mess, on a faster trajectory toward costly environmental destruction.
 * Ahmed 14** [Dr. Nafeez Ahmed is the Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research & Development and Chief Research Officer at Unitas Communications where he leads on geopolitical risk. ("Former BP geologist: peak oil is here and it will 'break economies'", The Guardian, January 2014]
 * Weijermars—senior practitioner at Alboran Energy Strategy Consultants, specializing in independent strategy

The impact is price spikes
In an interview with POWER, Berman argued that the boom in drilling shale gas AND be gas-coal switching if prices do go much higher than now."
 * Maize 12** ["Is Shale Gas Shallow or the Real Deal?", Kennedy, Veteran Journalist Kennedy Maize has spent the past 40 years working as a journalist, analyst, and manager in the private sector and federal government, with over 35 years of that focused on energy and environmental topics, http://www.powermag.com/gas/Is-Shale-Gas-Shallow-or-the-Real-Deal_5188.html]

Natural Gas Price Increase crushes the economy
The average price of natural gas is expected to increase by almost a dollar in AND to go up to $5 or $6 in the longer term."
 * Schwartzel 13** [Erich Schwartzel, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Expert on Fracking, visited Pappas' Public Policy Class and was part of a round table discussion that consisted of Barry Rabe, professor at UM and others, really funny too, "U.S. report predicts rising natural gas prices in 2013-14", http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/business/news/us-report-predicts-rising-natural-gas-prices-in-2013-14-669602/]

Robust domestic production is key to manufacturing growth—that's the basis for economic recovery
Duesterberg, 12 [Tom is Executive Director of the Manufacturing and Society in the 21st Century program at the Aspen Institute. He recently retired as President and CEO of The Manufacturers Alliance/MAPI, an economic research and executive education organization based in Arlington, Virginia with more than 500 manufacturing firms as members. Previous positions include: Director of the Washington Office of The Hudson Institute, Assistant Secretary for International Economic Policy at the U.S. Department of Commerce, chief of staff to two members of Congress, and associate instructor at Stanford University. His commentary and analysis on manufacturing, economic performance, globalization, and related policy issues can be found in major news outlets. He holds a B.A. degree from Princeton and M. A. and Ph.D. degrees from Indiana University, "Impact of the Energy Boom on US Manufacturing", http://www.aspeninstitute.org/about/blog/impact-energy-boom-us-manufacturing] The manufacturing sector has been leading the US economic recovery since the end of the AND renewable energy—manufacturing uses 90 percent more renewables than the transportation sector.

Adequate natural gas supply is key to low prices—galvanizes the economy
Expanded supply, coupled with low natural gas prices, has the potential to contribute AND , would need to be changed to a more market-oriented method.
 * Pirog and Ratner 12** [Energy specialist in the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies International Economics Program, **specialist in energy policy for the Congressional Research Service (Robert and Michael, "Natural Gas in the U.S. Economy: Opportunities for Growth" Congressional News Service, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42814.pdf]

Natural gas production directly correlates with growth and innovation
Carey 12 [Julie M, Julie M. Carey is an energy economist with Navigant Economics who provides consulting and testifying services Navigant's unconventional oil and gas offerings include advisory services for strategic business decision analysis, construction risk management, economic and antitrust analyses, investment banking and restructuring advisory services, and expert services for disputes and investigations, "How Unconventional Oil And Gas Is Supercharging The U.S. Economy", http://www.forbes.com/sites/energysource/2012/12/13/how-unconventional-oil-and-gas-is-transforming-the-u-s-economy/] It's an exciting time to be in the energy industry in America. The impact AND infrastructure build out and related opportunities (including both direct and indirect jobs).

Domestic manufacturing is key to overall resilience
Manufacturing is critically important to the American economy. For **generations**, the strength of AND vulnerable to everything from exchange rate fluctuations to trade embargoes to natural disasters.
 * Ettlinger, 11** [Michael, Vice President for Economic Policy at the Center for American Progress Prior to joining the Center, he spent six years at the Economic Policy Institute directing the Economic Analysis and Research Network. Previously, he was tax policy director for Citizens for Tax Justice and the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy for 11 years. He has also served on the staff of the New York State Assembly. "The Importance and Promise of American Manufacturing Why It Matters if We Make It in America and Where We Stand Today", http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/04/pdf/manufacturing.pdf]

Economic collapse causes competition for resources and instability that escalates and goes nuclear
Harris and Burrows, 9 [counselor in the National Intelligence Council, the principal drafter of Global Trends 2025, **member of the NIC's Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis", Washington Quarterly, http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_burrows.pdf] Increased Potential for Global Conflict Of course, the report encompasses more than economics AND within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Our impact has a strong statistical basis
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
 * Royal 10** [Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-214]

Natural gas key to spur growth in the chemical industry
Natural gas is used in the chemicals industry both as a fuel and as a AND that of gasoline, makes the competition more economically damaging for European refiners.
 * Pirog and Ratner 12**- *Energy specialist in the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies International Economics Program, **specialist in energy policy for the Congressional Research Service Robert and Michael, "Natural Gas in the U.S. Economy: Opportunities for Growth" Congressional News Service, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42814.pdf

Soles Extinction
ICCA 2 – (CCA (International Council of Chemical Associations), "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY," http://www.cefic.be/position/icca/pp_ic010.htm)/

====Sustainability in economic terms means the efficient management of scarce resources as well as a prospering industry and economy. Sustainability in the environmental sense means not placing an intolerable load on the ecosphere and maintaining the natural basis for life. Seen from society's viewpoint, sustainability means that human beings are the centre of concern. In view, particularly, of the population increase worldwide, there needs to be provided as large a measure of equal opportunities, freedom, social justice and security as possible. The chemical industry views Sustainable Development as a challenge put before all parts of society. In the advances made in its own operations, its improved performance and in the improvements to the human condition made through its products, the chemical industry sees cause for optimism and believes that Sustainable Development can be the intellectual framework around which the chemical industry, other industries and other sectors of society can reach consensus on how to improve living standards and the environment. The main challenges facing the world include:- * Optimizing the benefits obtained from depleting resources * Assuring against excessive strains placed on the eco-system * The dynamic growth of the world population * Remedying social and economic inequalities These are challenges on a global scale. It follows, therefore, that the attainment of Sustainable Development will call for action on the part of the people, governments, businesses and organisations around the world. The global chemical industry has realized this challenge. CONTRIBUTION OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The chemical industry is a key industry. Its products and services are instrumental in meeting the needs of mankind. It is present in all areas of life, from food and clothing, housing, communications, transport - right through to leisure activities. In addition, it helps to solve the problems of other sectors of industry, such as the energy sector, information technologies, environmental industries and the waste disposal sector, as examples. Due to its size, the chemical industry is an important supplier to a broad range of downstream industries and is, as well, a customer of a broad range of products and services from other industries. It follows, therefore, that the chemical industry plays a major role in providing/ supporting performance improvements, research and development progress and, last but not least, employment in other industries. In itself, it is a large-scale provider of jobs and makes a significant contribution to wealth creation and, hence, to the financing of both public works and the exercise of public responsibilities. Since living standards are determined to a large degree by material considerations, it is clear that the chemical industry with its unique capabilities is in a position to make a decisive contribution to Sustainable Development. Commitment by the world chemical industry to the concept of Sustainable Development requires words to be transposed into company-specific action programmes in order to provide a framework for all those working in the sector. Its "Responsible Care" initiative, self-monitoring systems and other voluntary programmes such as Sustainable Technology (SUSTECH), Education-Industry Partnerships, Energy Efficiency Programmes are also part of this framework. Thereby, companies are also confronted with new challenges and must act responsibly. They must take account of the consequences of their actions upon society and future generations. The global chemical industry believes that the key to improving the performance of the industry is both its commitment to achieving environmentally sound Sustainable Development and improved performance and transparency. Under the concept environment, to seek continuous improvement in performance, to educate all staff and work with customers and communities regarding product use and overall operation. Through these efforts the industry is improving its efficiency, reducing risks to health and the environment and making better products which, in turn, help individual and industry customers. THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY's LEADERSHIP IN INNOVATION The very notion of Sustainable Development will require new approaches in a number of areas. Innovation at all levels and in all fields of activity is the most effective instrument for ensuring that the economic, and environmental goals, as well as those of society, are being advanced. The chemical industry's contribution is to continue innovation of new products that meet customer needs and manufacturing processes that reduce risks to health and the environment. This contribution is based upon the knowledge and experience the industry has acquired from applying innovation not only to making, handling and use of chemical compounds, but also to reprocessing, recycling and solving environmental problems. The challenge facing the chemical industry is to maximize innovation, which can contribute to society meeting its goals for Sustainable Development. The chemical industry is firmly convinced that leadership in innovation represents the best way of attaining Sustainable Development. For the individual company, this means:- * a consistent orientation towards products, technologies and solutions which offer the greatest promise for the future * development of new integrated environmental technologies * a close cooperation with the customers of the chemical industry * adaptation to the conditions of global competition * bringing the most promising products quickly on the market * strengthening the R&D effort which requires resources which can only be financed from profitable earnings * actively contributing ideas and suggestions to the policy debates taking place in society * improving process yield (efficiency). APPROACH TO THE ECONOMIC GOAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The internationalization of the economy at large, in conjunction with a growing trend towards global competition, is becoming more and more apparent. This is being manifested by:- * an increase of imports and exports of goods as well as services * growing outward and inward flows of direct investment * an ever increasing exchange of technology transfers * globalization of monetary and financial schemes. The inter-relation of economic systems is complex, with a variety of relationships among countries. Multi-national chemical companies apply common standards in spreading investment capital and stimulating markets around the globe, thus setting the scene for the world market. What they need, in order to play a constructive role in Sustainable Development, is, first and foremost, freedom and fairness in international trade. Trade as an engine of economic growth is essential for Sustainable Development. A climate needs to be fostered within which such growth may take place on the basis of a clear set of rules with predictable consequences, by which investors may be guided in their long-term decision-making process. This includes bringing to a halt the growing intervention by governments in industry and their ever increasing demands to raise income by taxation, thus imposing a disproportionate load on the business community. Wealth creation and profits are fundamental to Sustainable Development. They sustain economies (not just the chemical industry), and contribute, via re-investment and R&D, to new technologies and environmental improvements. Profits are needed to create flexible company structures oriented towards economic, environmental and society-related requirements. The chemical industry is a major industrial sector and an essential contributor to welfare and employment on a global scale. In order to maintain this position under the imperative of Sustainable Development, the long-term future of the industry must be rooted in a dynamic policy, whereby continual innovation and re-engineering of companies result in an increase of productivity and, thus, keeping up international competitiveness as a pre-requisite of sustainable job creation.====

A US-led natural gas revolution solidifies global leadership
Mead 12 – Walter Russell Mead is the James Clark Chase Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard College and an Editor-at-Large for American Interest. ("Energy Revolution 2: A Post Post-American Post", American Interest, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2012/07/15/energy-revolution-2-a-post-post-american-post/, July 15, 2012) Forget peak oil; forget the Middle East. The energy revolution of the 21st AND role in shoring up the foundations of the American-led world order.

And it allows us to determine how the international system functions—alters the global balance of power
Gjelten 12 [ Tom Gjelten is a Diplomatic Correspondent for NPR. ("The Dash for Gas: The Golden Age of an Energy Game-Changer", World Affairs, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/dash-gas-golden-age-energy-game-changer, January/Febraury 2012] For a fresh perspective on geopolitical trends, look at the world through the lens AND gas, that vulnerability disappears. There would also be geopolitical effects overseas.

Energy primacy is key to primacy and prevents extinction
Hagel 12 [Chuck Hagel is a Professor at Georgetown University. ("The Challenge of Change", http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change, May 15, 2012] A new world order is being built today by seven billion global citizens. America's AND or region. Instability and violence disrupt supply and distribution and increase prices.

Hegemony solves conflict escalation and great power war
Assessing the Security Benefits of Deep Engagement Even if deep engagement's costs are far less AND disengaged—even as it pushes cooperation toward U.S. preferences.
 * Brooks et al. 13** [Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment Stephen G. Brooks (bio), G. John Ikenberry (bio) and William C. Wohlforth (bio), Stephen G. Brooks; G. John Ikenberry and William C. Wohlforth STEPHEN G. BROOKS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul. WILLIAM C. WOHLFORTH is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, International Security Volume 37, Number 3, Winter 2012, p. Project Muse]

Independently new geopolitical change in gas solves resource wars
Mead, 12 [Walter Russell, James Clarke Chace Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard College, 7/18/12, "Energy Revolution 3: The New American Century" The American Interest) http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2012/07/18/energy-revolution-3-the-new-american-century/] But on the bigger stage of world politics, it's the United States that benefits AND one in which the whole oil question is a lot more laid back.

Nuke war
McBay et al, 11 [Eric McBay et al, Lierre Keith, Derrick Jensen, May 5, 2011 publication. "Deep Green Resistance: Strategy to Save the Planet" Google Books] Resource wars between nuclear states will break out. War between the US and Russia AND settles, global warming will be even more rapid and worse than before.

1AC – Plan
====Plan: The United States Federal Government should remove restrictions on and accelerate leasing of offshore natural gas production of the Outer Continental Shelf within the Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.====

OCS restrictions must be lifted and federal action is key – Congress has to fund DOI leasing projects
Washington must do something about the increasing price of gasoline, now topping $4 AND them back. Thus far, none of these efforts has been successful.
 * Lieberman 8** [senior policy analyst for Energy and Environment for the Heritage Foundation (Ben, "Listing the Offshore Drilling Ban: A Positive Step in the Fight against High Energy Prices", The Heritage Foundation, 7/14/2008, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2008/07/lifting-the-offshore-drilling-ban-a-positive-step-in-the-fight-against-high-energy-prices]

85% of gas is off limits now
Luthi, 12 [Luthi is the president of the National Ocean Industry Association, representing more than 275 companies engaged in all aspects of the exploration and production of both traditional and renewable energy resources on the nation's outer continental shelf, "Let's find agreement on new offshore access", http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/energy-a-environment/267089-lets-find-agreement-on-new-offshore-access] Now that the election is (finally) behind us, President Obama has an AND is waiting for us there, because we're not allowed to go look.

And, the plan creates certainty for offshore production—balances supply
Mr. GRILES. America's public lands have an abundant opportunity for exploration and development AND from and buy, so they can have certainty about where to go.
 * Griles 3** [Lisa, Deputy Secretary, Department of the Interior, "Energy Production on Federal Lands," Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate]

And, that sustains low prices and ensures adequate supply
Hastings, 12 [House Representative Doc, Republican Washington, President Obama's offshore drilling plan must be replaced, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/energy-a-environment/239529-president-obamas-offshore-drilling-plan-must-be-replaced] Though President Obama uses lofty rhetoric to claim support for American oil and natural gas AND or support using American energy to create American jobs and strengthen America's economy.

Nearly 100 new projects are capable of development
Hillegeist et al 11 [President and COO at Quest Offshore Resources, Inc, Sean Shafer, Project Director, Andrew Jackson, Project Manager, Leslie Cook, Senior Research Consultant) December 2011 "The State of the Offshore U.S. Oil and Gas Industry" http://energytomorrow.org/images/uploads/Quest_2011_December_29_Final.pdf] If drilling permits going forward were to be issued at pre‐moratorium rates, AND to the nation in terms of energy security, employment and government revenue.

Otherwise, restrictions crush predictability and timing of projects
One legacy of congressional moratoria is their impact on the timing of possible OCS development AND restrictions were defensible in the absence of more permanent alternatives for similar leasing prohibitions
 * Hagerty 10** [Specialist in Energy and Natural Resources Policy at the Congressional Research Service) June 15, 2010 "Outer Continental Shelf Moratoria on Oil and Gas Development" http://crs.ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/10Jul/R41132.pdf]

====Obama's recent announcement only approved seismic studies to determine where resources might be located—-it's entirely separate from decisions about resource development, which the plan authorizes—-but it's perceived as a pro-industry move, which makes disad links non-unique==== The Obama administration on Friday green-lighted a plan to allow the oil industry AND year. But conservationists have threatened legal action, potentially slowing the timeline.
 * HC 7-18** (Houston Chronicle, "Seismic rift: Obama splits with environmentalists on Atlantic oil exploration," 7/18/14, http://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/energy/article/Seismic-rift-Obama-splits-with-environmentalists-5631901.php)

We haven't been partners all camp so... 2NR's in Christina's rounds: Security, framework, ex-im, case, china CP
 * NEG**

2NR's in Nico's rounds: Capitalism K, Politics DA (Ex-im) and case,