Henry+&+Nino

=1AC #1=

====The Middle Passage ontologically constructed the racial complex of anti Blackness – it has marked non-white bodies and has legitimized an apparatus of gratuitous violence. It functioned as a turning point in history because Africans entered as people and exited as slaves – that necessarily implicates the social reality of Black Bodies – the Middle Passage reappropriated death as an object controlled by the libidinal economy of anti Blackness – the slave ships __severed__ the ontic states of slaves and __forced__ them into social death==== Smallwood. 2007 . Associate Professor, Dio Richardson Endowed Professor, Ph.D. Duke University. (Stephanie E. “Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora.” Harvard University Press. Pg. 140-141) Properly memorialized, death afforded the opportunity to join the living community through a protective web of connections to the ancestors and the not-yet-born ... One week following receipt of the group of "very thin ordinary slaves" from Winneba (Chapter 3), the death march continued. ====Slave ships natally alienated Africans by denying __lived experiences__ and __commodifying__ their bodies for the slave trade – it is impossible to reconcile Blackness within civil society because the origin of the Black Body was displacement==== Smallwood. 2007 . Associate Professor, Dio Richardson Endowed Professor, Ph.D. Duke University. (Stephanie E. “Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora.” Harvard University Press. Pg. 122-123) Like the Atlantic market of which it was a part, the slave ship at sea produced two competing narrativesof the experience of the trans- atlantic voyage... "I asked them," he wrote, whether -these people had no country, but lived in this hol- low place?" 1 News that his captors indeed hailed from a "distant" land prompted more queries: ====White sailors maintained epistemic dominance over slaves by __ontologically displacing__ them and hiding the limits of the journey – trying to bring debate back to a clearly limited area uses the same logic that Slave Traders used to alienate Black slaves==== Smallwood. 2007 . Associate Professor, Dio Richardson Endowed Professor, Ph.D. Duke University. (Stephanie E. “Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora.” Harvard University Press. Pg. 131-132) Others from the region found their way across the Atlantic and back as accidental passengers aboard slave ships... Measured against this standard, the dramatic dimensions of the displacement Africans experienced as they moved farther out into the Atlantic, their own knowledge of time and place rapidly losing its utility, can be grasped at least intellectually.

Exploring the Middle Passage through a lens external to post-Enlightenment thought is the only mechanism to grasp anti Blackness
To note the potential of this debate around modernity to address these pressing issues of race and racism is not to say that all the elements of its successful resolution are already in evidence... In either guise, blacks enjoy a subordinate position in the dualistic system that reproduces the dominance of bonded whiteness, masculinity, and rationality ====Being radically negative is our only option – Civil society is defined in negation to the black body – the focus on coherent and contingent impacts is complicit with Whiteness – the antagonism of black and white bodies construct a matrix of violence that is the structure of civil society==== Wilderson ‘10 (Frank - PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from UC Berkely, Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms pg. 108-118) As noted above, before the “healthy” rancor and repartee that represent the cornerstone of civil society (be it in the boardroom, at the polling booth, in the bedroom, or on the analyst’s couch) can get underway, civil society must be relatively stable ... He is the corrosive element, destroying all that comes near him; he is the deforming element, disfiguring all that has to do with beauty or morality; he is the depository of maleficent powers, the unconscious and irretrievable instrument of blind forces (Fanon, Wretched 41)
 * Gilroy 95 ** [1993, Paul Gilroy is a Professor of Sociology and African American Studies at Yale University, and the writer of “Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line” and “There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack”, “The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, Pg. 44-45**]**

We can’t participate in traditional political thought – it assumes lived experiences for an articulation of freedom – that exists externally to black bodies
Wilderson 10 (Frank - PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from UC Berkely, Red, Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms Pg 34-36) Furthermore, the circulation of Blackness as metaphor and image at the most politically volatile and progressive moments in history (e.g. the French, English, and American Revolutions), produces dreams of liberation which are more inessential to and more parasitic on the Black, and more emphatic in their guarantee of Black suffering, than any dream of human liberation in any era heretofore... Gratuitous freedom has never been a trajectory of Humanist thought, which is why the infinite trajectories of freedom that emanate from Humanism’s hub are anything but infinite—for they have no line of flight leading to the Slave. ====Whiteness __fundamentally requires__ the destruction of Black bodies in order to survive – the antagonism of Black and White bodies can only be resolved by being radically negative towards the colonial project of white supremacy==== Sexton, Director, African American Studies School of Humanities, 2003 (Jared, “The Consequence of Race Mixture: Racialised Barriers and the Politics of Desire”, Social Identities, Volume 9, Number 2, 2003,Accessed 8-4-12, MR)
 * __He goes on to speak of his own desire to refuse the dissembling__**(or castrating) force of the white look, to avoid the mournful shroud of blackness, his desire for repair and resolution... **__Is it any surprise, then, that the very thing that ostensibly grants and guarantees the social existence of whiteness__**, i.e., blackness, is the very thing that — at the extreme, the edge, the verge — prevents it from enjoying a secure and stable life? In short, blackness ‘gives [whiteness] its classification as seeming’.8

Identifying the Black Body as an object of social death creates a program of incoherence and is necessary to avoid cooption – anything short of radical negativity is a project of Whiteness
Wilderson 10 (Frank - PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from UC Berkely, Red, Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms 187-188) If the structure of political desire in socially engaged film hopes to stake out an antagonistic relationship between its dream and the idiom of power that underwrites civil society, then it should grasp the invitation to assume the positionality of objects of social death... For a brief moment in history, Black film assumed the Black desire to take this country down.

= 1AC #2 =


 * Contention one is Ocean Drones***

====Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) development is inevitable, but Congress has to act promptly to authorize, appropriate and coordinate a //comprehensive national program// for it to work—that spurs P3s which streamline production and overcome previous barriers====

FIND 14 – Federal information and news dispatch (FIND, “House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Hearing”, federal press release, [|http://insurancenewsnet.com/oarticle/2014/02/07/house-transportation-and-infrastructure-subcommittee-on-coast-guard-and-maritime-a-457472.html#.U6xpufmICQo], HW)

The AUV's evolution is taking place at an amazing rate of change... A new public-private partnership is the key to such success.

Only U.S. federal investment can catalyze private sector tech and R&D development
Avery, 13 —President and Director Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, June 11 2013 [Dr. Susan K., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Published June 11 2013, []] JB

Frontiers in the Ocean Jim Cameron is a visionary who is capable of looking beyond what we are currently able to see... It also remains the bellwether by which philanthropic entrepreneurs judge the long-term viability of the impact their investment will have on the success that U.S. ocean science research will have around the globe.

Federal support is the seed for commercial spillover and widespread deployment
Avery, 14 — Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution President and Director, April 29 2014 [Susan K. Avery, April 29, 2014, “Driving Innovations through Federal Investments” United States Senate Committee on Appropriations Written Testimony, []] JB

//Huge dividends from initial federal support// To Ewing, the watery part of the ocean was annoying... Unconstrained by expected results in the next quarter, and beholden to seek wider benefits for a broader group of shareholders—everyone in this nation— //federal funding for basic research is the seed for innovation and continues to enlarge the realm of the possible.//

Current ocean exploration is woefully inadequate in climate data collection—AUVs are the key first step
McNutt, 13 —Marcia, Executive Chair of Oceans 2020, a group of more than 110 ocean explorers gathered at the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California, “Accelerating Ocean Exploration” SCIENCE 341:937 (30 August 2013). Reprinted with permission from AAAS in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “The Report of Ocean Exploration Exploration 2020; A National Program,” July, []. Page 13-14 //BR

Last month, a distinguished group of ocean researchers and explorers convened in Long Beach, California, at the Aquarium of the Pacific to assess progress and future prospects in ocean exploration... Exploration of this frontier needs to happen now to provide a useful informational baseline for future decisions.


 * Specifically, AUVs are key to __cold vent monitoring__ **


 * Furlong 13 **– Masters student, University of Victoria (Jonathan, “Characteristic Morphology, Backscatter, and Sub-seafloor Structures of Cold-Vents on the Northern Cascadia Margin from High-Resolution Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Data” UMI Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest)

In this chapter __I discuss visible surface features of cold vents and attempt to explain what mechanisms exist in the subsurface to generate these features...__ __Shallow AUV sub-bottom imaging allows the examination of discrete cold vent communities to be extended into the subsurface____.__


 * __ Methane seepage __**** from cold vents trigger __immediate climate tipping events__ that cause extinction **


 * Furlong 13 **– Masters student, University of Victoria (Jonathan, “Characteristic Morphology, Backscatter, and Sub-seafloor Structures of Cold-Vents on the Northern Cascadia Margin from High-Resolution Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Data” UMI Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest)

__The co-deposition of organic carbon with inorganic seafloor sediments is considered to remove carbon from the rapid-cycling biogeosphere..__. A debate exists over whether the source of methane is derived from marine sediments (O’Hara, 2008) or sourced from the continent (Etiope et al., 2008).

AUVs are a pre-requisite to //effective// environmental policy—in-situ processing radically reframes our understanding of key environmental dynamics
NRC ‘96

[National Research Council. “Undersea Vehicles and National Needs”. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1996, [|http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5069&page=]55]

While scientists have been studying oceanic communities for more than a century, the perspective afforded by research vessels //at the surface// has //biased our knowledge substantially// ... Another mission to Pulley Ridge was scheduled for September to November 2012, with plans to pilot the glider toward deeper water to the southeast where other deep coral reef ecosystems are known to exist. n

Species diversity loss causes global extinction – we’re at the tipping point – crossing the threshold in the next 10 years makes it irreversible
Walsh, 10 —Bryan, “Wildlife: A Global Convention on Biodiversity Opens in Japan, But Can It Make a Difference?” Ecocentric Blog @ TIME, 10-18, [|http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2010/10/18/wildlife-a-global-convention-on-biodiversity-opens-in-japan-but-can-it-make-a-difference/#ixzz131wU6CSp]. //BR//

// The story of non-human life on the planet Earth over the past few decades is a simple one: loss ... // And that loss really is forever.//

Environmental destruction is the greatest threat to human survival—several scenarios
Coyne and Hoekstra 7 – *professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago, **Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University (Jerry and Hopi, The New Republic, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, [])

But it isn't just the destruction of the rainforests that should trouble us...__Global warming will seem like a secondary problem when humanity finally faces the consequences of what we have done to nature: not just another Great Dying, but perhaps the //greatest dying of them all//__.

Defer Aff—coral reef and ocean ecosystem collapse is an invisible threshold for extinction—it also flips all of their environment Ks
Watston, 2K— founder Sea Shepherd conservation Society. Founding Director Greenpeace, MA Environmentalist[Paul, “The Politics of Extinction,” []]

__Individual humans are for the most part insulated from the reality of species loss..__. __And that will be the price of progress -- ecological collapse, the death of nature, and with it the horrendous and mind numbing specter of massive human destruction__.

__***Contention Three is Rare Earth Minerals**__
====Rare Earth Minerals (REMs) depleting now and risks global economic collapse– AUVs accesses new supplies which are key for the aerospace industry and high tech manufacturing and allow us to beat out China====

Green 14, Senior Editor-in-Chief at Robotics Business Review (Tom, 5-12-14, Robotics Business Review, “Deep Sea Dive for Rare Earth Elements”, http://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/article/deep_sea_dive_for_rare_earth_elements)

Aftera year of falling prices and depleting customer inventories, buyers of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are coming back into this $10B market, but now supplies are getting scarce and prices are beginning to soar... Although subsea mining at depths of 500 feet or less has been carried out for some time, deep sea projects have had to await technology, which is now coming on line, funded by companies like Nautilus Minerals, with subsea robot mining tools built by technology partners like Soil Machine Dynamics.

Autonomous underwater vehicles key to inexpensive detection of mineral deposits AND new technology means surveys can be done quickly and accurately
Wiltshire, ’10, Specialist at Ocean and Resources Engineering

[J. C., "MINERAL EXTRACTION, AUTHIGENIC MINERALS." //Marine Policy & Economics: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences//(2010): 274., Google Books, [|http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dqzXwFsOFMcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA274&dq=(%22Rare+Earth+Elements%22+OR+%22rare+earth+minerals%22)+AND+(%22autonomous+underwater+vehicles%22+OR+%22Autonomous+Benthic+Explorer%22)&ots=PIzchVTPjs&sig=C1I_dhR2fdZIW6VUSsl3m8t-n44#v=onepage&q&f=false] , pg 276]

The first step in minerals development is to find a n economic mine site... The grade and tonnage estimates of the deposit will be entered into a financial model to determine whether it is economically profitable to mine a given deposit.

China REM monopoly prevents US high tech manufacturing and causes all future development to offshore – US action is key now to win the race and cause reshoring
Hannis 12, Senior fellow in defense studies at the American Foreign Policy Council, 12 (Eric, 11-20-12, US News, “Are We Losing the Race for Rare Earths?”, [])

The United States, like most of the industrialized world, is currently engaged in a race to develop viable, non-Chinese sourcesof the rare earth elements that are so critical to modern technologies.. . If viable, non-Chinese sources are developed soon, however, companieswill have an alternative that will allow them a way out of the China relocation trap.

1) REM independence is key to weapons development and preserving hegemony
Hannis 12, Senior fellow in defense studies at the American Foreign Policy Council (Eric, 11-20-12, US News, “Are We Losing the Race for Rare Earths?”, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2012/11/20/the-us-needs-rare-earth-independence-from-china)

This race is also important for defense reasons: A reliable domestic source of rare earths for weapons production is a critical national security goal for modern nations ... After all, //the nation that supplies our rare earths shares one key similarity to the region that supplies much of our oil: Neither are getting friendlier to America.//

2) Manufacturing is key to defense technology that’s the foundation of military primacy
O'Hanlon 12, Scholar at the Brookings Institution (Michael, January 2012, The Brookings Institution, “The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy”, [] )

The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in their likely industrial impact, as the U.S. defense industrial base is in a much different place than it was in the past... //That requires world-class// scientific and //manufacturing capabilities//—which in turn can also generate civilian and military export opportunities for the U nited S tates in a globalized marketplace.

3) manufacturing is key to competitiveness that underpins growth and power projection
Baru 9, Visiting Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and Institute of South Asian Studies (Singapore) (Sanjava, January 2009, The Seminar, “Year of the power shift?”, , http://www.india-seminar.com/2009/593/593_sanjaya_baru.htm)

There is no doubt that economics alone will not determine the balance of global power, but there is no doubt either that economics has come to matter for more... In Kennedy’s view the geopolitical consequences of an economic crisis or even decline would be transmitted through a nation’s inability to find adequate financial resources to simultaneously sustain economic growth and military power – the classic ‘guns vs butter’ dilemma.

The pursuit of hegemony is inevitable, sustainable, and prevents great power war
Ikenberry 13 Brooks, and Wohlforth, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul and the Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College (John Ikenberry, Stephen G. Brooks, William C. Wohlforth, January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, “Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward)

Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall far below what advocates of retrenchment claim, they would not be worth bearing unless they yielded greater benefits... The results could well be disastrous.

Aerospace manufacturing is key -airpower decline risks global instability and conflict
Pfaltzgraff 10

[Robert L, Shelby Cullom Davis Professor of International Security Studies at. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and President of the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, et al., Final Report of the IFPA-Fletcher Conference on National Security Strategy and Policy, “Air, Space, & Cyberspace Power in the 21st-Century”, p. xiii-9]

Deterrence Strategy In stark contrast to the bipolar Cold War nuclear setting, today’s security environment includes multiple, independent nuclear actors...

What all of these have in common is the indispensable role that airpower would play in U.S. strategy and crisis management.

= 1AC #3 =


 * Enlightenment philosophy is founded on a fear of the ocean. We seek predictability, limits, and boundaries because we want to block out the inevitability of chaos, death, and chance. Attempts to circumscribe our voyages only repress what we fear and guarantee that it will be expressed in another place and time. The project of our affirmative is to explore this ocean without refuge, to give up on the myth of a safe harbor.**


 * LAND 1992** (Nick Land is a lecturer in Continental Philosophy at Warwick University, The Thirst for Annihilation: Georges Bataille and Virulent Nihilism 75-9 IMPORTANT NOTE: parts in italics are quotations in the text from Kant. Kant is the bad guy. He’s going for framework against Bataille. You probably want to preserve that formatting.)

__Of the ‘terrain of pure understanding’ Kant says:__

//__This domain is an island, enclosed by nature itself within unalterable limits...__// Dead labour is far harder to control than the live stuff was, __ which is why the enlightenment project of interring gothic superstition was the royal road to the first truly vampiric civilization, in which death alone comes to rule __.


 * Fascism, too, is founded on a fear of the ocean. Mass exterminations are the result of a desire to cleanse and purify our community, to resist the unknown by drawing limits and isolating us from the real of blood and death. The obsession with policy will lead us nowhere—only a focus on poetry, language without an instrumental purpose, as a resistance to literal, limiting thought undermines the conditions of possibility for misery and atrocity**


 * LAND 1992** (Nick Land is a lecturer in Continental Philosophy at Warwick University, The Thirst for Annihilation: Georges Bataille and Virulent Nihilism, 138-140)

However great the revulsion that can be felt in contact with a single corpse, especially when it is in an advanced state of decomposition, or marked with the traces of an ignoble extremity of agony (torture in particular), this is massively augmented—and not merely quantitatively—when one is confronted by heaps or mounds of corpses; the stacked remains of an ossuary, the human remnants from an extermination camp, piles of skulls, anonymous tangles of bodies in the Ugandan bush or at the edge of a Kampuchean paddy field... __ What matters is **burning a hole through the wall** __.


 * Modern science has created a myth of infinite knowledge which stifles creativity and represses excess with the quest for literal truth. Our philosophical investigation of the ocean resists this completion and provides an outlet for scientific inquiry and resists the dominant form of scholarship as accumulation and work, which demands predictability, order, and stasis. Exploration resists both scientific certainty and mystical obscurantism—thought without restriction is important in and of itself**


 * LAND 1992** (Nick Land is a lecturer in Continental Philosophy at Warwick University, The Thirst for Annihilation: Georges Bataille and Virulent Nihilism, 24-5)

__One consequence of the__ Occidental __obsession with transcendence, logicized negation, the purity of distinction, and with ‘truth’, is a physics that is forever pompously asserting that it is on the verge of completion...__ Such a text is always too brief, and instead of a draining anaesthetic attachment there is the sting.


 * Hence the plan: the United States Federal Government should explore the Great Cthulhu’s sunken city of R’lyeh.**


 * In the fiction of H.P. Lovecraft, Cthulhu and his lost city of R’lyeh beneath the ocean stand in for the horror of the Real, that which exceeds the power of language to literally assimilate**


 * LALIBERTE 2013** (Chris, “The Real in R’lyeh: On Lacan and Lovecraft,” With Caffeine & Careful Thought, Vol 1. Iss 1., November, http://142.150.190.119/index.php/wcct/article/view/20138) THIS EVIDENCE IS GENDER MODIFIED

H.P. __Lovecraft__ once __wrote that the true weird tale must convey “a certain atmosphere of breathless and unexplainable dread of outer, unknown forces__ ” (“Supernatural Horror in Literature”)... Cthulhu, therefore, acts as signifier for both the transcendent Real and the Thing, and this synonymity introduces the object a.


 * The Cthulhu Mythos is the foundation of cosmic horror. The point is not just fear, but a dislocation of humanity’s central place in the universe. Revealing that the sublime powers of the universe are indifferent towards and untroubled by humanity fascinates and terrifies us, shattering the frame of terrestrial philosophy**


 * MARIANI 2014** (Mike, Terror Incognita: The Paradoxical History of Cosmic Horror, from Lovecraft to Ligotti, Los Angeles Review of Books, April 10, https://lareviewofbooks.org/essay/terror-incognita-paradoxical-history-cosmic-horror-lovecraft-ligotti)

__To appreciate the cosmic mystery that Lovecraft so obsessively tried to convey and conjure to hideous life in his stories, we are invited to consider human knowledge as a flat plane in the middle of black depths of outer space...__ __ The imagination, weaned on a materialistic civilization and thoroughly disillusioned with it, yearns for that sublime unknown. __


 * The aff’s exploration of the unknown through cosmic horror reveals the gaps and fissures of the Planet and decenters human subjectivity—this is the necessary prerequisite to an encounter with political and ecological crises**


 * THACKER 2010** (Eugene, associate professor at The New School, In the Dust of this Planet, kindle)

__The world is increasingly unthinkable – a world of planetary disasters, emerging pandemics, tectonic shifts, strange weather, oil-drenched seascapes, and the__ furtive, __always-looming threat of extinction..__ .Or, as Plato once put it, “hair, mud, and dirt.”

= NEG =

1ac- Methane Hydrates 1nc- Russia SOI, Security K, T-its, Russian Oil DA, Japan CP, Japan Soft Power DA, Case(Bursts) 2nr- T
 * 1

1ac- NOPP 1nc- China Soft Power DA, Frontier K, Psychoanalysis K, T-its 2nr- Psychoanalysis K
 * 2

1ac- Seaborgs 1nc- FW, Anthro, Invisibility, Queer PIC, Case (Commodification, SOF, Western Sexuality, Cyborgs = Gendered, Ableism) 2nr- FW
 * 3