Abby+Fry+and+Kalyani+Allums

Case

 * Contention 1 is Warming**

China’s not backing Arctic warming initiatives now, decking broader US-China warming cooperation – supporting Beijing’s Arctic status is key
On Sunday and Monday, foreign ministers and other international leaders met in Anchorage, AND Paris summit, and for U.S.-China cooperation in general.
 * Tiezzi, 15**—Shannon, Editor at The Diplomat, previously served as a research associate at the U.S.-China Policy Foundation, MA @ Harvard, also studied at Tsinghua University in Beijing. "Why Did China Opt Out of the Arctic Climate Change Statement?" The Diplomat, Sept 1, http://thediplomat.com/2015/09/why-did-china-opt-out-of-the-arctic-climate-change-statement/ —br

The Arctic is thawing even faster than lawmakers can formulate new rules to prevent the AND damage caused by physical hazards encountered in the Arctic, and navigating restrictions."
 * ====The Arctic will be ice free by 2100, driving 2/3 of all global trade through the Arctic without regulation-====**
 * Saul and Chestney, 16**—Jonathan and Nina, Reuters reporters citing Whit Sheard of the Circumpolar Conservation Union, Julie Gourley, senior Arctic official at the U.S. State Department and multiple studies. "Arctic thaw opens shipping waterways, risks to environment," Feb 25, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-shipping-arctic-idUSKCN0VY1N9 —br

Arctic cooperation is solves – it’s the epicenter of glacier research and shipping emission regulation
Five key areas of cooperation can enhance Arctic cooperation between the U.S. AND the linkages of the polar regions to global change is another fruitful course ahead
 * Slayton and Brigham, 15**—David Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution. Lawson W. Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, a fellow at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy’s Center for Arctic Study & Policy, and a member of Hoover’s Arctic Security Initiative. "Strengthen Arctic cooperation between the US and China," Aug 27, Alaska Dispatch News (ADN), http://www.adn.com/article/20150827/strengthen-arctic-cooperation-between-us-and-china —br

Cooperation is on the brink – China’s carefully assessing US signals of commitment
The Supreme Court’s surprise decision Tuesday to halt the carrying out of President Obama’s climate AND States has long been the chief obstacle to meaningful global climate change agreements.
 * Davenport, 16**—Coral, covers energy and climate change policy at The New York Times, previously a fellow with the Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting and covered energy and the environment for National Journal, Politico, and Congressional Quarterly. "Supreme Court’s Blow to Emissions Efforts May Imperil Paris Climate Accord," New York Times (NYT), Feb 10, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/11/us/politics/carbon-emissions-paris-climate-accord.html —br

The plan revives US-China cooperation by spurring highly-visible, lasting changes
Fifth, joint Arctic marine research is an arena with much promise. Joint oceanographic AND within their already existing dialogue and in international organizations including the Arctic Council.
 * Slayton and Brigham, 15**—David Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution. Lawson W. Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, a fellow at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy’s Center for Arctic Study & Policy, and a member of Hoover’s Arctic Security Initiative. "Strengthen Arctic cooperation between the US and China," Aug 27, Alaska Dispatch News (ADN), http://www.adn.com/article/20150827/strengthen-arctic-cooperation-between-us-and-china —br

US-China cooperation is key – they’re the two largest emitters and drive multilateral action
The Paris Summit in December 2015 is being seen as the "last chance" AND government retreats from efforts to curb emissions in favor of stabilizing economic growth.
 * Hongzhou, 15**—Zhang, Associate Research Fellow with the China Programme @ S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) at Nanyang Technological University (Singapore). "China-US Climate Change Cooperation: Beyond Energy," The Diplomat, Oct 13, http://thediplomat.com/2015/10/china-us-climate-change-cooperation-beyond-energy/ —br

China says yes and the has the rest of the councils support
China was the first Asian state to show interest and it has begun efforts to AND up, look for Beijing to begin negotiating route transit fees with Moscow.
 * Guschin ’13**— non-resident senior analyst at S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, (Arthur G., "Understanding China’s Arctic Ambitions," http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/understanding-china-s-arctic-policies) VD

The China-U.S. relationship is a daily and recurring, sometimes AND , World Meteorological Organization, and International Hydrographic Organization, among other institutions.
 * ====Acting now is key to reviving US-China Arctic cooperation – it’s try or die ====**
 * Slayton and Brigham, 15**—David Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution. Lawson W. Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, a fellow at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy’s Center for Arctic Study & Policy, and a member of Hoover’s Arctic Security Initiative. "Strengthen Arctic cooperation between the US and China," Aug 27, Alaska Dispatch News (ADN), http://www.adn.com/article/20150827/strengthen-arctic-cooperation-between-us-and-china —br

US-China climate cooperation facilitates mitigation and adaptation strategies globally—-solves extinction
(Xiaoyu, "China-US Cooperation: Key to the Global Future," China Institute of International Studies, http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2014-01/13/content'6606656.htm) • Cooperation on climate change mitigation, adaptation, and consequence management. China- AND as well as lower costs and widely disseminate clean energy technologies. .
 * Li 14** – MA in Global Studies @ U Denver, Int’l Affairs Coordinator @ UN

CLIMATE change puts humanity at risk. The Pope’s celebrated encyclical letter on the subject AND be very effective in overcoming the current inertia that climate negotiations suffer from.
 * ====Expert consensus that warming is real and existential – melting glaciers ignite a cascade that exceeds cost-benefit analysis ====**
 * Treich and Rheinberger, 15**—Christoph Rheinberger (Professor of Health Policy and Management @ Harvard) and Nicolas Treich (Professor at the Toulouse School of Economics). Citing Weitzman (economist @ Harvard) and Bostrom (prof @ Oxford). "On the economics of the end of the world as we know it," The Economist, http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2015/07/climate-change — br

Warming produces massive human injustices on improvised nations, communities, and populations—policy response key
Project Quipu, examining the manner in which financial news is reported in the popular media, The Hot Spring Network proposes to create a system whereby live-update, rss-technology, and financial and editorial expertise, come together to produce a reliable up-to-the-minute resource for evaluating broad economic trends and engagements, without limiting analysis to single-parameter references like GDP or individual stock indices, "Climate Justice is About Preventing Structural Violence", March 11, https://web.archive.org/web/20130311092246/http://www.casavaria.com/cafesentido/2013/03/11/9120/climate-justice-is-about-preventing-structural-violence/ When we discuss climate change, global warming or the human-caused destabilization of AND without which we will not achieve the best possible outcome for real people.
 * Quipu 13**

The rhetoric of the 1AC is spurs individual action and galvanizes support to fight climate change
Veldman 12 – PhD Candidate Religion and Nature at U of Florida (Robin- National Foundation Fellow at the Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship, Spring, "Narrating the Environmental Apocalypse: How Imagining the End Facilitates Moral Reasoning Among Environmental Activists" Ethics and the Environment, Vol 17 No 1, ProjectMuse) Environmental Apocalypticism and Activism As we saw in the introduction, critics often argue that AND apocalypticism and moral reasoning looks like in practice. [End Page 12]

====Thus the Plan: The United States federal government should offer to fully support and pursue full member status in the Arctic Council for the People’s Republic of China if the People’s Republic of China agrees to participate in bilateral cooperative agreements regarding Arctic scientific research and environmental policy issues.====

China and America share a common interest of freedom of navigation in the Arctic. AND current state of liberalism fostered through the Arctic Council to a realist view.
 * ====Pursuing Chinese full member status in exchange for environmental cooperation solves-excluding China locks in instability====**
 * Dwyer, 15**— Commander William G. Dwyer III, United States Coast Guard, "China’s Strategic Interests in the Arctic," NDU Press 3rd Place Paper, United States Army War College, Joint Force Quarterly, NDU Press, http://uscga.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=65722, p. 15-17

Mixed
Underlying his plan is an overlooked but crucial subsidiary benefit that he outlined: offloading AND are scientifically convoluted cataclysms in which casualties are postponed, often for generations.
 * ====You should prioritize solutions to warming above anything else-its impacts are 100% probable and underrepresented in decision calculus====**
 * Nixon 11** (Rob Nixon is the Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, NY Times Contributor and former is an affiliate of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies the Harvard University Press 2011 "Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor" Pg 2-3 http://www.elimeyerhoff.com/books/nixon-rob—slow-violence-and-the-environmentalism-of-the-poor.pdf)

No War- Institutions and cooperative norms check conflict escalation
Because it rests on open, nondiscriminatory debate, and the routine exchange of viewpoints AND that further strengthen the impetus for multilateral dialog. Pg. 21-23
 * Pouliot 11**—Professor of Poli Sci @ McGill University [Vincent Pouliot, "Multilateralism as an End in Itself," International Studies Perspectives (2011) 12, 18–26]

Institutional action engages a social forum for productive political action capable of transforming legal barriers to ecological crises prevention
Parenti & Emanuele 15 (Christian Parenti, former visiting fellow at CUNY's Center for Place, Culture and Politics, as well as a Soros Senior Justice Fellow, teaches in the Liberal Studies program at New York University, interview with Vincent Emanuele, writer, activist and radio journalist who lives and works in the Rust Belt, "Climate Change, Militarism, Neoliberalism and the State," May 17, 2015, http://ouleft.sp-mesolite.tilted.net/?p=1980) You mention mutual aid and how it was overhyped by the left in the aftermath AND of climate science very seriously, I am something of a carbon fundamentalist.

No great power war—-deterrence, economic interdependence, political and business elites and social changes
John Aziz 14, former economics and business editor at TheWeek.com, Don't worry: World War III will almost certainly never happen, March 6, http://theweek.com/article/index/257517/dont-worry-world-war-iii-will-almost-certainly-never-happen Next year will be the seventieth anniversary of the end of the last global conflict AND countries are less desperate to go to war to seize other people's stuff.

Institutional action is the only solvency because individual agency lacks access to resources necessary to produce effective ecological solutions
CAG 10—Climate Change Communication Advisory Group. Dr Adam Corner School of Psychology, Cardiff University - Dr Tom Crompton Change Strategist, WWF-UK - Scott Davidson Programme Manager, Global Action Plan - Richard Hawkins Senior Researcher, Public Interest Research Centre - Professor Tim Kasser, Psychology department, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, USA. - Dr Renee Lertzman, Center for Sustainable Processes & Practices, Portland State University, US. - Peter Lipman, Policy Director, Sustrans. - Dr Irene Lorenzoni, Centre for Environmental Risk, University of East Anglia. - George Marshall, Founding Director, Climate Outreach, Information Network - Dr Ciaran Mundy, Director, Transition Bristol - Dr Saffron O’Neil, Department of Resource Management and Geography, University of Melbourne, Australia. - Professor Nick Pidgeon, Director, Understanding Risk Research Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University. - Dr Anna Rabinovich, School of Psychology, University of Exeter - Rosemary Randall, Founder and director of Cambridge Carbon Footprint - Dr Lorraine Whitmarsh, School of Psychology, Cardiff University & Visiting Fellow at the, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. (Communicating climate change to mass public audience, http://pirc.info/downloads/communicating'climate'mass'audiences.pdf) This short advisory paper collates a set of recommendations about how best to shape mass AND a role in fostering demand for - as well as acceptance of – policy

No state would escalate to use nuclear weapons—no plausible scenario for global exchange
Michael Quinlan 9, distinguished former British defence strategist and former Permanent Under-Secretary of State, Thinking About Nuclear Weapons, 63-9 Even if initial nuclear use did not quickly end the fighting, the supposition of AND cosmic holocaust might be mistakenly precipitated in this way belongs to science fiction.

No War
Underlying his plan is an overlooked but crucial subsidiary benefit that he outlined: offloading AND are scientifically convoluted cataclysms in which casualties are postponed, often for generations.
 * ====You should prioritize solutions to warming above anything else-its impacts are 100% probable and underrepresented in decision calculus====**
 * Nixon 11** (Rob Nixon is the Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, NY Times Contributor and former is an affiliate of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies the Harvard University Press 2011 "Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor" Pg 2-3 http://www.elimeyerhoff.com/books/nixon-rob—slow-violence-and-the-environmentalism-of-the-poor.pdf)

No War- Institutions and cooperative norms check conflict escalation
Because it rests on open, nondiscriminatory debate, and the routine exchange of viewpoints AND that further strengthen the impetus for multilateral dialog. Pg. 21-23
 * Pouliot 11**—Professor of Poli Sci @ McGill University [Vincent Pouliot, "Multilateralism as an End in Itself," International Studies Perspectives (2011) 12, 18–26]

No great power war—-deterrence, economic interdependence, political and business elites and social changes
John **Aziz 14**, former economics and business editor at TheWeek.com, Don't worry: World War III will almost certainly never happen, March 6, http://theweek.com/article/index/257517/dont-worry-world-war-iii-will-almost-certainly-never-happen Next year will be the seventieth anniversary of the end of the last global conflict AND countries are less desperate to go to war to seize other people's stuff.

Institutions and democracy check conflict
Jackson and Nei 15 (Matthew O. Jackson is the William D. Eberle Professor of Economics at Stanford, and earned his PhD in economics from Stanford GSB -2015 draft- "Networks of Military Alliances, Wars, and International Trade" P. 26-27 http://arxiv.org/pdf/1405.6400.pdf) Another institutional observation regarding the post-WWII calm is that institutions have 26 allowed AND be significant, and so this suggests another avenue for further extension.36

No state would escalate to use nuclear weapons—no plausible scenario for global exchange
Michael Quinlan 9, distinguished former British defence strategist and former Permanent Under-Secretary of State, Thinking About Nuclear Weapons, 63-9 Even if initial nuclear use did not quickly end the fighting, the supposition of AND cosmic holocaust might be mistakenly precipitated in this way belongs to science fiction.

There’s no political support for launching great power conflicts—psychology has changed
Karina Sangha 11, MA Political Science-University of Waterloo, ""The Obsolescence of Major War: An Examination of Contemporary War Trends," Vol 5, No 1: Spring 2011, http://web.uvic.ca/onpol/spring2011/Two%20-%20Sangha.pdf Indeed, beyond analyses as to the frequency of major war,¶ further support for AND for such obsolescence, which we will now examine in greater¶ detail.

Method
Underlying his plan is an overlooked but crucial subsidiary benefit that he outlined: offloading AND are scientifically convoluted cataclysms in which casualties are postponed, often for generations.
 * ====You should prioritize solutions to warming above anything else-its impacts are 100% probable and underrepresented in decision calculus====**
 * Nixon 11** (Rob Nixon is the Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, NY Times Contributor and former is an affiliate of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies the Harvard University Press 2011 "Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor" Pg 2-3 http://www.elimeyerhoff.com/books/nixon-rob—slow-violence-and-the-environmentalism-of-the-poor.pdf)

Institutional action engages a social forum for productive political action capable of transforming legal barriers to ecological crises prevention
Parenti & Emanuele 15 (Christian Parenti, former visiting fellow at CUNY's Center for Place, Culture and Politics, as well as a Soros Senior Justice Fellow, teaches in the Liberal Studies program at New York University, interview with Vincent Emanuele, writer, activist and radio journalist who lives and works in the Rust Belt, "Climate Change, Militarism, Neoliberalism and the State," May 17, 2015, http://ouleft.sp-mesolite.tilted.net/?p=1980) You mention mutual aid and how it was overhyped by the left in the aftermath AND of climate science very seriously, I am something of a carbon fundamentalist.

Institutional action is the only solvency because individual agency lacks access to resources necessary to produce effective ecological solutions
CAG 10—Climate Change Communication Advisory Group. Dr Adam Corner School of Psychology, Cardiff University - Dr Tom Crompton Change Strategist, WWF-UK - Scott Davidson Programme Manager, Global Action Plan - Richard Hawkins Senior Researcher, Public Interest Research Centre - Professor Tim Kasser, Psychology department, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, USA. - Dr Renee Lertzman, Center for Sustainable Processes & Practices, Portland State University, US. - Peter Lipman, Policy Director, Sustrans. - Dr Irene Lorenzoni, Centre for Environmental Risk, University of East Anglia. - George Marshall, Founding Director, Climate Outreach, Information Network - Dr Ciaran Mundy, Director, Transition Bristol - Dr Saffron O’Neil, Department of Resource Management and Geography, University of Melbourne, Australia. - Professor Nick Pidgeon, Director, Understanding Risk Research Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University. - Dr Anna Rabinovich, School of Psychology, University of Exeter - Rosemary Randall, Founder and director of Cambridge Carbon Footprint - Dr Lorraine Whitmarsh, School of Psychology, Cardiff University & Visiting Fellow at the, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. (Communicating climate change to mass public audience, http://pirc.info/downloads/communicating'climate'mass'audiences.pdf) This short advisory paper collates a set of recommendations about how best to shape mass AND a role in fostering demand for - as well as acceptance of – policy

Simulation and deliberation motivate effective responses to climate risks
Based on the observation that experiential and analytic processing systems compete and that personal experience AND engage both systems in the process of individual and group decision-making.
 * Marx et al. 7** (Sabine M, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED) @ Columbia University, Elke U. Weber, Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Benjamin S. Orlovea, Department of Environmental Science and Policy @ University of California Davis, Anthony Leiserowitz, Decision Research, David H. Krantz, Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Carla Roncolia, South East Climate Consortium (SECC), Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering @ University of Georgia and Jennifer Phillips, Bard Centre for Environmental Policy @ Bard College, "Communication and mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information", 2007, http://climate.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/Marx'GEC'2007.pdf)

Political simulation is empathic and better for decision-making
Raisio 10 [Harri, Researcher, Faculty of Public Administration, University of Vaasa and PhD student in Social and Health Management, at the University of Vaasa, "The Public as Policy Expert: Deliberative Democracy in the Context of Finnish Health Care Reforms and Policies," Journal of Public Deliberation, Volume 6, Issue 2, 2010] In deliberation something happens that typically fails to occur during ordinary political discourse. Much AND notion that public deliberation leads citizens to focus more on the public good.

** 1NC(s): **
1. Elections DA (Starter Pack) 2. Containment DA 3. T- QPQ 4. CP - Modify Existing MDBs and Ratify TPP 5. Japan DA 6. Impact defense/China says No  7. T-Uncondo 8. Warming Reps 9. Japan CP 10. Appeasement 11. T-Trade Only 12. Steel DA 13. Steel CP QPQ 14. Fem IR 15. T-Diplomatic Engagement 16. Queer IR 17. T-military 18. Increase Trade and Military Defense with Taiwan CP 19. T-Trade Only 20. Cap 21. Framework (2) 22. Psychoanalysis

** 2NR(s): **
1. Japan DA 2. Japan DA and SQ solves (Clinton) 3. Warming Reps 4. Elections DA(2) 5. T-uncondo 6. Appeasement(2) 7. T-QPQ (2) 8. Fem IR 9. T-Military (2) 10. Queer IR 11. T-Trade Only 12. Framework (2)