ACHM+Derek+Bryant

toc Aff questions? bryantw99 (at) gmail (dot) com Neg questions? derekkchoi (at) gmail (dot) com

=** Aff **=

The United States federal government should substantially normalize trade relations with Cuba.
**Contention one is transition ---**
 * Cuban reforms are __inevitable__ but the loss of __external investment__ risks __economic__ and __social collapse__ --- offering __normal trade relations__ is vital**
 * Ashby 13 ** (Timothy, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, He served in the U.S. Commerce Department's International Trade Administration as Director of the Office of Mexico and the Caribbean and acting Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce for the Western Hemisphere, "Preserving Stability in Cuba After Normalizing Relations with the United States – The Importance of Trading with State-Owned Enterprises", 3/29/13, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, http://www.coha.org/preserving-stability-in-cuba-timothy-ashby/)

__ Cuba __ __ under Raúl __ Castro __ …as well as SOEs __.


 * The unconditional offer of normal trade relations fosters a stable transition**
 * Koenig 10 ** – US Army Colonel, paper submitted for a Masters in Strategic Studies at the US Army War College (Lance, “Time for a New Cuba Policy” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130)

The option with the …nations of the Americas.

*GWOT = Global War on Terrorism
 * Cuban instability __destroys__ the __global war on terror__ and makes __conflicts__ in __hotspots__ around the globe __more likely__**
 * Gorrell 5 ** - Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted for the USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT (Tim, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Regardless of the succession… post-Castro Cuba?


 * And --- those risk escalation to global nuclear war**
 * Bosco 6 ** (David, Senior Editor – Foreign Policy Magazine, “Could This Be The Start of WWIII?”, Los Angeles Times, 7-23, Lexis)

The understanding that __ … __ China would respond militarily.


 * Independently, the __embargo itself__ overstretches the war on terror**
 * Johnson 10 ** – Andy Johnson is a director in the national security program at The Third Way (“End the Embargo of Cuba”, The National Security Program, 9/6/10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdf)

__Keeping the embargo__ … for engaging Cuba.


 * Only a __more effective__ War on Terror solves**
 * Clark 13 ** - Bruce Clarke is a retired Army Colonel with extensive strategic, operational and tactical experience. He is widely published on a myriad of strategic and operational subjects. Immediately prior to his retirement from the Army, Colonel Clarke was the Director of US National Security Studies at the US Army War College(Bruce, The Examiner, “ The end to the war on terrorism--really?” 5/28, http://www.examiner.com/article/the-end-to-the-war-on-terrorism-really)

I have been struck … when they get them.


 * This risks a __massive__ global nuclear war**
 * Ayson 10 ** (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies – Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July, InformaWorld)

But these two nuclear worlds— __ … __ with a devastating response.


 * And --- __terrorism is real__ --- __they want nukes__ --- causes __nuclear winter__ and __extinction__ --- studies prove**
 * Creamer 11 ** – political organizer and strategist, Strategic Consulting Group (Robert, “Post-Bin Laden, It's Time to End the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism for Good,” Huffington Post, 5/12, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-creamer/post-bin-laden---it-is-ti_b_860954.html)

Worse, __al Qaeda and other terrorist … temperatures in the summer__.


 * __Reject their defense__** **--- current studies __underestimate__ the risk**
 * Dahl 7-1 ** – Specialist Correspondent (Frederik, “Governments warn about nuclear terrorism threat,” 7/1/13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/01/us-nuclear-security-idUSBRE96010E20130701)

(Reuters) - More __ action is … __ nuclear ambitions," he said.


 * Contention two is Leadership ---**


 * US leadership is __unsustainable__ without a __highly visible__ commitment to multilateralism**
 * Lake 10 ** ** – ** Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego (David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)

__The safeguarding of__ __…new world order__.


 * Only the plan resolves the __rallying cry__ for anti-Americanism**
 * Perez 10 ** ­– JD, Yale Law (David, “America's Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department” 13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, Spring, lexis)

Conclusion For fifty years … __ normalization of relations __.


 * The plan creates a __credible model__ for __multilateral conflict resolution__ --- spills over to the __Middle East__ and __Kashmir__**
 * Dickerson 10 ** – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA,” 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf)SJF

At the international … __peace for years to come.__


 * Middle East War causes __extinction__**
 * Stirling 11 ** (The Earl of Stirling, Governor and Lord Lieutenant of Canada, Lord High Admiral of Nova Scotia, B.Sc. in Political Science and History, M.A. in European Studies, “General Middle East War Nears - Syrian events more dangerous than even nuclear nightmare in Japan”, March, http://europebusines.blogspot.com/2011/03/general-middle-east-war-nears-syrian.html)

Any Third Lebanon War/General __Middle East …__ world. __It__ is highly unlikely that a Third World War, fought with 21st Century weaponry __will be__ anything but the Biblical **__Armageddon__**.


 * And --- Middle East war is __highly likely__ --- only conflict resolution __now__ solves**
 * Beck 13 ** – Middle East Analyst at TheCommentator (Noah, “A nuclear Middle East is doomsday, 5/28/13, http://www.thecommentator.com/article/3633/a_nuclear_middle_east_is_doomsday)

As the Obama administration … this time, is far worse.


 * __Nuclear conflict__** **over Kashmir is __inevitable__ absent new international action**
 * Zargar 13 ** – Middle East reporter, Greater Kashmir News (Abdul Majid, “Kashmir Vs Global Community,” 6/7/13, http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Jun/8/kashmir-vs-global-community-57.asp)

Normal relations … __the whole world to suffer & suffer irretrievably__.


 * __Water disputes__** **make escalation uniquely probable**
 * Overdorf 9 ** – Indian analyst for GlobalPost (Jason, “The coming war for water,” 9/21/9, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/india/090731/the-coming-war-water?page=0,1)

These troop movements are indeed … -controlled Kashmir with the help of the Chinese.


 * And --- all their impacts are __inevitable__ --- only the plan’s re-engagement with institutions like the UN facilitates solutions**
 * Tharoor 3 ** ** – ** Minister of State for Human Resources Development (Shashi, “Why America Still Needs the United Nations”, p. 67)

The UN's relevance … __the U__nited __S__tates.


 * Multilateralism checks the __worst abuses__ of the global system --- enables __coordinated problem solving__ and __conflict resolution__ that solves __inevitable extinction__ through __space colonization__**
 * Masciulli 11 ** — Professor of Political Science at St Thomas University (Joseph, “The Governance Challenge for Global Political and Technoscientific Leaders in an Era of Globalization and Globalizing Technologies,” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society February 2011 vol. 31 no. 1 pg. 3-5)

__In this dangerous world…longer term agendas__. Pg. 4-5


 * And --- its key to solve __warming__**
 * Hague 10 ** (William Hague, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and Member of Parliament for Richmond, United Kingdom, “The Diplomacy of Climate Change,” 9/27/10)

A world that is … help us all prosper.


 * This is the __only avenue__ for solvency**
 * Lee 10 ** – Research Director, Energy, Environment and Resource Governance at Chatham House (Bernice, “The United States and climate change: from process to action,” 2-23, http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/16489_us0510_lee_grubb.pdf)

Despite the crucial … remained largely apart.


 * Accelerating climate change leads to __extinction__ --- __rate is key__**
 * Mazo 10 ** (Jeffrey, Ph.D. in Paleoclimatology – UCLA, Managing Editor – Survival, and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy –International Institute for Strategic Studies, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it”, pg. 122, March)

The best estimates for …, cultural and political __changes__.


 * Warming is __real__ and __anthropogenic__**
 * Anderegg 10 ** (William, PhD Candidate @ Stanford in Biology, “Expert credibility in climate change,” National Academy of Sciences, p. 12107-12109)

Preliminary reviews of scientific … __**anthropogenic climate change**__.


 * It’s not inevitable --- __every increment__ of CO2 is key**
 * Matthews and Soloman 13 ** (H. Damon Matthews and Susan Solomon, Associate Professor and 2009/2010 University Research Fellow in the Department of Geography Planning and Environment at Concordia and an atmospheric chemist, working for most of her career at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Irreversible does not mean unavoidable”, 4-26, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/340/6131/438.full.pdf?keytype=ref&siteid=sci&ijkey=X0PL7KHfd9%2FH6)

Understanding how decreases …the reductions.


 * Any step short of __unconditional removal__ means won’t create the __same symbol__ of multilateralism**
 * Vivanco 6 ** - LLM from Harvard Law School, Americas director of Humans Rights Watch (Jose Miguel, “Restraint, not force, will bring change to Cuba”, humans rights watch, 12/22/06, http://www.hrw.org/news/2006/12/21/restraint-not-force-will-bring-change-cuba, google scholar)

This reluctance would be … __looking like David.__


 * leadership solves global conflict --- clinging means it is only a question of effectiveness**
 * Brooks 13** (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government – Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry, Professor of Politics and International Affairs – Princeton University Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth, Professor of Government – Dartmouth College, “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment”, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3, pg. 7-51, Winter 2012-2013)

A core premise of...**__great power war__** ). =version 2=

Plan Text – 1AC The United States federal government should substantially normalize its economic relations with Cuba. Multilateralism – 1AC The advantage is multilateralism --- US leadership is unsustainable without a highly visible commitment to multilateralism Lake 10 – Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego (David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)

The safeguarding of US authority requires multilateralism that is broader and certainly deeper than in AND last half-century and extend it to new areas of the globe. The advanced military capabilities of the United States will make it a key actor in AND political order so that they can provide a meaningful check on US authority. Americans are likely to resist the idea of tying their hands more tightly in a AND on US foreign policy may appear too high a price to bear. 49 But if the United States is to remain the leader of the free world AND own self-interest, lead the way to a new world order. The plan creates a credible model for multilateralism Dickerson 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA,” 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf)//SJF

At the international political level, President Obama sees resuming relations with Cuba as a AND of a “new beginning” in U.S.-Cuba relations. While dismissing Cuba’s immediate security threat to the U.S., we cannot ignore AND back to our punitive approaches to U.S. diplomacy towards Cuba. On the other hand, consider that foreign diplomacy achieves a breakthrough under Raul’s Cuba AND continue the embargo is reached, international support would be easier to garner. Almost 21 years since the wall fell in Berlin, it is time to chip away at the diplomatic wall that still remains between U.S. and Cuba. This paper will further define our interests in Cuba and why President Obama should continue his quest for renewed diplomatic relations with Cuba. It will discuss potential risks associated with retaining the current 50-year diplomatic policy and give some broad suggestions regarding a new U.S. – Cuba foreign policy. Policy and National Interest Present U.S. policy towards Cuba is economic isolation imposed via embargo to AND Cuba policy, past opportunities and ultimate failure over the past 50 years. From 1959 to1964, beginning with President Eisenhower but shaped primarily by the Kennedy Administration AND by 1974, 45% of Cuba’s exports came from western governments.7 The period 1965-1972, although officially endorsing the previous administration’s tough stance, AND ” in 1980 intensified this opposition and quickly derailed Carter’s initiatives in Congress. As President Reagan took office in 1980, U.S. – Cuba relations AND Administrations made no significant concessions to Cuba and status quo between countries remained. The last meaningful opportunity for change occurred after the fall of the Berlin Wall and AND allow third country U.S. companies from trading with Cuba.15 By the time President Clinton came to office, momentum had already shifted in Cuba’s AND tighten the noose failed terribly and only succeeded in further alienating both governments. The second Bush Administration did little to engage Cuba and after September 11, 2001, was completely engrossed in the War on Terror. U.S. policy towards Cuba has changed little in 50 years. Although the embargo continues to fail despite our best efforts to tighten it, our policy has remained steadfast and the U.S. is no closer to normalizing relations with Cuba. A History of Anger and Distrust After 50 years, deep-seated distrust and anger exists between the U. AND conditions for diplomatic success in future U.S. – Cuba relations. Experts argue over who’s started the dispute between nations: was it the Cuban Agrarian AND encourage the long-term changes U.S. wants in Cuba. The embargo itself remains a perpetual albatross that continues to undermine any real diplomatic progress AND .S. had succeeded in isolating Cuba from its western traders.20 Tightening the noose placed extraordinary economic pressure on Cuba considering U.S. multilateral AND , and Asian countries participated in Cuba’s largest ever annual trade fair.”26 Castro’s interest in improving U.S. - Cuba relations was perhaps the greatest AND now largely ineffective bilateral embargo served only to increase animosity between both countries. It is difficult to quantify, but essential to note, that U.S AND U.S. national interests and not the legacy of Fidel Castro. Another important pitfall is to exploit democracy as a precondition for diplomacy and economic engagement AND 28 The recommendation then focuses largely on steps to pursue a democratic Cuba. To separate security and stability from democratic pursuits in Cuba could benefit both causes. AND generation to open dialogue with Cuba without the democratic preconditions tied to negotiations. As we pursue diplomatic relations with Cuba we should not expect full disclosure, immediate AND is needed until Cuba has the confidence to commit to further diplomatic relations. Current U.S.-Cuba Policy Analysis Understanding the deep-seated animosity and distrust that continues to fuel U.S. - Cuba tensions will aid us in properly analyzing the feasibility, acceptability and suitability (FAS) of current and future U.S. policy with Cuba. Identifying FAS applications to diplomacy, information, military, economic, finance, intelligence and law enforcement (DIME-FIL) will highlight weaknesses in current U.S. – Cuba relations that can be modified for future improvement. The logical question with regards to current U.S. – Cuba policy is AND . to pursue the current course there is no evidence it will succeed. How acceptable is it to U.S. foreign policy? There are three AND . acceptability is necessary to achieve U.S. ends in Cuba. Several embargo refinements over the years like the Libertad Act have further tightened restrictions on AND , our efforts to impose embargo restrictions are unacceptable tradeoffs for homeland security. In the final analysis, U.S. – Cuba policy is not sustainable AND foregone diplomatic engagement and chosen coercive economic power as our only political tool. Does Cuba Pose A Security Threat to the U.S.? Let’s begin by asking this question: can we afford to escort commerce through Caribbean AND are definite advantages to having healthy regional partnerships to deal with regional problems. While economic pressure has failed to bring about government change, it could trigger a AND not exist for real change in U.S. – Cuba relations. Proposed U.S.-Cuba Policy Analysis If today marks President Obama’s “new strategy” towards Cuba we must begin with U.S. National interests in the broader Latin American context. Over the past 50 years our approach has been germane to Cuba and not the larger Latin American construct. In so doing we have isolated Cuba from Latin America for coercive reasons yes, but also for the very democratic principles we hoped Cuba would follow. The State Department’s Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs (covers Canada and Cuba) has AND conditions and exposing them to the democratic enticements we hope they will emulate. Achieving Congressional approval will be difficult although not impossible in the present economic recession. AND these to the American public before the media or his opposition defines these. We’ve established that coercive means have failed to achieve democracy and economic stability in Cuba AND U.S. shepherding, lead them to a more representative government. If we accept that reestablishing relations with Cuba is the first real step to a AND to allow time to reap success or mitigate failure before the next elections. The U.S. cannot afford to miss another opportunity to normalize relations with Cuba. A Cuba without Fidel is an opportunity – whether it is Raul or his replacement in 2013. The U.S. must lay the foundation today for renewed U.S. Cuba relations. Delaying could also signal the contrary to Raul Castro suspiciously awaiting the true purpose of recent U.S. concessions. While a long term goal may be to influence change in government, it cannot AND the restoration of trust that must occur before complete reciprocation can be expected. Conclusion Today, 20 years have passed since the fall of the Berlin Wall – it’s AND Cuba. Under these conditions, diplomacy has a better chance to flourish. If the Cuban model succeeds President Obama will be seen as a true leader for AND decline in the greater global order bringing true peace for years to come. And --- only multilateralism prevents violence Tharoor 3 – Minister of State for Human Resources Development (Shashi, “Why America Still Needs the United Nations”, p. 67)

The UN's relevance does not stand or fall on its conduct on any one issue AND all states. It is the indispensable global organization for a globalizing world. Large portions of the world's population require the UN's assistance to surmount problems they cannot AND they would undoubtedly end up on the doorstep of the world's only superpower. The UN is also essential to Americans' pursuit of their own prosperity. Today, AND As has been observed about water pollution, we all live downstream now. Thus U.S. foreign policy today has become as much a matter of AND "problems without passports" are those that only international action can solve. Fortunately, the UN and its broad family of agencies have, in nearly six AND small achievements, and represent issues the United States cannot afford to neglect. The United Nations is a valuable antidote to the tendency to disregard the problems of AND , which will be needed long after Iraq has passed from the headlines. KEEPING GULLIVER ON BOARD The exercise of American power may well be the central issue in world politics today AND is a UN that remains essential to the world in which we live. The goals of the charter, however, cannot be met without embracing the fundamental premise that President Harry Truman enunciated in 1945: We all have to recognize that no matter how great our strength, we must deny ourselves the license to do always as we please. No one nation ... can or should expect any special privilege which harms any other nation. ... Unless we are all willing to pay that price, no organization for world peace can accomplish its purpose. And what a reasonable price that is! The UN, from the start, assumed the willingness of its members to accept AND provided a framework for them to work in partnership with the United States. Multilateralism checks the worst abuses of the global system --- enables conflict resolution and solves inevitable extinction through space colonization Masciulli 11 — Professor of Political Science at St Thomas University (Joseph, “The Governance Challenge for Global Political and Technoscientific Leaders in an Era of Globalization and Globalizing Technologies,” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society February 2011 vol. 31 no. 1 pg. 3-5)

In this dangerous world, if people are to have their human dignity recognized and AND to the narrow self-interest of individuals, corporations, and states. I agree with Stephen Hawking that the long-term future of the human race AND hundred years, our future is in space.” (Hawking, 2010) Nonetheless, to reinvent humanity pluralistically in outer space and beyond will require securing our AND survival and security to their longer term agendas. Pg. 4-5 And --- its key to solve warming Hague 10 (William Hague, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and Member of Parliament for Richmond, United Kingdom, “The Diplomacy of Climate Change,” 9/27/10)

A world that is failing to respond to climate change is one in which the AND It's business that best understands the incentives needed to help us all prosper. This is the only avenue for solvency Lee 10 – Research Director, Energy, Environment and Resource Governance at Chatham House (Bernice, “The United States and climate change: from process to action,” 2-23, http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/16489_us0510_lee_grubb.pdf)

Despite the crucial importance of national and regional initiatives, the world ultimately cannot solve AND mediator on the transatlantic divide; and a resurgent Russia remained largely apart. Accelerating climate change leads to extinction --- rate is key Mazo 10 (Jeffrey, Ph.D. in Paleoclimatology – UCLA, Managing Editor – Survival, and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy –International Institute for Strategic Studies, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it”, pg. 122, March)

The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes. And --- independently the effects of warming ensure extinction Brandenburg 99 (John (physicist & rocket scientist) & Monica (award-winning author & expert on global warming), Dead Mars, Dying Earth, p. 232]

One can imagine a scenario for global catastrophe that runs similarly. If the human AND Mars—red, desolate, with perhaps a few hardy microbes surviving. CO2 causes ocean acidification --- extinction Romm 12 (Joe Romm is a Fellow at American Progress and is the editor of Climate Progress, “Science: Ocean Acidifying So Fast It Threatens Humanity’s Ability to Feed Itself,” 3/2/2012, http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2012/03/02/436193/science-ocean-acidifying-so-fast-it-threatens-humanity-ability-to-feed-itself/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+climateprogre) The world’s oceans may be turning acidic faster today from human carbon emissions than they AND and decreasing dissolved oxygen concentration. That is a recipe for mass extinction. Warming is real and anthropogenic Anderegg 10 (William, PhD Candidate @ Stanford in Biology, “Expert credibility in climate change,” National Academy of Sciences, p. 12107-12109)

Preliminary reviews of scientific literature and surveys of cli- mate scientists indicate striking agreement AND discussions in media, policy, and public forums regarding anthropogenic climate change. It’s not inevitable --- every increment of CO2 is key Matthews and Soloman 13 (H. Damon Matthews and Susan Solomon, Associate Professor and 2009/2010 University Research Fellow in the Department of Geography Planning and Environment at Concordia and an atmospheric chemist, working for most of her career at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Irreversible does not mean unavoidable”, 4-26, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/340/6131/438.full.pdf?keytype=ref&siteid=sci&ijkey=X0PL7KHfd9%2FH6)

Understanding how decreases in CO2 emissions would affect global temperatures has been hampered in recent AND the same time scale as the political decisions that lead to the reductions. Adaptation fails --- only slowing the rate solves Stabinsky 12 – Professor at College of the Atlantic USA, compiled for WWF International Global Climate and Energy Initiative (Doreen, “Tackling the Limits to Adaptation: An International Framework to Address ‘Loss and Damage’ From Climate Change Impacts”, November 2012, [])

When mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by responsible countries is insufficient to “prevent dangerous AND from non-productive lands will lose their homes, culture and community. Only the plan’s technology solves Soule 95 (Professor of Environmental Studies Michael E., Professor and Chair of Environmental Studies, UC-Santa Cruz, REINVITING NATURE? RESPONSES TO POSTMODERN DECONSTRUCTION, Eds: Michael E. Soule and Gary Lease, p. 159-160)

Should We Actively Manage Wildlands and Wild Waters? The decision has already been made AND So if we must manage, where do we look for ethical guidance? Our debate about ecological change will cause a real-world paradigm shift --- eventually spurring political action Ophuls 92 (William, Professor of Political Science @ Northwestern, Politics of Scarcity Revisited)

Even more encouraging is the change in perspectives among young people. In schools across AND of generating required paperwork but will be an important underpinning for political decisions. DELIBERATIVE POLICYMAKING through DEBATE is the CRUCIAL internal link to solving warming through public policy and SUBSUMES their critiques of traditional persuasion Herbeck and Isham 10 ([], Jon Isham, Associate Professor of Economics, Middlebury College)

Getting to 350 parts per million CO2 in the atmosphere will require massive investments in AND , including those on pressing issues related to climate change and clean energy. Simulation allows us to influence state policy AND is key to agency Eijkman 12 The role of simulations in the authentic learning for national security policy development: Implications for Practice / Dr. Henk Simon Eijkman. [electronic resource] []. Dr Henk Eijkman is currently an independent consultant as well as visiting fellow at the University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy and is Visiting Professor of Academic Development, Annasaheb Dange College of Engineering and Technology in India. As a sociologist he developed an active interest in tertiary learning and teaching with a focus on socially inclusive innovation and culture change. He has taught at various institutions in the social sciences and his work as an adult learning specialist has taken him to South Africa, Malaysia, Palestine, and India. He publishes widely in international journals, serves on Conference Committees and editorial boards of edited books and international journal

However, whether as an approach to learning, innovation, persuasion or culture shift AND contains a detailed description, in table format, of the synopsis below. Engaging and discussing the state and the market is key to warming Held and Hervey 9 (David Held is Graham Wallas Professor of Political Science and Co-Director of LSE Global Governance at the London School of Economics. Angus Fane Hervey is a Doctoral Student and Ralph Miliband Scholar in the Department of Government at the London School of Economics. [|www.policy-network.net/publications_download.aspx?ID=3426])

The key role of the state In all of these challenges, states remain the AND democracy could be said to have tragically trumped democratic agency and deliberative capacity.

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