Gershom+&+Harry


 * Our emails: harry.owen@live.com, gershom000@gmail.com **


 * 1AC **
 * Plan: ** The United States federal government should expand United States Maritime Administration Title XI loan guarantee funding for short sea transportation in the United States.

= Econ Advantage = ==== The plan generates a massive economic stimulus and reduces oil dependence – loan guarantees are the most effective catalyst for widespread investment ==== Currently, the U nited S tates ... shippers and consumers.
 * Margaronis, 08 ** [Marine highway would ride wave of economic benefits, Stas, Guest Columnist Seattle Pi,[|http://www.seattlepi.com/local/opinion/article/Marine-highway-would-ride-wave-of-economic-1293286.php#ixzz1yY1CGarw]]

==== And, a __federal program__ is a vital internal link to US global competitiveness – current funding is insufficient ==== For the U nited S tates **to compete in the global market** ... shortsightedness that is disheartening at best.
 * Zimmer, 11 ** [Nancy, August, “Progress on America’s Marine Highway” graduated from Smith College (B.A., cum laude, 1998), and City University of New York School of Law, (J.D., 2001). She is admitted to the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and the First Circuit Court of Appeals, and is a trained mediator. She is also a former commercial fisherman and commercial fishing boat owner. She is a member of the Maritime Law Association of the United States. Nancy can be contacted on +1 508 432-2121 or by email at zimmer@sealaw.org, []]

Oil dependence causes extinction
Mark ** Rosen ** (Deputy General Counsel at the Center for Naval Analyses & Professor of Homeland Security Law and Policy at George Washington University) ** 2010 ** “Energy Independence and Climate Change: The Economic and National Security Consequences of Failing to Act” University of Richmond Law Review, Lexis There is a growing consensus ... would be held hostage. 110

Competitiveness is key to hegemony
(Adam, Foreign Affairs, “Is America Losing Its Edge?” November / December 2004,[]) // JMP __ The ____ U __ nited States' __ global primacy ... __ __ entrepreneurship at home. __
 * Segal, 4 ** – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations

Great power war
Events in Libya are a further reminder for ... that should make you nervous.
 * Barnett, 11 ** [Thomas P.M. Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis & Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 []]

==== Congestion underlies a multibillion dollar drag on the economy – chokes any possible recovery ==== Traffic congestion is ** costing billions ... ** productive option .”
 * Needham, 11 ** [Report: Traffic congestion costs billions, weighs on the economic recovery, Vicki, The Hill,[]]

==== That recovery is fragile now – the risk of catastrophic economic failure is high ==== The ** global economy ** ... inequality."
 * Xinhua News, 5/23/12 ** [OECD: Global Economy Recovery Fragile, reprinted,[]]

==== And, the externalities act as a multiplier – decreases the underlying foundation of US economic leadership ==== Apart from a handful of places ... nearly fifty-five thousand jobs.
 * Lewis, 08 ** [David, Senior Vice President with HDR where he serves as the firm’s Chief Economist and Direc­tor for Economics and Financial Services, He served previously as President and CEO of HLB Decision Economics, prior to which he was a Principal Economist of the U.S. Congressional Budget Office. Brookings Institution, America’s Traffic Congestion Problem: Toward a Framework for Nationwide Reform,[]]

And, the impact is great power nuclear war
Austin ‘09 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman, Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, []) Conversely, global policymakers ... coalesce into //a big bang //.

= Shipbuilding Advantage = ==== Increased support for short sea shipping sustains the shipbuilding industry ==== [] To help meet the current ... U.S. political leaders.
 * Raymond, 05 ** [Charles, President and CEO Horizon Inc. “Short Sea Shipping: Long On Benefits”,

==== And, the plan reverses tidal waves of shipyard closings which decimate the industry ==== As President Obama ... health care for the poor. Imagine….
 * Munoz, 11 ** [January 11, The Obama Infrastructure Plan, and Another Shipyard Closes, OP-ED by Tony Munoz, Editor-in-Chief of the Maritime ExecutiveMagazine and the MarEx Newsletter, []]

==== And, inland water ways are functionally limitless – the plan is the easiest means of infrastructure expansion and revitalizes the maritime sector ==== In addition to the above ... the public as well [46].
 * Perakis and Denisis,08 ** [A survey of short sea shipping and its prospects in the USA, ANASTASSIOS N. PERAKIS* and ATHANASIOS DENISIS Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, 213 NAME Building, 2600 Draper Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2145, USA,[]]

==== And, expansion of title XI funding ensures __increased naval capacity__ ==== A less well recognized ... money behind the MHI.
 * Goure, 11 ** [Lexington Institute, Obama Could Create Jobs And Support Defense, Daniel, PhD,[]]

==== And, a strong maritime and shipbuilding industry is a vital pre requisite to credible naval capabilities ==== In conclusion, our study ... the nation of the vessel.
 * Alberto, et al., 5 ** (Lieutenant Colonel Ronald P., U.S. Army, Colonel Michael G. Archuleta, U.S. Air Force, Lieutenant Colonel Steven H. Bills, U.S. Air Force, Commander William A. Bransom, U.S. Navy, Mr. Kenneth Cohen, Department of State, Commander William A. Ebbs, U.S. Navy, George Manjgaladze, Ministry of Defense, Republic of Georgia, Commander Elizabeth B. Myhre, U.S. Navy, Audrea M. Nelson, DA, Robert L. Riddick, Department of Defense, Colonel Christopher M. Ross, U.S. Army, Julia N. Ruhnke, DA, Lieutenant Colonel Gregory M. Ryan, U.S. Marine Corps, Colonel David D. Thompson, U.S. Air Force, Commander Hugh D. Wetherald, U.S. Navy, Dr. Mark Montroll, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Dr. Michael Farbman, USAID, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Captain David B. Hill, U.S. Coast Guard, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, “SHIPBUILDING”, The Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, 2005, [], Deech)

Great power war
Deter major power war**.** ** ... ** __ extended campaigns ashore __.
 * Conway et al 7 ** [James T., General, U.S. Marine Corps, Gary Roughead, Admiral, U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower,” October,[]]

NLUS, 12 – a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating our citizens about the importance of sea power to U.S. national security and supporting the men and women of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and U.S.-flag Merchant Marine and their families (Navy League of the United States, “Maritime Primacy & Economic Prosperity: Maritime Policy 2012-13”, Navy League of the United States, 1/21/12,[] | AK) Global engagement is critical ... Taking care of our wounded warriors is fundamental.
 * And, causes and escalation of every transnational threat – the ship building industry is key **

**Naval forces are ...** full-scale combat. 9
 * A strong navy is critical to effective peacekeeping **
 * Vego, 8 ** — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, [], Deech)

__ Experts __ __ throughout the world ... __ __ an increasing number of conflicts __.
 * Peacekeeping prevents great power wars **
 * Dean 95 ** – Adviser on international security issues for the Union of Concerned Scientists [Dean, Jonathan. (P articipated in East-West arms control negotiations and worked with U.N. peacekeepers in the field and in the State Department) “A stronger U.N. strengthens America,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Chicago: Mar 1995. Vol. 51, Iss. 2; pg. 45Ebscohost]

Naval forces can be ... quickly and decisively.
 * Naval strength solves Middle East war **
 * Vego, 8 ** — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, [], Deech)

Gold, 07 [Thomas J., Masters in Strategic Intelligence, Joint Military Intelligence College, Nuclear Conflict in the Middle East: An Analysis of Future Events, p. 53-55] If the political, ... __ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">is //now// //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">a ////<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">possibility // __.
 * And, goes __global__ and __nuclear__ **

Naval power is critical to effective BMD
Operations in ... as terrorist weapons.
 * Vego, 8 ** — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, [], Deech)

**<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">BMD solves Russian and Chinese conflict and is critical to deterrence **
NDU ’10 [The Industrial College of the Armed Forces National Defense University, “Industry Study Final Report Shipbuilding Industry,” Spring 2010, p. 1, http://www.ndu.edu/icaf/programs/academic/industry/reports/2010/pdf/icaf-is-report-shipbuilding-2010.pdf, AZhang] Countering Near-Peer ... the Strike Group.

And, naval strength secures global trade
No other nation ... yet affordable, maritime fleet ?
 * Batsford, et al., 11 ** (Commander Marc, Canadian Navy, Olivia Bradley, Department of the Navy, Captain Alan Cusi, Philippine Navy, Juan Figueroa, Department of Homeland Security, CaptainScott Galbreaith, U.S. Navy, Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Jost, U.S. Air Force, Commander Chris Mitchell, Canadian Navy, Mike Resnick, U.S. Marine Corps, Bryan Riley, Bell Helicopter – Textron, Lieutenant Colonel R.L. Shea, U.S. Marine Corps, Commander Paul Steinbrenner, U.S. Navy, Andrew Squire, Esq., U.S. Coast Guard, Commander Brett Stevens, U.S. Navy, Lieutenant Colonel Rob Wiley, U.S. Army Reserve, Mark Montroll, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Dr, Linda Brandt, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, and Dr. Seth Weissman, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Vice Admiral James Perkins (Ret.), faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, “Industry Study: Final Report Shipbuilding Industry”, The Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, Spring 2011,[], Deech)

Trade solves global wars
Advocates of free trade ... cross borders, armies will."
 * Griswold **, Associate Director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the CATO Institute, ‘ ** 98 ** (Daniel, December 31, “Peace On Earth, Free Trade For Men,” CATO Institute Daily, [])

SOLVENCY
==== <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">A comprehensive federal expansion of Title XI loan guarantees mitigates congestion and creates conditions favorable for private investment – the plan reverses the only barrier to short sea transportation ==== ***Note: SST = short sea transportation, CCF = capital construction fund For more than a decade,... owner and included as a transaction cost. ==== <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">And, the plan reduces risk and creates the financial backing necessary for short sea shipping ==== A loan guarantee ... to build ships.
 * Cook, 11 ** — former General Counsel of the Maritime Administration, Counsel to Seward and Kissel LLP (H. Clayton, “Dead in the Water”, Maritime Executive, 7/8/2012, [], Deech)
 * Margaronis, 08 ** [Green Ships Can Fight Global Warming, president of California-based Santa Maria Shipowning & Trading Inc, p. online document retrieved via a google download, full text emailalexanderdpappas@gmail.com]

==== <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">And, that heightens the resiliency of the transportation network – a secure federal funding stream ensures adequate coordination ==== Opportunities A successful // ... // cost categories were identified.
 * Lombardo, 04 ** [Short Sea Shipping: Practices, Opportunities and Challenges[|[1]] Written by Gary A. Lombardo, Ph.D.[|[2]] Prepared by TransportGistics, Inc,[]]

As our road ... develop future capabilities.24
 * And, marine infrastructure is key – other networks have reached maximum capacity – ineffective coordination precipitates wider congestion **
 * Jackson, 07 ** [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser,[]]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">No link uniqueness – modest federal assistance key
The Dual-Use Vessel Program and Americas Marine Highway Next Steps, []] “Short Sea Shipping” and AMH
 * Cook, 12 ** [H. Clayton Cook, Esq. has been involved with Jones Act issues for more than 40 years and served as General Counsel of the Maritime Administration from 1970-1973. He is currently Counsel to Seward & Kissel LLP in Washington, DC.

A MarAd and Department ... // government start-up assistance. //

= NEG = Past 2NRs: Virilio, Jackson Vanick and Case or States CP, Competitiveness K, Severence perms bad/Virilio