Reid+&+Trey

====**Enlightenment philosophy is founded on a fear of the ocean. We seek predictability, limits, and boundaries because we want to block out the inevitability of chaos, death, and chance. Attempts to circumscribe our voyages only repress what we fear and guarantee that it will be expressed in another place and time. The project of our affirmative is to explore this ocean without refuge, to give up on the myth of a safe harbor.**==== __Of the ‘terrain of pure understanding’ Kant says:__ //__This domain is an island, enclosed by nature itself within unalterable limits. It is the land of truth__//// —enchanting name!— __surrounded by a wide and stormy ocean, the native home of illusion, where many a fog bank and many a swiftly melting iceberg give the deceptive appearance of farther shores, deluding the adventurous seafarer ever anew with empty hopes__, __and engaging him in enterprises which he can never abandon and yet is unable to carry to completion__ [K III 267–8]…// Dead labour is far harder to control than the live stuff was, __which is why the enlightenment project of interring gothic superstition was the royal road to the first truly vampiric civilization, in which death alone comes to rule__.
 * Metaphors 1AC**
 * LAND 1992 ** (Nick Land is a lecturer in Continental Philosophy at Warwick University, The Thirst for Annihilation: Georges Bataille and Virulent Nihilism 75-9 IMPORTANT NOTE: parts in italics are quotations in the text from Kant. Kant is the bad guy. He’s going for framework against Bataille. You probably want to preserve that formatting.)

====**Fascism, too, is founded on a fear of the ocean. Mass exterminations are the result of an ethic of purity and control in a futile effort to eradicate the unknown. Policy becomes an attempt at mastery and instrumentalization. Poetry acts as resistance to dominant modes of language and seductions of power.**==== However great the revulsion that can be felt in contact with a single corpse, especially when it is in an advanced state of decomposition, or marked with the traces of an ignoble extremity of agony (torture in particular),… __What matters is **burning a hole through the wall**__.
 * LAND 1992 ** (Nick Land is a lecturer in Continental Philosophy at Warwick University, The Thirst for Annihilation: Georges Bataille and Virulent Nihilism, 138-140)

**Thus Trey and I offer the following gift:**
And a good south wind sprung up behind; The Albatross did follow, And every day, for food or play, Came to the mariner's hollo!

The wedding guest steps back aghast.

'God save thee, ancient Mariner! From the fiends, that plague thee thus!— Why look'st thou so?'—**With my cross-bow**
 * I shot the Albatross.**

In the moment of the Mariner’s fatal shot, a great change comes over the ship: the wind stops, and the burning sun rises high into the sky. The heat beats down, their throats begin to burn, and the crew is unable to drink.

And every tongue, through utter drought, Was withered at the root; We could not speak, no more than if We had been choked with soot.

Night falls, a ship approaches, but they are unable to call out to it. In desperation, the mariner bites hir own arm and drinks hir blood, wetting hir throat just enough to enable hir to call out to the ship. Too late they realize their mistake: the ship carries not a crew to rescue them, but two skeletal figures, who play dice for the Mariner’s soul.

Hir lips were red, hir looks were free, Hir locks were yellow as gold: Hir skin was as white as leprosy, The Night-mare LIFE-IN-DEATH was s/he, Who thicks one's blood with cold.

The naked hulk alongside came, And the twain were casting dice; 'The game is done! I've won! I've won!' Quoth s/he, and whistles thrice. LIFE-IN-DEATH chooses the Mariner, and leaves the crew to Death. *
 * This poem has been gender modified, original available at []

**Our interpretation of the mariner poem is as an engagement with death outside of a subjective perspective**
Without a world, there is no Nature. Without a world, there is no life. What exists outside the charmed circles of Nature and life is a charnel ground, a place of life and death, of death-in-life and life-in-death... But if the mice were shot into space aboard a friendly extraterrestrial freighter, Earth wouldn't be the cause of their death. Even Turin might be rebuilt, brick by brick, on some other world.
 * Morton, ’12 ** (Timothy, Professor and Rita Shea Guffey Chair in English at Rice University, //The Ecological Thought//, Harvard University Press. Accessed p. eBrary from May 24-June 1, 2014. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/apus/docDetail.action?docID=10496853..page 47-48) // BR

**The role of the judge is to recognize the finitude of knowledge. Decentering the subject must begin with the understanding that thought itself will inevitably die**
" **__'Life__** ." I said. " **__is bound to be lost in death, as a river loses itself in the sea, the known in the unknown...s/he is,__** looming large, grown from unfathomable experience, **__comically perched on the stake used for impalement.__**
 * Bataille 45 ** (Georges, “On Nietzsche”, pg. 173-176)//RAW *this card has been gender modified

**Decentering subjectivity is a prerequisite to an encounter with political and ecological crises.**
__The world is increasingly unthinkable – a world of planetary disasters, emerging pandemics, tectonic shifts, strange weather, oil-drenched seascapes, and the__ furtive, __always-looming threat of extinction__ …. Or, as Plato once put it, “hair, mud, and dirt.”
 * THACKER 2010** (Eugene, associate professor at The New School, In the Dust of this Planet, kindle)

=** Makah 1AC **=
 * 1AC Plan**


 * United States Supreme Court should grant certiorari to Anderson v Evans and rule that the Makah's whaling rights under the Treaty of Neah Bay exempt the Makah from the Marine Mammal Protection Act.**


 * Advantage 1 is Colonialism**


 * The controversy surrounding Makah whaling is founded on the Western romanticization of native identity; the Western control over Makah whaling is intimately tied to the West's desire to control and assimilate the Makah themselves.**
 * van Ginkel 04**—University of Amsterdam (Robert, 2004, ETNOFOOR, XVII(1/2), pp. 58-89, "The Makah Whale Hunt and Leviathan's Death: Reinventing Tradition and Disputing Authenticity in the Age of Modernity", rmf)

Apart from the above-mentioned issues, a considerable part of the debate relates AND problematic when 'traditions are forcefully quelled by an extraneous majority' (ibid.). The Makah are well aware of the manner in which their cultural claims are berated AND assimilated, you have lost your right to maintaining or revitalizing a tradition.


 * Critiques of Makah whaling serve to perpetuate colonialism by creating hierarchies of morality in order to promote civility and assimilation**
 * Enaemaehkiw Túpac Keshena 9**, a Makah Native American and Writes about the Makah Issues, and lives on the Makah reservation, http://bermudaradical.wordpress.com/2009/07/09/the-makah-whaling-conflict-and-eco-colonialism/)

To a disturbing extent, whaling opponents have relied on colonialist or even racist arguments to develop opposition to the Makah whale hunt. AND Whatever one believes about the morality of whale hunting, these arguments are themselves an injustice to the Makah.


 * The history of colonialism is the history of relentless genocide and imperialism. "Cultural assimilation" is the constant paving over of difference, sacrificing indigenous identities on the altar of conformity. Absent freedom to whale, the Makah will be absorbed into the growing assemblage of uniformity**
 * Sciullo 08**—Department of Communication at Georgia State University (Nick J., 10/13/08, New York City Law Review, Vol. 12, "A Whale of a Tale: Postcolonialism, Critical Theory, and Deconstruction: Revisiting the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling Through a Socio-Legal Perspective", rmf)

The arrival of non-Indians here led to multiple tragedies that have continued long AND colonial criticisms as they relate to a number of other countries and cultures.


 * And any critique of Makah whaling is based on eco-colonialism. Whaling allows the Makah to resist colonialism and reaffirm their culture.**
 * Sepez 2** – Former anthropologist at the NOAA, has worked with people in the Makah Tribe on and off for almost 20 years, former professor at the University of Washington (Jennifer, "TREATY RIGHTS AND THE RIGHT TO CULTURE: Native American Subsistence Issues in US Law" Cultural Dynamics http://www.sagepub.com/healeystudy5/articles/Ch7/Treatyrights.pdf)

The complicated views of those involved on both sides of the whaling issue cannot be AND , 2000) and the use of peyote in the Native American Church. Within this framework, the clash of ethnobiological paradigms over whale hunting took on similarities AND it became a form of resistance to a larger history of cultural oppression.

//Modern Western Civilization used war as well as peace to gain the whole world as// //AND// //challenge is very urgent indeed. Life itself may depend upon our choice.//
 * Colonialism makes every impact and extinction inevitable**
 * Eckhardt, 90** – Lentz Peace Research Laboratory of St. Louis (William, Journal of Peace Research, February, p. 15-16)//vivienne//

//**Advantage 2 is Precedents**//

//**The Anderson vs Evans case represents the technological norms of whiteness in rhetorical form – highlighting this issue is key to reveal colonialist norms in court rulings**// //**Young '05** – Professor of Communications at Wayne State University (Kelly M., "The Ghost of Moby-Dick and the Rhetorical Haunting of the Ninth Court's Anderson v. Evans Decision", Communication Law Review, Volume 10, Issue 1, http://commlawreview.org/Archives/CLRv10i1/PDFs/The_Ghost_of_Moby-Dick_and_the_Rhetorical_Haunting.pdf)// CW Via Anderson v. Evans, Moby-Dick is deployed as a kind of AND who can help guide indigenous cultures back to the correct way of living.

//Furthermore, the court's discourse sets dangerous precedent for Native American rights and sovereignty.// //AND// //American identity and culture to a position of legal and social inferiority.88//
 * This precedent is based on whiteness and denial of tribal rights – insures the undermining of native culture**
 * Young '05** – Professor of Communications at Wayne State University (Kelly M., "The Ghost of Moby-Dick and the Rhetorical Haunting of the Ninth Court's Anderson v. Evans Decision", Communication Law Review, Volume 10, Issue 1, http://commlawreview.org/Archives/CLRv10i1/PDFs/The_Ghost_of_Moby-Dick_and_the_Rhetorical_Haunting.pdf) //CW//

//**The Anderson decision set a precedent for the Ninth court to use the law in imperialist ventures to deny tribal rights to native peoples**// //**Young '05** – Professor of Communications at Wayne State University (Kelly M., "The Ghost of Moby-Dick and the Rhetorical Haunting of the Ninth Court's Anderson v. Evans Decision", Communication Law Review, Volume 10, Issue 1, http://commlawreview.org/Archives/CLRv10i1/PDFs/The_Ghost_of_Moby-Dick_and_the_Rhetorical_Haunting.pdf)// CW Historically, federal courts have been viewed as champions of civil rights and progressive social AND American beliefs, values and cultural practices in order to maintain legal legitimacy.

//Despite its critical exploration of whiteness and racism, CRT does not provide a nuanced// //AND// //the specter of whiteness presented by the sublime nature of Moby-Dick.//
 * The aff is key to understand and challenge institutionalized legal oppression against Native Americans – Tribal Crit is key**
 * Young '05** – Professor of Communications at Wayne State University (Kelly M., "The Ghost of Moby-Dick and the Rhetorical Haunting of the Ninth Court's Anderson v. Evans Decision", Communication Law Review, Volume 10, Issue 1, http://commlawreview.org/Archives/CLRv10i1/PDFs/The_Ghost_of_Moby-Dick_and_the_Rhetorical_Haunting.pdf) //CW//

//**The decision could spill over and end other tribal rights.**// //**Young '05** – Professor of Communications at Wayne State University (Kelly M., "The Ghost of Moby-Dick and the Rhetorical Haunting of the Ninth Court's Anderson v. Evans Decision", Communication Law Review, Volume 10, Issue 1, http://commlawreview.org/Archives/CLRv10i1/PDFs/The_Ghost_of_Moby-Dick_and_the_Rhetorical_Haunting.pdf)// CW A Tribal Crit examination of the discourse of the Anderson decision reveals several important insights AND regardless of the actual impact of the Tribal fishing on the resource.89

//Treaty rights are inherent legal and moral rights held by indigenous nations. A treaty// //AND// //treaty (1863 Treaty of Ruby Valley with the Western Shoshone).[14]//
 * These treaty rights are intrinsically tied to respect for tribal nations – only the plan reverses legal sentiment – key to challenge white colonialism**
 * Tanner '09** – a co-coordinator of Borderlands Research and Education. Borderlands is committed to using strategic research to support indigenous sovereignty and treaty rights and environmental justice (Charles Jr., "Keeping our Word: Indigenous Sovereignty and Treaty Rights", 9/18/09, Institute for Research and Education for Human Rights, https://www.irehr.org/issue-areas/treaty-rights-and-tribal-sovereignty/319-keeping-our-word-indigenous-sovereignty-and-treaty-rights) //CW//

//**Colonialism makes every impact and extinction inevitable**// //**Eckhardt, 90** – Lentz Peace Research Laboratory of St. Louis (William, Journal of Peace Research, February, p. 15-16)//vivienne Modern Western Civilization used war as well as peace to gain the whole world as AND challenge is very urgent indeed. Life itself may depend upon our choice.


 * Solvency**

//We should also say that all those who attack us with such venom have no// //AND// //to itself, only hastens the contrary of what it wants to secure.//
 * State action is inevitable and only laws ensure justice**
 * Simmons, 99** – Professor at University of Arizona (William Paul, "The Third: Levinas' Theoretical Move from An-Archical Ethics to the Realm of Justice and Politics, Philosophy %26 Social Criticism", pg 83-103, http://theology.co.kr/wwwb/data/levinas/1-levinas.pdf)//vivienne//

//**The Supreme Court can review the case for errors of law and correct the precedent**// //**Stevens, 12** – JD from Seattle University School of Law (Jeremy, American Indian Law Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1, Fall 2012, "Of Whaling, Judicial Fiats, Treaties, and Indians: The Makah Saga Continues", http://www.law.seattleu.edu/Documents/ailj/Fall%20Issue/Whaling%20Jeremy%20Stevens%20Final.pdf)//vivienne But the Ninth Circuit for its part seems to have corrected itself and embarked upon AND of the state or the ultimate liquidation of this or that bureau."209

//While other Tribal Crit accounts of the law have noted how the law stabilizes and// //AND// //whiteness to undermine Native American and other minoritarian attempts to secure legal remedies.//
 * The aff functions on a rhetorical level—criticizing court decisions and calling for revision of bad case law is critical to understanding how the courts operate as oppressors. The plan begins the process of reversing courts' undermining of Native sovereignty**
 * Young, 05** – Professor of Communication at Wayne State (Kelly, "The Ghost of Moby-Dick and the Rhetorical Haunting of the Ninth Court's Anderson v. Evans Decision", Communication Law Review, Volume 10, Issue 1, http://commlawreview.org/Archives/CLRv10i1/PDFs/The_Ghost_of_Moby-Dick_and_the_Rhetorical_Haunting.pdf)//vivienne//

//**Only Supreme Court action solves**// //**Brand, 09** – J.D., University of California, Davis, 2009; B.S., Tufts University, 2002 (Emily, "The Struggle to Exercise a Treaty Right: An Analysis of the Makah Tribe's Path to Whale," University of California, Davis, Volume 32:1, http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/32/2/brand.pdf)//vivienne The Makah Nation secured its right to hunt gray whales over 150 years ago when AND , the only place where this issue could finally be put the rest.


 * Despite having signed the Treaty of Neah Bay in 1855 that protects the Makah tribe's whaling rights, the federal government has continually denied the tribe of this ability. The current process is costly and full of unnecessary legal burdens—removal of these would reestablish these rights**
 * Pombo 05**—Chairman of the House Committee on Natural Resources (Richard, 11/10/05, 109^^th^^ Congress, 1^^st^^ Session, House of Representatives Report, "EXPRESSING THE SENSE OF THE CONGRESS UPHOLDING THE MAKAH TRIBE TREATY RIGHTS", http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-109hrpt283/html/CRPT-109hrpt283.htm, rmf)

H. Con. Res. 267 expresses support for upholding the right of the AND are seriously impaired, not legally abrogated as declared in the underlying resolution.


 * The ban on whaling is an enforcement of colonial law that has historically misrepresented indigenous people and impeded tribal self-determination**
 * Tanner 09**—Co-coordinator of Borderlands Research and Education (Charles Jr., 9/18/09, Institute for Research and Education on Human Rights, "Keeping our Word: Indigenous Sovereignty and Treaty Rights", https://www.irehr.org/issue-areas/treaty-rights-and-tribal-sovereignty/319-keeping-our-word-indigenous-sovereignty-and-treaty-rights, rmf)

The concept of "sovereignty" is not of native origin. Rulers of ancient AND driving force in efforts to save collapsing salmon populations in the Pacific Northwest.

=**OTEC 1AC**=

Warming is real and anthropogenic-multiple warrants
(Donald R. Prothero, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, 3-1-2012, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused," Skeptic, 17.2, EBSCO) __How do we know that global warming is real and__ primarily __human caused?__ __ [....] __ They must plan for the real world that we will be seeing in the next few decades. They do not want to be caught unprepared and harmed by global climatic change when it threatens their survival. Neither can we as a society.
 * Prothero 12**

Contrary data is flawed
Kevin **__ Trenbeth 12 __**, Distinguished Senior Scientist, Climate Analysis Section, National Center for Atmospheric Research et al., writing with over 30 other distinguished climate researchers ( “Check with Climate Scientists for Views on Climate,” WALL STREET JOURNAL, letter to the editor, 2—1—**__ 12 __**,[]) __ Observations show unequivocally that our planet is getting hotter ____. [....]with our physical understanding of how the climate system works, and certainly do not invalidate our understanding of human-induced warming or the models used to simulate that warming __.

Emissions are set to rise in the squo
EB 14 (Eco-Business: Climate News Network, “Carbon output 'will climb 29 per cent by 2035',” http://www.eco-business.com/news/carbon-output-will-climb-29-cent-2035/)//BB The good news, from the climate’s standpoint, is that while global demand for energy is continuing to grow, the growth is slowing. __ [....] __ The Outlook predicts that global energy consumption will rise by 41 percent from 2012 to 2035, compared with 30 per cent over the last ten. ¶ Nor does it offer much hope that the use of novel energy sources will help to cut emissions. It says: “Shale gas is the fastest-growing source of supply (6.5 per cent p.a.), providing nearly half of the growth in global gas.”

4 degrees centigrade of warming triggers positive feedbacks and pushes us past the tipping point
Stern 14 – Professor of Economics, chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the LSE (Nicholas, “Climate change is here now and it could lead to global conflict,” The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/13/storms-floods-climate-change-upon-us-lord-stern)//BB// // If we do not cut emissions, we face even more devastating consequences, as unchecked they could raise global average temperature to 4C or more above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century __ [....] from fossil fuels __. ¶ Unfortunately, the current pace of progress is not //nearly rapid enough//, with many rich industrialised countries being slow to make the transition to cleaner and more efficient forms of economic growth.

Warming releases Arctic methane from hydrates – triggers runaway warming and extinction
Song 11 – Pulitzer prize winning reporter for Inside Climate News (Lisa Mar 3, 2011, Accessed June 25, 2014. “Up to 40% of Gulf Oil Spill Was Potent Methane Gas, Research Shows” Inside Climate News http://insideclimatenews.org/author/lisa-song) Another risk lies in the hydrates' contribution to climate change. __Hydrates keep methane out of the atmosphere by sequestering them underground.__ __ [....]. "It would be pretty close to the end of civilization as we know it, and this could happen.__ It doesn't mean it's going to happen … but we want people to be aware [of the possibility]." Leifer will return to the Arctic later in March to continue hydrate research.

Explosive methane bursts cause extinction
Aym 2010 [Terrence [] Doomsday Methane Bubble Rupture?: How the BP Gulf Disaster May Have Triggered a ‘World-Killing’ Event Ryskin’s methane extinction theory Northwestern University‘s Gregory Ryskin, a bio-chemical engineer, has a theory: The oceans periodically produce massive eruptions of explosive methane gas. __ [....] __ [6 ] All three warning signs are documented to be occurring in the Gulf.

Warming kills Pteropodes-causes extinction through food chain collapse—adaption fails
Taylor, 14 - research fellow at Stanford University (Larry, “A tiny creature's big warning”, June 26, 2014, Los Angeles Times, Opinion Desk; Part A; Pg. 15, lexis)//AE// // Pteropod, meaning "wing foot," refers to a group of animals that have neither wings nor feet as we usually think of them. Instead, these seagoing snails get their name from wing-like extensions they use to swim (the "foot" being the muscular portion of their body). __ [....] We're growing ever closer to pushing our home over the edge, __// __perhaps into another mass extinction. // If food webs collapse, //all species will eventually feel the trickle-up effects, humans included.//__

Warming causes algal blooms-extinction
Greenbang 9, Founded in 2007, Greenbang is led by a team of former news, business and technology journalists from the Financial Times, the Chicago Tribune and other publications. Greenbang’s audience is made up of policy-makers, business leaders and CXOs, technology and energy professionals, public-sector decision-makers, architects, investors and industry influencers. “Warming planet = more toxic algae = mass extinctions” Greenbang.com, October 19, 2009, http://www.greenbang.com/warming-planet-more-toxic-algae-mass-extinctions_12242.html In fact, just such toxic blooms could have occurred during the five largest mass extinctions in Earth’s history, according to James Castle and John Rodgers, two researchers at Clemson University. __ [....] __ “ Scientists from around the world have been sending us data that support our hypothesis and our concern about the future, ” Rodgers said. “I look forward to the debate this work will generate. I hope it helps focus attention on climate change and the consequences we may face.”

Warming kills plankton-extinction
Borenstein 10 – (Seth, “Plankton, base of ocean food web, in a big decline”, NBC news, 7/28, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/38451744/ns/us_news-environment/#.U9BIoqgwLkd)//JFHH WASHINGTON — Despite their tiny size, plant __plankton__ found in the world's oceans __are crucial to__ much of __life on Earth__. __ [....] That makes it__ more __difficult for__ the plant __plankton__, __which__ are light and often __live near the ocean surface__ , __to get nutrients in deeper__ , __cooler water__. It also matches other global warming trends, with the biggest effects at the poles and around the equator

Environmental security breaks down securitization and is the only way to solve the environment
Trombetta ‘8 (Maria Julia, Professor of Economics of Infrastructures of [|Delft University of Technology], “The meaning and function of climate security” []) The two main arguments against considering the environment as a security issue come from Realists, and from those who warn against the problematic implications the word security brings with it.

Constructivists and poststructuralists have challenged the narrow realist perspective suggesting that threats are socially constructed. Amongst these approaches, the most innovative and thoughtful attempt to conceptualise the social construction of security issues, is the theory of securitization elaborated by the Copenhagen School, a body of research mainly associated with the work of Barry Buzan and Ole Waever. __ [....] Second he suggests that modernity is becoming reflexive. In this sense it is relevant to explore how the “climate security discourse” has evolved and transformed security practices. __

Multiple factors check war
Robb 12 —Lieutenant, US Navy (Doug, Why the Age of Great Power War is Over, [|www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over], JZG) Whereas in years past, when nations allied with their neighbors in ephemeral bonds ofconvenience , __ [....] In the current security environment __ , such a war is equal parts costly, counterproductive, archaic, and improbable.

No China war
Deudney and Ikenberry, 09 — MA and PhD in Political Science, Professor, Political Science, Johns Hopkins University; PhD, Professor, International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University (Daniel and G. John, January/February 2009, "The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail," Foreign Affairs Volume 88, Issue 1, JZG) This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent developments and ignores powerful countervailing factors and forces. Indeed, contrary to what the revivalists describe, __ [....] Taken together, these changes in the economy of violence mean that the international system is far more primed for peace than the autocratic revivalists acknowledge. __

No scenario for escalation and no miscalc— inevitable incentives for conflict minimization
Quinlan 9 - distinguished former British defence strategist, former Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the British Ministry of Defence, Prof. @ Wimbledon College and Merton College, Oxford. Director of the Ditchley Foundation (Sir Michael, Thinking About Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects, 2009, [], JZG) It was occasionally conjectured that nuclear war might be triggered by the real but accidental or unauthorized launch of a strategic nuclear-weapon delivery system in the direction of a potential adversary __ [....] __. Perceptions of them do however reinforce the already-strong case that whatever arrangements still remain in place for continuous high readiness to launch nuclear action at short notice should be abandoned. Chapter 13 returns to this.

Bostrom, ‘2. Nick, PhD, Faculty in Philosophy at Oxford, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” []. Previous sections have argued that the combined probability of the existential risks is very substantial. Although there is still a fairly broad range of differing estimates that responsible thinkers could make __ [....] __ it seems best to acknowledge that there just might be a tomorrow, especially if we play our cards right.
 * Preventing extinction is a d-rule – below is the decision calculus **

Deterrence checks nuclear war and irrational actors
Tepperman 9 [Deputy Editor at Newsweek. Frmr Deputy Managing Editor, Foreign Affairs. LLM, i-law, NYU. MA, jurisprudence, Oxford. (Jonathan, Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb, [], CMR] The argument that nuclear weapons can be agents of peace as well as destruction rests on two deceptively simple observations. First, nuclear weapons have not been used since 1945. Second, there’s never been a nuclear, or even a nonnuclear, war between two states that possess them . __ [....] __ The prospect of war brought Delhi and Islamabad face to face with a nuclear holocaust, and leaders in each country did what they had to do to avoid it.

Nuclear winter can’t be proven—their studies are politically biased
American Institute of Physics August 2011 ("Wintry Doom," August, [], JZG) Atmospheric scientists were well-placed to take up the question of smoke from a nuclear war. __ [....] __ (According to more recent research, smoke following even a limited, regional war would probably dim sunlight enough to kill many more people through starvation than would die directly under the bombs.)(10)

New science proves that extinction won’t occur from nuclear winter
Robock 2010 (Alan, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, "Nuclear Winter," WIREs Climate Change, May/June, [], JZG) While it is important to point out the consequences of nuclear winter, it is also important to point out what will not be the consequences. __ [....] __, as would the effect on the atmospheric greenhouse by carbon dioxide production. The consequences of nuclear winter are extreme enough without these additional effects, however.

Predictions fail- prefer risk management of the most probable impact
Cochrane 11 John H. Cochrane is a Professor of finance at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and a contributor to Business Class "IN DEFENSE OF THE HEDGEHOGS" July 15 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/07/15/john-h-cochrane/in-defense-of-the-hedgehogs/ Risk Management Rather than Forecast-and-Plan ** The answer is to change the question **, to focus on risk management , as Gardner and Tetlock suggest. __ [....] __ if we instead focused on laying out all the bad things that could happen and made sure we had insurance or contingency plans, ** both personal and public policies might be a lot better **.

Powerful rhetoric coupled with a pragmatic solution is the only way to solve
Hailwood 4 (Simon, Philosophy @ Liverpool __‘__//How to be a Green Liberal// p. 155-156) For me, __the main worry__ emerging from such considerations __is not that liberal societies are incapable of embracing meaningful change towards "eco-sanity__ ", __ [....] __ That it is, in principle, possible to do this within the terms of what is often taken to be the main political philosophy of modernity, has been the point of this book.


 * We’ll isolate five internal links to solvency**

First is CO2 emissions

 * OTEC solves power plants and emissions – curbs CO2**
 * Magesh ’10** (R. Magesh, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2010 Vol II WCE 2010, June 30 - July 2, 2010, London, U.K.[], wcp)

Scientists all over the world are making predictions about the ill effects of Global warming and its consequences on the mankind. __Conventional Fuel Fired Electric Power Stations contribute nearly 21__. 3 __% of the Global Green House Gas emission annually. Hence, an alternative for such Power Stations is a must to prevent global warming.__ __ [....] __ Another undeveloped opportunity is the potential to mine ocean water for its 57 elements contained in salts and other forms and dissolved in solution. The initial capital cost of OTEC power station would look high, but an OTEC plant would not involve the waste- treatment or astronomical decommissioning costs of a nuclear facility. Also, it would offset its expense through the sale of the desalinated water. (Hans Krock, PhD. professor emeritus in Ocean Engineering at the University of Hawai'i-Manoa and president of OCEES and CTO at DSH. Krock, H. J. Huang, J. C. Oney, S. K. “Revisit Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion System,” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Volume 8, Issue 2, pp. 160. July 2, 2003. [])
 * That displaces CO2**
 * Krock et al. 03**

__The ocean covers more than 70.8% of the surface of the earth. A nearly equal fraction of the solar energy intercepted by the earth falls onto the ocean surface.__ __ [....] ____These two enormous layers of water, one warm and the other cold, form the basic resource available to a heat engine able to transform the thermal energy into electrical power through a mechanical system.__

OTEC can be used an alternative to motor vehicle fuel.
//__The electrical energy generated on board an OTEC vessel may be stored in the form of chemical energy for periodic transfer to on-land users, or at favorable sites may be transmitted ashore via underwater power cables____ [....] __ All types would be adaptable to shipboard installation and would be similar in cost. Preliminary design studies indicated that the General Electric solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) design would be of minimum weight and volume (Nuttal, 1981). The requirements are discussed in Section 4.3. //
 * Avery and Wu, 94-** (Avery has B.S. in chemistry from Pomona College and his A.M. and Ph.D. degrees in physical chemistry from Harvard, Wu and the former director of Ocean Energy Programs at John Hopkins, Wu is a professor in the department of mechanical engineering at the US Naval academy) Willam H. Avery, Chih Wu, “Renewable Energy from the Ocean: A guide to OTEC”, 10-11, Oxford University press for the John Hopkins University, 1994, accessed at the University of Michigan Library//{fishnets}//

//**Third is water vapor-CO2 reductions alone fail**// //**OTEC is our last stand to reverse climate change**// //**Baird ’14** (Jim, B.S. Chemistry, Owner at Global Warming Mitigation Method, “The Existential Imperative: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion II”, The energy collective, Jan 6th, 2014 http://theenergycollective.com/jim-baird/324161/existential-imperative-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-ii, //wcp//)

__The__ [|__fourth IPCC assessment report__] __projects that 40 to 70 percent of species could go extinct if Earth warms by 3.5°C____ [....] ____You can move a great deal more heat, much faster, through phase changes of a working fluid rather than in masses of water because the latent heat of vaporization and its inverse the latent heat of condensation of a liquid is much greater than its sensible heat and it is easier to move a light vapour than a heavy liquid.__

OTEC increases phytoplankton-that sequesters carbon
Muralidharan 2012 (Shylesh Master of Science in Engineering and Management at Pondicherry University – Mechanical Engineering school. “Assessment of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion” 2012 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archives.pdf .accessed 6/29/14 .nt) 7.2.Upwelling of nutrient-rich deep ocean water //OTEC helps with artificial upwelling of the ocean water//__ [....] //from the atmosphere and reduce global warming//__, notwithstanding the fact that it b a perturbation to the natural system with potential of unintended consequences.

That is a huge internal link to food production
Celestopea 14 (Celestopea is an organization dedicated to creating a vibrant world of health, peace and prosperity. It is dedicated to helping people from all walks of life and cultures to have the opportunity to live and raise their families in sustainable, eco-friendly communities on both land and sea, where people are friends, united by common goals and principles of living. Celestopea, “Ocean Thermal Energy Converter,” http://www.celestopea.com/OTEC.htm//ghs-kw) Inexhaustibly renewable, pollution free energy is merely the beginning of the benefits of Celestopean OTEC's. __ [....] In addition to tropical fish, the sea farms will also raise many types of cold water fish and shellfish such as salmon, lobster, abalone, trout, oysters and clams, that would normally not survive in warm tropical waters. __

Fifth is modelling
Lockheed Martin No Date (“OTEC: The Time Is Now” [|http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/] [|100] [|years/stories/otec.html .nt]) The high cost of fossil fuels, the push toward renewable energy and advances in ocean technology are bringing OTEC’s boundless power potential closer __ [....] Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar require a back-up source to ensure there’s power even on calm days or when there are too many clouds in the sky. __
 * OTEC is modelled globally-feasible for over half the world’s countries**

The US is an environmental model for countries
SUSSMAN, ’04 , Political science professor at Old Dominion University Glen, The USA and Global Environmental Policy: Domestic Constraints on Effective Leadership, International Political Science Review / Revue internationale de science politique, Vol.25, No. 4, Sage Publications, Ltd., JSTOR As a principal actor in global affairs, the USA is expected to offer leadership in international efforts to address global environmental policy problems. __ [....] __ The purpose of this article is to assess the following two questions: what role did the USA play in multilateral efforts to promote environmental protection during the last quarter of the 20th century? What forces have shaped US global environmental policy?

Specifically, Small Island Developing States’ ecosystems are collapsing in the squo-OTEC is adopted and solves every internal link

 * Binger, 04** – Al, Visiting Professor, Saga University Institute of Ocean Energy, Saga, Japan (“Potential and Future Prospects for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) In Small Islands Developing States (SIDS),” [] //Red)

III. OTEC Potential Contribution to Sustainable Development in SIDS **__OTEC has the potential to contribute to the sustainable development of SIDS in a number of ways__**, which are described below. Cheap Secure and Unlimited Source of Commercial Energy __SIDS__, __ [....] New products for export__ as discussed in the section on food security. Direct and indirect contribution to __reduce local pressure on the terrestrial and coastal environment.__ To begin the development of its largest undiscovered natural resources in the tropical ocean.

That spurs reglobalization from the bottom up
Rifkin 02 **(Jeremy, President of The Foundation on Economic Trends, author of The Hydrogen Economy: The Creation of the World Wide Energy Web and the Redistribution of Power on Earth, 12/5, “Hydrogen: Empowering the People”http://www.thenation**.com/article/hydrogen-empowering-people) Were all individuals and communities in the world to become the producers of their own energy, the result would be a dramatic shift in the configuration of power __ [....] This is the essence of reglobalization from the bottom up. __

(Luis Vega is currently the manager of the USDOE National Marine Renewable Energy Center at the University of Hawaii. He holds degrees in Applied Mathematics, Aerospace Engineering and Applied Ocean Sciences from the US Naval Academy, CALTECH and the University of California. His professional experience ranges from analytical studies to laboratory scale and model basin tests as well as at-sea tests of marine renewable energy equipment. He lead the team that designed and tested an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) experimental plant demonstrating 24/7 production of electricity and desalinated-water and obtaining operational data required for estimating realistic costs of production. He has also worked in electrification of remote villages in South Pacific Island Nations utilizing solar and wind resources and establishing a Rural Energy Service Company in the nation of Fiji. Vega, Luis A. PhD. “Economics of OTEC: An Update,” presentation at the Offshore Technology Conference, May 2010. [|http://hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/OTEC-Economics-2010.pdf//ghs-kw])
 * OTEC is ready but federal demonstrations and incentives are key to commercialization**
 * Vega 10**

Conclusions and Recommendations __The major conclusion reached in the earlier report continues to be applicable:__ __ [....] __ This of course depends on specific conditions at each site. Presently, for example, in Hawai’i cost competitiveness requires electricity produced at less than about 0.20 $/kWh. Our analysis indicates that, without subsidies or environmental credits, plants would have to be 50 MW or bigger to be cost competitive in Hawai’i.

Independently, USFG regulation is necessary for OTEC to succeed in the private market.
Muralidharan 2012 (Shylesh Master of Science in Engineering and Management at Pondicherry University – Mechanical Engineering school. “Assessment of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion” 2012 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archives.pdf .accessed 6/29/14 .nt) //Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a promising renewable energy technology to generate electricity// and has //other applications such as production of freshwater, seawater air-conditioning, marine culture and chilled-soil agriculture//. __ [....] __ //OTEC can be an important means of producing more electricity, freshwater and food for the planet's increasing population.//

(Dr. Orlando E. Ruiz is an assistant professor at the University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, and a director of Offshore Infrastructure Associates. He received a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology and also completed the General Electric Edison Engineering Development Program. He has worked with aerospace and computer companies and maintains a consulting practice. Ruiz, O. E. Laboy, M. A. J. Martí, J. A. “Commercial Implementation of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Using the Ocean for Commercial Generation of Baseload Renewable Energy and Potable Water,” Sea-Technology magazine, April 2010. [|https://www.sea-technology.com/features/2010/0410/thermal_energy_conversion.html//ghs-kw])
 * OTEC is technologically ready now and cost-competitive**
 * Ruiz et al. 10**

Technical Feasibility __The nearly 80 years of studies and designs since Claude’s first attempt to demonstrate OTEC technology in Cuba in 1930 and the investment of more than $500 million in R&D and engineering during the mid-1970s to the early 1990s—____ [....] __ __OTEC could be even more favorable in these areas and perhaps beyond. In addition, there would be significant benefits to the environment, since the air pollutants and greenhouse gases resulting from fuel combustion would not occur.__

No environmental impacts—operational precautions and plant design solve
Martí et al 09 (Jose A Martí: MSCE Environmental Engineering from Northeastern University, BSCE and Graduate degree in Civil Engineering, University of Puerto Rico. Principal and founder of consulting engineering and planning firm providing services to industry, government and commercial clients, since 1983. Planning, engineering and economic studies. Technical aspects of regulations. Process engineering. Planning and design of multiple major water and wastewater facilities, for utility and industrial clients. Most recently, firm is involved in alternative energy projects, principally on engineering and planning for renewable energy projects, including Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), solar PV energy, and related applications. Martí, José A; Thomas J. Plocek; Manuel A.J. Laboy, Offshore Infrastructure Associates, Inc. “Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): Technical Viability, Cost Projections and Development Strategies,” Presentation to 2009 Offshore Technology Conference. http://www.offinf.com/OIA_at_OTC.pdf//ghs-kw) In terms of air emissions, there will not be any release of pollutants associated to the combustion process of fossil fuels. __ [....] __ Since there is no data from a long-term operation of an OTEC commercial plant it is desirable to include a program to study environmental effects during the operation of the first plants. This way, the magnitude of any impacts can be determined with certainty, to optimize the operation and the design of future plants. (Sean O’Neill is co-founder and president of the Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition. He is also founder and principal of Symmetrix Public Relations & Communication Strategies where he serves the non-profit, energy, and human resources industries. Prior to founding Symmetrix, Mr. O’Neill served as Director of Public Affairs for U.S. Generating Company from 1993 to 2001. Has has served numerous non-profit and non-governmental organizations in developing programs to encourage the development of ocean renewable technologies, electric industry deregulation, water conservation, municipal solid waste management and public safety contributing to broad public policy changes at state and federal levels, increased water and energy conservation, recycling, and seat belt use. His publications include: "Public Acceptance: A Siting Imperative," for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers; "Teaming Legal and Communication Services," for Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly; "Minority Participation in Government Contracting," for the County of San Diego; and, "Disaster Preparedness Capabilities in San Diego County," for the National Science Foundation. Sean has a Masters in Public Communications from American University where he has served on the adjunct faculty and holds an A.B. degree in English from Columbia College in New York. Testimony Before the Committee on Science & Technology Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, Hearing on “Developing Untapped Potential: Geothermal and Ocean Power Technologies,” May 17, 2007, [|http://www.oceanrenewable.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/oneill_testimony.pdf//ghs-kw])
 * Plan key to solve—boosts investor confidence, incentivizes investment, and streamlines permitting**
 * O’Neill 07**

Q. 6 What can Congress and/or the federal government do to help move the technology forward? Is there a role for federal support for R&D? Why is federal spending necessary __?__ __ [....] __ __We should establish streamlined regulation and permitting for offshore renewables, with maximum cooperation between state and federal agencies.__

Obama has announced ocean initiatives and the NOAA already shifted funding
Piltz 7/18 – Rick Piltz is a writer for Climate Science Watch. (“On Obama's new actions to support state and local climate preparedness”, Climate Science Watch, [], July 18, 2014) It's been a long time coming, but climate change preparedness has finally moved into the mainstream of national policymaking. __ [....] __ Federal agencies will provide funding assistance in at least 25 communities across the country for green infrastructure projects, technical assistance to create integrated green stormwater management and hazard mitigation plans, and recognition and awards programs for innovative green infrastructure projects. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released a new guide, “Assessing Health Vulnerability to Climate Change,” to help public health departments assess local vulnerabilities to health hazards associated with climate change.

=Neg=

Rd 1 2NR: GOP Good with TPA, aquaculture sustainability defense

Rd 4 2NR: Geoengineering CP (Cloud Seeding), CO2 key to Ag