Mariam+&+Chen


 * Plan:** The United States federal government should offer modified land grants in Alaska for railways necessary for a Bering Strait tunnel.

=INHERENCY=

Russia is fully committed to a Bering Strait tunnel—US support is the key barrier and the project would permanently cement US-Russian relations and Russian Far East development

 * MOSCOW NEWS 2012** (“Tunneling to America?” April 28, lexis)

Adv. 1 RELATIONS

 * ====US-Russian relations are deteriorating—the plan is key to overcome other sources of conflict====
 * KIRACOFE 6/24/12** [Clifford A. Kiracofe, //teaches political science at Washington and Lee University and history at the Virginia Military Institute. He was formerly a Senior Professional Staff Member of the United States Senate on Foreign Relations and has extensive inside experience of American federal government,// June 24, 2012, “US, Russia need to see their ties grow”, Global Times, [], DMintz]
 * ====The aff cements a permanent peace of US-Russia cooperation====
 * Barry 11** [ Mark P. Barry, //Senior Fellow for Public Policy, Summit Council for World Peace,// October 04, 2011//,// “M.P. Barry Advancing the Bering Strait Tunnel Project in the United States and Canada”, Universal Peace Federation, [], DMintz]
 * ====U.S.-Russian relations solve world stability, terrorism, nuclear war, nuclear, chemical, and biological terrorism====
 * SIMES 2003** (Dmitri, President of the Nixon Center, FDCH Political Testimony, 9-30)
 * ====Relations solve US-Russian and Russia-China nuclear wars====
 * NEWSWEEK 1995** (“Why Russia Still Matters to America,” 5-15, lexis)
 * ====U.S.-Russian relations solve international conflict and opposition to U.S. hegemony====
 * LEVGOLD 2003** (Robert, National Interest, Winter 02/03)
 * ==== Strong US-Russian relations make all nuclear wars less likely ====
 * LEVGOLD 2003** (Robert, National Interest, Winter 02/03)
 * ====U.S.-Russian relations solve all other impacts—everything is easier with Russian cooperation and harder without it====
 * CFR TASK FORCE 2006** (Council on Foreign Relations Independent Task Force for Russia, Chaired by John Edwards and Jack Kemp, “RUSSIA’S WRONG DIRECTION: WHAT THE UNITED STATES CAN AND SHOULD DO,” http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Russia_TaskForce.pdf)

Adv. 2 RUSSIAN FAR EAST (RFE)
However, critics have questioned the strategic wisdom of the Kremlin's policy to develop stronger ties with Beijing, including arms sales and energy supplies to China. THROUGH THE BERING STRAIT,” 05/1993, Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Vol. 30, Issue 3, Online) Gangeezy
 * ====Bering Strait tunnel is key to Russian Far East development—now is key====
 * RUSDATA DIALINE - RUSSIAN PRESS DIGEST 2011** (“Yakutsk dreams of traveling to America by railway,” August 19, lexis)
 * ====The plan would draw world attention and overcome barriers to investment====
 * DALZIEL 2011** (Stephen, executive director of the Russo-British Chamber of Commerce, “From London to New York via Siberia on train;” This online supplement is produced and published by Rossiyskaya Gazeta (Russia), which takes sole responsibility for the content, The Telegraph, Oct 15, lexis)
 * ====Infrastructure development in the Russian Far East is key to prevent Chinese encroachment====
 * BLAGOV 2007** (Sergei, Moscow-based analyst for ISN Security Watch, EnerPub, April 2, http://www.energypublisher.com/article.asp?idarticle=8786)
 * ====The impact is nuclear winter====
 * SHARAVIN 2001** (Alexander, Director of the Institute for Military and Political Analysis, What the Papers Say, Oct 3)
 * ====Political instability causes a nuclear strike on the US====
 * PRY 1999** (Peter Vincent, Former US Intelligence Operative, War Scare: U.S.-Russia on the Nuclear Brink, netlibrary)
 * ====Far East development solves overall Russian growth====
 * ARSENOV 93** (V. I. Arsenov, Ministry of Economics of the Russian Federation, “INTERCONTINENTAL RAILROAD AND TUNNEL
 * ====Russian growth is key to prevent accidental nuclear launch====
 * FORDEN 2001** (Geoffrey, senior research fellow at the Security Studies Program at MIT, Policy Analysis, May 3)
 * ====Even a moderate scenario for accidental launch would kill billions and cause global disease spread====
 * FORROW ET AL 1998** (Lachlan Forrow, Bruce G Blair, Ira Helfand, George Lewis, et al, Author Affiliation: From the Division of Gencral Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, (L.F.); the Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. (B.G.B.); Physicians for Social Responsibility, (I.H.); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (G.L., TP); the Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, (VS.); Barry S. Levy Associates and Tufts University School of Medicine, (B.S.L.); the Department of Radiology and the Center for International Security and Arms Control, Stanford University, (H.A.); and Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New England Journal of Medicine, April 30)

Adv. 3 GLOBAL INTEGRATION
Mathew J. **__Burrows__** (counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC), PhD in European History from Cambridge University) **__and__** Jennifer **__Harris__** (a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit) April **__2009__** “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_Burrows.pdf
 * ==== The plan leads to global rail integration—solves all war ====
 * BURROUGHS 2009** (Craig Burroughs is Chairman and CEO of Northern Inter-Continental Enterprises, Inc., (NICE, Inc.) an Alaska Corporation chartered for the purpose of building the Bering Strait railway tunnels and connecting trackage between the North American and Asian rail systems. He has been CEO of several short-line and regional railroads, and is an officer and a Founding Director of the Interhemispheric Bering Strait Tunnel & Railroad Group, an Alaska not-for-profit educational corporation which has been studying and promoting the trans-Bering Strait rail link for the past 17 years. Mr. Burroughs holds a B.S. in Industrial Administration from Iowa State University('65) and an MBA with emphasis in transportation from Northwestern University's Kellogg School('70), “THE FAST TRACK TO A BETTER WORLD,” June, www.railwaytotomorrow.com/fast_track_to_a_better_world.pdf)
 * ====World rail integration is key to global trade, fair economic growth, environmental protection, and international cooperation====
 * BURROUGHS 2009** (Craig Burroughs is Chairman and CEO of Northern Inter-Continental Enterprises, Inc., (NICE, Inc.) an Alaska Corporation chartered for the purpose of building the Bering Strait railway tunnels and connecting trackage between the North American and Asian rail systems. He has been CEO of several short-line and regional railroads, and is an officer and a Founding Director of the Interhemispheric Bering Strait Tunnel & Railroad Group, an Alaska not-for-profit educational corporation which has been studying and promoting the trans-Bering Strait rail link for the past 17 years. Mr. Burroughs holds a B.S. in Industrial Administration from Iowa State University('65) and an MBA with emphasis in transportation from Northwestern University's Kellogg School('70), “THE FAST TRACK TO A BETTER WORLD,” June, www.railwaytotomorrow.com/fast_track_to_a_better_world.pdf)
 * ==== World economic growth is key to solve catastrophic wars ====
 * ====Port congestion will cause a collapse in trade now—Northern sea routes are key====
 * OLIVER 2007** (James, writer and journalist, The Bering Strait Crossing: A 21st Century Frontier Between East and West, 202)
 * ====The plan solves congestion====
 * BURROUGHS 2009** (Craig Burroughs is Chairman and CEO of Northern Inter-Continental Enterprises, Inc., (NICE, Inc.) an Alaska Corporation chartered for the purpose of building the Bering Strait railway tunnels and connecting trackage between the North American and Asian rail systems. He has been CEO of several short-line and regional railroads, and is an officer and a Founding Director of the Interhemispheric Bering Strait Tunnel & Railroad Group, an Alaska not-for-profit educational corporation which has been studying and promoting the trans-Bering Strait rail link for the past 17 years. Mr. Burroughs holds a B.S. in Industrial Administration from Iowa State University('65) and an MBA with emphasis in transportation from Northwestern University's Kellogg School('70), “THE FAST TRACK TO A BETTER WORLD,” June, www.railwaytotomorrow.com/fast_track_to_a_better_world.pdf)
 * ==== Strong trade is a prerequisite to solve all problems—collapse causes war ====
 * PANITCHPAKDI 4** – Secretary-General of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (Supachai, “American Leadership and the World Trade Organization: What is the Alternative?” 2/26/2004, [])
 * ==== The impact is nuclear war ====
 * COPELY NEWS SERVICE 1999** (No Title, “Commentary” section, Dec 1, Lexis)
 * ====Bering Strait tunnel would link the US and Russian electricity grids====
 * NEWSER 2011** (“Russia OKs Underwater Tunnel to Alaska,” Sep 1, http://www.newser.com/story/127481/russia-oks-underwater-bering-strait-tunnel-to-alaska.html)
 * ====Power links will be laid before the railroad is even completed—this alone pays for the project====
 * BURROUGHS 2009** (Craig Burroughs is Chairman and CEO of Northern Inter-Continental Enterprises, Inc., (NICE, Inc.) an Alaska Corporation chartered for the purpose of building the Bering Strait railway tunnels and connecting trackage between the North American and Asian rail systems. He has been CEO of several short-line and regional railroads, and is an officer and a Founding Director of the Interhemispheric Bering Strait Tunnel & Railroad Group, an Alaska not-for-profit educational corporation which has been studying and promoting the trans-Bering Strait rail link for the past 17 years. Mr. Burroughs holds a B.S. in Industrial Administration from Iowa State University('65) and an MBA with emphasis in transportation from Northwestern University's Kellogg School('70), “THE FAST TRACK TO A BETTER WORLD,” June, www.railwaytotomorrow.com/fast_track_to_a_better_world.pdf)
 * ====Connecting the US and Russian electrical grids spills over to unite the entire planet—solves energy availability, pollution, warming, and sustainable economic development====
 * ALEKSNADROV et al 1992** (Gregory N. Aleksnadrov, Leningrad Tech. Univ. Afzal Khan, Alaska Energy Authority Moe Aslam, Municipal Light and Power Peter Meisen, GENI Raghbir S. Basi, Alaska Pacific Univ. Brent Petrie, Alaska Energy Authority Lev S. Belyaev, Siberian Energy Institute Robert Retherford, P.E. Consultant Bob Bulmer, Alaska Dept. of Commerce Nikolai Voropai, Siberian Energy Institute Vladilen Fotin, Electrotechnical Institute Michael Wolfe, Int'l Energy Systems Consultant Vladimir Gatanov, HVDC Power Transmission Research Inst. Norio Yamamoto, Global Infrastructure Fund Japan (Attended 1/15 only) Dora Gropp, Chugach Electric Assoc. Victor Yershevich, Energoset Project “The Potential of an Electrical Interconnection Between Russia and North America” Held in Anchorage, Alaska, USA January 15-17, 1992, http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/newsletters/1992/the-potential-of-an-electrical-interconnection-between-russia-and-north-america.shtml)
 * ==== Warming causes loss of biodiversity, and then extinction ====
 * SIFY 2010 –** Sydney newspaper citing Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science at UNC (Sify News, “Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?”, []
 * ====Pollution causes extinction====
 * KATZ 1998** - Activist (Deborah, “Toxic Waste Threatens Communities”, [|www.resistinc.org/newsletter/issues/1998/01/art1.html], KONTOPOULOS)

= = =SOLVENCY=
 * ====Loss of biodiversity causes complete extinction====
 * DINER 1994** (Maj. David, Instructor at the US Army JAG School, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161)
 * ====The tunnel will be completed by 2019====
 * BURROUGHS 2009** (Craig Burroughs is Chairman and CEO of Northern Inter-Continental Enterprises, Inc., (NICE, Inc.) an Alaska Corporation chartered for the purpose of building the Bering Strait railway tunnels and connecting trackage between the North American and Asian rail systems. He has been CEO of several short-line and regional railroads, and is an officer and a Founding Director of the Interhemispheric Bering Strait Tunnel & Railroad Group, an Alaska not-for-profit educational corporation which has been studying and promoting the trans-Bering Strait rail link for the past 17 years. Mr. Burroughs holds a B.S. in Industrial Administration from Iowa State University('65) and an MBA with emphasis in transportation from Northwestern University's Kellogg School('70), “THE FAST TRACK TO A BETTER WORLD,” June, www.railwaytotomorrow.com/fast_track_to_a_better_world.pdf)
 * ====Modified land grants solve infrastructure development without spending====
 * BURROUGHS 2009** (Craig Burroughs is Chairman and CEO of Northern Inter-Continental Enterprises, Inc., (NICE, Inc.) an Alaska Corporation chartered for the purpose of building the Bering Strait railway tunnels and connecting trackage between the North American and Asian rail systems. He has been CEO of several short-line and regional railroads, and is an officer and a Founding Director of the Interhemispheric Bering Strait Tunnel & Railroad Group, an Alaska not-for-profit educational corporation which has been studying and promoting the trans-Bering Strait rail link for the past 17 years. Mr. Burroughs holds a B.S. in Industrial Administration from Iowa State University('65) and an MBA with emphasis in transportation from Northwestern University's Kellogg School('70), “THE FAST TRACK TO A BETTER WORLD,” June, www.railwaytotomorrow.com/fast_track_to_a_better_world.pdf)
 * ====Russia is already building rail links to complete a Bering Strait tunnel—US infrastructure in Alaska is key====
 * ASIAN NEWS INTERNATIONAL 2011** (“Russia set to complete extension rail network to Siberia by 2030,” August 23, lexis)
 * ====Shipping will rapidly pay for itself====
 * BURROUGHS 2009** (Craig Burroughs is Chairman and CEO of Northern Inter-Continental Enterprises, Inc., (NICE, Inc.) an Alaska Corporation chartered for the purpose of building the Bering Strait railway tunnels and connecting trackage between the North American and Asian rail systems. He has been CEO of several short-line and regional railroads, and is an officer and a Founding Director of the Interhemispheric Bering Strait Tunnel & Railroad Group, an Alaska not-for-profit educational corporation which has been studying and promoting the trans-Bering Strait rail link for the past 17 years. Mr. Burroughs holds a B.S. in Industrial Administration from Iowa State University('65) and an MBA with emphasis in transportation from Northwestern University's Kellogg School('70), “THE FAST TRACK TO A BETTER WORLD,” June, www.railwaytotomorrow.com/fast_track_to_a_better_world.pdf)
 * ====US and Russia are key—other countries will get on board====
 * RUSSIA & CIS BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL NEWSWIRE 2012** (“Russian Railways chief believes tunnel can be built under Bering Strait,” April 9, lexis)