Aff+-+Brandon+Puchowitz+and+Charlie+Zheng

=SSA - Version 1 =

1ac ssa – plan
====The United States federal government should engage with China by substantially increasing space transparency and confidence-building measures with the People's Republic of China, including information exchange for space activities, advanced notification for space policies, and enhanced space situational awareness capabilities and data exchange. ====

Official US space posture demonstrates Sinophobic suspicions—rendezvous and proximity operations are seen as a cover for ASAT testing, destroying any support for Chinese space security proposals
Weeden and He 16. (Brian, former U.S. Air Force space and missile operations officer and currently technical adviser for Secure World Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the long-term sustainable use of outer space. Xiao, Assistant Research Fellow, Division of International Strategy, U.S. Diplomacy and Politics @ Chinese Academy of Social Science, Institute of World Economic and Politics. "U.S.-China Strategic Relations in Space," US-China Relations in Strategic Domains. The National Bureau of Asian Research, Report #57, April 2016 http://www.nbr.org/publications/specialreport/pdf/Free/06192016/SR57_US-China_April2016.pdf)//CB AND significant efforts at bilateral civil space cooperation between the United States and China.
 * the way the united states act in space shows the rest of the world

Tensions are mounting —- the dual-use nature of space technology produces first-strike incentives and risks rapid escalation and miscalculation
Weeden and He 16. (Brian, former U.S. Air Force space and missile operations officer and currently technical adviser for Secure World Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the long-term sustainable use of outer space. Xiao, Assistant Research Fellow, Division of International Strategy, U.S. Diplomacy and Politics @ Chinese Academy of Social Science, Institute of World Economic and Politics. "U.S.-China Strategic Relations in Space," US-China Relations in Strategic Domains. The National Bureau of Asian Research, Report #57, April 2016. http://www.nbr.org/publications/specialreport/pdf/Free/06192016/SR57_US-China_April2016.pdf)//CB The development, testing, and employment of dual-use capabilities. One of AND space assets, which could cause the situation to escalate out of control.

Increased cooperation between the US and China over space is necessary to stop a space arms race
Weeden and He 16- Brian, Technical Advisor for Secure World Foundation and a former U.S. Air Force Officer, Xiao, writer, USE OUTER SPACE TO STRENGTHEN U.S.-CHINA TIES, (http://warontherocks.com/2016/04/use-outer-space-to-strengthen-u-s-china-ties/) JB With the end of the Cold War, outer space activities lost much of their AND capabilities, and increasing data sharing with each other and the spacefaring community.

Better SSA will resolve the inevitable space arms race between the US and China — co-operation is key
Moore 11 (Gregory J. Moore is associate professor in the Political Science Department of Zhejiang University's College of Public Administration, Hangzhou, China. He is the editor of (and author of chapters in) North Korean Nuclear Operationality: Implications for Northeast Asian Regional Security and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime (forthcoming), and numerous articles and chapters on Chinese foreign policy, "East Asian security, and international relations theory, An International Relations Perspective on the Science, Politics, and Potential of an Extraterrestrial Sino-US Arms Race", available online via ProQuest, TMP) A space arms race is somewhat different than a terrestrial one for several reasons, AND would help address some of China's concerns about India's space aspirations as well.

Now is key – tensions are simmering to a boiling point
Billings 15 – editor of Scientific American, featured in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Scientific American, Popular Mechanics and many other publications. From 2006 to 2011, he was an editor at Seed Magazine, where he covered science and technology topics including astrophysics, space exploration, paleontology and robotics. He graduated in 2003 from the University of Minnesota with a degree in journalism. (Lee, "War in Space May Be Closer Than Ever", Scientific American, August 10, 2015, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/war-in-space-may-be-closer-than-ever//dmeth) The world's most worrisome military flashpoint is arguably not in the Strait of Taiwan, AND a series of Chinese anti-satellite missile tests that began in 2007.

High risk of space war – space debris – goes nuclear
Billings 15 – editor of Scientific American, featured in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Scientific American, Popular Mechanics and many other publications. From 2006 to 2011, he was an editor at Seed Magazine, where he covered science and technology topics including astrophysics, space exploration, paleontology and robotics. He graduated in 2003 from the University of Minnesota with a degree in journalism. (Lee, "War in Space May Be Closer Than Ever", Scientific American, August 10, 2015, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/war-in-space-may-be-closer-than-ever//dmeth) The prospect of war in space is not new. Fearing Soviet nuclear weapons launched AND Weeden says, though they could also be meant for more sinister intentions.

US-China cooperation is key to effective space debris mitigation measures
Pekkanen 15 - Lob and Gertrud Tamaki professor at the Jackson School of International Studies, in the University of Washington Seattle, works on the international relations of Japan and Asia, with a special interest in outer space governance, security, and policy, co-chairs the U.S.-Japan Space Forum (Saadia, "Frenemies In Space; China Needs To Protect Its Assets, Too", Forbes, August 26, 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/saadiampekkanen/2015/08/26/frenemies-in-space-china-needs-to-protect-its-assets-too/#727d36512959//dmeth) It is common to equate Space Situational Awareness (SSA) only with U. AND be naïve, just responsible behavior for the U.S. too.

Cooperation over SSA leads to more effective space weather predictions
Weeden, Cefola, and Sankaran 2010-Brian, Technical Advisor for Secure World Foundation and a former U.S. Air Force Officer, Paul, PhD in engineering, Jaganath, Research Scholar at the Center for International and Security Studies, GLOBAL SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS SENSORS, (http://swfound.org/media/15274/global%20ssa%20sensors-amos-2010.pdf) JB SSA can broadly be defined as characterizing the space environment and its effects on activities AND can make more efficient use of limited budgets and long spacecraft design times.

Increased cooperation between the US and China avoids miscalculation and reduces the possibility of space accidents
Hayes 09- Tracey, former commander of the 90th Missile Wing and former member of the Headquarters Air Force Space Command staff, PROPOSAL FOR A COOPERATIVE SPACE STRATEGY WITH CHINA, (file:///C:/Users/Josh%20Baime/Downloads/ADA530117.pdf) JB Prevent Crisis Escalation. Communication between the U.S. and China on space AND number of accidents and increase the safety of operating in the space environment.

Hazardous space weather coming now – causes grid blackouts, satellite collapse, trillion dollars in damages and – extinction
Hines, 15 (Nico, London editor of The Daily Beast; 07/29/15; "You'll Have 12 Hours to Get Ready for the Solar Storm That Could Paralyze the World"; http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/07/29/you-ll-have-12-hours-to-get-ready-for-the-solar-storm-that-could-paralyze-the-world.html)//JPM LONDON — Last time it happened, in 1859, the world's telegraph machines sparked AND to $2 trillion, and the effects could be felt for years."

Grid collapse causes extinction
Rifkin '02 (Jeremy, the founder and president of the Foundation on Economic Trends, Fellow at the Wharton School's Executive Education Program The Hydrogen Economy: The Creation of the World-Wide Energy Web and the Redistribution of Power on Earth, p.163-164) It is understandable that we would be unmindful of the critical role that oil plays AND wired overhead, it is an invisible but indispensible presence in our lives.

SSA is critical to broader Space Weather readings
Sankaran 2010 (Dr. Paul Cefola is also an Adjunct Professor in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department at the University at Buffalo, State University of New York.Brian Weeden is Technical Advisor for Secure World Foundation, and has fourteen years of professional experience in the national and international space operations, Jaganath Sankaran is a postdoctoral fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, "GLOBAL SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS SENSORS", accessed through University of Michigan Library, TMP) 3. SSA TO SUPPORT CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL SAFETY SSA can broadly be defined as AND can make more efficient use of limited budgets and long spacecraft design times.

Current space weather predictions only give 12 hours of warning
Khomani and Watt 15- Nadia, staff writer, Holly, investigations correspondent, Earth could get just 12 hours' warning of damaging solar storm, (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jul/28/uk-can-expect-just-12-hours-warning-damaging-solar-storm-space-weather) JB Humanity would only have a 12-hour warning about the arrival of a " AND worst case scenario would only allow us 12 hours from observation to impact."

Space Weather events wreck global GPS
Met Office 16, (Met Office (Meteorological Office) is the United Kingdom's official national weather service. It is an executive agency and trading fund of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills and a member of the Public Data Group, http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publicsector/emergencies/space-weather/impacts, TMP) Low level space weather events occur on a regular basis and whilst they can be AND weather. Access to this service can be requested - Request Space Weather Account

GPS is CRITICAL to the economy – disruption wrecks every sector
Leveson 2015, (Irv Leveson is a Ph.D. in economics from Columbia University and economic and strategy consultant and founder of Leveson Consulting. He has done extensive work on GNSS markets and issues for more than 10 years. He is a member of the Institute of Navigation, and the American Economic Association and the National Association for Business Economics, "The Economic Benefits of GPS", http://gpsworld.com/the-economic-benefits-of-gps/, TMP) Critical to many civilian applications and innovations, GPS brings great economic benefits. These AND and assistance. Responsibility for the content and findings rests with the author.

Economic collapse would destroy institutions and incites escalatory conflicts
Duncan 12 [Richard Duncan, chief economist at Singapore-based Blackhorse Asset Management, former financial sector specialist at the World Bank and global head of investment strategy at ABN AMRO Asset Management and worked as a consultant for the IMF in Thailand during the Asia Crisis, author of three books on the global economic crisis, studied literature and economics at Vanderbilt University and international finance at Babson College, February 24, 2012, "The New Depression: The Breakdown of the Paper Money Economy"] The consequences of a New Great Depression would extend far beyond the realm of economics AND by an even more calamitous global war that killed approximately 60 million people.

SSA solves asteroids – the impact is extinction
Pelton 13, (Dr. Joseph N. Pelton is emeritus Director of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute (SACRI) at George Washington University, "Space Debris and Other Threats from Outer Space", Available online via SpringerLink, TMP) What is often not mentioned is that these natural debris and natural phenomena could actually AND can presumably be applied to help protect people here on Earth as well.

1ac ssa solvency
====TCBMs solve—info sharing clarifies benign intentions of both parties in space and unseats the culture of secrecy embedded within both national space programs —- this posture shift underpins eventual political agreements that produce restraint and produce international SSA collaboration ==== Weeden and He 16. (Brian, former U.S. Air Force space and missile operations officer and currently technical adviser for Secure World Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the long-term sustainable use of outer space. Xiao, Assistant Research Fellow, Division of International Strategy, U.S. Diplomacy and Politics @ Chinese Academy of Social Science, Institute of World Economic and Politics. "U.S.-China Strategic Relations in Space," US-China Relations in Strategic Domains. The National Bureau of Asian Research, Report #57, April 2016. http://www.nbr.org/publications/specialreport/pdf/Free/06192016/SR57_US-China_April2016.pdf)//CB Transparency and confidence-building mechanisms for managing tensions and crises. The prospects of AND and improving them will result in positive externalities that will benefit all countries.

SSA collaboration is key to fill data gaps and prevent offensive behavior in space.
Weeden and Chow 12. (Brian, Secure World Foundation. Tiffany, Co-Lead @ Space Safety and Sustainability Working Group. "Taking a common-pool resources approach to space sustainability: A framework and potential policies," Space Policy. Accessed via ScienceDirect. July 2012.)//CB In any CPR the ability of resource appropriators to determine whether or not others are AND or rules of behavior without requiring traditional arms control measures or formal treaties.

=SSA Version 2 =

1ac ssa – plan
====The United States federal government should engage with China by substantially increasing space transparency and confidence-building measures with the People's Republic of China, including information exchange for space activities, advanced notification for space policies, and enhanced space situational awareness capabilities and data exchange. ====

US-China cooperation is key to effective space debris mitigation measures
Pekkanen 15 - Lob and Gertrud Tamaki professor at the Jackson School of International Studies, in the University of Washington Seattle, works on the international relations of Japan and Asia, with a special interest in outer space governance, security, and policy, co-chairs the U.S.-Japan Space Forum (Saadia, "Frenemies In Space; China Needs To Protect Its Assets, Too", Forbes, August 26, 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/saadiampekkanen/2015/08/26/frenemies-in-space-china-needs-to-protect-its-assets-too/#727d36512959//dmeth) It is common to equate Space Situational Awareness (SSA) only with U. AND be naïve, just responsible behavior for the U.S. too.

Cooperation over SSA leads to more effective space weather predictions
Weeden, Cefola, and Sankaran 2010-Brian, Technical Advisor for Secure World Foundation and a former U.S. Air Force Officer, Paul, PhD in engineering, Jaganath, Research Scholar at the Center for International and Security Studies, GLOBAL SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS SENSORS, (http://swfound.org/media/15274/global%20ssa%20sensors-amos-2010.pdf) JB SSA can broadly be defined as characterizing the space environment and its effects on activities AND can make more efficient use of limited budgets and long spacecraft design times.

Hazardous space weather coming now – causes grid blackouts, satellite collapse, trillion dollars in damages and – extinction
Hines, 15 (Nico, London editor of The Daily Beast; 07/29/15; "You'll Have 12 Hours to Get Ready for the Solar Storm That Could Paralyze the World"; http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/07/29/you-ll-have-12-hours-to-get-ready-for-the-solar-storm-that-could-paralyze-the-world.html)//JPM LONDON — Last time it happened, in 1859, the world's telegraph machines sparked AND to $2 trillion, and the effects could be felt for years."

Grid collapse causes extinction
Rifkin '02 (Jeremy, the founder and president of the Foundation on Economic Trends, Fellow at the Wharton School's Executive Education Program The Hydrogen Economy: The Creation of the World-Wide Energy Web and the Redistribution of Power on Earth, p.163-164) It is understandable that we would be unmindful of the critical role that oil plays AND wired overhead, it is an invisible but indispensible presence in our lives.

SSA is critical to broader Space Weather readings
Sankaran 2010 (Dr. Paul Cefola is also an Adjunct Professor in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department at the University at Buffalo, State University of New York.Brian Weeden is Technical Advisor for Secure World Foundation, and has fourteen years of professional experience in the national and international space operations, Jaganath Sankaran is a postdoctoral fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, "GLOBAL SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS SENSORS", accessed through University of Michigan Library, TMP) 3. SSA TO SUPPORT CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL SAFETY SSA can broadly be defined as AND can make more efficient use of limited budgets and long spacecraft design times.

Current space weather predictions only give 12 hours of warning
Khomani and Watt 15- Nadia, staff writer, Holly, investigations correspondent, Earth could get just 12 hours' warning of damaging solar storm, (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jul/28/uk-can-expect-just-12-hours-warning-damaging-solar-storm-space-weather) JB Humanity would only have a 12-hour warning about the arrival of a " AND worst case scenario would only allow us 12 hours from observation to impact."

Space Weather events wreck global GPS
Met Office 16, (Met Office (Meteorological Office) is the United Kingdom's official national weather service. It is an executive agency and trading fund of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills and a member of the Public Data Group, http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publicsector/emergencies/space-weather/impacts, TMP) Low level space weather events occur on a regular basis and whilst they can be AND weather. Access to this service can be requested - Request Space Weather Account

SSA solves asteroids – the impact is extinction
Pelton 13, (Dr. Joseph N. Pelton is emeritus Director of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute (SACRI) at George Washington University, "Space Debris and Other Threats from Outer Space", Available online via SpringerLink, TMP) What is often not mentioned is that these natural debris and natural phenomena could actually AND that was not possible with the time and resource constraints of the study.

Small farms solve warming
Altieri 8—Professor of agroecology @ University of California, Berkeley [Miguel Altieri (President, Sociedad Cientifica LatinoAmericana de Agroecologia (SOCLA), "Small farms as a planetary ecological asset: Five key reasons why we should support the revitalization of small farms in the Global South," Food First, May 9, 2008, p. http://www.foodfirst.org/en/node/2115] The Via Campesina has long argued that farmers need land to produce food for their AND on which we all depend now and even more so in the future.

Warming causes extinction
Sharp and Kennedy, 14 – is an associate professor on the faculty of the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA). A former British Army Colonel he retired in 2006 and emigrated to the U.S. Since joining NESA in 2010, he has focused on Yemen and Lebanon, and also supported NESA events into Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, Israel, Palestine and Qatar. He is the faculty lead for NESA's work supporting theUAE National Defense College through an ongoing Foreign Military Sales (FMS) case. He also directs the Network of Defense and Staff Colleges (NDSC) which aims to provide best practice support to regional professional military and security sector education development and reform. Prior to joining NESA, he served for 4 years as an assistant professor at the College of International Security Affairs (CISA) at National Defense University where he wrote and taught a Masters' Degree syllabus for a program concentration in Conflict Management of Stability Operations and also taught strategy, counterterrorism, counterinsurgency, and also created an International Homeland Defense Fellowship program. At CISA he also designed, wrote and taught courses supporting the State Department's Civilian Response Corps utilizing conflict management approaches. Bob served 25 years in the British Army and was personally decorated by Her Majesty the Queen twice. Aftergraduating from the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst in 1981, he served in command and staff roles on operations in Northern Ireland, Kosovo, Gulf War 1, Afghanistan, and Cyprus. He has worked in policy and technical staff appointments in the UK Ministry of Defense and also UK Defense Intelligence plus several multi-national organizations including the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). In his later career, he specialized in intelligence. He is a 2004 distinguished graduate of the National War College and holds a masters degree in National Security Strategy from National Defense University, Washington, D.C. AND is a renewable energy and climate change specialist who has worked for the World Bank and the Spanish Electric Utility ENDESA on carbon policy and markets (Robert and Edward, 8-22, "Climate Change and Implications for National Security" http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2014/08/22/climate-change-implications-national-security/)djm Our planet is 4.5 billion years old. If that whole time was AND investment patterns, and political decisions; it will be hard to fix!

Underlying his plan is an overlooked but crucial subsidiary benefit that he outlined: offloading AND are scientifically convoluted cataclysms in which casualties are postponed, often for generations.
 * ====Prioritize solutions to warming-its impacts are underrepresented in decision calculus====**
 * Nixon 11** (Rob Nixon is the Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, NY Times Contributor and former is an affiliate of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies the Harvard University Press 2011 "Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor" Pg 2-3 http://www.elimeyerhoff.com/books/nixon-rob—slow-violence-and-the-environmentalism-of-the-poor.pdf)

State key to solve environment impacts
(Christian Parenti, former visiting fellow at CUNY's Center for Place, Culture and Politics, as well as a Soros Senior Justice Fellow, teaches in the Liberal Studies program at New York University, interview with Vincent Emanuele, writer, activist and radio journalist who lives and works in the Rust Belt, "Climate Change, Militarism, Neoliberalism and the State," May 17, 2015, http://ouleft.sp-mesolite.tilted.net/?p=1980) You mention mutual aid and how it was overhyped by the left in the aftermath AND of climate science very seriously, I am something of a carbon fundamentalist.
 * Parenti & Emanuele 15**

Simulation and institutional deliberation motivate effective responses to climate risks
Based on the observation that experiential and analytic processing systems compete and that personal experience AND engage both systems in the process of individual and group decision-making.
 * Marx et al. 7** (Sabine M, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED) @ Columbia University, Elke U. Weber, Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Benjamin S. Orlovea, Department of Environmental Science and Policy @ University of California Davis, Anthony Leiserowitz, Decision Research, David H. Krantz, Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Carla Roncolia, South East Climate Consortium (SECC), Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering @ University of Georgia and Jennifer Phillips, Bard Centre for Environmental Policy @ Bard College, "Communication and mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information", 2007, http://climate.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/Marx_GEC_2007.pdf)

1ac ssa solvency
====TCBMs solve—info sharing clarifies benign intentions of both parties in space and unseats the culture of secrecy embedded within both national space programs —- this posture shift underpins eventual political agreements that produce restraint and produce international SSA collaboration ==== Weeden and He 16. (Brian, former U.S. Air Force space and missile operations officer and currently technical adviser for Secure World Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the long-term sustainable use of outer space. Xiao, Assistant Research Fellow, Division of International Strategy, U.S. Diplomacy and Politics @ Chinese Academy of Social Science, Institute of World Economic and Politics. "U.S.-China Strategic Relations in Space," US-China Relations in Strategic Domains. The National Bureau of Asian Research, Report #57, April 2016. http://www.nbr.org/publications/specialreport/pdf/Free/06192016/SR57_US-China_April2016.pdf)//CB Transparency and confidence-building mechanisms for managing tensions and crises. The prospects of AND and improving them will result in positive externalities that will benefit all countries.

SSA collaboration is key to fill data gaps
Weeden and Chow 12. (Brian, Secure World Foundation. Tiffany, Co-Lead @ Space Safety and Sustainability Working Group. "Taking a common-pool resources approach to space sustainability: A framework and potential policies," Space Policy. Accessed via ScienceDirect. July 2012.)//CB In any CPR the ability of resource appropriators to determine whether or not others are AND or rules of behavior without requiring traditional arms control measures or formal treaties.