Emily+&+Miles

--JUAN LOYOLA--

**AFF**

 * emilyluther16@gmail.com**


 * 1AC - Climate Monitoring**

The United States federal government should increase its ocean exploration through earth climate observation satellites.

Inherency

U.S. ability to monitor the earth is rapidly collapsing due to lack of funding and infrastructure – ¾ of our system will be lost by 2020 Lacey 12 (Stephen Lacy, reporter for think progress, “Report: U.S. Environmental Satellite System ‘Is At Risk Of Collapse’ And Could Decline 75% By 2020”, 5/8/12, []) EML The Nation’s leading scientists have issued a stark warning: America’s ability to monitor the AND and expensive — our ability to monitor the health of planet is collapsing.

Warming Overwhelming scientific consensus supports that warming is real and human caused Trenbeth 12 (Kevin Trenbeth, Distinguished Senior Scientist, Climate Analysis Section, National Center for Atmospheric Research et al., writing with over 30 other distinguished climate researchers, “Check with Climate Scientists for Views on Climate,” WALL STREET JOURNAL, letter to the editor, 2—1—, 12 []) Do you consult your dentist about your heart condition? In science, as in AND could also drive decades of economic growth. Just what the doctor ordered.

Models’ validity has even been confirmed by warming skeptics Borenstein 11 (Seth Borenstein, October 31, 2011, “Skeptic finds he now agrees global warming is real,” Yahoo, http://news.yahoo.com/skeptic-finds-now-agrees-global-warming-real-142616605.html) A prominent physicist and skeptic of global warming spent two years trying to find out AND been traded to the Indians. He's playing for the wrong team now."

Warming is the only existential risk – equivalent to nuclear winter, except its effects are scientifically supported Deibel ’07—Prof IR @ National War College (Terry, “Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft,” Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today) Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as AND States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.

Improved ocean observation is critical – it’s the missing piece of the climate equation Stillman 8- Director at Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (Fall 2008, vol 23, no 3, Imaging Notes, http://imagingnotes.com/go/article_free.php?mp_id=146) Hurricanes Gustav and Ike, like other natural disasters in recent years, demonstrated both AND can answer people's questions at the county and state level," he said.

Oceans are instrumental to exhibiting changes and influencing climate conditions Richardson et al. 11 [Katherine Richardson, 2011 Professor in Biological Oceanography at the University of Copenhagen. Climate change global risks, challenges and decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. []] l.gong As described in Chapter I, the oceans represent, by far, the largest AND a larger amplitude in climate fluctuations in coming decades (Box 2_2L

Only global mitigation and adaptation measures can solve warming – next 5 years are key Council on Foreign Relations, 13(“The Global Climate Change Regime: Issue Brief,” last updated 6/13/13, http://www.cfr.org/climate-change/global-climate-change-regime/p21831) Climate change is one of the most significant threats facing the world today. According AND adapt to climate change—adaptation—will need to be global too.

Growth has removed all motivation for escalatory wars – empirically proven Gartzke 11 – Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego PhD from Iowa and B.A. from UCSF (Erik, "SECURITY IN AN INSECURE WORLD," www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/09/erik-gartzke/security-in-an-insecure-world/) Almost as informative as the decline in warfare has been where this decline is occurring AND the consolidating forces of prosperity prevail, that war becomes a durable anachronism.

Ideological repulsion not only prevents but transforms war – modern conflict aims to reduce casualties and prevent large scale conflict Miller 12 Students Editor at E-International and Relations Research Assistant at Pacific Resolutions (Sarah, “The Transformation of War”, E-International Relations Students, 8/16/12, [|http://www.e-ir.info/2012/08/16/the-transformation-of-war/)//BZ]. We do not endorse the gendered language in this card. Although war may create a strong sense of emotional and spiritual satisfaction, it also AND ability and willingness of states to go to war for classical national interests.

Multiple factors check war Robb 12—Lieutenant, US Navy (Doug, Why the Age of Great Power War is Over, [|www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over], JZG) Whereas in years past, when nations allied with their neighbors in ephemeral bonds of AND a war is equal parts costly, counterproductive, archaic, and improbable.

No war – economic interdependence and nuclear deterrence Deudney and Ikenberry, 09 — MA and PhD in Political Science, Professor, Political Science, Johns Hopkins University; PhD, Professor, International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University (Daniel and G. John, January/February 2009, "The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail," Foreign Affairs Volume 88, Issue 1, JZG) This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent developments and ignores powerful countervailing AND international system is far more primed for peace than the autocratic revivalists acknowledge.

Disease

Satellites are critical to preventing disease outbreaks – ensure better modeling Ford et al. 09 – (Timothy E. Ford, PhD in Aquatic Microbiology from the University College of North Wales, Bangor, department head of Microbiology at Montana State University, Rita R. Colwell, Joan B. Rose, Stephen S. Morse, David J. Rogers, and Terry L. Yates, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA (T.E. Ford); University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA (R.R. Colwell); Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (R.R. Colwell); Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA (J.B. Rose); Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA (S.S. Morse); Oxford University, Oxford, UK (D.J. Rogers); and University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (T.L. Yates) Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal, “Satellite Imagery in Predicting Infectious Disease Outbreaks”, September 2009, v.15) The scientific community has a relative consensus that epidemic and pandemic disease risks will be AND belief that a strong global satellite program is essential for future disease prediction.

The Arctic could be the reservoir for the next pandemic – meaning JPSS satellites in particular are key Fox 9 (Douglas Fox – staff writer for Wired, “Flu Pandemics May Lurk in Frozen Lakes”, Wired (5/20/09), http://www.wired.com/2009/05/iceplague //JJ)// //The next flu pandemic may be hibernating in an Arctic glacier or frozen Siberian lake// //AND// //preliminary run turned up genetic sequences for what could be over 100 viruses.//

//Diseases in environmental reservoirs are uniquely able to cause extinction – your burnout arguments don’t apply// //Casadevall 12 (Arturo Casadevall – Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Division of Infectious Diseases of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, “The future of biological warfare”, Microbial Biotechnology (2012)// JJ) In considering the importance of biological warfare as a¶ subject for concern it is AND ¶ capacity for pathogenicity as a consequence of natural¶ evolution or bioengineering.

Solvency

We isolate 3 internal links to solving warming: First is adaptation.

Ocean monitoring is uniquely key to informing adaptation policies Tisdale 1/2/14- researcher (Bob Tisdale, “Questions Policymakers Should Be Asking Climate Scientists Who Receive Government Funding”, Whatsupwiththat.com,[| http://wattsupwiththat.com/2014/01/02/questions-policymakers-should-be-asking-climate-scientists-who-receive-government-funding/]) //JL// //‘Monitoring and being able to predict the role played by the ocean is key// //AND// //in landlocked countries, with the information they need to plan ahead.’//

//Earth observation satellites with advanced sensors are key to understanding the causes of warming and quantifying changing conditions// //Lewis 10- James Andrew Lewis is a senior fellow and director of the Strategic Technologies Program at CSIS (Lewis, CSIS, 2010, Earth Observation for Climate Change: A Report of the CSIS Technology and Public Policy Program, http://csis.org/files/publication/100608_Lewis_EarthObservation_WEB.pdf)//SJ Climate change poses a dilemma for space policy. If we accept that climate change AND needs that were decades out of date. Our national priorities have changed.

Poor countries will model adaptation measures adopted by rich ones Economist 10 – (11/25/10, briefing from the print edition of The Economist, “Facing the consequences,” http://www.economist.com/node/17572735) If climate change does slow poor countries’ growth rates, the onus on rich ones AND Adaptation by and for the poor alone is likely to be poor adaptation.

The second internal link is policymaker influence.

Earth observation satelites are key to overcoming policy makers skepticism and doubt Lewis 10- (Lewis, CSIS, 2010, Earth Observation for Climate Change: A Report of the CSIS Technology and Public Policy Program, [] We do not endorse the gendered language in this card. Until this year, America’s civil space policies—and the budgets that derive from AND take years to recover, and some goals, such as a voyage to

The third internal link is U.S. climate leadership.

The climate change regime is in jeopardy - significant climate legislation is key to U.S. climate leadership Council on Foreign Relations, 13 (“The Global Climate Change Regime: Issue Brief,” last update 6/13/13, http://www.cfr.org/climate-change/global-climate-change-regime/p21831) No: Opponents argue that the rest of the world is looking to the United AND the Kyoto Protocol has placed the entire global climate change regime in jeopardy.

U.S. commitment to satellites is key to sustaining monitoring efforts worldwide – NOAA sets quality standards and serves as a global model Morello ’12 (Lauren, writer for Scientific American and Senior Science columnist for Climate Central, “Budget Woes Halt Climate Monitoring at 12 Ground Stations,” The Scientific American, [], 9/4/12, Accessed 6/25/14, arh) "The reality is that countries are making commitments that will cost millions, if AND based measurements of greenhouse gases has taken on new importance, experts said.

U.S. climate leadership is a precondition to other large countries taking ambitious action on warming Meltzer 5/6/14-Fellow of Global Economy and Development (Joshua Meltzer, “Better Science and a Worse Outlook: The Need for U.S. Leadership on Climate Change, Brookings.edu, []) //JL US Government Action Governments are moving to reduce emissions and U.S. action AND will determine whether this leads the world onto a more sustainable emissions trajectory.

Oil Spills Advantage (this may or may not be read) Contention 4 is Oil Spills. Continuous and reliable ocean satellite data key to rapid response to oil spills Liu et al. 11 (Yonggang Liu, Robert H. Weisberg, Chuanmin Hu, Lianyuan Zheng – College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, “Trajectory Forecast as a Rapid Response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill”, College of Marine Science (2011) // JJ) 4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSIONS¶ Building upon existing observing and modeling resources¶ supporting AND ¶ using an ensemble of models versus relying on any single¶ model. Scenario One is Biodiversity. Oil spills destroy biodiversity Duncombe, 6-13 (Sam, College of the Bahamas, Environmental Law Conference, Director of “Save the Bays,” [], “Environmental Impacts of Oil Exploration, Drilling and Spills,” 6-13-14, acc. 6-30-14, arh) “Long before the first drop of oil is extracted from the sea bottom AND giants has been shown to drown out ¶ communication between marine mammals. ¶

Biodiversity loss leads to extinction Diner ’94 (David, U.S. Army, “The army and the endangered species act:¶ who' s endangering whom?” [], acc. 6-30-14, arh) [*173] Biologically diverse ecosystems are characterized by a large number of specialist species AND , n80 [hu]mankind may be edging closer to the abyss. Scenario Two is the Fishing Industry. Oil spills devastate the fishing industry Duncombe, 6-13 (Sam, College of the Bahamas, Environmental Law Conference, Director of “Save the Bays,” [], “Environmental Impacts of Oil Exploration, Drilling and Spills,” 6-13-14, acc. 6-30-14, arh) Economic Concerns: ¶ Industries and activities, such as subsistence fisheries, the commercial AND , therefore, on the ¶ sustainability of the fishing industry. ¶ • Seafood industry is key to the overall economy Corbin, 10 --- President of Aquaculture Planning & Advocacy LLC (May/ June 2010, John S., Marine Technology Society Journal, “Sustainable U.S. Marine Aquaculture Expansion, a Necessity,” [|http://www.ljhs.sandi.net/faculty/DJames/NOSB/Study Guides/Aquaculture MTS 44.3.pdf]ingentaconnect database, JMP) WHY U.S. MARINE AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IS IMPORTANT Seafood Consumption in America Today Americans have a growing preference for including seafood of all types in their diets ( AND aquaculture to bolster the seafood industry to satisfy its many millions of customers. Economic decline leads to global nuclear war Freidberg & Schonfeld, 8 --- *Professor of Politics and IR at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School, AND **senior editor of Commentary and a visiting scholar at the Witherspoon Institute in Princeton (10/21/2008, Aaron and Gabriel, “The Dangers of a Diminished America”, Wall Street Journal, [])

With the global financial system in serious trouble, is America's geostrategic dominance likely to AND disastrous effects of disengagement and the stiff price tag of continued American leadership. Scenario Three is Coral. Oil spills decimate coral reef ecosystems Cleveland ’11 (Cutler J, writer for the Encyclopedia of the Earth and PhD from University of Illinois, Professor of Earth and Environment at Boston University, “Oil spills in coral reefs,” [], 7/17/11, acc. 6-30-14, arh) A review of laboratory and field studies on acute effects of oil to corals can AND much more sensitive to oil impacts than previously understood based on laboratory studies.¶ Reefs key to stop ocean acidification Romm ‘9 (Joseph, PhD from MIT in Physics, Fellow at American Progress and is the editor of Climate Progress, “Imagine a World without Fish: Deadly ocean acidification — hard to deny, harder to geo-engineer, but not hard to stop — is subject of documentary,” [], Acc. 6-30-14, arh) Our results show for the first time that a large section of the North American AND Atmospheric CO2 levels are presently 385 ppm, up from 305 in 1960.) Ocean acidification causes extinction Science Daily 6-2 (Science Daily, quoting the Earth Institute at Columbia University, “Modern ocean acidification is outpacing ancient upheaval: Rate may be ten times faster,” [], acc. 6-30-14, arh) Some 56 million years ago, a massive pulse of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere AND the study. "It took tens of thousands of years to recover."

1AC - Nuke Shipping
Trade

Status quo emissions regulations will drive up fuel cost and crush the shipping industry Hirdaris 13- Dr. Spyro, Senior Specialist at Lloyd's Register, PHD in Naval Architecture at the University of Southampton, 2013 [|http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/351357/1/CONCEPTS%20FOR%20A%20MODULAR%20NUCLEAR%20POWERED%20CONTAINERSHIP.pdf\\CLans]) Strict emission standards Fuel costs will go up this will collapse trade – commodities AND or to reconsider the use of heavy fuel oil and use alternative technologies.

Nuclear shipping is key to prevent a decline and increase volume SINGLA 2011 (Smita, MA in food tech and professional blogger on maritime issues, “Nuclear Ship Propulsion: Is it the Future of the Shipping Industry?,” Marine Insight, Sept 2, [|http://www.marineinsight.com/tech/nuclear-ship-propulsion-is-it-the-future-of-the-shipping-industry/#ixzz2BqcUcPcN]) Solves trade for a few reasons Quick Energy production and carrying capacity

AND smoke or particular pollutants that have become a menace all over the world.

Shipping key to stable food prices, trade, and world economic stability MITROPOULOS 2005 (Efthimios, Secretary-General of the International Maritime Organization of the United Nations, World Maritime Day Parallel Event, 11/15, International Maritime Organization, []) International shipping is statistically verified according to our Mitropoulos evidence to be ninety percent of AND international shipping half the world would starve and the other half would freeze.

Transit time and fuel cost are key to food prices OECD 2012 (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Trade Costs,” date is date last mod, Oct 29, [|www.oecd.org/tad/tradefacilitation/tradecosts.htm]) Trade flows and times just screw up time altogether – but we we reconfigure the AND that firms will enter export markets for time-sensitive products at all.

High food prices cause nuclear war CRIBB 2010 (Julian, Julian Cribb is a science communicator, journalist and editor of several newspapers and books. His published work includes over 7,000 newspaper articles, 1,000 broadcasts, and three books and has received 32 awards for science, medical, agricultural and business journalism. He was Director, National Awareness, for Australia's science agency, CSIRO, foundation president of the Australian Science Communicators, and originated the CGIAR's Future Harvest strategy. He has worked as a newspaper editor, science editor for "The Australian "and head of public affairs for CSIRO. He runs his own science communication consultancy, “The coming famine: the global food crisis and what we can do to avoid it,” p. 26) Famine food scarcity impact This is the most likely means by which the coming AND widening gap between food and energy supplies and peoples' need to secure them.

Trade prevents war, contains war, and checks escalation—solves all other impacts GRISWOLD 2011 (Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization. “Free Trade and the Global Middle Class,” Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9 http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf) Our more globalized world has also yielded a “peace dividend.” It may not AND and less likely those gains will be destroyed by civil conflict and war.

World economic decline causes nuclear war BEARDEN 2000 (Tom, US Army Lieutenant, Director, Association of Distinguished American Scientists, Fellow Emeritus, Alpha Foundation's Institute for Advanced Study, “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How To Solve It Quickly”, http://cheniere.org/techpapers/Unnecessary%20Energy%20Crisis.doc, 6/12) Bluntly, we foresee these factors — and others { } not covered — converging AND , and perhaps most of the biosphere, at least for many decades.

Statistics and empirics prove Royal, 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, (Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215) --Royal uses statistical analysis to conclude that economic decline removes incentives to cooperate. AND such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Naval Power

American shipbuilding is noncompetitive now—the plan revitalizes it by increasing orders and efficiency HAAS 2014 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, []) Current ships are outsourced slow and unproductive Nuclear power on the other hand will AND to container ships, to be even more competitive against their foreign counterparts.

Nuclear shipbuilding revitalizes industry jobs and boosts the economy—civilian orders are key HAAS 2014 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, []) Creates job, multiplier effect, and true keynesianism According to a recent study AND ships could be considerable once their place in the world market becomes widespread.

Commercial shipbuilding industry is key to naval power and overall US hard power A.M.P, 2014 (American Maritime Partnership, “National Security,” No date, date is date accessed, June 29, 2014 []) New shipbuilding industry can be used for vessels and war machines A strong and AND vessels is not only a strategic asset but also fundamental to national security.”

It’s uniquely key to national security MATHEA, 03 [Mathea is in the polish navy. Donald Harrison is on the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Tomasz; Bazemore, Debbie; Iptes, Mustafa; Martinot-Lagarde, Vincent; Ahern, Don; Baker, Laurent; Bingham, Gwen; Faux, Eku; Greenwood, Paul; Harrison, Joe; Scarchilli, Dave; Simpson, Brian A; Davis, Ron; Harrison, Donald; Lohnert, Robert; Vuxton, Chris; “2003 Industry Studies: Shipbuilding”, 2003 //JFHH] Since the United States is a maritime nation and the world’s dominant superpower, the AND conclusions and recommendations are based on this synthesized, in-depth analysis.

Naval reliance is inevitable—only a matter of effectiveness WHITENECK 2010 (Daniel Whiteneck • Michael Price • Neil Jenkins •Peter Swartz, CNA Analysis & Solutions, “The Navy at a Tipping Point: Maritime Dominance at Stake?” March, []) --Diplomacy, relations, and world that is chaotic makes the Navy reliance inevitable AND diplomacy to support administration priorities and to support security cooperation activities by COCOMs.

No one can fill in for US naval power WHITENECK 2010 (Daniel Whiteneck • Michael Price • Neil Jenkins •Peter Swartz, CNA Analysis & Solutions, “The Navy at a Tipping Point: Maritime Dominance at Stake?” March, []) Every other navy sucks balls Second, no other country (or combination of AND of assets) would quickly deplete their resources and political support at home.

US naval power guarantees hegemony, prevents attacks on the US mainland, and deters potential rivals from even attempting to change the status quo FRIEDMAN 2007 (George, PhD, Chief Executive Officer and founder of STRATFOR, “The Limitations and Necessity of Naval Power,” April 10, http://www.stratfor.com/limitations_and_necessity_naval_power) This raises a more fundamental question: What is the value of naval power in AND fundamentally indispensable role the Navy plays in U.S. national security.

Naval power is critical to overall US capabilities—this allows us to deter and defeat any challenger and contain every impact ENGLAND, 2011 (Gordon England is a former secretary of the Navy. General James Jones is a former commandant of the Marine Corps. Admiral Vern Clark is a former chief of naval operations; “The Necessity of U.S. Naval Power,” July 11, http://gcaptain.com/necessity-u-s-naval-power?27784) The future security environment underscores two broad security trends. First, international political realities AND is exactly what we will need to meet the challenges of the future.

There’s no alternative to American power—US decline exacerbates every impact and cause nuclear war FERGUSON 2004 (Niall, Prof of History at NYU, Foreign Policy, July/August) So what is left? Waning empires. Religious revivals. Incipient anarchy. A AND powers would benefit from such a not-so-new world disorder.

The impact is global nuclear war KHALILZAD 1995 (Zalmay, RAND analyst and now U.S. ambassador to Iraq, The Washington Quarterly) Under the third option, the United States would seek to retain global leadership and AND to global stability than a bipolar or a multipolar balance of power system.

Plan

The United States federal government should establish a regulatory framework for the use of nuclear reactors on commercial ships and guarantee insurance coverage for them under the Price-Anderson Act.

Solvency

Federal support and oversight is key to develop nuclear shipping ADAMS 1995 (Rodney, Nuclear Power for Commercial Ships, Paper presented at Propulsion '95, a conference of maritime professionals sponsored by the Marine Log, New Orleans, LA, Oct 30-31 1995 http://www.atomicengines.com/Ship_paper.html) There is currently little interest in the United States on the part of either the AND ships to compete more effectively with aircraft in the market for international deliveries.

Federal insurance increases acceptance of nuclear power and creates a commercial role HAAS 2014 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) Current protection and indemnity insurance for nuclear reactors in the United States follows the Price AND are available, and a modern understanding of radiation health effects is adopted.

Shipping companies would adopt nuclear power and international entities would license it—government support is the key barrier TIME 2010 (“Nuclear Cruise Ships Ahoy?” Nov 15, http://science.time.com/2010/11/15/nuclear-cruise-ships-ahoy/#ixzz2Bq9wGdYH) Today Lloyd’s Register, the international standards organization for the classification and design of ships AND consider in how to manage the much larger risk of global climate change.”

The US is key—best regulatory structure HAAS 2014 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) In order to reduce quality control costs and ensure efficient factory production, only countries AND is possible if the reactor is designed and tested in the United States.

The plan spurs a US-dominated global market and revitalizes the US economy HAAS 2014 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) However, once nuclear powered ships are accepted by a wide range of countries, AND be able to achieve the productivity needed to create a sustainable shipbuilding program.

No shipwreck impact FEMENIA 2012 (Jose, Prof at the United States Merchant Marine Academy, Is The Time Right For Commercial Nuclear Powered Vessels? http://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/SNAME/ee3b8f97-c746-4d85-bede-cd348a202053/UploadedImages/Is%20The%20Time%20Is%20Right%20For%20Commercial%20Nuclear%20Powered%20Vessels-J.Femenia%20%28Full%20Paper-080812%29.pdf) Another potential source of pollution created by nuclear powered commercial vessels is if the vessels AND removal and retrieval, a great challenge for marine engineers and naval architects.

No waste issue FEMENIA 2012 (Jose, Prof at the United States Merchant Marine Academy, Is The Time Right For Commercial Nuclear Powered Vessels? http://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/SNAME/ee3b8f97-c746-4d85-bede-cd348a202053/UploadedImages/Is%20The%20Time%20Is%20Right%20For%20Commercial%20Nuclear%20Powered%20Vessels-J.Femenia%20%28Full%20Paper-080812%29.pdf) An argument can be made that the nuclear spent fuel is a major pollutant. AND would have much low power levels compared to gegawatt electrical utility power plants.

Plan spills over to reactor use on land—solves desalinization HAAS 2014 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) Markets where oil and natural gas are the primary source of power generation would be AND of their lack of use of water for their cooling or power cycles.

That prevents global water wars Brinkley 13 – San Francisco Gate (Joel, “Avert water wars – build desalination plants”, 11/22/13, [], RSpec) Get ready for the water wars. Most of the world's population takes water for AND grow to be seen as a savior for millions of the world's people.


 * NEG **
 * milesgray365@gmail.com **

**K**
Heg K 1 Off Land K Anthro K Ocean Borders

**T**
Development/Production Its Exploration/Research

**DA**
Ex-Im Russia SOI China Manufacturing Cap Linear DA OTEC Bio-D DA

**CP**
Navy Carbon Tax Nuclear Shipping Satirical Counter-Advocacy Satire PIC Hydrogen Fuel Cells Bataille PIC Consult Japan Climate Monitoring Sats