Kristina+and+Jason

aff questions? email Kristina at curtiss.kristina@gmail.com

Neg email jason.2898.levin@gmail.com

**1AC NOPP**
====**Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its non-military ocean exploration through increasing its dedicated research project funding for the National Oceanographic Partnership Program. **====

Cuts to ocean exploration are destroying US marine science leadership
Mclain, 12 - Assistant Director of Science for the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (Craig, March 15, 2012 “Losing Deep-Sea Science in the United States” http://deepseanews.com/2012/03/losing-deep-sea-science-in-the-united-states/)//gingE

As the case AND explore to survive.

Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience
Young, 14 – thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT (Grace, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, []

The misconceptions that AND New York this week.

====Stable federal exploration funding is the bellwether for catalyzing investment in adaptation technologies and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem management ==== Avery, 13 - DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH

The importance of AND  around the globe.

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A dedicated federal funding stream through NOPP is perceived as restoring the U.S. reputation within the marine science community – that’s vital to attracting scientists into research collaboration ==== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, [])

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The major drawback <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">be appropriate alternatives.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Research-driven adaptation strategies build in resilience to prevent total ecosystem collapse
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Doney, 8 - Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, “The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174” Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives6/5, []

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Major gaps exist <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">local-scale mitigation efforts.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A dedicated NOPP funding stream will maximize ocean science partnerships and lead to applied solutions for ocean ecosystem management
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Watkins et al, 9 - Watkins chaired the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, served as the President of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, and founding President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (James, How the Oceanographic Community Created a National Oceanographic Partnership Program” Oceanography Vol. 22, Iss. 2. Published by the NOPP. https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2982/22.2_watkins.pdf?sequence=1) zabd

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The successes of <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> haste and vigor.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">US oceans leadership creates the political will for protection– change is empirically possible
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sielen, 14 - ALAN B. SIELEN is Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (“Sea Change: How to Save the Oceans” 4/16, []

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The rebirth of <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> largest ocean preserve.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Exploration is vital to biodiscovery and developing new cures for diseases <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">NRC, ’03 (Committee on Exploration of the Seas, National Research Council “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown” National Academies Press []) //GY

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Justification for <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> changes must increase.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Global antibiotic resistance is increasing rapidly - the ability to treat diseases at all is close to collapsing – ending modern medicine
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fukuda, 14 - Assistant Director-General Health Security, World Health Organization, 14 (Keiji, “Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014” April, []

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND” <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">health-care expenditures.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">That risks extinction
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Greger 8 – M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger,, Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, [])

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Senate Majority Leader <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">passing a graveyard.”3154

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Exploration can specifically prevent the spread of antibiotic resistant diseases
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avery, 13 - DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Answer. Scientists at <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> of various types.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Establishing a new ocean exploration within the NOPP is vital to both inter-agency and international coordination in marine science
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, [])

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">¶Incorporating a new ocean <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> groups of scientists.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The plan establishes a global model and builds international marine research collaboration
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pages, 4 – Media Relations Officer at National Academies (Patrice, “Exploration of the Deep Blue Sea” National Academies In Focus Magazine, Winter/Spring, [])//DH

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The oceans cover <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> lives," Orcutt said.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This spurs global solutions and the development of multilateral agreements
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">NRC, 3 – National Research Center (Committee on Exploration of the Seas Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown ( 2003 )” pp 6-7 []

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">themes of shared interest.

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Maritime conflicts are likely in the South China Sea over unsustainable fishing – transnational marine science collaboration is vital to creating trust necessary for durable peace ==== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Leutert, et al, 13 - third-year PhD student in the government department at Cornell University, currently based in Beijing from 2013-2014 as a visiting scholar at PekingUniversity and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Also authored by Dr. C. Sachi GERBIN, the 2013-2014 US resident Sasakawa Peace Foundation fellow, and Jennifer MCARDLE, program associate at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Center for Science, Technology and Security Policy at Pacific Forum CSIS. (Wendy, "Forging Cooperation over Competition: Opportunities for Practical Security Collaboration in the Asia-Pacific” Issues & Insights Vol. 14 – No. 6 Beijing, People’s Republic of China December 2013, [] DOC = Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fishing for Peace? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">South China Sea.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The risk of a South China Sea dispute is high and will draw in the U.S.
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dupont and Baker, 14 - * Nonresident Fellow at the Lowy Institute for International Policy ** Principal Engineer, CSC/ServiceMesh (Alan and Christopher, “East Asia’s Maritime Disputes: Fishing in Troubled Waters” March 01, 2014 https://twq.elliott.gwu.edu/east-asia%E2%80%99s-maritime-disputes-fishing-troubled-waters)//gingE

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chinese fishing boats <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ultimate security guarantor.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Risks extinction
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wittner 11 - Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany (Lawrence S. Wittner, 11/28, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", [|www.huntingtonnews.net/14446])

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">While nuclear weapons <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> chaos and destruction.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Stronger marine science partnerships act as confidence building measures that dampen conflict incentives and bolster inter-state relations
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Crosby, 7 – executive director, National Science Board (Michael, “Improving International Relations Through Marine Science Partnerships”, Law, Science and Ocean Management, p. 275-276

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">There are a <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">of different nations.

**1AC Cyborgs**
====I<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">n Western thought, nature is constructed in opposition to the queer—difference is marked as unnatural as a method of ostracizing groups of people ==== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Merrick, 8 - PhD History (UWA), Senior lecturer at Curtin University (Helen, “Queering nature: close encounters with the alien in feminist science fiction,” 2008 Queer Universes: Sexualities in Science Fiction []

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">One of the many paradoxes inherent in our use of ‘natures’ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">including how both are variously sexualized.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">That mindset causes omnicide
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sedgwick, 8 (Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, 2008 The Epistemology of the Closet)//gingE

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">From at least the biblical story of Sodom and Gomorrah, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">and thought between minority potentials and universalizing ones be opened and opened and opened?

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Specifically, our orientation towards the ocean is one that posits it as a subject to be examined and dominated instead of something that is living ==== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Weinstone, ‘94 (Ann “Resisting Monsters: Notes on "Solaris"” Science Fiction Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 173-190 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4240332) //GY <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Confused? [])

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Solaris begins, like all our stories of rebelling robots, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the Ocean is both the object of the scientists’ attempts at colonization and a subject which can produce its own rough representations.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Our subjugation of nature has led to our commodification and oppression of women
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dreese, ’99 - an author and Associate Professor of English at Northern Kentucky University (Donelle N. “The Terrestrial and Aquatic Intelligence of Linda Hogan” pgs. 19-21 http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/stable/20736931?seq=14&Search=yes&searchText=ecofeminism&searchText=AND&searchText=ocean&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Docean%2BAND%2Becofeminism%26amp%3Bprq%3D%2522ocean%2Bexploration%2522%2BAND%2Bfeminism%26amp%3Bhp%3D25%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bso%3Drel&prevSearch=&resultsServiceName=null) //GY

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">While viewing aspects of the environment with spiritual reverence as nothing less than kin <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">. If one is not safe, none of us are.

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Within the novel Solaris, the character Rheya is a figure of the ocean that represents how masculinity is imposed upon the ocean as a method of colonization. Our orientation towards the ocean is one that is dictated by rigid binaries ==== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Weinstone, ‘94 (Ann “Resisting Monsters: Notes on "Solaris"” Science Fiction Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 173-190 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4240332) //GY

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. Rheya. Rheya is the Phi creature the Ocean <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">while resisting the Western imperative for what Trinh T. Minh-ha calls “Authenticity as a need to rely on an ‘undisputed origin’” (94).

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Reflection on Solaris allows cyborganization, a proximal logic that avoids classification
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tirado et al, ’99 (Francisco Javier Tirado, José Manuel Alcaraz and Miquel DomèNech “A Change of Episteme for Organizations: A Lesson from Solaris” http://org.sagepub.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/content/6/4/673.full.pdf) //GY

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The novel explains the story of a planet discovered long ago <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">in contrast to this, are based on a mechanism of codification-simulation.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cyborgs represent the queer other – we subjugate these “monsters” to reinforce dominant white male heterosexual narratives
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Weinstone, ‘94 (Ann “Resisting Monsters: Notes on "Solaris"” Science Fiction Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 173-190 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4240332) //GY

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Our monsters have always resisted us, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rheya in Stanislaw Lem's novel Solaris.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Technological fixes make environmental problems worse—we must reject the binaries that come as a result of technological fixes to the environment and we should instead embrace a more personal technological analysis <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Katz, 00 (Eric Katz, associate professor of philosophy and director of the Science, Technology, and Society Program, New Jersey Institute of Technology; recognized pioneer, environmental ethics, 2K, Nature as Subject: Human Obligation and Natural Community)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Even more important <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> and improve natural processes.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The cyborg solves binaries and becomes a political tool for liberation
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Miyake, 4 – PhD in Gender and Woman’s studies (Esperanza, Journal of International Women's Studies March 2004 “My, is that Cyborg a little bit Queer?”)//gingE <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The human/animal boundary breakdown is a power(ful) strategy that the queer cyborg practices <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">queer cyborgs no longer need to come ‘out’ for they are already there.

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A singular feminist identity is a tool of masculinity that ultimately allow the subordination of women, which also allows for environmental exploitation. The figure of the cyborg is one that rejects the contrived “unity” of the feminist subject ==== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Haraway, 91 - Distinguished Professor Emerita in the History of Consciousness Department at the University of California (Donna, “A Cyborg Manifesto Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century,” in Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York; Routledge, 1991), pp 149-181 []

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sandoval's argument has to be seen as one potent formulation for feminists out of the world-wide development of anti-colonialist discourse; <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">so prophetically ends salvation history.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rheya represents the subjugated woman – rejections of oversimplifications are key
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Weinstone, ‘94 (Ann “Resisting Monsters: Notes on "Solaris"” Science Fiction Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 173-190 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4240332) //GY

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3.2. Human/non-human/biological entity/machine. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">and defining have been shut down.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Science fiction changes our orientation towards nature as something to be mastered and instead integrates us into the web of the world
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Donawerth, 90 - Professor at the University of Maryland(Jane Donawerth, “Utopian Science: Contemporary Feminist Science Theory and Science Fiction,” pp. 548-550, 1990)//gingE

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Feminist science theorists have shown that male scientists from the seventeenth century on have conceived of nature as a potentially unruly woman to be mastered and penetrated for her secrets. " <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> grounded in women's experience and, so, a "labor of love" according to Rose.22

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Self examination and internal questioning is a prerequisite to deconstructing patriarchy
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Helford, ‘92 (Elyce Rae, Science Fiction Studies is a refereed scholarly journal devoted to the study of the genre of science fiction “"We Are Only Seeking Man": Gender, Psychoanalysis, and Stanislaw Lem's "Solaris"” Science Fiction Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2 http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/stable/pdfplus/4240149.pdf?acceptTC=true) //GY

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">We think of ourselves as the Knights of Holy Contact. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lem provides a compelling psychoanalytic study of the human mind and the construction of gender.

**1AC Off Shore Wind**

 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The United States federal government should substantially increase its offshore wind power development where appropriate and feasible on all United States’ coasts and revise the Coastal Zone Management Act to mandate the development, require revisions to states' Coastal Zone Management Plans in accordance with this mandate, and increase incentives for offshore wind power development. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Advantage One is the Environment

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ocean degradation is increasing – rehabilitation is necessary to prevent irreversible damage <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mitchell 14- senior writer specialising in the engineering sector

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Julie, “Ocean Under Threat,” Insight Issue 1, []

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">“The ocean crisis could make the financial crisis look like a peanut, and the time to act is now before the crisis becomes acute <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It could also ensure that the benefits from the exploitation of ocean resources can be sustainably managed and equitably shared.”

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Biodiversity loss risks extinction
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Raj 12 - former Head of Zoology Department, Madras Christian College <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(P. J. Sanjeeva Raj, “Beware the Loss of Biodiversity,” The Hindu, September 23, 2012, [])

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He regrets that if such indiscriminate annihilation of all biodiversity from the face of the earth happens for anthropogenic <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The three-fold biodiversity mission before us is to inventorise the existing biodiversity, conserve it, and, above all, equitably share the sustainable benefits out of it.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Offshore wind creates artificial reefs and de facto MPAs – solves the marine environment <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Inger 9 – PhD in Ecology @ Glasgow, Centre for Ecology and Conservation and Peninsula Research Institute for Marine Renewable Energy <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Richard, et al, “Marine renewable energy: potential benefits to biodiversity? An urgent call for research,” Journal of Applied Ecology, This card includes the opening summary of the document, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01697.x)//BB//

//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Summary // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The evidence for anthropogenically induced climate change is overwhelming with the production of greenhouse gases // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">. Here we build upon the seminal review of Gill (2005) by reviewing the growing evidence base and discussing some of the conflicts that will need to be resolved if the sector is to move forward to best effect. //

//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">These benefits exist even if the area isn’t designed explicitly for conservation // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Inger 9 – PhD in Ecology @ Glasgow, Centre for Ecology and Conservation and Peninsula Research Institute for Marine Renewable Energy // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Richard, et al, “Marine renewable energy: potential benefits to biodiversity? An urgent call for research,” Journal of Applied Ecology, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01697.x) //BB

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">While MREI may act as MPA it is important to remember that the location, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">“Long term trawling exclusion enhances abundance of several species of fish within the whole wind farm area and the effects can be considered large,” states the study.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">NO TURNS – Any biodiversity loss is short-term and limited in scope – new species colonize the farm area within hours of construction <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Andersson 11– PhD in Zoology @ Stockholm <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Mathias, Department of Zoology Stockholm University “Offshore wind farms – ecological effects of noise and habitat alteration on fish,” []

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wind farm foundations are made of either concrete or steel and could be of different sizes and shape such as gravitation foundation <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> more species were recorded after construction than before; agreeing with the hypothesis that introduced hard bottom on a soft bottom area will increase the biodiversity locally.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Warming is anthropogenic – the most comprehensive data-sets are conclusive <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)//BB
 * Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">An accurate perception of <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Even if some warming is inevitable, keeping it below 4 degrees avoids the worst impacts
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)//BB

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The 4°C scenarios are devastating <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Catastrophic warming risks extinction
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mazo 10– PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)//BB

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2.5-4.~C above pre-industrial levels <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Action now can reverse warming, The brink is now before warming becomes irriversible
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Peters 12 - Center for International Climate and Environmental Research <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Peer Reviewed Journal, Glen, “The challenge to keep global warming below 2 [deg]C, Glen P. Peters, Robbie M. Andrew, Tom Boden, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Corinne Le Quéré, Nature Climate Change, [])

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">On-going climate negotiations have recognized a “significant gap” between the current trajectory of global greenhouse-gas emissions <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Unless largeand concerted global mitigation efforts are initiated soon, the goal of remaining below 2 °C will very soon become unachievable.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Plan Solves: US offshore wind development curbs carbon emissions
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thaler 12- Professor of Energy Policy, Law & Ethics <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Jeff, “FIDDLING AS THE WORLD BURNS: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE URGENTLY REQUIRES A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERMITTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS,” 42 Environmental Law Journal 1101)//BB

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">However, even given the severity of these forecasts, many still question the extent that our climate is changing, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND s. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">102 Offshore wind turbine substructure designs mainly fall into three depth categories: shallow (30 m or less), transitional (>30 m to 60 m), and deep water (>60 m).103 All of the grid-scale offshore wind farms in Europe have monopole foundations embedded into the seabed in water depths ranging from 5m to 30m; the proposed American projects such as Cape Wind in Massachusetts and Block Island in Rhode Island would likewise be shallow-water installations.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Natural gas supports transition to offshore wind AND offshore wind is only struggling because of lack of tax credits
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Blansfield 13– JD @ Vermont <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Jonathan, “Incentivizing Offshore Wind with the Renewable Integration, Firming, and Transmission Infrastructure Credit,” Sea Grant Law and Policy Journal, 6.1)//BB

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">By global standards, the U.S. is well behind the development curve for offshore wind energy <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">while mitigating natural gas' effects on wind power and avoiding continued national reliance on fossil fuels.3

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Independently, Offshore wind is comparatively the cleanest and most productive renewable energy
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jensen 13 – partner in the Washington, DC office of Holland & Hart LLP <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Thomas, et al, “From the 35th Public Land Law Conference: Balancing Act and Paradigm Shift: The Role of Public Lands in America's Energy Future: Oceans: Are Ocean Wind Turbines like Homesteads and Gold Mines and Railroads? A Public Lands Policy Question for the Climate Change Era,” 34 Pub. Land & Resources L. Rev. 93)//BB

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The ocean wind resource in United States marine waters is estimated to be as large as 4,223 gigawatts <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">is unused and wasted as a tool to power our communities.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Full-scale offshore wind would provide enough electricity for the entire country
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Levitan 13 - writes about energy, the environment, and health. His articles have been published by Scientific American, Discover, IEEE Spectrum, Grist, and others. In previous articles for Yale Environment 360, he has written about vehicle-to-grid technology for electric cars and cities' efforts to recycle food scraps and organic waste <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Dave, “Will Offshore Wind Finally Take Off on U.S. East Coast?,” []

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">“The East Coast is the Saudi Arabia of offshore wind, because there is enough energy there to provide the entire U.S. with electricity if it was fully developed <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Northeast and mid-Atlantic coasts in particular are windy spots with water depths that make development feasible.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Electricity-emissions reductions sufficiently solve global warming
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Akorede 12- .F., Ph.D degree in Electrical Power Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(H. Hizam,M.Z.A. Ab Kadir,I. Aris,S.D. BubaElectrical & Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, “Mitigating the anthropogenic global warming in the electric power industry,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16.5)//BB

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">5. Power industry's share of CO2 emissions <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">. Each of these possible mitigation techniques is discussed in turn in the following subsections.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Advantage Two is Dredging
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dredging budget cuts are coming in 2015, causing us to fall behind in global trade despite the water bill-external factors increase demand and other estimates don’t take maintenance costs into account ==== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Buchanan 6/26/14, maritime reporter <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Susan Buchanan, “US Dredging Needs Growth as Army Corps’ Budget Shrinks,” June 26, 2014 []

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">U.S. dredging this decade, measured in cubic yards, is only half as active as it was in the early 1960s, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In a beneficial use, GD MORGAN this spring was placing removed sediment in the environmentally sensitive Southwest Pass area.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Offshore Wind Farms create a race to dredge and modernize ports all along the coast
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Barlow 11 - practices in the Maritime Law and Government Contracts Practice Group at Troutman Sanders, where his practice focuses on a variety of maritime related matters, including regulatory compliance, maritime contract, marine insurance, general average, salvage, cargo damage, and charter party disputes, vessel documentation and finance, marine pollution, vessel collisions, maritime personal injury and marine insurance defense and subrogation. Jason is also a member of Troutman Sanders’ Renewable Energy Practice Team, which advises clients engaged in a variety of renewable energy projects, including offshore wind energy development. Jason is a 2010 graduate of Tulane University Law School, where he concentrated his studies on admiralty and maritime law, earning a Juris Doctorate with Maritime Law Certificate, cum laude. While in law school, he served as Senior Notes and Comments Editor of the Tulane Maritime Law Journal. In addition, Jason worked as law clerk at Ostendorf, Tate, Barnett, and Wells, LLP, a New Orleans based law firm specializing in transportation, admiralty/maritime, and premises liability litigation. He also worked as law clerk at Forrester & Dick, a Baton Rouge boutique law firm specializing in, among other practice areas, railroad defense litigation. Prior to attending law school, Jason earned his Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and English, with honors, from Randolph-Macon College in 2007 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Jason, [])

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">From the European example, it ¶ is clear that port size is critical during the initial construction of offshore wind farms. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> the main contenders will remain ¶ the ports with the best infrastructure ¶ to support the physical requirements ¶ of offshore wind power.¶

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dredging ports is key to the economy and US trade competitiveness¶
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ashbury 13, recognized nationally and internationally for his support of U.S. exports and fair trade, Mr. Asbury was named the 2008 recipient of the coveted United States National Champion Exporter of the Year Award. His advocacy has taken him to address the United Nations at the Commission of Trade and Development, as well as frequent speaking engagements at universities, government events and trade associations. Mr. Asbury has received the president's E-Star Export Award and the Export Achievement Award from the U.S. Department of Commerce. ¶ Neal Ashbury, “American Jobs and Prestige Depend on US Ports” 6/20/13http://www.moneynews.com/Insiders/NealAsbury/bio-119/¶

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Our ports are the lifeblood of our economy. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">By the end of 2014, the Panama Canal is scheduled to have completed its greatest expansion, more than doubling its capacity and allowing it to handle the world's most massive ships.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Port Deepening is key to economies and shipbuilding industry
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Shlozberg, Dorling, Spiro 14, 6-26-14, Experienced policy analyst, researcher, writer. Political science PhD., Student at York University, Class Proceedings Act review project at Law Commission of Ontario, Executive Fellow at Mowat Centre for Policy Innovation, University of Toronto <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Reuven, Rob, Peter, “Low Water Levels to Cause Negative Economic Impact, Study Says”, Mowatcentre, dredgingtoday.com

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Following nearly three decades of higher than historic average water levels throughout the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence (GLSL) basin, water levels fell dramatically across the region in 1997-8 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">; - Coal shippers and producers in the region could face losses to shipping capacity estimated at $190M through 2030 and $373M through 2050.

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Seaport competitiveness is the vital internal link to US economic growth – seaports represent a quarter of US GDP and contribute over 3 trillion to the economy ==== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nagle, 11 --- president and chief executive officer of the American Association of Port Authorities (December 2011, Kurt, Industry Today, “Association: American Association of Port Authorities; Port-Related Infrastructure Investments Can Reap Dividends,” vol. 14, no. 3, [])

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It seems the United States willingly allows infrastructure to crumble as other countries – particularly the BRICs – bolster the physical support systems that foster economic growth <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Deep-draft coastal and Great Lakes ports are the nexus of critical transportation infrastructure that connects America’s exporters with markets overseas, and they provide access for imports of raw materials, components and consumer goods that are a key part of US manufacturing and help define our standard of living.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Economic decline causes war and miscalculation
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Royal 10— Jedidiah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, M.Phil. Candidate at the University of New South Wales, 2010 (“Economic Integration, Economic Signalling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Edited by Ben Goldsmith and Jurgen Brauer, Published by Emerald Group Publishing, ISBN 0857240048, p. 213-215)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> As such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Economic stress makes war the only possible scapegoat
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Oakes 6 B.A. in Political Science from Davidson and Ph.D. in Political Science from Ohio State University (Amy, “Diversionary War and Argentina's Invasion of the Falkland Islands”, Security Studies, July-September 2006, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp.431-463, []

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is right to be skeptical about the reasoning behind the launch of <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thus, through a process of policy elimination, governments with low extractive capacity are more likely to be tempted to initiate a diversionary conﬂict.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The lack of a strong and effective federal mandate is a key barrier blocking offshore wind development
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">III Current Regulatory Framework for Offshore Wind

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Both state and federal governments share control over offshore wind project <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Proponents of offshore wind have little federal support, and no guaranteed source of state support, on which to rely. Cape Wind presents a compelling and frustrating illustration of this problem.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The plan ensures offshore wind development --- it maintains NEPA reviews to prevent environmentally destructive over-development
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">V The Coastal Zone Management Act: A Potential Solution

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Cape Wind example poignantly illustrates the disconnect between local costs and national benefits <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">it is well within the realm of practical policies already being discussed.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Only a federal mandate can guarantee the expansion of wind energy
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">However, the Oceans Act and Ocean Management Plan, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The CZMA offers a potential way for the federal government to assert itself and the benefits of offshore wind in state and local decision making.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pre-emption of state barriers solves – nuclear power, hydropower, cell tower and vehicle emissions statutes prove
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thaler 12 – Visiting Professor of Energy Policy, Law & Ethics, University of Maine School of Law and School of Economics <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Jeff, “FIDDLING AS THE WORLD FLOODS AND BURNS: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE URGENTLY REQUIRES A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERMITTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS,” Environmental Law, 42, Lexis)//BB

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">However, statutes expediting agency review of offshore wind projects <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> states’ CZMPs under the revised CZMA.”272

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Long-term incentives ensure that the supply chain follows on – fed support key
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Galluci 11 - Staff Reporter at InsideClimate News Honduras Contributor at Fodor's, Co-Editor & Reporter at The News, Newsroom Intern at Associated Press, Newsroom Intern at Columbus Business <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Maria, “Never-Used Tax Credit Could Jumpstart US Offshore Wind Energy—if Renewed,” [])

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Matt Kaplan, a North American wind analyst at [|IHS Emerging Energy Research], <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Stability in tax and regulatory policies will go a long way toward helping this industry develop in the United States," Grybowski said.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Federal investment changes the technology gap—economic incentives ensures upgrades
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sargent 12 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Rob Sargent, U.S. Poised to Join the Race on Offshore Wind: Lawmakers Must Commit to More Pollution-Free Energy”, []

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Turning Point for Atlantic Offshore Wind Energy includes details on the key milestones each Atlantic Coast state <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> These goals must be supported by policies that prioritize offshore wind energy and other efforts to secure buyers for this new source of reliable, clean energy.

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">NEG **__

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**7.19.2014** __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Natural Gas <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Warming <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Manufacturing
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1AC **

Offcase - Ex-Im politics - Manufacturing advantage CP - China coal DA - Consumption K - T its Case - Arctic environment turn (Walsh) - Renewable transition turn (Scheer and Freidman)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1NC **

- Manufacturing advantage CP - China coal DA - Arctic environment turn - Transition turn
 * 2NR**

__**7.20.2014**__ AUV - Environment - REMs
 * 1AC**

Offcase - Ex-Im ptx - Japan CP - T non-military Case - China econ turn (Blakely and Strait Times) - Environment turn (Huang)
 * 1NC**
 * -** Consumption K

- T - AT: I-fiat
 * 2NR**

__**7.24.2014**__ OTEC - Warming - Technological leadership
 * 1AC**

Offcase - Environmental security K - Ex-Im ptx - DoD CP - T non-military Case - China Coal DA - Environment turn
 * 1NC**

- DoD CP - Ex-Im ptx - China Coal DA
 * 2NR**

__**7.29.2014**__ Natural Gas - Warming - Manufacturing
 * 1AC**

Offcase - Immigration ptx (Terrorism) - Adv CP - T its Case - Dedev
 * 1NC**

- T its (fx t) - Dedev
 * 2NR**

__** 7.30.2014 **__ - Enviro - REMs - Port security
 * 1AC **

Offcase - Immigration ptx (Central American instability) - T non-military - Reclassify CP (Internal theft NB)
 * 1NC**

- T non-military - PTX - Heg bad (Iqbal)
 * 2NR**