AFF+-+Duncan+&+Zack

Cuts to ocean exploration are destroying US marine science leadership
Mclain, 12 - Assistant Director of Science for the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (Craig, March 15, 2012 “Losing Deep-Sea Science in the United States” http://deepseanews.com/2012/03/losing-deep-sea-science-in-the-united-states/)//gingE As the case in 1962, our nation’s scientific numbers have never been greater or AND to the NOAA Director Jane Lubchenco. Their contact information is listed below.

Greater ocean exploration is vital to understanding deep-ocean thermohaline circulation which determines our ability to adapt to climate change
Goodwin is PhD Marine Biologist and Science Writer at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (“Why Do We Explore” []) zabd Why Ocean Exploration Is Important Today ¶ Curiosity, desire for knowledge, and quest AND the reasons we explore Earth’s ocean; but we also explore to survive.
 * Goodwin, 9** – The Harmon Project, NOAA

Global warming is inevitable
Bastasch 14 a forestry professor at Auburn University Michael “US, UK scientists: Cutting all CO2 emissions would not stop global warming” news article http://dailycaller.com/2014/02/27/us-uk-scientists-cutting-all-co2-emissions-would-not-stop-global-warming/ ¶ Calls from environmentalists and lawmakers to cut carbon dioxide emissions to fight global warming //AND// expected to hash out an international climate agreement to replace the Kyoto Protocol.

Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience
The misconceptions that drove spending on space were mirrored in our lack of knowledge about AND aggressive ocean research and management [mynagement] before it is too late.
 * Young, 14 –** thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT **(**Grace, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, [|http://mseas.mit.edu/publications/Theses/Grace_C_Young_BS_Thesis_MIT2014.pdf)//DH]

It will end all life on the planet
Dingle 11 – Sarah Dingle is a reporter for ABC Radio Current Affairs. (“Ocean heading for mass extinction, scientists warn”, ABC News, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-06-21/ocean-heading-for-mass-extinction-scientists-warn/2766340, June 21, 2011, Quay) Scientists are warning of a potential marine massacre with a mass extinction of sea life AND will be presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York this week.

But it isn't just the destruction of the rainforests that should trouble us. __Healthy__ __AND__ __just another Great Dying, but perhaps the greatest dying of them all.__
 * Independently, Biodiversity loss causes extinction. **
 * Coyne and Hoekstra 07 ** (Jerry, professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago, Hopi, Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, both are with The New Republic, “The Greatest Dying", September 24th, 2007, [])

Stable federal exploration funding is the __bellwether__ for catalyzing investment in __adaptation technologies__ and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem mynagement
// The importance of the ocean in daily life, whether you live on the East // // AND // // that U.S. ocean science research will have //around the globe//.
 * Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH//

US ocean leadership creates the political will for protection– change is empirically possible
Sielen, 14 - ALAN B. SIELEN is Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (“Sea Change: How to Save the oceans” 4/16, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/141198/alan-b-sielen/sea-change?sp_mid=45656665&sp_rid=aHVyd2pzMTJAd2Z1LmVkdQS2)//DH// // The rebirth of the seas will require large doses of education to dispel the myth // // AND // //the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, the world’s largest ocean preserve.//

//**Exploration is vital to biodiscovery and developing new cures for diseases**// //**NRC, ’03**(Committee on Exploration of the Seas, National Research Council “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown” National Academies Press [])// GY Justification for a New Ocean Exploration ProgramThe ocean supports us—whether we live AND ocean] respond to chemical, biological, and physical changes __must increase__.

__Antimicrobial resistance__ (AMR) __within a wide range of infectious agents is__ a growing AND has a negative impact on outcomes for patients and health-care expenditures.
 * Global antibiotic resistance is increasing rapidly - the ability to treat diseases at all is close to collapsing – ending modern medicine**
 * Fukuda, 14 -** Assistant Director-General Health Security, World Health Organization, 14 (Keiji**,** “Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014” April, []

Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent slew of emerging diseases in almost biblical terms AND “might easily transmute into a tune whistled whilst passing a graveyard.”3154
 * That risks extinction**
 * Greger 8** **–** M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger,, Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, [])

====A dedicated direct federal funding stream through NOPP is __perceived__ as restoring the U.S. __reputation__ within the marine science community – that’s vital to attracting scientists into research collaboration==== NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, http://explore.noaa.gov/sites/OER/Documents/national-research-council-voyage.pdf) The major drawback of a NOPP-sponsored ocean exploration program is that NOPP itself AND with consideration to the comments above) or NSF would be appropriate alternatives.

Research-driven adaptation strategies build in __resilience__ to prevent total ecosystem collapse
Major gaps exist in our current scientific understanding, limiting our ability to forecast the AND ) to //increase ecosystem resiliency// as well as local-scale mitigation efforts.
 * Doney, 8 -** Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, **“**The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174” Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives6/5, http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=8916&tid=282&cid=43766

A dedicated NOPP funding stream will maximize ocean science partnerships and lead to __applied solutions__ for ocean ecosystem mynagement
The successes of the ocean partnership effort started more than ten years ago have been AND partnering and apply them to society’s most exigent needs with haste and vigor.
 * Watkins et al, 9** - Watkins chaired the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, served as the President of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, and founding President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (James, How the Oceanographic Community Created a National Oceanographic Partnership Program” Oceanography Vol. 22, Iss. 2. Published by the NOPP. https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2982/22.2_watkins.pdf?sequence=1) zabd

1ac – plan
The United States federal government should create dedicated direct federal funding for its non-military ocean exploration through the National Oceanographic Partnership Program.

Establishing a new ocean exploration within the NOPP is vital to both __inter-agency__ and __international__ coordination in marine science
NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, []) __Incorporating a__ **__new ocean exploration program__** __into the__ **__U.S. marine science__** __field__ __AND__ force __to plan for collaborative exploration programs proposed by international groups of scientists__.

The plan establishes a __global model__ and builds __international marine research collaboration__
The oceans [ocean] cover nearly three-quarters of the Earth's surface, AND common global bond, highlighting their importance in our lives," Orcutt said.
 * Pages, 4** – Media Relations Officer at National Academies (Patrice, “Exploration of the Deep Blue Sea” National Academies In Focus Magazine, Winter/Spring, http://www.infocusmagazine.org/4.1/env_ocean.html)//DH

This spurs __global solutions__ and the development of multilateral agreements
NRC, 3 – National Research Center (Committee on Exploration of the Seas Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown ( 2003 )” pp 6-7 http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10844&page=136)//gingE// // INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR AN OCEAN EXPLORATION PROGRAM The involvement of many nations in ocean exploration // // AND // international agreements// to undertake regional exploration or to pursue themes of shared interest.

Maritime conflicts are likely in the South China Sea over unsustainable fishing – transnational marine science collaboration is vital to creating trust necessary for __durable peace__
Fishing for Peace? The Need for a New EBM Initiative in the South China AND multilateral cooperation and mutual trust so urgently needed in the South China Sea.
 * Leutert, et al, 13** - third-year PhD student in the government department at Cornell University, currently based in Beijing from 2013-2014 as a visiting scholar at PekingUniversity and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Also authored by Dr. C. Sachi GERBIN, the 2013-2014 US resident Sasakawa Peace Foundation fellow, and Jennifer MCARDLE, program associate at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Center for Science, Technology and Security Policy at Pacific Forum CSIS. (Wendy, "Forging Cooperation over Competition: Opportunities for Practical Security Collaboration in the Asia-Pacific” Issues & Insights Vol. 14 – No. 6 Beijing, People’s Republic of China December 2013, http://csis.org/files/publication/issuesinsights_vol14no6.pdf)//gingE **DOC = Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea**

South China Sea conflict on the brink – Fishing disputes
Reuters, 6/20 (“China urges peaceful development of seas, says conflict leads to "disaster"” Fri Jun 20, 2014 http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/21/us-southchinasea-china-idUSKBN0EW07L20140621)//gingE Concern over China's motives has risen in the region after China sent four more oil AND the South China Sea after Beijing refused to take part in the proceedings.

Risks extinction
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used. AND //—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.//
 * Wittner 11** - Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany (Lawrence S. Wittner, 11/28, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)

Stronger marine science partnerships act as confidence building measures that dampen conflict incentives and bolster inter-state relations
There are a number of successful international marine science partnerships and specific models that should AND improve foreign relations between governments and build goodwill between peoples of different nations.
 * Crosby, 7 –** executive director, National Science Board (Michael, “Improving International Relations Through Marine Science Partnerships”, __Law, Science and Ocean Management__, p. 275-276

Exploration can specifically prevent the spread of antibiotic resistant diseases
//Answer. Scientists at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution explores microbial chemical ecology and the interplay// //AND// // marine habitats produce diverse molecules that //inhibit these multidrug transporters// of various types.
 * Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH//