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**Obama has expedited approval for projects, but not allocated funds – aff is still inherent, but you don’t have any DA’s.**
Morgan and Rabin 7/19** – Miami Herald reporter, environment reporter (Curtis and Charles, “White House Speeds Up Permits, Offers No New Cash For PortMiami Dredge Project”, The Miami Herald, July 21 2012, [])//CB// //__“The White House on Thursday……..__//__expediting all remaining federal reviews//.”__

U.S. ports are not ready to handle super-sized tankers coming as a result of Panama canal expansion completion in 2014.
Abbott, 11 -- Editor, AAPA Seaports Magazine (Paul, "Special Feature on Port-Related Infrastructure", Summer, www.aapa-ports.org/Publications/SeaportsDetail.cfm?itemnumber=18152#seaportsarticle4//DG “Some countries clearly have taken the ………investment in capacity and infrastructure.”

Panama Canal expansion will disrupt American trade routes - Other nations are investing in port deepening to accommodate tankers, but the United States is not increasing its investment in its ports.

 * Bridges, 11 **** – **Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority (Jerry A., “Testimony of Jerry A. Bridges Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority before the United States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee Hearing: the Economic importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?”, 10/26/11, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Bridges.pdf)]

“Since the birth of our nation,……..environmental programs that benefit ports.”

Lack of U.S. adaptation will devastate trade and the economic competitiveness

 * Weakley, 8 ** – Realize America’s Maritime promise, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, testimony of James Weakley the president of the Lake Carriers’ Association (James, “Realize America’s Maritime Promise”, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, 4/30/08, [] ) // EK

“Introduction/ Summary of Testimony My name is Jim Weakley………passengers would quickly lose its efficiencies.”

First is international trade: it’s key to the economy and accounts for 27% of GDP

 * Kiefer et al., 2k ** – principal investigator for Planning and Management Consultants– study authorized by Section 401 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1999, report to the US Army Corps of Engineers (Jack, Planning and Management Consultants, “The National Dredging Needs Study of Ports and Harbors Implications to Cost-Sharing of Federal Deep Draft Navigation Projects Due to Changes in the Maritime Industry”, 5/2000, []) // EK

__“The value of international trade __……..eight percent in terms of tonnage (see Figure 2-4).”

Economic collapse now causes a nuclear World War III

 * Hamer, 10 **<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">– Professor and doctor, writes for Current Concerns (Eberhard, “Increasing Indications for a Third World War”, 3/6/10, []) // AJ

<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 16px;">“Due to the fact that the US …….or if we can escape this danger.”

American economic leadership prevents mercantilism – solves protectionism

 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Posen, 9 **<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;"> – Deputy director and senior fellow of the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Adam, “Economic leadership beyond the crisis,” []) // EK

<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 16px;">“In the postwar period, US …….concentrate on the following priority measures.”

Protectionism leads to global nuclear war

 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Panzner, 8 **<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;"> – faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” p. 136-138) //EK//

//<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">“Continuing calls for curbs on the ……. __<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">beginnings of a __//__new world war//____<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">.” __

Port dredging is key to international trade and competitiveness – increased exports, trade, manufacturing jobs, and trillions in revenue

 * <span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Nagle, 11 **<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;"> – President and CEO of the American Association of Port Authorities (December 2011, Kurt, Industry Today, “Association: American Association of Port Authorities; Port-Related Infrastructure Investments Can Reap Dividends,” vol. 14, no. 3, <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[] <span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">) // EK

<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 16px;">“It seems the United States…..utilized to maintain federal navigation channels.”

Clogged waterways are killing the steel industry competitiveness – decreases shipping capabilities. Dredging will open waterways allow tons of extra steel to be shipped.

 * Petry, 12** - correspondent for American Metal Market (Corinna, “US shippers urge feds to use funds for dredging”, Metal Bulletin Weekly, 4/2/12, ProQuest)//SS

“Insufficient federal funding for …...plant running for 14 days.”

First, the steel industry key to military tech-development
[])//SS
 * AISI, 7 –** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">AISI’s goal is to educate about the U.S. and North American steel industry (American Iron and Steel Institute, “Steel and the National Defense,” Specialty Steel Industry of North America, January 2007,

“The U.S.carbon/alloy and…… aircraft, shipbuilding or other military uses.”

Military R&D key to heg
Paarlberg, 4 - Robert Paarlberg is the Betty Freyhof Johnson Class of 1944 Professor of Political Science at Wellesley College and Associate at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University. (Peter L., “ Knowledge as Power: Science, Military Dominance, and U.S. Security,” International Security, 2004, [])//SS

“Military primacy today comes ……fundamentally became a science race.”

SECOND, a robust steel industry key to strong infrastructure
AISI, 6 - AISI’s goal is to educate about the U.S. and North American steel industry (American Iron and Steel Institute, “[|A Strong U.S. Steel Industry: Critical to Protecting U.S. Infrastructure, Homeland Security and Economic Security],” American Iron and Steel Institute, 2/1/6, [])//SS

“In the wake of September 11…… domestic steel industry to meet this need.”

Good infrastructure is key to the economy
AISI, 6 - AISI’s goal is to educate about the U.S. and North American steel industry (American Iron and Steel Institute, “[|A Strong U.S. Steel Industry: Critical to Protecting U.S. Infrastructure, Homeland Security and Economic Security],” American Iron and Steel Institute, 2/1/6, [])//SS

“An efficient national highway system is…… such as cranes, is steel-intensive.”

Econ collapse tanks heg

 * FPRI, 9** – Founded in 1955, FPRI is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization devoted to **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">bringing the insights of scholarship to bear on the development of policies that advance U.S. national interests. ** **<span style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">(“Security Challenges Arising from the Global Economic Crisis,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, March 11, 2009, ** [])//SS

Economists have long debated whether ……the Nation’s vital defense industrial base.

Heg is sustainable and prevents conflict

 * Brown et al. 8 –** *** Michael E. Brown is Dean of the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University. ***OWEN R. COTÉ, JR**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">. ** is the associate director of the MIT Security Studies Program. ***Sean M. Lynn-Jones is a Belfer Center researcher at Harvard University and Editor of //International Security.//** * Steven E. Miller is Director of the International Security Program (“Primacy and its Discontents,” MIT Press, 2008, []))//SS

Several scholars have argued that unipolarity …..implicitly or explicitly with the United States.

Retrenchment triggers great power wars

 * Zhang & Shi, 11** – ***Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.** *Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. (Yuhan and Lin, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry,” East Asia Forum, 1/22/11, [])//SS

As history attests, power decline ……inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

U.S. agricultural competitiveness decreasing now. Exports are critical to maintain competitiveness.
Kagochi, 2007 – doctor of philosophy, A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University (“EVALUATING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF US AGRICULTURAL MARKET COMMODITIES”, 8/04/07, [])//MK

__ The United States (US) has incurred …… __ measuring US agricultural export commodities competitiveness.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">US agricultural competitiveness key to prevent starvation, war, fanaticism, proliferation, and terrorism
Lugar, 4 – U.S. Senator – Indiana, (Richard, “Plant Power” Our Planet v. 14 n. 3, @http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html MK)

In a world confronted by global terrorism,…… energy and materials essential to modern society__.__

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Starvation triggers genocidal war—comparatively worse than nuclear war

 * Trudell 5** - Trudell, J.D. Candidate 2006, 05 (Robert H., Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277, Lexis)

2. But, Is It Really an Emergency? ……must put that fuse out before it is too late.

Dredging critical to maintain US agricultural competitiveness.
IWR 6/20 – Institute for Water Resources (“U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Modernization: Preparing for Post-Panamax Vessels”, Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 20, 2012, [|http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/docs/portswaterways/rpt/June_20_U.S._Port_and_Inland_Waterways_Preparing_for_Post_Panamax_Vessels.pdf)//MM]

The Panama Canal expansion is scheduled …..for a competitive navigation system.

First, coordinated and adequate funding requires federal action on port dredging.

 * <span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Calhoun, 11 **<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">– President of Cargo Carriers (Cargill) and Chairman of Waterways Council, Inc (Rick, “DREDGING FOR PROSPERITY”, Marine Log, 8/2011, ProQuest, <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[] <span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">”) // EK

<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 16px;">At press time, the debate over ……__in keeping America strong__ and keep her moving.

USACE regulation and permits require federal oversight.

 * IWR 6/20** – Institute for Water Resources (“U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Modernization: Preparing for Post-Panamax Vessels”, Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 20, 2012, [|http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/docs/portswaterways/rpt/June_20_U.S._Port_and_Inland_Waterways_Preparing_for_Post_Panamax_Vessels.pdf)//BL]


 * __ Regardless of the Federal …….provide permits for any proposed __****__ action. __** ¶