Hannah+&+Abdus

The United States Federal Government should fund and implement a substantial number of demonstration projects to develop the ocean via non-military nuclear desalination.

Water Leadership: Nuclear desalination solves hundreds of inevitable water conflicts globally White 9 – Commodities Editor for the Telegraph (Garry, “Can nuclear solve the global water crisis?,” The Telegraph, December 20, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/6851983/Can-nuclear-solve-the-global-water-crisis.html)//ac As the global population expands, demand for water for agriculture and personal use will increase dramatically, but there could be a solution that will produce clean drinking water and help reduce carbon emissions as well...For countries experiencing rapid population growth, it could be a lifesaver.

That’s key to global US water leadership – harnesses diplomatic leverage at key subnational actors – de-escalates conflict, and provides governmental legitimacy King 13, John O. Rankin Associate Professor of International Affairs; Director, Master of Arts Program in International Affairs at George Washington University (Marcus DuBois King, October 15,2013, “Water, U.S. Foreign Policy and American Leadership”, http://elliott.gwu.edu/sites/elliott.gwu.edu/files/downloads/faculty/king-water-policy-leadership.pdf) The USG has the opportunity to prioritize, develop and implement stronger water management policies that address development, diplomacy and defense challenges... U.S. water assistance could help national governments stabilize and regain their legitimacy. The plan mechanism is key – funding and technical capability key King 13, John O. Rankin Associate Professor of International Affairs; Director, Master of Arts Program in International Affairs at George Washington University (Marcus DuBois King, October 15,2013, “Water, U.S. Foreign Policy and American Leadership”, http://elliott.gwu.edu/sites/elliott.gwu.edu/files/downloads/faculty/king-water-policy-leadership.pdf) While water has long been a part of U.S. foreign policy, this report finds that the USG is not sufficiently organized to utilize the resources at the disposal of the relevant agencies to provide a robust response to global water challenges...The second is the importance of engaging the technical capacities resident in a raft of USG agencies and private sector organizations to provide data to water project implementers and host country governments. That’s key to diplomatic leveraging in a number of hotspots King 13, John O. Rankin Associate Professor of International Affairs; Director, Master of Arts Program in International Affairs at George Washington University (Marcus DuBois King, October 15,2013, “Water, U.S. Foreign Policy and American Leadership”, http://elliott.gwu.edu/sites/elliott.gwu.edu/files/downloads/faculty/king-water-policy-leadership.pdf) Second, traditional diplomacy is based on interactions between and among nation states. With water, however, it can be especially effective to focus on the communities of greatest need even if it must be done on a subnational (provincial, municipal) basis… For example, the State Department could facilitate early discussions about emerging water conflict or assistance in the development of water sharing regimes in areas such as the Himalayan Plateau, and the Jordan, Indus, Mekong, Nile, and Tigris-Euphrates river basins.

Water wars risk instability, terrorism, and inhibit cooperation with America – multiple hotspots for escalation globally
Goldenberg 14 – US environment correspondent (Suzanne, “Why global water shortages pose threat of terror and war,” The Guardian, 2/8/14, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/09/global-water-shortages-threat-terror-war)//ac On 17 January, scientists downloaded fresh data from a pair of Nasa satellites and distributed the findings among the small group of researchers who track the world's water reserves…More than half the proposed coal-fired power stations are expected to be built in areas of high water stress, thus threatening water insecurity for farms, other industry and the public.

Mineral Extraction:

Ocean desalination creates a sustainable supply chain for magnesium
Fattah et al 13 – Fattah received his Ph.D degree in civil engineering (Environmental Discipline); Sina Shabani earned his B.Sc degree in civil engineering, American University of Sharjah, UAE. 2011.; Ahmed earned his M.Tech degree in civil engineering (Geotechnical) (Kazi P. Fattah, Sina Shabani, and Aqeel Ahmed, “Use of Desalinated Reject Water as a Source of Magnesium for Phosphorus Recovery,” International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2013, http://www.ijcea.org/papers/286-I30007.pdf)//ac Phosphorus and nitrogen are considered as nutrients which are needed for living organisms to metabolize; however, excess amount of such nutrients can cause eutrophication of water bodies [1]…For future research ideas some parameters like temperature, pH, calcium effect, and reject water of other desalination methods can be analyzed under the same experimental conditions.

Magnesium prices are high and will continue to increase
Harvey 7/7/14 – environment journalist for The Guardian (Fiona, “Manufacturers urge action over raw metal prices amid supply worries,” The Guardian, 7/7/14, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/08/raw-metal-prices-warning-uk-manufacturers-volatility)//ac Costs for key British industries such as aviation and electronics will soar unless the government takes action over the rising price of raw materials, the UK's manufacturing body has warned... "Rubbish is not waste, it is a resource and an essential cog in the economy."

==== We control uniqueness of magnesium prices – magnesium use and production will increase in the status quo causing price volatility – the aff’s sustainable approach of supplying magnesium is key to maintain a stable price and supply and the auto industry’s adoption ==== Urbance et al 2 – Randall J. Urbance, Frank Field, Randy Kirchain, Richard Roth, and Joel P. Clark are with the Material Systems Laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (“Market Model Simulation: The Impact of Increased Automotive Interest in Magnesium,” August 2002 JOM, http://msl.mit.edu/publications/MktModelSimMg-UrbanceFRF-REK-RR-JPC.pdf)//ac In the 1970s, when the Western world experienced oil shortages that greatly increased the price of petroleum products, the automobile became an easy target for regulators hoping to decrease the pain of the oil shock…Expanding the supply base slowly and maintaining market prices slightly above $1.40/lb, however, led to more stable demand and supply growth. By the end of these less aggressive scenarios, respectable gains for magnesium in auto design, ranging from 9 kg to 36 kg per vehicle in 2015 (from ~5 kg today) were shown as likely results.

Magnesium usage is key to lightweight cars – it causes a “down-sizing spiral” that significantly increases fuel-efficiency
Waldraff 11 – Dr. Andreas Waldraff has Ph.D. (Systems Dynamics of Supply Chains), Universität Stuttgart Honorary Professorship for Management, Universität Stuttgart; CEO of UBF.B Management Consultancy, a service company with a focus on automotive industry and Indo-German business (Andreas, “Magnesium gives better mileage,” German Global Trade, 6/3/11, http://www.germanglobaltrade.de/downloads/green-cities-waldraff-better-mileage-2011-06-3.pdf)//ac Volkswagen’s beetle, produced more than 21 million times from 1938 until 2003, already contained a lot of magnesium - engine block, gearbox housing and other components - in order to save weight…A promising starting point for India’s vehicle manufacturers could be the two side plates of the ten millions of 2-wheelers that are produced every year – today mostly made of aluminium and clearly offering better mileage on a large scale if made of magnesium.

Curbing emissions from the transportation sector is key to solve anthropogenic climate change and the economy – US cost-effective policies are key
Greene and Plotkin 11 – Ph.D., Geography and Environmental Engineering and Senior Fellow at Howard H. Baker, Jr. Center for Public Policy; B.S. degree in Civil Engineering from Columbia University and a Master of Engineering (Aerospace) degree from Cornell University. He is the 2005 recipient of the Society of Automotive Engineers’ Barry D. McNutt Award for Excellence in Automotive Policy Analysis, staff scientist with Argonne National Laboratory’s Center for Transportation Research, specializing in analysis of transportation energy efficiency. (David L. Greene and Steven E. Plotkin, “Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from U.S. Transportation,” Pew Center on Global Climate Change, January 2011, http://cta.ornl.gov/cta/Publications/Reports/Reducing_GHG_from_transportation[1].pdf)//ac Introduction 1.1 Study Focus There is an urgent need to slow and eventually reverse the growth of human- made emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) throughout the world, given strong and growing evidence of climate change... There is no shortage of actions that can be taken today that will have major impacts on GHG emissions both in the near and the long term.

Catastrophic warming risks extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA (Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)//BB The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2.5-4.~C above pre-industrial levels, depending on the scenario… What is certain is that there is no precedent in human experience for such rapid change or such climatic conditions, and even in the best case adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

Solvency:

Desalination inevitable but insufficient and unsustainable now - Funding nuclear desalination demonstration project is the only way to prevent food and water crises globally
Glapke 11 (Emmanuel Glapke is professor of Mechanical Engineering at Howard University, August 2011 “Nuclear desalination: A cure for drought” The New York Beacon, Proquest) It's happening again. .. Ignoring the danger of water scarcity is a mistake that would come back to haunt us for years to come.

That’s key to infinite water – desalination is just becoming competitive but federal funding key to resolve market uncertainty
NRC 08 (National Research Council - Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology Water Science and Technology Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. AMY K. ZANDER, Chair, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York MENACHEM ELIMELECH, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut DAVID H. FURUKAWA, Separation Consultants Inc., Poway, California PETER GLEICK, Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, Oakland, California KENNETH HERD, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Brooksville, Florida KIMBERLY L. JONES, Howard University, Washington, DC PHILIP ROLCHIGO, Pentair, Inc., Golden Valley, Minnesota SANDEEP SETHI, Carollo Engineers, Sarasota, Florida JOHN TONNER, Water Consultants International, Mequon, Wisconsin HENRY J. VAUX, University of California, Berkeley JUDITH S. WEIS, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, WARREN W. WOOD, Michigan State University, East Lansing. “Desalination: A National Perspective” []) Efforts to identify new, untapped sources of supply have dominated water policy for the past century. ..Success of the proposed research agenda will depend on coordinated federal leadership and participation by state and local governments, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector.

Only the plan provides sufficient certainty to solve
NRC 08 (National Research Council - Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology Water Science and Technology Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. AMY K. ZANDER, Chair, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York MENACHEM ELIMELECH, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut DAVID H. FURUKAWA, Separation Consultants Inc., Poway, California PETER GLEICK, Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, Oakland, California KENNETH HERD, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Brooksville, Florida KIMBERLY L. JONES, Howard University, Washington, DC PHILIP ROLCHIGO, Pentair, Inc., Golden Valley, Minnesota SANDEEP SETHI, Carollo Engineers, Sarasota, Florida JOHN TONNER, Water Consultants International, Mequon, Wisconsin HENRY J. VAUX, University of California, Berkeley JUDITH S. WEIS, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, WARREN W. WOOD, Michigan State University, East Lansing. “Desalination: A National Perspective” []) Public health protection and reliability are high priorities for public water supply facilities ; therefore, utilities tend to be conservative, creating challenges in the implementation of new technologies that are unfamiliar or unproven…Due to the larger scale, a demonstration testing could also be used to perform an assessment of environmental impacts or to provide better estimates of treatment costs.

Nuclear energy is key – they are safe and necessary for sufficient solvency
ANS 05 (American Nuclear Society March 2005, The American Nuclear Society (ANS) is an international, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) scientific and educational organization with a membership of approximately 15,000 scientists, engineers, educators, students, and other associate members. Approximately 900 members live outside the United States in 45 countries. There are 51 U.S. and nine non-U.S. local sections, 24 nuclear plant branches and 34 student sections. ANS members represent more than 1,750 corporations, educational institutions, and government agencies “Use of Nuclear Energy for Desalination”, ANS, http://www.ans.org/pi/ps/docs/ps62.pdf) The American Nuclear Society (ANS) endorses the use of nuclear power reactors for desalination of seawater…Thus, the main energy sources for future desalination are nuclear power reactors and renewable energy sources such as solar, hydro, or wind, but only nuclear reactors are capable of delivering the copious quantities of energy required for large-scale desalination projects.

The plan is key to market dominance and global modelling – its safe and the tech spills over and is modelled globally
IAEA 7 – International Atomic Energy Agency (“Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies,” July 2007, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf) Seventy percent of the planet is covered with water, but only 2.5% of that is fresh water... Conservation measures such as the modernisation of water networks to minimise leakages, the recycling of used water etc. will certainly reduce the future water demands slightly but they would not be able to halt the dissemination of desalination plants and consequently of the fossil fuelled based systems for the production of needed electricity and heat.

Negative strats-

topicality- its consumption fem kritik