David+Si+&+Christopher+Li

=**Aff**=

I.
====The US should offer to support and pursue full member status in the Arctic Council for China if China agrees to participate in bilateral cooperative agreements regarding Arctic scientific research, environmental monitoring and environmental policy issues.====
 * Plan:**

Advantage 1 is Warming
**China won’t back Arctic warming initiatives, __decking broader US-China warming cooperation__ – __supporting Beijing’s Arctic status__ is key** Tiezzi, 15 —Shannon, Editor at The Diplomat, previously served as a research associate at the U.S.-China Policy Foundation, MA @ Harvard, also studied at Tsinghua University in Beijing. “Why Did China Opt Out of the Arctic Climate Change Statement?” The Diplomat, Sept 1, [] --br [Focused, Coop]

**Cooperation is on the __brink__ – China’s carefully assessing US __signals of commitment__**
Davenport, 16 —Coral, covers energy and climate change policy at The New York Times, previously a fellow with the Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting and covered energy and the environment for National Journal, Politico, and Congressional Quarterly. “Supreme Court’s Blow to Emissions Efforts May Imperil Paris Climate Accord,” New York Times (NYT), Feb 10, [] --br [Inaction, efforts]

**Only the plan can revive cooperation – it spurs __highly-visible__, __lasting change__ to combat warming**
Slayton and Brigham, 15 —David Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution. Lawson W. Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, a fellow at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy’s Center for Arctic Study & Policy, and a member of Hoover’s Arctic Security Initiative. “Strengthen Arctic cooperation between the US and China,” Aug 27, Alaska Dispatch News (ADN), [] --br [Arctic, agencies]

**__Arctic cooperation__ is __vital__ to combatting warming – it’s the __epicenter__ of wider US-China climate efforts**
Slayton and Brigham, 15 —David Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution. Lawson W. Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, a fellow at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy’s Center for Arctic Study & Policy, and a member of Hoover’s Arctic Security Initiative. “Strengthen Arctic cooperation between the US and China,” Aug 27, Alaska Dispatch News (ADN), [] --br [since, ahead]

** “Timeframe” is a reason to vote aff – the Arctic will be ice-free by 2100**
Saul and Chestney, 16 —Jonathan and Nina, Reuters reporters citing Whit Sheard of the Circumpolar Conservation Union, Julie Gourley, senior Arctic official at the U.S. State Department and multiple studies. “Arctic thaw opens shipping waterways, risks to environment,” Feb 25, [] --br [average, environment]

**Prioritize solutions to warming-its impacts are underrepresented in decision calculus, Outweighs Nuclear War**
Nixon 11 (Rob Nixon is the Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, NY Times Contributor and former is an affiliate of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies the Harvard University Press 2011 “Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor” Pg 2-3 http://www.elimeyerhoff.com/books/nixon-rob--slow-violence-and-the-environmentalism-of-the-poor.pdf) [we, heft]

**Warming is real, anthropogenic, and threatens extinction**
Griffin, 15 – Professor of Philosophy at Claremont, David, “The climate is ruined. So can civilization even survive?”, 4-14, [] [virtually, range]

** It’s __not too late__ – action on warming can prevent __devastating impacts__, **
UN 15 (United Nations, “Failure to Constrain Climate Change Will Create ‘Climate Chaos’, Secretary-General Says at High-Level General Assembly Event Aimed at Inspiring Ambitious Accord,” 6-29-15, [] ) [there, together]

** __Acting now__ is key to reviving US-Chin a Arctic cooperation – it’s __try or die__ **
Slayton and Brigham, 15 —David Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution. Lawson W. Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, a fellow at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy’s Center for Arctic Study & Policy, and a member of Hoover’s Arctic Security Initiative. “Strengthen Arctic cooperation between the US and China,” Aug 27, Alaska Dispatch News (ADN), [] --br [the, institutions]

** US arctic leadership is lagging now, the plan reinvigorates it **
Luce and Johnson 16 (David de Luce is Foreign Policy’s chief national security correspondent, Keith Johnson is a reporter for Foreign Policy covering energy, “U.S. Falls Behind in Arctic Great Game”, Foreign Policy, http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/24/u-s-falls-behind-in-arctic-great-game/?wp_login_redirect=0)//ml [the, competition]

**US-China cooperation on warming is key – they’re the largest emitters due to economic growth**
Alice Chang, majoring in Economics-Government at Claremont College, “Would You Like It Hot or Cold? An Analysis of U.S.-China Climate Policy,” Claremont Colleges, Spring 2015, 1204. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1204 [the, US]

**Arctic leadership is vital to resolving warming – __only__ the US can steer the agenda**
Matthews 15 (Richard Matthews, Richard Matthews is a consultant, eco-entrepreneur, green investor and author of numerous articles on sustainable positioning, eco-economics and enviro-politics. THURSDAY, APRIL 30TH, 2015, "American Leadership of the Arctic Council Bodes Well for Climate Action," Global Warming is Real, http://globalwarmingisreal.com/2015/04/30/american-leadership-of-the-arctic-council-bodes-well-for-climate-action/)//CF [the, issues]

Advantage 2 is Overfishing
====**We’re on the brink of an overfishing crisis, with devastating consequences for oceanic health and global food security – only immediate, cooperative action to rebuild major fish stocks can avert global catastrophe**==== Harvey, 16 —Jessica, writer @ WaPo citing researchers Daniel Pauly and Dirk Zeller of the University of British Columbia. “Why we’ve been hugely underestimating the overfishing of the oceans,” Washington Post, Jan 19, [] --br [the, optimism]

**Overfishing Fishing decline causes a drastic increase in malnourishment, especially among the worlds poor**
Ma 16 (Michelle Ma, 6-16-2016, "Many people won't get key nutrients without fish," Futurity, [], MJW) [the, undernutrition]

**Sustainable fishing is key to combating starvation and poverty in developing countries**
WWF 15 (World Wildlife Foundation, 9-16-2015, "Failing fisheries and poor ocean health starving human food supply – tide must turn," World Wildlife Foundation, [], MJW) [populations, malnutrition]

**Slow violence is invisible and exponential – prefer it over flashpoint explanations of violence**
Nixon 11 (Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-3) [we, multiplier]

**Chinese overfishing is catastrophic and irreversible – environmental cooperation is try or die**
Goldstein, 15 —Lyle J., associate professor at, and former founding director of, the China Maritime Studies Institute (CMSI) of the U.S. Naval War College. PhD (Princeton), MA (Johns Hopkins). __Meeting China Halfway: How to Defuse the Emerging US-China Rivalry__, Chapter 5: Toxic Embrace, The Environment and US-China Relations, p. 113-7 --br [Waste, rise]

**Global food shortages make several scenarios for massive global instability inevitable**
Reuters 14 –citing the UN Food and Agriculture Organization “Food Shortage a risk to world security—UN,” 11/3, [], DOA: 12-29-14, y2k [the, food]

**__Bilateral Arctic cooperation__ with China is __vital__ to __fisheries enforcement__**
Slayton and Brigham, 15 —David Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution. Lawson W. Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, a fellow at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy’s Center for Arctic Study & Policy, and a member of Hoover’s Arctic Security Initiative. “Strengthen Arctic cooperation between the US and China,” Aug 27, Alaska Dispatch News (ADN), [] --br [key, disagreements]

**__Multiple empirics__ prove fisheries cooperation solves, but__increased cooperation__ is make-or-break**
Goldstein, 15 —Lyle J., associate professor at, and former founding director of, the China Maritime Studies Institute (CMSI) of the U.S. Naval War College. PhD (Princeton), MA (Johns Hopkins). __Meeting China Halfway: How to Defuse the Emerging US-China Rivalry__, Chapter 5: Toxic Embrace, The Environment and US-China Relations, p. 117-122 --br [countries, enlarged]

**China wants cooperation on climate change – wants to gain legitimacy and political influence**
Alice Chang, majoring in Economics-Government at Claremont College, “Would You Like It Hot or Cold? An Analysis of U.S.-China Climate Policy,” Claremont Colleges, Spring 2015, 1204. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1204 [Xi, US]

**US China Relations are Key to Solving Climate Change, Will Save US China relations**
FlorCruz 15 - Michelle, [|World News Reporter] and content producer for IBT media “Solving Climate Change Problem Rests on U.S.-China Cooperation”( [], 6/21) [The, change]

**China says yes – they’ll use scientific cooperation as a tool for full membership**
Guilford 13 --- (Gwynn Guilford, May 14, 2013, “Why china oh-so-desperately wants a claim to the Arctic ocean”, Quartz.com, http://qz.com/84669/china-arctic-ocean-council/)//Jmoney [China, Arctic]

**II.**
====The United States federal government should substantially increase its diplomatic engagement with the People’s Republic of China over substantially decreasing United States Freedom of Navigation Operations that are inconsistent with international law, on the condition that the People’s Republic of China abide by the International Court of Justice’s Permanent Court of Arbitration’s decision in The Republic of the Philippines v. the People’s Republic of China.====
 * Plan:**

**The Hague case pushes SCS __tensions__ and __disputes__ to the __brink__ --- the s-quo encourages Chinese aggression**
[Hague, come]
 * Rapp-Hooper and Cronin 7/14** --- Senior Fellow with the Asia-Pacific Security Program at CNAS. She is formerly a Fellow with the CSIS Asia Program and Director of the CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative. Her expertise includes Asia security issues, deterrence, nuclear strategy and policy, and alliance politics. She was previously a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Cronin is a Ph.D. is the Senior Director of the Asia-Pacific Security Program at the Center for a New American Security. Previously, he was the Senior Director of the Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) at the National Defense University, where he simultaneously oversaw the Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs. Dr. Cronin has a rich and diverse background in both Asian-Pacific security and U.S. defense, foreign and development policy [Mira and Patrick, “CHOOSE YOUR OWN ADVENTURE: THE NEXT PRESIDENT’S VOYAGE IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA,” War on the Rocks, July 14th, 2016, http://warontherocks.com/2016/07/choose-your-own-adventure-the-next-presidents-voyage-in-the-south-china-sea/]//Mnush

** China’s lack of adherence to the Hague case causes increased aggression and makes conflict likely **
Bush 7/17 /16 --- Director, Center for East Asia Policy Studies, Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, John L. Thornton China Center (Richard C. Bush, 7-13-2016, "The South China Sea ruling and China’s grand strategy" Brookings Institution, 7-17 -2016, [] [ITLOS, resources]

** Recent ilaw court decision brings tensions in the SCS on the brink of global war – a second set of negotiations is the only chance at resolution **
[An, negotiation]
 * Hunt and Hume 7/13** --- [Katie and Tim, “Has South China Sea ruling set scene for next global conflict?” CNN, July 13th, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/13/asia/south-china-sea-global-conflict-risks/]//Mnush

** Escalates and spills over to other regions including the Arctic **
[China, in]
 * Roberts and Phillips ’15** --- [Dan and Tom, “US ratchets up tension with China,” Mail Guardian, October 30th, 2015, http://mg.co.za/article/2015-10-30-us-ratchets-up-tension-with-china]//Mnush

**China will backlash by expanding naval activity in the Arctic**
Tisdall 15 – assistant editor of the Guardian and a foreign affairs columnist Simon, US ratchets up tension with China, Mail & Guardian, [] [the, in]

**Arctic war draws in great powers and goes nuclear**
Wallace and Staples 10 (Michael Wallace and Steven Staples. *Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia and President of the Rideau Institute in Ottawa “Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons: A Task Long Overdue,” [])

** Diplomacy is key **
[The, issue]
 * Ivanov 16** --- CEO, Asia Society Australia (Phillipp Ivanov, 7-13-2016, "After the Ruling — What's Next in the South China Sea?" Asia Society, 7-16-2016, http://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/after-ruling-%E2%80%94-whats-next-south-china-sea)//jonah

**The plan __defuses__ SCS tensions __without triggering their DAs__**
[Washington, peacefully]
 * Bader 7/13** --- senior fellow in the John L. Thornton China Center at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. From 2009 until 2011, Bader was special assistant to the president of the United States for national security affairs at the National Security Council. In that capacity, he was the principal advisor to President Obama on Asia. Bader served from 2005 to 2009 as the director of the China Initiative and subsequently as the first director of the John L. Thornton China Center [Jeffrey A, “What the United States and China should do in the wake of the South China Sea ruling,” Brookings, July 13th, 2016, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/order-from-chaos/posts/2016/07/13-us-policy-south-china-sea-ruling-bader]//Mnush

**China non-compliance risks undermining broader ILAW institutions **
[Will, preserved]
 * Burke-White 7/12** --- [William, “Will China abide by the South China Sea decision?” CNN, July 12th, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/12/opinions/south-china-sea-decision-burke-white/]//Mnush

**The plan __aligns Chinese compliance__ with the Hague decision**
[this, relationship]
 * Liedman 16** --- CFR's Navy fellow and an expert in maritime strategy (Sean R. Liedman, 6-28-2016, "U.S. Strategy in the South China Sea" Journal Of Political Risk, Vol. 4, No. 5, 7-16-2016, http://www.jpolrisk.com/u-s-strategy-in-the-south-china-sea/)//jonah

**Non-compliance hurts credibility of ilaw**
[China, security]
 * Davenport 7/8** --- Doctoral Candidate at Yale Law School [Tara, “Why the South China Sea Arbitration Case Matters (Even if China Ignores It),” The Diplomat, July 8th, 2016 (BIRTHDAY), http://thediplomat.com/2016/07/why-the-south-china-sea-arbitration-case-matters-even-if-china-ignores-it/]//Mnush

**Effective international law facilitates global coordination over __transnational threats__ --- solves multiple existential threats**
[Power, goods]
 * Shafer ’12** --- Melvin C. Steen professor of Law and Affiliated Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of Minnesota [Gregory, “International Law and Global Public Goods in a Legal Pluralist World,” Eur J Int Law (2012) 23 (3): 669-693, http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/3/669.full]//Mnush

**Solves __nuclear conflict__**
[All, agreements]
 * Pickering ’14** --- MA international relations, Melbourne School of Government [Heath, “Why Do States Mostly Obey International Law?”[]x]//Mnush

**Current international law standards can’t enforce anything –pressure is key**
[international, authority]
 * Davenport 7/8** --- Doctoral Candidate at Yale Law School [Tara, “Why the South China Sea Arbitration Case Matters (Even if China Ignores It),” The Diplomat, July 8th, 2016 (BIRTHDAY), http://thediplomat.com/2016/07/why-the-south-china-sea-arbitration-case-matters-even-if-china-ignores-it/]//Mnush

Solvency
[a, ambition]
 * __Diplomatic action__ is key --- current military involvement __solves__ their DAs but a __reliance__ on __continued__ military engagement causes __escalation__**
 * Kalman 16** --- management professional in the marine transportation industry, an officer in the US Navy for eleven years, (Brian Kalman, 12-1-2016, "The South China Sea Crisis: International Law, Sovereignty and the Control of Natural Resources" No Publication, 7-16-2016, []

** Requiring FONOPs to be consistent with international law causes China to say yes --- shows a signal of international law compliance **
Campbell 16 --- Chairman, Center for a New American Security, Former Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Kurt, 7-13-16, “Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Testimony,” East Asia Subcommittee, 7-17-16, [] [US, Asia]

**Current FONOPs that are inconsistent with I-Law make __broader FONOPs unsustainable__ and __fails__ --- the plan only __compliments__ this strategy to make it effective**
[recent, relationships]
 * Ku 16** --- Professor of Law, Hofstra University (Julian G. Ku, 5-16-2016, "Freedom of Navigation Operations in the South China Sea Aren’t Enough" Foreign Policy, 7-16-2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/16/freedom-of-navigation-operations-in-the-south-china-sea-arent-enough-unclos-fonop-philippines-tribunal/)//jonah

**The case __alone__ is woefully insufficient --- only __diplomatic engagement__ facilitates compliance with __broader international law__**
GT 7-15-16 --- (Global Times, 7-15-2016, "Diplomacy, not courthouse, key to resolving South China Sea dispute: European Parliament member" Global Times, 7-17-2016, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/994592.shtml)//jonah [diplomacy, relationships]

=**Neg**=

**Past 1nc's**
T Uncondo

Elections DA Power Projection DA Allies DA Japan DA

Pan K Neolib K

HR Conditions CP Cooperation CP

**Past 2nr's**
Elections DA Allies DA

Pan K