Tarina+&+Sophie+P.

1ac Warming
(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2) An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public support for climate policy (Ding et al 2011)… Among papers expressing a position on AGW, an overwhelming percentage (97.2% based on self-ratings, 97.1% based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
 * Warming is anthropogenic**
 * Green 13** – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
 * John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy **Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis** *Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,

Even if some warming is inevitable, keeping it below 4 degrees avoids the worst impacts
Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank (Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix) The 4°C scenarios are devastating …The solutions lie in effective risk management and ensuring all our work, all our thinking, is designed with the threat of a 4°C degree world in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.

Catastrophic warming risks extinction
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122) The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2.5-4. …What is certain is that there is no precedent in human experience for such rapid change or such climatic conditions, and even in the best case adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
 * Mazo 10** – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA

Independently, emissions cause ocean acidification – extinction
Romm12 – physicist and climate expert, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress (Joseph J., “Science: Ocean Acidifying so fast that it threatens humanity’s ability to feed itself”, 3/2/12; http://earthlawcenter.org/news/headline/science-ocean-acidifying-so-fast-it-threatens-humanitys-ability-to-feed-itself/) The world’s oceans may be turning acidic faster today from human carbon emissions…Once a species goes extinct it’s gone forever. We’re playing a very dangerous game.”

US offshore wind development curbs carbon emissions
Thaler 12 - Professor of Energy Policy, Law & Ethics (Jeff, “FIDDLING AS THE WORLD BURNS: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE URGENTLY REQUIRES A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERMITTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS,” 42 Environmental Law Journal 1101)//BB Unfortunately, as the economic and health costs from fossil fuel emissions have grown so too has the byzantine labyrinth of laws and regulations…All of the grid-scale offshore wind farms in Europe have monopole foundations embedded into the seabed in water depths ranging from 5m to 30m; the proposed American projects such as Cape Wind in Massachusetts and Block Island in Rhode Island would likewise be shallow-water installations.

**Offshore wind is comparatively the cleanest and most productive renewable energy**
Jensen 13 – partner in the Washington, DC office of Holland & Hart LLP (Thomas, et al, “From the 35th Public Land Law Conference: Balancing Act and Paradigm Shift: The Role of Public Lands in America's Energy Future: Oceans: Are Ocean Wind Turbines like Homesteads and Gold Mines and Railroads? A Public Lands Policy Question for the Climate Change Era,” 34 Pub. Land & Resources L. Rev. 93)//BB The ocean wind resource in United States marine waters is estimated to be as large as 4,223 gigawatts ("GW"), 12 with as many as 1,372 terawatt hours of electricity available off the East Coast alone. An energy resource area larger than the total landmass of the United States, 16 one wholly owned by the American people, is unused and wasted as a tool to power our communities.

**Full-scale offshore wind would be enough electricity for the entire country**
Levitan 13 - writes about energy, the environment, and health. His articles have been published by Scientific American, Discover, IEEE Spectrum, Grist, and others. In previous articles for Yale Environment 360, he has written about vehicle-to-grid technology for electric cars and cities' efforts to recycle food scraps and organic waste (Dave, “Will Offshore Wind Finally Take Off on U.S. East Coast?,” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/will_offshore_wind_finally_take_off_on_us_east_coast/2693/)//BB “The East Coast is the Saudi Arabia of offshore wind, because there is enough energy there to provide the entire U.S. with electricity…The Northeast and mid-Atlantic coasts in particular are windy spots with water depths that make development feasible.

**Electricity-emissions reductions sufficiently solve global warming**
Akorede 12 - .F., Ph.D degree in Electrical Power Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia (H. Hizam,M.Z.A. Ab Kadir,I. Aris,S.D. BubaElectrical & Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, “Mitigating the anthropogenic global warming in the electric power industry,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16.5)//BB 5. Power industry's share of CO2 emissions To identify the most productive mitigation strategies, it is crucial to understand the current as well as the projected sources of GHGs, most especially CO2[30]… Each of these possible mitigation techniques is discussed in turn in the following subsections.

Fast growth promotes US leadership and solves great power war
(Zalmay Khalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. "The Economy and National Security" Feb 8 http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad)//BB Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to the United States’ position as global leader…Either way, hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.
 * __ Khalilzad 11 __** – PhD, Former Professor of Political Science @ Columbia, Former ambassador to Iraq and Afghanistan

Slow growth leads to hegemonic wars – relative gap is key
Goldstein 7 - Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania, (Avery Goldstein, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume30, Issue 4 & 5 August, EBSCO) Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments focus explicitly on the consequences for international politics of a shift in power between a dominant state and a rising power…Moreover, because a dominant state may react to the prospect of a crossover and believe that it is wiser to embrace the logic of preventive war and act early to delay a transition while the task is more manageable, Organski and Kugler’s power-transition theory also provides grounds for concern about the period prior to the possible crossover.19

States will inevitably compete for relative status – only primacy can prevent conflict
(William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War” World Politics, 61:1, January, Project Muse) Second, I question the dominant view that status quo evaluations are relatively independent of the distribution of capabilities…Under certain conditions, the search for status will cause people to behave in ways that directly contradict their material interest in security and/or prosperity.
 * __ Wohlforth 9 __**- Professor of government at Dartmouth

There are hundreds of causes of conflict – hegemony deters and controls escalation by internalizing costs
(John Norton, “Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace,” pg. 41-43) If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic aggressor and an absence of effective deterrence, what is the role of the many traditional "causes" of war? … And what, in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased?
 * __ Moore 4 __**– Dir. Center for Security Law and Professor of Law @ University of Virginia, Editor of the American Journal of International Law

Offshore wind promotes fast US growth
N’dolo 10 – associate principal @ Camoin Associates (Michael and Bruce Bailey, “Offshore development can yield economic benefits,” North American Wind Power, Fall 2010)//BB Wind power is a job-creation engine…There are limitations on the ability of any one state or province to service both coasts, but it is reasonable to assume, for example, that an installation cluster in the Mid-Atlantic region of the¶ U.S. could provide installation capacity for a number of projects on the East Coast.

Even limited energy production leads to quick growth
Sargent 12 (Rob Sargent, U.S. Poised to Join the Race on Offshore Wind: Lawmakers Must Commit to More Pollution-Free Energy”, http://www.environmentamerica.org/news/ame/us-poised-join-race-offshore-wind)//BB The Turning Point for Atlantic Offshore Wind Energy includes details on the key milestones each Atlantic Coast state and along with the wind potential and the economic benefits…These goals must be supported by policies that prioritize offshore wind energy and other efforts to secure buyers for this new source of reliable, clean energy.

The plan solves unemployment and diversifies fuel sources
Schroeder 10 – J.D @ Berkeley, M.E.M., Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (Erica, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” California Law Review, 98.5)//BB Many of the most compelling benefits of offshore wind are similar to those of onshore wind, though offshore wind has its own unique set of benefits…In an April 2009 speech at the Trinity Structural Towers Manufacturing Plant in Iowa, President Obama predicted that if the United States "fully pursue[s] our potential for wind energy on land and offshore," wind power could create 250,000 jobs by 2030.61

A long-term investment tax credit __catapults__ the offshore wind industry – transitions the US to a green economy
Sopko 13 – JD, former legislative council @ House of Reps (Nancy, “Offshore Wind Needs a Boost from Congress,” http://oceana.org/en/blog/2013/11/offshore-wind-needs-a-boost-from-congress-0)//BB Like so many of us, Oceana has seen the damage that the drilling for and burning of fossil fuels can do to the health of our oceans and marine life… The longer we continue with business as usual, the harder it will be to correct the damage we have done.

99.7% of studies prove ITC increases net price value of offshore wind projects
Wyman, 2013, graduate student at the University of Texas (Constance, “Why The ITC Matters for Offshore Wind”, NA Wind Power, Volume 10, Number 6, http://www.nawindpower.com/issues/NAW1307/FEAT_03_Why_The_ITC_Matters_For_Offshore_Wind.html) Over the last few years, there has been much discussion about the role of tax credits in the wind industry and whether there should be offshore-specific incentives…In 99.7% of the results, the ITC allowed a higher project value. Simply put, the ITC is of greater value to the offshore wind industry

Only a federal __mandate__ can guarantee the expansion of wind energy
Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) However, the Oceans Act and Ocean Management Plan, though promising, have come late in the game for Cape Wind, nine long years after the project sought its initial federal permits…The CZMA offers a potential way for the federal government to assert itself and the benefits of offshore wind in state and local decision making.

Offshore wind creates jobs and a new manufacturing and ship-building sector – boosts the economy
N’dolo 10 – associate principal @ Camoin Associates (Michael and Bruce Bailey, “Offshore development can yield economic benefits,” North American Wind Power, Fall 2010)//BB Wind power is a job-creation engine…U.S. could provide installation capacity for a number of projects on the East Coast.

Reforming the permitting process is key – Massachusetts provides an opportune model for streamlined development
Kimmel *, and Stalenhoef**, 10-10- 2011 – *Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection** Counsel for the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities [*Kenneth, *Dawn, “The Cape Wind Offshore Wind Energy Project: A Case Study of the Difficult Transition to Renewable Energy”, Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal, Volume 5 Issue 1, http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=gguelj] The Cape Wind saga reveals that the current permitting process for ¶ offshore wind energy projects is broken…Thus, the Cape Wind experience both highlights the need for reform ¶ and provides models for the types of reform that are needed.

Long-term incentives ensure that the supply chain follows on – fed support key
Galluci 11 - Staff Reporter at InsideClimate News Honduras Contributor at Fodor's, Co-Editor & Reporter at The News, Newsroom Intern at Associated Press, Newsroom Intern at Columbus Business (Maria, “Never-Used Tax Credit Could Jumpstart US Offshore Wind Energy—if Renewed,” http://truth-out.org/news/item/4778:neverused-tax-credit-could-jumpstart-us-offshore-wind-energy%E2%80%94if-renewed) Matt Kaplan, a North American wind analyst at IHS Emerging Energy Research, said removing the tax credit's end date could help lure investors by guaranteeing the government's support even if projects gets held up by bureaucracy or politics…"Stability in tax and regulatory policies will go a long way toward helping this industry develop in the United States," Grybowski said.

1NC: Consumption K, T-non-military, Privates CP 2NR: Consumption K
 * Neg Disclosure:**
 * Round 2:**

1NC: T- "its", Privates CP, Ex-Im bank 2NR: Ex-Im bank
 * Round 3:**