Caroline+&+Atticus

=AFF:= PLAN: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD INCREASE FUNDING TO DEMONSTRATE OCEAN TEMPERATURE ENERGY CONVERSION. 1ac Leadership There is currently the possibility of a competition … who want to reduce their dependence on oil imports.
 * First, winning the race to commercialize OTEC locks-in technological leadership and diplomatic clout**
 * Cohen and Ladouch 12 -** (Robert Cohen, USA, OTEC consultant and adviser to the company Lockheed Martin, Mathieu Ladouch Renewable Energy Engineer and Energy Expert, Development & execution manager at Marine Energy Times Mechanical Engineer (TIDAL ENERGY) at HYDRO-GEN Project Manager Engineer at Deschamps Mechanical or Industrial Engineering “Ocean Thermal Energy Ocean OTEC could soon be used?,” pg online @ http://www.marineenergytimes.com/could-otec-soon-be-used-partii-in-the-midst-of-international-competition.html //um-ef)

**US technological leadership is on the brink**
**Dr. Hummell et al 12** - (Robert Hummel, PhD1,*, Policy Research Division, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies,, Patrick Cheetham1, Justin Rossi1, Synesis: A Journal of Science, Technology, Ethics, and Policy 2012 “US Science and Technology Leadership, and Technology Grand Challenges,” pg online @ [] //um-ef) Taken together, there is no direct evidence that the US … coordinated effort throughout the society.

**Failure to maintain U.S. technological leadership causes U.S. protectionism against China**
Facing competitive pressure from the rise of Chinese industries, the United States has arbitrarily … cooperation through frequent and short-sighted trade relief measures.
 * Li ** 2/26/ **14** - (Researcher with Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation.“pg online @ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2014-02/26/content_17305240.htm //um-ef)

**US/China trade friction escalates to US/China War**
**Liu ’05** - (Henry C., Chair – New York Private Investment Group, The Coming Trade War Part 6, Asia Times Online, 8-20, http://atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/GH20Dj01.html) US geopolitical hostility toward China will manifest itself first in trade friction, which will lead to a mutually … fought over by killing consumers in a world plagued with overcapacity.

**Extinction**
**Lieven 12** - (Anatol, Professor in the War Studies Department – King’s College (London), Senior Fellow – New America Foundation (Washington), “Avoiding US-China War,” New York Times, 6-12, [] ) Relations between the United States and China are on a course that may one day lead to war. This … example in Washington’s neglect of the crumbling states of Central America.

**And, winning the green tech race is key to US primacy, preventing resource wars and climate change – extinction**
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering an providing it with means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.
 * Klarevas 9** - (Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs – New York University, “ [|Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony] ”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)

**U.S. Diplomatic strength is in question – the Administration is in need of a boost**
**New York Times, ’13** - (Roger Cohen, “Diplomacy is Dead,” 1-21-2013, [] //um-ef) DIPLOMACY is dead. Effective diplomacy — the kind that produced Nixon’s breakthrough with China, an … What do we want, what do they want, and what do we both want?

**Independently, STRONG U.S. Diplomacy prevents conflict and escalation**
**Hagee and Loy 12** - ( Gen. Michael W. Hagee and Adm. James M. Loy, 3-27-2012, What it takes to keep U.S. safe today, Politico, p **. **[|www.politico.com/news/stories/0312/74509.html]) The challenges we face today as a nation are far more complex and nuanced than the clear enemies … and diplomacy can help get our economy rolling again.

**STRONG U.S. Diplomacy is the only way to stop Indo/Pak war – its on the brink now and miscalculation is inevitable without US de-escalation**
**Vira 12** - (Varun Vira writes on Middle Eastern and South Asian security affairs. Most recently, he coauthored Pakistan: Violence vs. Stability with Dr. Anthony Cordesman of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), pg online @ [] //um-ef) Within the next decade, there is a high probability of a high-profile terrorist attack against India traced … conflict management mechanisms have improved dramatically, for the level of external intervention they expect quite simply may not exist.


 * 1ac Warming**

**Warming is anthropogenic – consensus**
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy **Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis** (“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)//BB An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public support for climate policy … 97.1% based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
 * Green 13 ** – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech
 * Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,

**Reducing emissions now prevents extinction**
This is Why Reducing Emissions is Critical¶ We’re not yet committed to surpassing 2°C global warming, but as … we still can and must limit the damage.
 * Nuccitelli 12 – ** Dana, environmental scientist at a private environmental consulting firm in Sacramento and has a Bachelor's Degree in astrophysics from the University of California at Berkeley, and a Master's Degree in physics from the University of California at Davis, 2012, “Realistically What Might The Future Climate Look Like?”, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/09/01/784931/realistically-what-might-the-future-climate-look-like/

**Extinction**
**Deibel 7** - (Terry L, Professor of IR @ National War College, “Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft”, Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today) Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as prosperity) of a nonviolent nature, which, though far in the future, demands urgent … and prosperity to the United States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.

**Oceanic impacts causes extinction**
Sydney: Scientists have sounded alarm bells about how growing concentrations of greenhouse gases … undergoing massive change and in some cases beginning to fail', he added.
 * Sify 10 ** - Citing Professors @ University of Queensland and North Carolina, (Sify News, Citing Ove Hoegh-Gulberg, Professor @ University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute AND Citing John Bruno, Associate Professor of Marine Science @ UNC, “Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?,” June 19th, [] )

**And, alternative methods of solving warming fail – OTEC is our last chance**
The fourth IPCC assessment report projects that 40 to 70 percent of species could go extinct if Earth … greater than its sensible heat and it is easier to move a light vapour than a heavy liquid.
 * Baird ’14 ** - (Jim, B.S. Chemistry, Owner at Global Warming Mitigation Method, “The Existential Imperative: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion II”, The energy collective, Jan 6th, 2014 http://theenergycollective.com/jim-baird/324161/existential-imperative-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-ii, wcp)

**It sequesters Carbon**
**Muralidharan 12** - ( Shylesh Master of Science in Engineering and Management at Pondicherry University – Mechanical Engineering school. “Assessment of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion” 2012 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archives.pdf .accessed 6/29/14 .nt) 7.2.Upwelling of nutrient-rich deep ocean water OTEC helps with artificial upwelling of the ocean water - a process … notwithstanding the fact that it b a perturbation to the natural system with potential of unintended consequences. Perhaps the largest contribution to human society and the global environment that OTEC will have is as … renewable resource for future generations.
 * OTEC is key to the hydrogen economy**
 * Krock et al. 03 -** (Hans Krock, PhD. professor emeritus in Ocean Engineering at the University of Hawai'i-Manoa and president of OCEES and CTO at DSH. Krock, H. J. Huang, J. C. Oney, S. K. “Revisit Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion System,” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Volume 8, Issue 2, pp. 171-2. July 2, 2003. [])

**That independently solves extinction**
Creating a whole new economy-one that no longer depends on oil-will require the best thinking from the brightest … To be sure, even this quantum jump strategy will likely require 15 to 20 years to achieve broad displacement of current oil sources by hydrogen.
 * Gresser and Cusumano 05** (Julian, is an international attorney, negotiator, inventor, and recognized expert on environmental law, a professor at MIT and Harvard Law, a senior consultant to the U.S. State Department, The World Bank, The Prime Minister's Office of Japan, The People's Republic of China, and the European Commission and the founder of the GII, James A, April, PhD in physical chemistry, pursuing business studies at Harvard and Stanford, and receiving a fellowship at Churchill College at Cambridge University, he served as a research scientist and then Director of Catalysis R&D for Exxon, “Hydrogen and the New Energy Economy: Why We Need an Apollo Mission for Clean Energy”, [] ) //CBC

Technical Feasibility The nearly 80 years of studies and designs since Claude’s first attempt to demonstrate … pollutants and greenhouse gases resulting from fuel combustion would not occur.
 * 1ac Solvency**
 * OTEC is ready now and solves**
 * Ruiz et al. 10 -** (Dr. Orlando E. Ruiz is an assistant professor at the University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, and a director of Offshore Infrastructure Associates. He received a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology and also completed the General Electric Edison Engineering Development Program. He has worked with aerospace and computer companies and maintains a consulting practice. Ruiz, O. E. Laboy, M. A. J. Martí, J. A. “Commercial Implementation of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Using the Ocean for Commercial Generation of Baseload Renewable Energy and Potable Water,” Sea-Technology magazine, April 2010. [|https://www.sea-technology.com/features/2010/0410/thermal_energy_conversion.html//ghs-kw])

**A US FEDERAL demonstration is key to commercialization**
The major conclusion reached in the earlier report continues to be applicable: there is a market for … ammonia) could be initiated as early as 15-years after the development program is implemented.
 * Vega ’10 -** (Luis A. PhD, National Marine Renewable Energy Center at the University of Hawaii, ‘Economics of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): An Update [[file:///C:/Users/eforslund/Dropbox/2015%20Stuff/Camp%20Work/'%20http:/hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/OTEC-Economics-2010.pdf|’, ]] [[file:///C:/Users/eforslund/Dropbox/2015%20Stuff/Camp%20Work/'%20http:/hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/OTEC-Economics-2010.pdf|http://hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/OTEC-Economics-2010.pdf]], //wcp//)

=NEG:= Debate #1: 2nr: Consump K
 * Midterm DA: GOP win in squo, plan popular, dems win, GOP k2 TPA, TPA k2 prevent protectionism
 * Consump K