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=1AC- AUVs=

Port security is at a crossroads—the deadline to search all inbound cargo is impossible to meet with current technology, even though the threat of terrorism is adaptive
Marcario, 6-4 -14—John, Associate Editor of Seapower Magazine, “Lawmakers Question Port Security and Delays of TWIC Reader, Cargo <span style="background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> Mandate,” []. //BR Port security has been steadily improving over the last decade, but challenges remain , AND preserving the necessary speed of <span style="background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> through the ports,” Carper said.

Terrorists can build, buy or steal a nuclear weapon and smuggle it into a U.S. seaport—they’re key targets
Abt, ‘3 – Ph.D., Clark C., Risk analysis prepared for US DOT/RSPA/Volpe National Transportation. “The Economic Impact of Nuclear Terrorist Attacks on <span style="background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> Systems in an Age of Seaport Vulnerability,” Apr 23, []. International terrorists have asserted their intention to acquire nuclear weapons, and have an //increasing// //AND// , such as the 14 th Street Bridge in DC, or midtown Manhattan

Nuclear terror is the most dangerous nuclear threat because deterrence fails
Sid-Ahmed, ‘4 – Mohammed, political analyst, “Extinction!” al-ahram weekly, []. The most critical moment was the one when the Soviet Union collapsed and fragmented into AND When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

AUVs are vital to port security—they provide multiple inspection advantages and solve every aspect of port security
Bluefin 14

[Bluefin Robotics, “Port and Harbor Security”, http://www.bluefinrobotics.com/applications/port-and-harbor-security/] There has been dramatic development of autonomous systems in the last two years to address AND hullborne IEDs, swimmer attacks, or the introduction of dangerous contraband. Further

Invasive species at ports //wreck// biodiversity and disease prevention
Leggiere, ‘10. Phil, citing a study from professors at the <span style="background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> Massachusetts, Amherst. “Agroterror Prevention in Need of Overhaul,” HS Today, 9-4, [] When one thinks of border protection thoughts naturally focus on illegal immigration, drugs, AND law enforcement problems, and the //early detection// and control of infectious //diseases//.

Pandemics outweigh on probability and size
Zakaria, ‘5. Fareed, “A Threat Worse than Terror,” 10-31, Newsweek, []. A flu pandemic is the most dangerous threat the //U// nited //S// tates faces today," says AND  for the first time //. No such expertise exists// for today's deadliest threat.

AUVs are key to solve disease
NRC ‘96

[National Research Council. “Undersea Vehicles and National Needs”. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1996, [|http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5069&page=]55] The ocean's animal and plant species form an enormous genetic resource for producing a variety AND sites of interest and then inspect them in detail over relatively small areas.

(REMs) depleting now and risks global economic collapse– AUVs accesses new supplies which are key for the aerospace industry and high tech manufacturing and allow us to beat out China
Green, Senior Editor-in-Chief at Robotics Business Review, 14 (Tom, 5-12-14, Robotics Business Review, “Deep Sea Dive for Rare Earth Elements”, http://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/article/deep_sea_dive_for_rare_earth_elements) After a year of falling prices and depleting customer inventories, buyers of Rare Earth AND with subsea robot mining tools built by technology partners like Soil Machine Dynamics.

Autonomous underwater vehicles key to inexpensive detection of mineral deposits AND new technology means surveys can be done quickly and accurately
Wiltshire, ’10, Specialist at Ocean and Resources Engineering [J. C., "MINERAL EXTRACTION, AUTHIGENIC MINERALS." //Marine Policy & Economics: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences//(2010): 274., Google Books, [|http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dqzXwFsOFMcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA274&dq=(%22Rare+Earth+Elements%22+OR+%22rare+earth+minerals%22)+AND+(%22autonomous+underwater+vehicles%22+OR+%22Autonomous+Benthic+Explorer%22)&ots=PIzchVTPjs&sig=C1I_dhR2fdZIW6VUSsl3m8t-n44#v=onepage&q&f=false], pg 276] The first step in minerals development is to find an economic mine site. This AND model to determine whether it is economically profitable to mine a given deposit.

AUVs are vital to several industries—key to competitive growth
NSF ’11, National Science Foundation “Socioeconomic Impact Analysis Report for the Proposed Pioneer Array of the Ocean Observatories Initiative ", NationalScienceFoundation.gov, https://www.nsf.gov/geo/oce/envcomp/ooi AND are NOAA-funded COOS within the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions.

Improved US manufacturing doesn’t affect Chinese manufacturing
Sun Ziwen said, USA’s manufacturing recovery will not sway China’s world manufacturing position, AND has advantage to undertake the international/industrial transfer after the financial crisis.
 * Shanghai Economy, 12** (June 2012, “Sun Jiwen talks about international industrial tech transfer: The top design of foreign exchange reserves the United States manufacturing recovery brings about”, China Academic Journals Full-text Database, oversea.cnki.net, amp)

REM independence is key to weapons development and preserving hegemony
Hannis, Senior fellow in defense studies at the American Foreign Policy Council, 12 (Eric, 11-20-12, US News, “Are We Losing the Race for Rare Earths?”, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2012/11/20/the-us-needs-rare-earth-independence-from-china) This race is also important for defense reasons : A reliable domestic source of rare AND //that supplies much of our oil: Neither are getting friendlier to America.//

The pursuit of hegemony is inevitable, sustainable, and prevents great power war
Ikenberry, Brooks, and Wohlforth, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton <span style="background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul and the Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, 13 (John Ikenberry, Stephen G. Brooks, William C. Wohlforth, January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, “Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward) Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall AND an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.

Current ocean exploration is inadequate in climate data collection—AUVs are the key first step
McNutt, 13 —Marcia, <span style="background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> of Oceans 2020, a group of more than 110 ocean explorers gathered at the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California, “Accelerating Ocean Exploration” SCIENCE 341:937 (30 August 2013). Reprinted with permission from AAAS in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “The Report of Ocean Exploration Exploration 2020; A National Program,” July, []. Page 13-14 //BR Last month, a distinguished group of ocean researchers and explorers convened in Long Beach AND needs to happen now to provide a useful informational baseline for future decisions.

In this chapter __I discuss visible surface features of cold vents and attempt to explain__ __AND__ __the examination of discrete cold vent communities to be extended into the subsurface.__
 * Specifically, AUVs are key to __cold vent monitoring__ **
 * Furlong 13 **– Masters student, University of Victoria (Jonathan, “Characteristic Morphology, Backscatter, and Sub-seafloor Structures of Cold-Vents on the Northern Cascadia Margin from High-Resolution Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Data” UMI Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest)

__The co-deposition of organic carbon with inorganic seafloor sediments is considered to remove__ __AND__ 2008) or sourced from the continent (Etiope et al., 2008).
 * __ Methane seepage __**** from cold vents trigger __immediate climate tipping events__ that cause extinction **
 * Furlong 13 **– Masters student, University of Victoria (Jonathan, “Characteristic Morphology, Backscatter, and Sub-seafloor Structures of Cold-Vents on the Northern Cascadia Margin from High-Resolution Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Data” UMI Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest)

AUVs key to monitor plankton populations – that’s key to overall marine biodiversity
Ryan 5/17/14

[Anthony, “In hot water: zooplankton and climate change” ICES Journal of Marine Science 2008. Scopus]
 * Plankton observation key to climate change research **
 * Richardson 8 - Associate Editor for Journal of Animal Ecology **

AUVs are a pre-requisite to //effective// environmental policy—in-situ processing radically reframes our understanding of key environmental dynamics
NRC ‘96

[National Research Council. “Undersea Vehicles and National Needs”. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1996, [|http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5069&page=]55] While scientists have been studying oceanic communities for more than a century, the perspective AND time series changes that take place over periods of months or years .2

NOAA only owns //two// research based AUVs
NOAA, 12 —National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “NOAA In Your State: Mississippi,”

====AUV development is inevitable, but Congress has to act promptly to authorize, appropriate and coordinate a //comprehensive national program// for it to work—that spurs P3s which streamline production and overcome previous barriers==== FIND 14 – Federal information and news dispatch (FIND, “House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Hearing The AUV's evolution is taking place at an amazing rate of change. At the recent Coast Guard NAVSAC meeting in Norfolk, VA,  all of the federal government's mapping and charting activities. In summary, the ATON of the future can and should be smaller, lighter, more agile and more self-sustaining than the current LNB's we know today. A new public-private partnership is the key to such success.

Lack of government funding is creating uncertainty that inhibits tech development
RAND 02 – RAND corporation is a global nonprofit policy think tank

Federal support is the seed for commercial spillover and widespread deployment
Avery, 14 — Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution President and Director, April 29 2014 [Susan K. Avery, April 29, 2014, “Driving Innovations through Federal Investments” United States Senate Committee on Appropriations Written Testimony,” federal press release, [|http://insurancenewsnet.com/oarticle/2014/02/07/house-transportation-and-infrastructure-subcommittee-on-coast-guard-and-maritime-a-457472.html#.U6xpufmICQo], HW) //Huge dividends from initial federal support// To Ewing, the watery part of the AND //the seed for innovation and continues to enlarge the realm of the possible.//

AUVs solve but tech advances and policy changes are key
Manley 6 - Chair of the NOAA-wide AUV Working Group, member of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) Advisory Committee. [Justin, “NOAA's AUV Vision: Status and Opportunities” Oceans 2006. ArticlesPlus] A Vision for the Future of AUVs at NOAA The current pilot projects are relatively AND to reduce risks and increase the benefits to all users of the marine environment

AUVs are highly capable and configurable tools for a variety of missions
Elvander and Hawkes, 2012, Blue Finn Ocean Technology; engineer Deepflight underwater submersible (Josh and Graham, “ROVs and AUVs in Support of Marine Renewable Technologies,” Bluefin Robotics Papers, [], ASG) The Bluefin Robotics Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is an extremely versatile system that AND GPS receiver, pressure/depth sensor, and a sound speed sensor.

AUVs are essential to cost-effective solutions in hydrographic surveying- that directly affects the economy
Danson ‘2, President at Chartered Institution of Civil <span style="background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> (ICES), International Business Development Manager at Fugro NV, Technical Manager at Oceonics Group “The Economics of Scale: Using Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) for Wide AND industry, at this time (2001), are shown in Figure 2.

= = 2NR's - Courts CP - Ex-Im Pltx - Heidegger K
 * NEG**