BFJR+Davis+&+Wang

= 1AC =

Warming is real – anthropogenic CO2 overwhelms natural causes
Hansen, environmental science professor, et al., ’13 [J. Hansen and Makiko Sato, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia University adjunct professor of Earth and Environmental Science; and Reto Ruedy, Trinnovim – Goddard Center scientific support, 1/15/13, “Global Temperature Update Through 2012,” http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2013/20130115_Temperature2012.pdf, accessed 1/19/13, JTF] *Climate forcing – an imposed perturbation of the planet's energy balance that would tend to alter global temperature. *El Nino – oceanic oscillation that tends to increase surface temperature * El Nina – oceanic oscillation that decreases surface temperature

Top climate scientists agree – it’s the most likely risk
Anderegg et al 10 – PhD Candidate @ Stanford in Biology (William, “Expert credibility in climate change,” National Academy of Sciences, p. 12107-12109)//BB//

Warming is reversible but the brink is now
Lemonick, Climate Central, ’12 [Michael D. Lemonick, senior staff writer at Climate Central, a non-profit climate reporting service, and a former senior science writer at Time magazine, 12/21/12, “It’s Not Too Late to Limit Global Temperatures - But Almost,” http://www.climatecentral.org/news/its-not-too-late-to-limit-global-temperatures-but-almost-15397, accessed 12/23/12, JTF]

Only the plan solves – climate cooperation must be sustainable – failing now
Mabey 9 (Nick Mabey, Founder of E3G, a foundation that wants to excel the sustainable future of the world, What does the Security Community need from a ¶ Global Climate Regime?, [], November 2009, 8/1/13, //CW)

Reliance on unilateralism will collapse US leadership and cause nuclear terrorism, disease, AIDS, poverty, and hunger - extinction

 * Montalván, 10** - a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master's of science from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Luis, “Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century” Huffington Post, 4/23, [])

All their impacts are inevitable in a world without multilateralism— multilat is key

 * Tharoor 3 ** ** ( ** Minister of State for Human Resources Development (Shashi, “Why America Still Needs the United Nations”, p. 67)

Mexico Leadership key to climate multilateralism
O’Neill 13 – PhD in Government @ Harvard, senior fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonpartisan foreign-policy think tank and membership organization (Shannon, “Mexico Makes It: A Transformed Society, Economy, and Government,” Foreign Affairs, 92.2)//BB

Extinction outweighs – math is on our side
Bostrom, philosophy professor, ’11 [Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy & Oxford Martin School, Director of the Future of Humanity Institute, and Director of the Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology at the University of Oxford, recipient of the 2009 Eugene R. Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the London School of Economics, 2011, “The Concept of Existential Risk,” Draft of a Paper published on ExistentialRisk.com, http://www.existentialrisk.com/concept.html, Accessed 07-04-2011]

You have an obligation to vote aff – extinction is a prior question
Scorse, International Studies professor, ’10 [Jason, Middlebury College International Studies professor, published October 2010, “What Environmentalists Need to Know About Economics”]

Warming outweighs every other impact – history is irrelevant
Valsamma, physics professor, ’12 [K.M. Valsamma, Cochin University of Science and Technology physics professor, March 2012, “Prospecting the Future: Meeting the Challenges Posed by Climate Change,” Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, http://www.bonfring.org/journals/iems/papers/BIJ-002-1074.pdf, accessed 1/29/13, JTF]

Multiple scenarios for extinction
Brandenburg, physicist, and Paxson, science writer, ’99 [John Brandenburg, plasma physicist, worked in defense, energy, and space research, visiting Prof. Researcher @ Florida Space Institute, and part of the Clementine Mission to the Moon which discovered water at the Moon's poles; Monica Paxson, Science and environment writer, “Dead Mars, Dying Earth,” pgs. 232-233]

Renewables solve water treatment
Huacuz 5 (Jorge M. Huacuz, PhD @ UC-San Diego in physics, specialist in unconventional energy sources, president of the national association of solar energy in Mexico November 2005 “The road to green power in Mexico – reflections on the prospects for the large-scale and sustainable implementation of renewable energy” Energy Policy 33.16// JG)

Clean water scarcity perpetuates the rich poor binary – means disease, poverty, and death
Ereklam 09 (Franziska Erklam, Aarhus School of Business, University of Aarhus, Peer reviewed by Academic Supervisor: Christian Bjørnskov, [], “To which extent is water shortage a key ¶ determinant for a retarded economic growth? ¶ A case study of Mexico City”, September 2009, 7/19/13, //CW)

Disease means extinction

 * Discover 2000** (“Twenty Ways the World Could End” by Corey Powell in Discover Magazine, October 2000, http://discovermagazine.com/2000/oct/featworld)

An expanded BECC role quickly facilitates a Mexican green economy
COCEF 12 - La Comisión de Cooperación Ecológica Fronteriza (“Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Transportation: Project Opportunities in the U.S. – Mexico Border Region,” http://www.cocef.org/Eng/VLibrary/Publications/SpecialReports/BECC%20WP%20%20Nov%202011%20index.pdf)//BB//

Renewables solve quickly – outside expertise is key
Carus 13 - UK journalist, regularly reporting on clean energy policy and finance from California for a global audience (Felicity, “Mexico offers tantalising prospect of a dawning major market,” http://www.pv-tech.org/editors_blog/mexico_offers_tantalising_prospect_of_a_dawning_major_market)//BB//

Specifically – the US is key--aid is high now, but should be re-oriented towards renewables
Hartsoch 11 – MA @ San Jose State, Senior Vice President of Marketing and Sales for SolFocus (Nancy, “A Sunny Future for Border Relations?,” http://breakingenergy.com/2011/05/10/featured-a-sunny-future-for-border-relations/)//BB//

No war – economic interdependence and nuclear deterrence

 * Deudney and Ikenberry, 09** — MA and PhD in Political Science, Professor, Political Science, Johns Hopkins University; PhD, Professor, International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University (Daniel and G. John, January/February 2009, “The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail,” Foreign Affairs Volume 88, Issue 1, ProQuest, Hensel)

Even if it does occur, it will __never__ involve great powers

 * Tepperman 9** Deputy Editor of Newsweek, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, now Managing Editor of Foreign Affairs, holds a B.A. in English Literature from Yale University, an M.A. in Jurisprudence from Oxford University, and an LL.M. in International Law from New York University (Jonathan, "Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb," 8/28/09, [])//AM

1. Merida initiative
Janes 13 (Jared Janes, Reporter for The Monitor, 2/4/13, “Cuellar: U.S. aid to Mexico should continue”, http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/article_72349d54-6e60-11e2-898e-001a4bcf6878.html//DH)

2. Fiscal Year 2013 budget
CRS, 6/26 (Congressional Research Service, Service that researches fact for/within congress, 6/26/13, “U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent Trends and FY2013 Appropriations”, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42582.pdf//DH)

3. Obama’s already pushing coop
Castellanos 5/3 (Edwin Castellanos, 5/3/13 “USA and Mexicos cooperation in green energy” [], //JG)

Our globalist epistemology is best – makes war redundant
Gartzke 11 Erik Gartzke is an associate Professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego PhD from Iowa and B.A. from UCSF "SECURITY IN AN INSECURE WORLD" www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/09/erik-gartzke/security-in-an-insecure-world/

Failure on immigration doesn’t matter – Obama can solve the impacts through XOs
The Hill 2-16 (“Dems: Obama can act unilaterally on immigration reform” http://thehill.com/blogs/regwatch/administration/283583-dems-recognize-that-obama-can-act-unilaterally-on-immigration-reform#ixzz2LEvg4R5R)

==== The United States federal government should substantially increase its nanotechnology assistance with Mexico. ====
 * PLAN TEXT-- **


 * 1AC CITES-- **

==== ** First, Nano Development in Mexico is on the rise – it’s unregulated and risks spinning out of control ** ==== Inter Press Service 2k12 (Tierramérica, “MEXICO: Scientists Call For Regulation of Nanotechnology,” 03/12/2012, [], AC) MEXICO CITY, Mar 12 (Tierramérica).- Nanotechnology, which is currently unregulated in AND is used in electronic components, cosmetics and packaging, among other products.

==== ** And, haphazard development risks spilling over – Latin America is a potential hotbed for Nanotech, but lack of controls or vision risks disaster ** ==== Foladori and Lau 2k7 (ReLANS coordinators, Doctoral Program in Development Studies Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Zacatecas, México, “Nanotechnologies in Latin America,” pg online @ []//um-ef) At the beginning of 2002, all nanotechnology-related research became an area of AND but it is worth mentioning some of the efforts made in this regard.

** This Causes Toxic Poisoning of the Environment **
Vandermolen 2k6 (LCDR Thomas D. Vandermolen, USN (BS, Louisiana Tech University; MA, Naval War College), is officer in charge, Maritime Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan. He was previously assigned as a student at the Naval War College, Newport Naval Station, Rhode Island. He has also served as intelligence officer for Carrier Wing Five, Naval Air Facility, Atsugi, Japan, and in similar assignments with US Special Operations Command, US Forces Korea, and Sea Control Squadron THIRTY-FIVE, Naval Air Station, North Island, California. AIR & SPACE POWER JOUNRAL, Fall, 2006, “Molecular nanotechnology and national security,” pg online @[] //um-ef) Environmental Damage. MNT was originally perceived as a potential cure-all for a AND from the nanolitter itself or from toxic elements attached to those nanoparticles.26

** Extinction **
CRN 4 (Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, 4/19/04, “Disaster Scenarios”,[] //nz) Subquestion F: Environmental devastation by overproduction? Preliminary answer: It would be easy AND Several plausible disaster scenarios appear to pose existential threats to the human race.

Plan Text
==== Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase nanotechnology assistance with Mexico. ====

==== ** First, Nanotech is a potential savior for the developing world, but current nanotech policies avoid places like Latin America - despite substantial market opportunity, businesses refuse to invest—we link turn your k ** ==== Wilson Center 2k7 (Woodrow Wilson Internatonal Center for scholars “The promise of Nanotechnology” may 2007 pg online @ [] //um-ef) The market opportunity is substantial. Nanotechnology has been incorporated into billions of dollars worth AND for people in both rich and poor nations and at relatively low cost."

** This is specifically true in Latin America **
Foladori and Lau 2k7 (ReLANS coordinators, Doctoral Program in Development Studies Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Zacatecas, México, “Nanotechnologies in Latin America,” pg online @ []//um-ef) There has been little coverage in the international media about the development of nanotechnologies in AND nanotechnology programs and is completely ignored in the policy rationale behind their implementation.

** Collaboration is key – only way to ensure Pro-Poor Research **
Lodwick et al 7 (T. Lodwick*, R. Rodrigues**, R. Sandler***, W.D. Kay * Nanotechnology and Society Research Group (NSRG), Northeastern University **Santa Clara University, School of Law,** *NSRG, Department of Philosophy and Religion, Northeastern University, NSRG, Deapartment of Political Science, Northeastern University, “nanotechnology and the global poor: the united states policy and international collaborations” pg online @ [], AC) Perhaps the most basic barrier to conducting nanotechnology research is equipment costs. One way AND address the social problems facing the developing world (pro-poor research).

==== ** And, Nanotech in Latin America is critical – Saves thousands of lives and provides the best laboratories for development of disease prevention techniques ** ==== VOA News 2k9 (“Nanotechnology Could Improve Health Care in Developing Countries,” pg online @[] //um-ef) Scientists say nanotechnology, which involves some of the smallest things on earth, could AND as well as consumers, such as those taking nano-based medicines.

Yu 2k9 (5/22, Victoria, Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, "Human extinction: the uncertainty of our fate", []) A pandemic will kill off all humans. In the past, humans have indeed AND could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).
 * And, Disease spread causes extinction **

==== ** Nanotech solves disease—reject generic defense—quantum dots sidestep conventional disease prevention ** ==== Court et al 04 (E. Court*, A. Daar**, E. Martin***, T. Acharya, P. Singer* *University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada **McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine and Departments of Public Health Sciences and Surgery, University of Toronto; University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada** *University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada * University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada, “Will Prince Charles et al diminish the opportunities of developing countries in nanotechnology?”, 01/28/2004,[]//VS) Nanotechnology offers a range of potential benefits for developing countries. Nanometre-sized quantum AND of these activities, of course, also hold promise for economic development.

** And, Mexico is key – Provides a Nano Model for Developing Countries – **
Lau 08 As one of the handful of countries pursuing nanotechnology development in Latin America, ¶ AND existing analytical capacity to implement appropriate reflexive and ¶ above all social assessments.
 * Researcher of the Latin American Nanotechnology & Society Network **** ¶ **** (ReLANS); PhD. **** ¶ **** Candidate in Development Studies at the Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas ** (Edgar Zayago, “Nanotechnology may be more useful for Mexican society”, 2008,[]//VS)

** First, U.S. Tech Leadership is collapsing and that’s an existential risk **
Dr. Hummell et al 2k12 (Robert Hummel, PhD1,*, Policy Research Division, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies,, Patrick Cheetham1, Justin Rossi1, Synesis: A Journal of Science, Technology, Ethics, and Policy 2012 “US Science and Technology Leadership, and Technology Grand Challenges,” pg online @[] //um-ef) Taken together, there is no direct evidence that the US has been overtaken in AND US technical leadership will require a dedicated and coordinated effort throughout the society.

** And, Locking-in Tech leadership __reduces conflict__ **
Goldstein 2k7 Avery Goldstein, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations at AND Subscribing Institutions via Taylor & Francis Online, p. 647-648) Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments focus explicitly on the consequences for  AND  realize the transition to a new international order whose contours it will define.

==== ** Unfortunately, Funding cuts have hampered USAIDS efforts in technological assistance—greater funding is necessary to utilize USAID’s unique leadership ** ==== Miotke 8 – subcommittee on research and science education, committee on science and technology, House of Representatives, 110 Congress, Foreign Service Officer, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Science, Space, and Health (Jeff, “International Science and Technology Cooperation,” Government Printing Office, 4/2/2008,[])//RH USAID USAID plays a significant role in integrating the products of S&T to AND under the auspices of an S&T cooperation agreement negotiated by OES.

==== ** And, Assistance in the form of technological cooperation in nanotech enhances US global technology leadership ** ==== Dr. Mendis 2k4 [Dr. Patrick Mendis adjunct associate professor of economics and management at the UMUC Graduate School of Management and Technology at the University of Maryland “Science, Technology, And Intellectual Property Rights In American Foreign Policy”. Journal of Technology Law & Policy.Vol 9 June 2004 Issue 1. [] ] In coming years, global S&T cooperation will open a wide range of AND other criminal activities that threaten our national security and domestic peace and prosperity.

==== ** Nanotech development assistance paves the way for regulatory frameworks and commerce ** ==== Lodwick et al 2k7 (T. Lodwick*, R. Rodrigues**, R. Sandler***, W.D. Kay * Nanotechnology and Society Research Group (NSRG), Northeastern University **Santa Clara University, School of Law,** *NSRG, Department of Philosophy and Religion, Northeastern University, NSRG, Deapartment of Political Science, Northeastern University, “nanotechnology and the global poor: the united states policy and international collaborations” pg online @ [] //um-ef) However, the greatest potential for a broad initiative rests with the main foreign aid AND , USAID’s biotechnology experience provides a sound model for infusing nanotechnology into development.

==== ** US nanotech leadership ensures international regulation, resulting in controlled military nanotech ** ==== Vandermolen 2k6 (LCDR Thomas D. Vandermolen, USN (BS, Louisiana Tech University; MA, Naval War College), is officer in charge, Maritime Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan. He was previously assigned as a student at the Naval War College, Newport Naval Station, Rhode Island. He has also served as intelligence officer for Carrier Wing Five, Naval Air Facility, Atsugi, Japan, and in similar assignments with US Special Operations Command, US Forces Korea, and Sea Control Squadron THIRTY-FIVE, Air & Space Power Jounral, “Molecular nanotechnology and national security, pg online @[]//um-ef) MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY (MNT), when fully developed, will provide the basis for the AND encountered; the control strategy must therefore be ready before that day arrives.

==== ** Unregulated development of nanotech risks a new arms race – increases the probability of miscalc ** ==== Gubrud 97 (Mark Avrum Gubrud, a research associate, Center for Superconductivity Research (University of Maryland, College Park), is ''a physicist, writer and social activist, November 1997, [], “Nanotechnology and International Security”) The greatest danger coincides with the emergence of these powerful technologies: A quickening succession AND through strength" puts us on a course toward the next world war.

** US action and model is key to cooperation and transparency **
Altmann 2k4 (Jurgen, Phd. physics doctoral dissertation on laser radar (University of Hamburg, Germany, since 1985 he has studied scientific-technical problems of disarmament, first concerning high-energy laser weapons, founded the Bochum Verification Project (Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany) that does research into the potential of automatic sensor systems for co-operative verification of disarmament and peace agreements. In recent years, he has studied military uses of, first, microsystems technologies and then nanotechnology, with a view towards preventive arms control (both at University of Dortmund, Germany). University of Dortmund). cofounder of the German Research Association Science, Disarmament and International Security FONAS, and currently is a deputy speaker of the Committee Physics and Disarmament of the German Physical Society, military uses of nanotechnology: perspectives and concerns, security dialogue, vol 35, pg online @ [] ) It is predicted that nanotechnology (NT) will bring revolutionary changes in many areas AND NT activities provide an important precedent, they will be briefly described here.

==== ** And, independently that Transparency will be critical to build confidence and avert miscalc ** ==== Altmann 2k4 (Jurgen, Phd. physics doctoral dissertation on laser radar (University of Hamburg, Germany, since 1985 he has studied scientific-technical problems of disarmament, first concerning high-energy laser weapons, founded the Bochum Verification Project (Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany) that does research into the potential of automatic sensor systems for co-operative verification of disarmament and peace agreements. In recent years, he has studied military uses of, first, microsystems technologies and then nanotechnology, with a view towards preventive arms control (both at University of Dortmund, Germany). University of Dortmund). cofounder of the German Research Association Science, Disarmament and International Security FONAS, and currently is a deputy speaker of the Committee Physics and Disarmament of the German Physical Society, military uses of nanotechnology: perspectives and concerns, security dialogue, vol 35, pg online @ [] ) The potential for mistrust is expected to be particularly high in areas where revolutionary changes AND without legally binding agreement with stringent verification covering military NT R&D.

==== ** And, the plan is a long-term engagement strategy that provides a platform for S&T leadership and U.S. Science Diplomacy ** ==== Dolan 2k12 (Bridget M. Dolan, “Science and Technology Agreements as Tools for Science Diplomacy: A U.S. Case Study,” Science & Diplomacy, Vol. 1, No. 4 (December 2012), pg online @[]__diplomacy.pdf //um-ef) As this paper has elaborated, U.S. decisions to enter into S AND realities of limited resources—are ambitious enough to foster meaningful international partnerships.

** And, that solves every disad impact **
Fedoroff 8 – subcommittee on research and science education, committee on science and technology, House of Representatives, 110 Congress, administrator of USAID, science and technology advisor to the Secretary of State and US Department of State (Nina, “International Science and Technology Cooperation,” Government Printing Office, 4/2/2008, [])//RH Chairman Baird, Ranking Member Ehlers, and distinguished members of the Subcommittee, thank AND a means to enhance security, increase global partnerships, and create sustainability.