Manoj+&+Christian

The United States federal government should expand United States Maritime Administration Title XI loan guarantee funding for short sea transportation infrastructure in the United States.
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=1AC- Stimulus=
 * Advantage one is Stimulus**


 * Scenario one is Oil**


 * The plan generates a massive economic stimulus and reduces oil dependence – loan guarantees are the most effective catalyst for widespread investment**
 * Margaronis, 08** [Marine highway would ride wave of economic benefits, Stas, Guest Columnist Seattle Pi, [|http://www.seattlepi.com/local/opinion/article/Marine-highway-would-ride-wave-of-economic-1293286.php#ixzz1yY1CGarw]]

Currently, the U nited S tates….. costs for shippers and consumers.

Oil dependence causes extinction
Mark **Rosen** (Deputy General Counsel at the Center for Naval Analyses & Professor of Homeland Security Law and Policy at George Washington University) **2010** “Energy Independence and Climate Change: The Economic and National Security Consequences of Failing to Act” University of Richmond Law Review, Lexis There is a growing consensus ….archipelago would be held hostage. 110


 * Scenario two is Hegemony**


 * And, a __federal program__ is a vital internal link to US global competitiveness – current funding is insufficient**
 * Zimmer, 11** [Nancy, August, “Progress on America’s Marine Highway” graduated from Smith College (B.A., cum laude, 1998), and City University of New York School of Law, (J.D., 2001). She is admitted to the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and the First Circuit Court of Appeals, and is a trained mediator. She is also a former commercial fisherman and commercial fishing boat owner. She is a member of the Maritime Law Association of the United States. Nancy can be contacted on +1 508 432-2121 or by email at zimmer@sealaw.org, []]

For the U nited S tates **to compete …..**that is disheartening at best.

Competitiveness is key to hegemony
(Adam, Foreign Affairs, “Is America Losing Its Edge?” November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html) // JMP __The____U__ nited States….' __global entrepreneurship at home.__
 * Segal, 4** – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations


 * US Hegemony solves all great power wars**
 * Thayer 06** [Bradley Thayer, //Associate Professor of Defense and Strategic Study at Missouri State University, Former Research Fellow at International Security Program at Harvard Belfer Center of Science and International Affairs// November/December 2006, “In Defense of Primacy”, The National Interest]

A grand strategy based on…. due to the economic prosperity it provides.

And, an ineffective MTS kills power projection - separate internal link to hegemony
Jackson, 07 [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us] The importance of a …. maintain this status .5

=1ac shipbuilding advantage=


 * Advantage 2 is the shipbuilding industry –**

Increased support for short sea shipping sustains the shipbuilding industry
[]
 * Raymond, 05** [Charles, President and CEO Horizon Inc. “Short Sea Shipping: Long On Benefits”,

To help meet the current congestion… on the part of U.S. political leaders.

** Naval readiness is rapidly declining now with no funding for modernization— investment is key **
** Eaglen ’12 ** ** [ ** 3 April 2012, MacKenzie Eaglen, Research Fellow for National Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation, Lanterloon,“U.S. military faces a readiness crisis,” http://lanterloon.com/u-s-military-faces-a-readiness-crisis/, AZhang]

None of America’s armed forces ….. the price of U.S. weakness will be greater in the long run.

And, expansion of title XI funding ensures __increased naval capacity__
A less well recognized candidate for increased ….., put more money behind the MHI.
 * Goure, 11** [Lexington Institute, Obama Could Create Jobs And Support Defense, Daniel, PhD, []]

And, inland water ways are functionally limitless – the plan is the easiest means of infrastructure expansion and revitalizes the maritime sector
In addition to the above environmental ….. shipowners, and the public as well [46].
 * Perakis and Denisis,08** [A survey of short sea shipping and its prospects in the USA, ANASTASSIOS N. PERAKIS* and ATHANASIOS DENISIS Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, 213 NAME Building, 2600 Draper Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2145, USA, []]


 * Scenario one is Asian War **

And, a strong maritime and shipbuilding industry is a vital pre requisite to credible naval capabilities
In conclusion, our study found …. value to the nation of the vessel.
 * Alberto, et al., 5** (Lieutenant Colonel Ronald P., U.S. Army, Colonel Michael G. Archuleta, U.S. Air Force, Lieutenant Colonel Steven H. Bills, U.S. Air Force, Commander William A. Bransom, U.S. Navy, Mr. Kenneth Cohen, Department of State, Commander William A. Ebbs, U.S. Navy, George Manjgaladze, Ministry of Defense, Republic of Georgia, Commander Elizabeth B. Myhre, U.S. Navy, Audrea M. Nelson, DA, Robert L. Riddick, Department of Defense, Colonel Christopher M. Ross, U.S. Army, Julia N. Ruhnke, DA, Lieutenant Colonel Gregory M. Ryan, U.S. Marine Corps, Colonel David D. Thompson, U.S. Air Force, Commander Hugh D. Wetherald, U.S. Navy, Dr. Mark Montroll, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Dr. Michael Farbman, USAID, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Captain David B. Hill, U.S. Coast Guard, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, “SHIPBUILDING”, The Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, 2005, http://www.ndu.edu/icaf/programs/academic/industry/reports/2005/pdf/icaf-is-report-shipbuilding-2005.pdf, Deech)

Increased naval strength is critical to avert war over Korea and Taiwan
A conventional war in East Asia …. successfully conduct operations in deep and shallow western Pacific waters.
 * Vego, 11** — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “CHINA'S Naval Challenge”, United States Naval Institute, Proceedings, 137, 4, pg. 36-40, April 2011, proquest, Deech)


 * Scenario 2 is Peace Keeping**

**Naval forces are most extensively …..** out or committed to full-scale combat. 9
 * A strong navy is critical to effective peacekeeping**
 * Vego, 8** — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/jfq-50/JFQ-50.pdf, Deech)

__Experts____throughout the world ….. head off an increasing number of conflicts__.
 * Peacekeeping prevents great power wars**
 * Dean 95** – Adviser on international security issues for the Union of Concerned Scientists [Dean, Jonathan. (P articipated in East-West arms control negotiations and worked with U.N. peacekeepers in the field and in the State Department) “A stronger U.N. strengthens America,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Chicago: Mar 1995. Vol. 51, Iss. 2; pg. 45Ebscohost]


 * Scenario 3 is the Straight of Hormuz**

Current naval downsizing means that we lose access to the Strait of Hormuz

 * Dyer, 10 ** - Former Intelligence Analyst (J.E, “Naval Decline: It Starts with the Small Stuff,” 5-12-2010, [] )

Each of the services has ….__cruisers and destroyers, attack submarines – and lots of them.__

The Strait of Hormuz is a vital trade route – the Navy won’t tolerate any disruptions
__The U.S. Navy said ….__ the waterway is an international strait.
 * Starr and Ghast, 11** – CNN Reporters (Barbara and Phil, “U.S. Navy Won't Tolerate 'Disruption' Through Strait of Hormuz”, CNN, 12/28, http://articles.cnn.com/2011-12-28/middleeast/world_meast_iran-us-hormuz_1_strait-iran-hormuz?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST)

That causes conflict over the Strait of Hormuz
Even for the United States, the loss-of-strength gradient still applies. __Without pre-positioned logistics, even for a purely aerial and naval operation to open the Strait of Hormuz, things could ….. **the escalation ladder.**__
 * Trombly, 11** – Research Assistant/Writer at Foundation for Defense of Democracies, Researcher at Wikistrat, Research Intern at Foundation for Defense of Democracy (12 29, Slouching Towards Columbia, "Gulf in expectations", 2011, http://slouchingcolumbia.wordpress.com/]

As an irrational actor, Iran has an incentive to stage a preemptive attack – this devastates oil supplies, sends massive shockwaves through the economy, and precipitates Israel strikes
Williams, 10 [Adjunct Professor at Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, PhD in Defense and Strategic Studies, U Madras, Lawrence, Peril Awaits at the Strait of Hormuz] Five, __In an event of a ….. with a decimation to the global economy.__

Israel strikes cause WWIII
__A unilateral Israeli strike on ….. **strike could ultimately spark World War III.**__
 * Reuveny, 10**—Rafael, PhD, Professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University, "Unilateral Strike on Iran could trigger world Depression", op-ed distributed through McClatchy Newspaper Co, http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/)

=1ac solvency=


 * Contention Two is __Solvency__**

The CP is illegal and unconstitutional – the Commerce Clause means that inland waterways are solely under federal jurisdiction, not states
Wright, 6 – M.A. in Social Sciences: Environment and Community @ Humboldt State University (Jay D. Wright, “A POLICY ANALYSIS OF THE FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION’S HYDROELECTRIC RELICENSING PROCESS”, Humboldt State University, August 2006, [] | AK) The first federal involvement …. ederal agencies simply do not possess.

====A comprehensive federal expansion of Title XI loan guarantees mitigates congestion and creates conditions favorable for private investment – the plan reverse the only barrier to short sea transportation==== For more than a decade, Europe and the U.S. have witnessed increasing highway traffic congestion and considered the possible use of water transport as a highway supplement and alternative. The European Community has moved to embrace water transport for its container and ro/ro traffic using programs like the Marco Polo and Motorways of the Sea initiatives. In the U.S., there has been general agreement that our ocean coastal …. the vessel owner and included as a transaction cost.
 * Cook, 11** — former General Counsel of the Maritime Administration, Counsel to Seward and Kissel LLP (H. Clayton, “Dead in the Water”, Maritime Executive, 7/8/2012, http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/dead-in-the-water, Deech)
 * Note: SST = short sea transportation, CCF = capital construction fund

And, the plan reduces risk and creates the financial backing necessary for short sea shipping
A loan guarantee is not the …. start-up companies that hope to build ships.
 * Margaronis, 08** [Green Ships Can Fight Global Warming, president of California-based Santa Maria Shipowning & Trading Inc, p. online document retrieved via a google download, full text email alexanderdpappas@gmail.com]

And, that heightens the resiliency of the transportation network – a secure federal funding stream ensures adequate coordination
Opportunities A successful //short sea shipping program// …. infrastructure cost categories were identified.
 * Lombardo, 04** [Short Sea Shipping: Practices, Opportunities and Challenges[|[1]] Written by Gary A. Lombardo, Ph.D.[|[2]] Prepared by TransportGistics, Inc, []]

And, put away your process and funding counterplans – consistent funding and a net increase are required to generate new capacity
Jackson, 07 [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us] In order to be an **effective and reliable …..** agricultural products, as = = = =

=Previous 2NR's=

T-Increase (Port Security) Cap K (Port Dredging) Jackson Vanik DA (Port Security) Consumption K (CCS) Tax Cuts DA (Title XI) Elections DA (Port Dredging)