Anish+and+Reid


 * AFF

Russian Arctic militarization is expanding rapidly – the lack of ice-capable ships prevents a US response
Mitchell 14 – Jon Mitchell is an independent author for Foreign Policy Journal, citing Naval Statements and Nicholas Cunningham, an expert in the field ("Russia's Territorial Ambition and Increased Military Presence in the Arctic" April 23, 2014 http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2014/04/23/russias-territorial-ambition-and-increased-military-presence-in-the-arctic/) zabd As the U.S. and E.U. keep a very close AND by entering into a military buildup simply to dominate Russia in the Arctic.

Icebreaker capabilities are deteriorating – now is key
Koren 7/11 – Staff Writer for National Journal (Marina, "What Happened to America's Most Important Arctic Ships?" http://www.nationaljournal.com/domesticpolicy/what-happened-to-america-s-most-important-arctic-ships-20140711) //J.N.E The U.S. Coast Guard is facing a dilemma at the North Pole AND A young and capable fleet of icebreakers would certainly come in handy then.

Expanding militarization risks conflict among multiple rising Arctic powers
Blank, 14 - Stephen J. Blank is a senior fellow at the American Foreign Policy Council; served as the Strategic Studies Institute's expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989. Prior to that he was Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base (Stephen, "Enter Asia: The Arctic Heats Up" World Affairs Journal, March/April, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/enter-asia-arctic-heats)//DH The Arctic, always before on the frigid edges of the international imagination, is AND exploitation of the Arctic "will become a future mission of the navy."

Claims of Arctic cooperation don't account for the decline in U.S. leadership which makes great power war likely
Murray, 12 – Vice President of Research at the Frontier Centre for Public Policy and an Adjunct Professor of Political Science at the University of Alberta. He holds a senior fellowship at the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies, a research fellowship at the University of Calgary's Centre for Military and Strategic Studies, and a research fellowship at the University of Alberta's European Union Centre of Excellence.(Robert, "Arctic politics in the emerging multipolar system: challenges and consequences" The Polar Journal, June, Taylor & Francis)//DH// //The Arctic in the unipolar moment// //One of the cornerstones of America's unipolar moment// //AND// //the structure are very likely to translate into changes to state security strategies.//

//**====That goes nuclear====**// //**Wallace & Staples '10** – *Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia, **President of the Rideau Institute in Ottawa (Michael, Steven, "Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons: A Task Long Overdue,")// J.N.E The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition. AND in which nuclear powers find themselves in military confrontation can be taken lightly.

The perception of arctic counterbalancing induces Russian cooperation
Dowd 11 – Senior Fellow of the Fraser Institute and Senior Editor of Fraser Insight. In addition to conducting research into defence and security, he has contributed to the Institute's Economic Freedom of North America Annual Report. Dowd is an adjunct professor at Butler University; was as a founding member of the Sagamore Institute leadership team, where he continues to hold a senior fellow post; and was director of Hudson Institute's corporate headquarters (Alan, "The Big Chill: Energy Needs Fueling Tensions in the Arctic," https://www.fraserinstitute.org/research-news/news/display.aspx?id=2147483979) zabd The United States devotes much of its diplomatic and military energies to the Middle East AND Congress "to start building infrastructure up there" (Joling and Papp).

The plan would revitalize US presence in the Arctic that spills over to international influence
Economic activity is predicted to increase and move northward as a result of sea- AND government polar icebreaking capability to ensure year-round access throughout the region.
 * NRC 7 – working arm of the United States National Academies, which produces reports that shape policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine (National Research Council, "Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of US Needs,"** http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11753&page=R1**) mj**

The plan retrofits current icebreakers as a stopgap solution – solves timeframe issues
Song, 14 (Kyung, The Seattle Times, "Coast Guard makes case to refurbish idled icebreaker" 6/18 http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023875514_arcticcoastguardxml.html)//DH WASHINGTON — The U.S. Coast Guard's No. 2 commander said refurbishing AND to act quickly. "That window is now," he said.

Reliance on foreign icebreakers is undermining the credibility and quality of US polar science leadership
Conley, 12 - director and senior fellow of the Europe Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).(Heather, "A New Security Architecture for the Arctic: an American perspective" January, csis.org)//DH Although the United States lacks an overarching Arctic economic development strategy and suffers from insufficient AND to miss the opportunities of the Arctic while watching other nations advance."61

Icebreakers are vital to revitalizing US polar sciences leadership – it's key to understanding the climate
Fundamental advances resulting from polar research have directly benefited society. Polar research led to AND adequate icebreaking capabilities will be essential to advancing research in both polar regions.
 * NRC 7 – working arm of the United States National Academies, which produces reports that shape policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine (National Research Council, "Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of US Needs,"** http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11753&page=R1**) mj**

That's key to adapting to climate change
In a place at the very top of the Northern Hemisphere scientists are collecting the AND the secrets of the phytoplankton in the Arctic for mankind of the planet.
 * Ross 7/19/14** – Victoria, San Diego Technology Examiner, "The Arctic holds the key to climate change" http://www.examiner.com/article/the-arctic-holds-the-key-to-climate-change // JV

Warming is real, anthropogenic and risks extinction
Advocacy about the health consequences will ensure that climate change is a high priority. AND as dissipation of metabolic heat becomes impossible, therefore making many environments uninhabitable.
 * Costello 11 –**, Anthony, Institute for Global Health, University College London, Mark Maslin, Department of Geography, University College London, Hugh Montgomery, Institute for Human Health and Performance, University College London, Anne M. Johnson, Institute for Global Health, University College London, Paul Ekins, Energy Institute, University College London ["Global health and climate change: moving from denial and catastrophic fatalism to positive action" May 2011 vol. 369 no. 1942 1866-1882 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]

Research-driven adaptation strategies build in resilience to prevent total ecosystem collapse
Doney, 8 - Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, "The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174" Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives 6/5, http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=8916&tid=282&cid=43766 Major gaps exist in our current scientific understanding, limiting our ability to forecast the AND ) to increase ecosystem resiliency as well as local-scale mitigation efforts.

Antarctic science is the vital internal link to global science diplomacy
The success of world co-operation based on science and practiced since the Cold AND and people to work together in decision-making on shared global interests."
 * Collins 11 – Center for Global Sustainability Studies and major sponsor of the 22nd Pacific Science Congress (June 2011, "Founded on science, world cooperation in Antarctica a model for meeting climate, other challenges,"** http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-06/cfgs-fos061011.php**) mj**

Chairman Baird, Ranking Member Ehlers, and distinguished members of the Subcommittee, thank AND a means to enhance security, increase global partnerships, and create sustainability.
 * ====Science diplomacy solves all impacts====**
 * Federoff 8 – professor of biology at Penn State University known for her research on biology and life sciences, president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (April 2008, "International Science and Technology Cooperation: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Research and Science Education," Committee on Science and Technology,** http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg41470/html/CHRG-110hhrg41470.htm**) mj**

Building two new icebreakers solves short term
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The committee finds that both operations and maintenance of the polar icebreaker AND Arctic. Other agencies should reimburse incremental costs associated with directed mission tasking.
 * NRC 7 – working arm of the United States National Academies, which produces reports that shape policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine (National Research Council, "Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of US Needs,"** http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11753&page=R1**) mj**


 * NEG
 * Past 2NRs: **
 * Ex-im politics (Aquaculture, AUV) **
 * China coal disad (OTEC) **
 * Heidegger (SSD) **
 * Anthro (Makah) **
 * Heg bad (Desal) **
 * Arctic PIC (Natgas) **
 * Framework (Queer Anarchy) **
 * Aquarius CP w/ space tradeoff (NOPP) **