Jeremy+&+Michael

=Port Dredging 1AC=

**Obama has expedited approval for projects, but not allocated funds – aff is still inherent, but you don’t have any DA’s.
Morgan and Rabin 7/19 – Miami Herald reporter, environment reporter (Curtis and Charles, “White House Speeds Up Permits, Offers No New Cash For PortMiami Dredge Project”, The Miami Herald, July 21 2012, [])//CB The White House on Thursday put... expediting all remaining federal reviews.”

Executive order doesn’t guarantee faster approval or funding
Dawers 7/19-JULY 19, 2012 1:44 AM by [|BILL DAWERS]-Savannah Morning News ([]) MK

We were already expecting the final ... than had been previously promised.

Ports still need funding – 17 projects total were evaluated and all still need substantial funding
Associated Press 6/21 - a not-for-profit cooperative of news organizations, that finding, reporting and distributing news (“Price tag to dredge Eastern ports for big ships: $5 billion” USAtoday.com, 6/21/12, http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/story/2012-06-21/southern-ports-expansion/55746890/1)//BL

Savannah, Ga., Charleston, S.C., and Miami ... projects that should be done.¶

U.S. ports are not ready to handle super-sized tankers coming as a result of Panama canal expansion completion in 2014.
Abbott, 11 -- Editor, AAPA Seaports Magazine (Paul, "Special Feature on Port-Related Infrastructure", Summer, www.aapa-ports.org/Publications/SeaportsDetail.cfm?itemnumber=18152#seaportsarticle4//DG

Some countries clearly have taken the proverbial... investment in capacity and infrastructure.”

Panama Canal expansion will disrupt American trade routes - Other nations are investing in port deepening to accommodate tankers, but the United States is not increasing its investment in its ports.
Bridges, 11 – Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority (Jerry A., “Testimony of Jerry A. Bridges Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority before the United States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee Hearing: the Economic importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?”, 10/26/11, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Bridges.pdf)]

Since the birth of our nation, ...environmental programs that benefit ports.

Lack of U.S. adaptation will devastate trade and the economic competitiveness
Weakley, 8 – Realize America’s Maritime promise, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, testimony of James Weakley the president of the Lake Carriers’ Association (James, “Realize America’s Maritime Promise”, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, 4/30/08, []) // EK

Introduction/ Summary of Testimony My name .... would quickly lose its efficiencies.

Shallow harbors means vessels have to light load – it destroys export competitiveness
Holliday, 10 – Executive Director of Dredging Contractors of America and Chairman of Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition (Barry W., “Testimony of Barry W. Holliday, Executive Director, Dredging Contractors of America and Chairman, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition Before the Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, Proposals for a Water Resources Development Act of 2010, Part II”, April 15, 2010, Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, [|http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/RAMPtestimony15Apr10jsfin.pdf)//MM]

There are many other examples of ...to the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund.4

First is international trade: it’s key to the economy and accounts for 27% of GDP
Kiefer et al., 2k – principal investigator for Planning and Management Consultants– study authorized by Section 401 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1999, report to the US Army Corps of Engineers (Jack, Planning and Management Consultants, “The National Dredging Needs Study of Ports and Harbors Implications to Cost-Sharing of Federal Deep Draft Navigation Projects Due to Changes in the Maritime Industry”, 5/2000, []) // EK

The value of international trade after ... percent in terms of tonnage (see Figure 2-4).

Economic collapse now causes a nuclear World War III
Hamer, 10 – Professor and doctor, writes for Current Concerns (Eberhard, “Increasing Indications for a Third World War”, 3/6/10, []) // AJ

Due to the fact that the...we can escape this danger.

American economic leadership prevents mercantilism – solves protectionism
Posen, 9 – Deputy director and senior fellow of the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Adam, “Economic leadership beyond the crisis,” []) // EK

In the postwar period, US power ...on the following priority measures.

Protectionism leads to global nuclear war
Panzner, 8 – faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” p. 136-138) // EK

Continuing calls for curbs on... of a new world war.

Protectionism will cause terrorism and global wars – risks extinction
Panzner 8 – faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” p. 136-138)

Continuing calls for curbs on the... beginnings of a new world war.

Port dredging is key to international trade and competitiveness – increased exports, trade, manufacturing jobs, and trillions in revenue
Nagle, 11 – President and CEO of the American Association of Port Authorities (December 2011, Kurt, Industry Today, “Association: American Association of Port Authorities; Port-Related Infrastructure Investments Can Reap Dividends,” vol. 14, no. 3, []) // EK

It seems the United States ...to maintain federal navigation channels.

Dredging creates tons of jobs – every billion dollars creates 35,000 jobs
House Report 11– Summary on the activities of the committee on Transportation infrastructure for the 112th Congress, first session from the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure U.S. House of Representatives (112th Congress, “Summary on the activities of the committee on transportation infrastructure for the 112th Congress”, House Report, 7/1/11-12/30/11, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-112hrpt348/html/CRPT-112hrpt348.htm)//JH

Over several decades, successive Federal Aviation ...and air traffic control infrastructure.

Port dredging increases economy – can double US exports by using money in HMTF tradeoff
WSJ 11– ( “Legislative Hearing on H.R. 104, the Realize America's Maritime Promise (RAMP) Act”, ProQuest Congressional, July 5th)

Between fiscal years 2003 and 2011, ... to do, and stimulate our economy.

Clogged waterways are killing the steel industry competitiveness – decreases shipping capabilities. Dredging will open waterways allow tons of extra steel to be shipped.
Petry, 12 - correspondent for American Metal Market (Corinna, “US shippers urge feds to use funds for dredging”, Metal Bulletin Weekly, 4/2/12, ProQuest)//SS

Insufficient federal funding for dredging ... plant running for 14 days.

First, the steel industry key to military tech-development
AISI, 7 – AISI’s goal is to educate about the U.S. and North American steel industry (American Iron and Steel Institute, “Steel and the National Defense,”Specialty Steel Industry of North America, January 2007, [])//SS

The U.S.carbon/alloy and specialty steel ... shipbuilding or other military uses.

Military R&D key to heg
Paarlberg, 4 -Robert Paarlberg is the Betty Freyhof Johnson Class of 1944 Professor of Political Science at Wellesley College and Associate at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University. (Peter L., “Knowledge as Power: Science, Military Dominance, and U.S. Security,” International Security, 2004, [])//SS

Military primacy today comes from weapons ... fundamentally became a science race.

SECOND, a robust steel industry key to strong infrastructure
AISI, 6 - AISI’s goal is to educate about the U.S. and North American steel industry (American Iron and Steel Institute, “[|A Strong U.S. Steel Industry: Critical to Protecting U.S. Infrastructure, Homeland Security and Economic Security],” American Iron and Steel Institute, 2/1/6, [])//SS

In the wake of September... industry to meet this need.

Good infrastructure is key to the economy
AISI, 6 - AISI’s goal is to educate about the U.S. and North American steel industry (American Iron and Steel Institute, “[|A Strong U.S. Steel Industry: Critical to Protecting U.S. Infrastructure, Homeland Security and Economic Security],” American Iron and Steel Institute, 2/1/6, [])//SS

An efficient national highway system ...as cranes, is steel-intensive.

Econ collapse tanks heg
FPRI, 9 – Founded in 1955, FPRI is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization devoted to bringing the insights of scholarship to bear on the development of policies that advance U.S. national interests. (“Security Challenges Arising from the Global Economic Crisis,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, March 11, 2009, [])//SS

Economists have long debated whether ...Nation’s vital defense industrial base.

Heg is sustainable and prevents conflict
Brown et al. 8 – ***Michael E. Brown is Dean of the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University. ***OWEN R. COTÉ, JR. is the associate director of the MIT Security Studies Program. ***Sean M. Lynn-Jones is a Belfer Center researcher at Harvard University and Editor of International Security. *** Steven E. Miller is Director of the International Security Program (“Primacy and its Discontents,” MIT Press, 2008, []))//SS

Several scholars have argued that ...explicitly withthe United States.

Rentrenchment triggers great power wars
Zhang & Shi, 11 – ***Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ***Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. (Yuhan and Lin, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry,” East Asia Forum, 1/22/11, [])//SS

As history attests, power decline ... be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

HEG key to counterterrorism- Inspiration from the USA leads to co-operation against terrorism
Beyer, 12 – writer of Counterterrorism and international power relations: The EU, ASEAN and hegemonic global governance, and International Relations(Anna Cornelia, Hegemony and Power in the Global War on Terrorism, http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CEsQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fcda%2Fcontent%2Fdocument%2Fcda_downloaddocument%2F9783642250811-c1.pdf%3FSGWID%3D0-0-45-1329043p174256762&ei=pjsMUKfxOIik9ASRoOGyCg&usg=AFQjCNFeST6528oeN660TAQDmIOYYLLQ9Q&sig2=n-X_f7eguh-Me24XmNtQnA)//JH

In my previous study (Beyer 2010), ...discourse, by their ideological inﬂuence.

Federal action is necessary – several reasons:
The federal government is key – port infrastructure is under federal jurisdiction and federal action is vital to leadership AAPA, 11 - AAPA represents 160 of the leading seaport authorities in the United States, Canada, Latin America and the Caribbean and more than 300 sustaining and associate members, firms and individuals with an interest in seaports (American Association of Port Authorities, “The U.S. Government’s Historic Role in Developing and Maintaining Landside and Waterside Connections to Seaports”, March 2011, [|http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/Transportation%20and%20the%20Constitution1.pdf)//GP]

Federal leadership is vital to expediting new projects and coordinating federal agencies – it creates faster infrastructure development
Woodley Jr. 8— Chairman – PIANC (Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses) USA (John Paul, “Dredging key to keeping nation’s economy afloat”, Seaports Magazine, [], Summer) EL

Like many nations, the United ... strong for generations to come.

Coordinated and adequate funding requires federal action on port dredging.
Calhoun, 11– President of Cargo Carriers (Cargill) and Chairman of Waterways Council, Inc (Rick, “DREDGING FOR PROSPERITY”, Marine Log, 8/2011, ProQuest, []”) // EK

At press time, the debate...strong and keep her moving.

USACE regulation and permits require federal oversight.
IWR 6/20 – Institute for Water Resources (“U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Modernization: Preparing for Post-Panamax Vessels”, Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 20, 2012, [|http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/docs/portswaterways/rpt/June_20_U.S._Port_and_Inland_Waterways_Preparing_for_Post_Panamax_Vessels.pdf)//BL]

Regardless of the Federal government’s ...permits for any proposed action. ¶

Federal expenditure boosts federal trade leadership – subnational actors won’t have the same effect
Kiefer et al, 2k – principal investigator for Planning and Management Consultants– study authorized by Section 401 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1999, report to the US Army Corps of Engineers (Jack, Planning and Management Consultants, “The National Dredging Needs Study of Ports and Harbors Implications to Cost-Sharing of Federal Deep Draft Navigation Projects Due to Changes in the Maritime Industry”, May 2000, []) // CB

The cost-sharing threshold for deep...should be considered for elimination.

HMTF can fund all port dredging - tops $7 billion
Houston Chronicle 7/20-“Dredge deeper to increase trade” 12:35 AM, Jul 21, 2012, Bill Decker, editor ([]) MK

The transportation bill includes "sense ...may see the economic benefits.

Normal means is corps contracting out
Bugg and Liu 12 – *P.E., MBA, MBC @ Auburn, **MBC @ Auburn (Robert A. and Junshan, “The US Army Corps of Engineers Celebrate Safety Program’s Effect on Construction Jobsite Safety,” Associated Schools of Production, 2012, http://ascpro.ascweb.org/chair/paper/CPRT119002012.pdf)//RD

The United States Army Corps...orders/modifications, and safety oversight.

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