Kate+&+Izzy

=New Odyssey Plan Text= ====The United States federal judiciary should invalidate the United States Court of Appeals Eleventh Circuit ruling in Odyssey Marine Exploration, Inc. v. Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel by determining federal admiralty courts can obtain ownership and subsequent compensation as per the commercial exception clause of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act.==== = = =SSD 1AC= = =

Warming threatens extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122) The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

Warming is anthropogenic
AND 1% based on abstract ratings) __endorses the scientific consensus on AGW__.
 * Green 13** – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
 * John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
 * Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis**
 * Mark Richardson

Fossil fuel __usage__ is projected to increase now—makes warming inevitable—nuclear power is key to trade off with fossil fuels
By overlooking nuclear power // in the quest for clean energy, // we are condemning ourselves AND emitting power //__source that can__// effectively replace fossil fuels and satisfy global demand.”
 * Lorenzini**, 11/27/**13**—a retired PacifiCorp executive and former general manager of contract operations at DOE’s nuclear defense facilities (Paul, "A Second Look at Nuclear Power", Issues in Science and Technology, issues.org/21-3/lorenzini/)//twonily//

//**Nuclear power transition solves warming**// //**Moore 6** – co-founder of Greenpeace, chairman and chief scientist of Greenspirit Strategies Ltd, co-chair of the Clean and Safe Energy Coalition (Patrick Moore, 4/16/6, “Going Nuclear,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.html)//twonily In the early 1970s when I helped found Greenpeace, I believed that nuclear energy AND
 * __g__** as __emissions. Every responsible environmentalist should support a move in that direction.__

Independently, emissions cause ocean acidification – extinction
Romm12 – physicist and climate expert, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress (Joseph J., “Science: Ocean Acidifying so fast that it threatens humanity’s ability to feed itself”, 3/2/12; http://earthlawcenter.org/news/headline/science-ocean-acidifying-so-fast-it-threatens-humanitys-ability-to-feed-itself/) The world’s oceans may be turning acidic faster today from human carbon emissions than they AND species goes extinct it’s gone forever. We’re playing a very dangerous game .”

//__It would be a **mistake**__, however, __to let Fukushima cause governments to abandon__// //__AND__// // stores it for centuries. __Only then can the public's trust be earned.__//
 * A credible waste disposal regime is key to revitalize public trust – solves global warming**
 * Moniz 11** – Energy Secretary of the US, American nuclear physicist (Ernest Moniz, Nov/Dec 2011, //Council on Foreign Relations Foreign Affairs Magazine,// “Why We Still Need Nuclear Power,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136544/ernest-moniz/why-we-still-need-nuclear-power)//twonily//

//**Alternatives fail—too costly and lack consistency—nuclear energy is the __only__ viable solution**// //**Lorenzini**, 11/27/**13**—a retired PacifiCorp executive and former general manager of contract operations at DOE’s nuclear defense facilities (Paul, "A Second Look at Nuclear Power", Issues in Science and Technology, issues.org/21-3/lorenzini/)//twonily __This failure to perform cannot be blamed on inadequate support__. Since 1978, __DOE__ __AND__ their energy capacity, because they are idle so much of the time.

Nuclear power with a sustainable disposal procedure would __resolve__ the energy revolution—generates enough electricity for the country—other alternatives __fail__
The // U // nited // S // tates __must__ // increase its capacity to generate energy //__, in order to prevent__ __AND__ __small fraction of the greenhouse gases that all fossil-fuel plants produce.__
 * Loewe**, August 200**1**—Chief Consulting Engineer at GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy, member of the American Nuclear Society, Ph.D., is a consulting engineer at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (Eric P., "Nuclear Power Can Help Solve Energy Crisis", National Defense, [|www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2001/August/Pages/Nuclear_Power4218.aspx)//twonily]

Electricity-emissions reductions sufficiently solve global warming
Akorede 12 - .F., Ph.D degree in Electrical Power Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia (H. Hizam,M.Z.A. Ab Kadir,I. Aris,S.D. BubaElectrical & Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, “Mitigating the anthropogenic global warming in the electric power industry,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16.5)//BB 5. Power industry's share of CO2 emissions To identify the most productive mitigation strategies AND of these possible mitigation techniques is discussed in turn in the following subsections.

adv 2 nuclear leadership
// In my seemingly endless desire to dive headfirst into controversy, let me return to // // AND // //__and far less expensive than other approaches__ being focused on most actively today. //
 * The plan is __comparatively better__ than alternatives – it’s the key starting point to __revitalize__ nuclear leadership**
 * Wilson 14** – founder of BuildingGreen and the RDI Institute (Alex Wilson, 1/14/14, “Safe storage of nuclear waste,” http://www.reformer.com/columnists/ci_24904718/safe-storage-nuclear-waste)//twonily//

//**Sub seabed is the most __sustainable__ and __technologically feasible__ solution—other countries will __model__ US’s nuclear policies—empirics prove**// //**Dillon, 10**— B.A. in history from Georgetown University and a Ph.D from Cornell, historian who writes on science, medicine, and history (Kenneth J., Scientia Press, [|www.scientiapress.com/nuclearwaste)//twonily]// // So __a shared__// international solution to // the problems of // the long-term storage of AND //__would be buried in a single sub-seabed storage area__// seems promising //**__.__**

The plan solves—__multiple__ layers of protection from leakages—oceans are comparatively better than land due to __dilution__
// For many people the __sticking point for nuclear power is, what do we do__// //__AND__// //__much less dangerous at the bottom of the ocean than at the top.__//
 * Eschenbach**, 5/6/**11**—B.A. from Sonoma State University (Willis, "A Modest Proposal for Nuclear Waste Disposal", Watss up With That, wattsupwiththat.com/2011/05/06/a-modest-proposal-for-nuclear-waste-disposal/)//twonily//

//**Three internal links –**//

//**a) __Public confidence__** **– Fukushima __devastated__ it – that’s key to __sustainable__ nuclear power**// //**Moniz 11** – Energy Secretary of the US, American nuclear physicist (Ernest Moniz, Nov/Dec 2011,// Council on Foreign Relations Foreign Affairs Magazine, //“Why We Still Need Nuclear Power,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136544/ernest-moniz/why-we-still-need-nuclear-power)//twonily __If nuclear energy is to enjoy a sustained renaissance__, the **__challenge of managing nuclear__**
 * __AND__**
 * __an alternative to Yucca Mountain for storing nuclear waste in the long run.__**

//__The **U**__ nited **__S__** tates' __dysfunctional nuclear waste management system has an unfortunate international side effect__ : // // AND // //__comes to setting up a proliferation-resistant__ international fuel-cycle __program__. //
 * b) __International credibility__ – their evidence doesn’t assume newest industry shifts**
 * Moniz 11** – Energy Secretary of the US, American nuclear physicist (Ernest Moniz, Nov/Dec 2011, //Council on Foreign Relations Foreign Affairs Magazine,// “Why We Still Need Nuclear Power,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136544/ernest-moniz/why-we-still-need-nuclear-power)//twonily//

//**c) __State bans__ – a credible waste disposal strategy is key to overcome moratoria on continued development**// //**Belter et al 13** – researchers for Navigant Consulting, based on work supported by the DOE and the National Energy Technology Laboratory (Gary Belter, James Carter, Donald Harker, Emily D. Koepsell, Colette Lamontagne, Erik Larson, Tim McClive, Laurie Oppel, Gordon Pickering, Don Price, Mike Rutkowski, David Walls, June 2013, “Assessment of the Nuclear Power Industry – Final Report,” http://www.naruc.org/Grants/Documents/Assessment-of-the-Nuclear-Power-Industry-Final%20Report.pdf)// twonily __Ten states__ have __enacted legislation that ties future nuclear development to permanent disposal of spent__ AND
 * __policies__** which allow the utility to mitigate the risks associated with the asset.

//__Waste management has stood for decades as a barrier to the growth of nuclear energy__// //__AND__// // could lead to even more rapid shutdowns of presently operating nuclear power plants. //
 * Formulating a __credible__ nuclear waste solution __revitalizes__ domestic nuclear industry leadership – this solves __every impact__ and is __modeled globally__**
 * CSIS 13** – Center for Strategic and International Studies (June 2013, “Restoring U.S. Leadership in Nuclear Energy,” http://csis.org/files/publication/130614_RestoringUSLeadershipNuclearEnergy_WEB.pdf)//twonily//

//**That solves prolif –**//

//**a) NPT legitimacy**// //**BRC 12** – Blue Ribbon Commission (BRC, January 26, 2012, “Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future; Report to the Secretary of Energy,” http://cybercemetery.unt.edu/archive/brc/20120620220235/http://brc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/brc_finalreport_jan2012.pdf)//twonily// // The **__NPT provides the foundation of the international nuclear non-proliferation regime__** . Opened // // AND // //, but because of __compounding issues related to__ the __development__ of these technologies. //

//**b) The __perception__ of nuclear leadership solves**// //**Bengelsdorf** **7**, Consultant and former director of both key State and Energy Department offices that are concerned with international nuclear and nonproliferation affairs, 07 (Harold, “The U.S. Domestic Civil Nuclear Infrastructure and U.S. Nonproliferation Policy” The U.S. Domestic Civil Nuclear Infrastructure AND U.S. Nonproliferation Policy, May 2007, 6/2/12)//twonily __The health of the__ U.S. __civil nuclear infrastructure can have an important__ __AND__ __initiatives designed to discourage the spread of sensitive nuclear facilities to other countries.__

Proliferation Optimism: Proliferation optimism was revived in the academy in Kenneth __Waltz’s__ 1979 book AND that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.
 * Prolif causes __extinction__**
 * Kroenig 12** (Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government – Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow – Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?”, Prepared for the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, 5-26, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182&tid=30)

__American military hegemony__ in Europe, Asia and the Middle East __depends on the ability__ __AND__ __state from allowing American bases and military build-ups on its soil__.
 * Independently, it undermines US nuclear deterrence – that kills heg**
 * Lind 7** (Michael, Senior Fellow – New America Foundation, The National Interest, “Beyond American Hegemony”, May/June, Lexis)

(Stephen G., G. John, William C., “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment” //International Security// Volume 37, Number 3) In this article, we assess the case for retrenchment on its own terms. AND two sides to the scholarly debate on U.S. grand strategy.
 * Hegemony is the __norm__ – err towards avoiding shocks to the geopolitical system**
 * Brooks 13** – et al, All IR professors and PhDs

While concern over catastrophic accidents and long-term waste management are perhaps better known AND weapon in a major city __would be “at least one trillion dollars__ .”
 * Prolif collapses the global economy**
 * Smith 6** (Brice, Senior Scientist – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research and Ph.D. in Physics – MIT, Insurmountable Risks: The Dangers of Using Nuclear Power to Combat Global Climate Change, p. 101-102)

Economic collapse causes escalatory conflict – it’s an impact filter
Royal, Director Cooperative Threat Reduction at DOD, ’10 (Jedidiah, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling, and the Problem of Economic Crisis” pub in ‘Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives’ pub by Goldsmith and Brauer, p 213-215) Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline ma y // increase the likelihood of external conflict // AND not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

__Without significant gains in storage technology__, electric generation from **__solar and wind will not__** clean energy __sources, can meet the world’s needs__ in a sustainable manner.
 * Leadership solves climate change – no other sector is sufficient**
 * Kadak 6/19 –** Director and Principal @ Exponent Inc. (Andy Kadak, 6/19/14, “Nuclear Power’s Role in Responding to Climate Change,” http://www.ourenergypolicy.org/nuclear-powers-role-in-responding-to-climate-change/#comment-2338)//twonily
 * __AND__**

The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND __adaptation__ to these extremes __would mean profound__ social, cultural and political __changes__. =Odyssey 1AC=
 * Extinction**
 * Mazo 10** (Jeffrey, Ph.D. in Paleoclimatology – UCLA, Managing Editor – Survival, and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy –International Institute for Strategic Studies, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it”, pg. 122, March)

Inherency
====In 2007, a shipwreck salvaging company named Odyssey discovered the Mercedes, an old Spanish frigate, in international waters. After being granted possession of the shipwreck by a US District Court, Spain alleged that the court’s ruling was invalidated by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act which granted sovereign immunity to Spain because the Mercedes was a military ship. The 11th circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the new District Court decision, thus forcing Odyssey to return the salvaged shipwreck to Spain and setting a precedent against US court determinations of salvaging rights in international waters==== Aznar-Gomez, Professor Public I-law at Universitat Jaume I, ’10 (Mariano, “Treasure Hunters, Sunken State Vessels and the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage” International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 25 Int'l J. Marine & Coastal L. 209, HeinOnline//bueno) The Mercedes Case While travelling in a small fleet returning to Spain from South America AND . Furthermore, injured States might initiate civil and/or criminal suits.

====But the 11th Circuit ruling was wrong – the Mercedes was a commercial ship when it sunk, so sovereign immunity should not have been granted to Spain due to the commercial exception clause to the FSIA. The only way to allow US courts to grant rights to shipwreck salvage is to alter the Odyssey ruling’s interpretation of the commercial exception clause to the FSIA==== Burns, JD Candidate Tulane University School of Law, ’12 (Christine, Summer, “Finders Weepers, Losers Keepers: The Eleventh Circuit Denies Salvage Company's Claims to a Sunken Military Vessel Found in International Waters in Odyssey Marine Exploration, Inc. v. Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel” Tulane Maritime Law Journal, 36 Tul. Mar. L. J. 803, lexis//bueno) IV. Analysis Although the noted case supports the notion of international comity and sets AND all of the competing interests in a valuable shipwreck located in international waters.

Plan
====The United States federal judiciary should invalidate the United States Court of Appeals Eleventh Circuit ruling in Odyssey Marine Exploration, Inc. v. Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel by determining federal admiralty courts can obtain adjudications in rem as per the commercial exception clause of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act.====

Advantage 1 – FSIA
====The Odyssey ruling set a precedent that broadened the scope of sovereign immunity from citizen suit – the aff re-establishes the strength of the commercial exception clause which limits this sovereign immunity==== Song, Senior Staff Member American University Law Review, ’13 (Zhen, August, “Going For Gold: The Meaning of "Commercial Activity" in the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act in the Race for Buried Treasure in Sunken Shipwreck” American University Law Review, 62 Am. U.L. Rev. 1771, lexis//bueno) II. The Decision of the Eleventh Circuit in Odyssey Runs Counter to the Sovereign AND ** engaging in commerce, it should be treated like one under the FSIA **.

State-owned oil companies abuse the current interpretation of sovereign immunity to monopolize global oil markets – strengthening the commercial exception clause reverses that
Riblett, Associate International Arbitration at Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer US LLP, ‘ 8 (Phillip, Fall, “A Legal Regime for State-Owned Companied in the Modern Era” Journal of Transnational Law and Policy, J. of Transnational Law & Policy, http://www.law.fsu.edu/journals/transnational/vol18_1/riblett.pdf//bueno) Each of these cases involved state-owned oil companies that the FSIA provides with AND way to avoid hearing cases addressing issues such as takings under international law.

Allowing suits against national oil companies is key to stopping resource nationalism
Mutschink, JD Southern Methodist University, ’10 (Mark, Fall, “Facing the Future of Oil in U.S. Courts: A Recommendation for Changing the Bremen Doctrine on Enforceability of Forum Selection Clauses” SMU Law Review, 63 SMU L. Rev. 1343, lexis//bueno) 2. National Oil Companies and the Rise (Again) of Resource Nationalism National AND selection clauses as an alternative that is easily adoptable through the common law.

Resource nationalism causes oil price volatility that prevents investment in renewable energy – only the aff creates a sustainable shift
Golden, Precourt Institute for Energy at Stanford University, ’12 (Mark, February 15, “State-Owned Oil Companies Increase Price Volatility and Pollution, but Rarely Get Used as Geopolitical Weapons, says Stanford Researcher” http://ren21plus.ren21.net/node/114679//bueno) To maintain power, oil-rich governments often lean on their national oil companies AND to find and produce oil, ” the editors of Oil and Governance conclude.

US renewable energy is key to effective climate agreements
Jones 5/28/14 - Senior Fellow of Foreign Policy, Director of Project on International Order and Strategy (Bruce Jones, “American Leadership Required for Progress on Global Climate and Energy Governance”, Brookings.edu, []) //JL But Challenges Still Remain Collectively, though, these new initiatives, and the older AND __America’s hand in global energy markets is strengthening; time to play it.__

The plan is key to //enforcing// climate treaties – broad immunity means countries have no incentive to follow US leadership
Bradford 11- Boston College Law School, J.D., cum laude and served on the executive board of the Boston College Law Review (Gregory, “Simplifying State Standing: the Role of Sovereign Interests in AND ** meaningful role as ancillary enforcers¶ in administering a comprehensive federal scheme. ** **235**

Climate treaties are uniquely positioned to solve warming - now is key
Claussen 7 (Eileen, “ __A NEW CLIMATE TREATY__ : US LEADERSHIP AFTER KYOTO,” Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, spring 2007, http://www.c2es.org/newsroom/articles/new-climate-treaty-us-leadership-after-kyoto) For years, __despite a steady accumulation of science__ showing the clear and present dangers AND thus far, the US contribution to the global effort largely ends there.

Adherence to multilateral agreements avoids 4 degree warming – anything higher is __catastrophic__
Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank (Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix) The 4°C scenarios are devastating : the inundation of coastal cities; increasing AND in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.

Warming is anthropogenic
AND 1% based on abstract ratings) __endorses the scientific consensus on AGW__.
 * Green 13** – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
 * John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
 * Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis**
 * Mark Richardson

Warming threatens extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122) The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

Independently, plan boosts US green leadership
CFR 13 – Council on Foreign Relations (“The Global Climate Change Regime,” Last Updated June 19, parts of this article are older – which is clear because the last sentence references 2012 in the future tense, http://www.cfr.org/climate-change/global-climate-change-regime/p21831) Distribution of global emissions reinforces the need for broad multilateral cooperation in mitigating climate change AND agenda for the COP-18, scheduled for November 2012 in Qatar.

(Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs @ New York University, “[|Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony]”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html) __By **not addressing climate change** more aggressively__ and creatively, __the United States is squandering__ __AND__ means of **__leverage that can__** be employed to **__keep potential foes in check__****. **
 * Green leadership solves counterbalancing – specifically from Russia and China**
 * Klarevas 9** – Professor of Global Affairs

(Stephen Blank, “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf) Consequently, __the danger is__ that this ideological-strategic rivalry will harden, leading AND of joint military action in response to a regime crisis in the DPRK.
 * Russia-China counterbalancing leads to great power conflict**
 * Blank 9** – Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College

US salvaging industry is declining in the squo – current investment insufficient
Tsavliris 12 – President of the International Salvage Union (Andreas, “THE CHALLENGES FACING THE SALVAGE INDUSTRY,” International Salvage Union, 2012, http://www.marine-salvage.com/media-information/conference-papers/the-challenges-facing-the-salvage-industry/)//JGold The salvage industry faces challenging times. Commercial pressures, the unpredictable nature of the AND stand ready to continue to serve the marine community with innovation and dedication.

That’s a direct result of the Odyssey ruling – reversing the ruling allows commercial salvaging which revives the industry
Song, Senior Staff Member American University Law Review, ’13 (Zhen, August, “Going For Gold: The Meaning of "Commercial Activity" in the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act in the Race for Buried Treasure in Sunken Shipwreck” American University Law Review, 62 Am. U.L. Rev. 1771, lexis//bueno) Conclusion The Eleventh Circuit's decision in Odyssey has potentially ** significant consequences for the futures of ** ** AND ** work would be to offer a reward or compensation for salvage efforts. n222

Despite recent security improvements, a terrorist attack on US ports high now – collapses the economy
Morin 13 – Amy, Staff Writer for Digital Supply Chain, news source of logistics, procurement, warehousing and supply chain management news for executives and high-level professionals in the supply chain industry around the globe (“Keeping ports secure against modern dangers”, June 20, 2013, http://www.supplychaindigital.com/warehousing/1867/Keeping-ports-secure-against-modern-dangers\\CLans) Port security has become a complicated issue in today’s world. Terrorist attacks over the AND however, potential security risks could be disastrous to the global supply chain.

Terrorist attacks on US ports are inevitable – an effective salvaging sector is key to rapid response which mitigates the economic impact of these attacks
TRB 4 – Transportation Research Board, sector of the National Academy of Sciences, “a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. The Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters,” (“Marine Salvage Capabilities Responding to Terrorist Attacks in U.S. Ports—Actions to Improve Readiness,” The National Academies, http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/reports/cp_30.pdf)//JGold Federal officials and industry leaders have recently focused national attention on the security of U AND of transportation, economic, and environmental concerns but also for homeland security.

That collapses trade and the global economy
Marshall, ’10 (Andrew, “Maritime Terrorism Could Have Global Economic Impact” Insurance Journal, http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2010/03/05/107926.htm//bueno) This is because while specialization in global supply chains has brought significant efficiency gains, AND if the operations of a major commercial port were curtailed ,” he added.

Economic decline increases the chance of interstate wars
Royal, Director Cooperative Threat Reduction at DOD, ’10 (Jedidiah, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling, and the Problem of Economic Crisis” pub in ‘Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives’ pub by Goldsmith and Brauer, p 213-215) Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline ma y // increase the likelihood of external conflict // AND not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. =Past Neg Strats=

AFF: AUVs 1NC: Security K, Military CP, ExIm Politics DA 2NR: Security K

AFF: Aquarius 1NC: Space T/O DA, Security K, Canada CP, CIR Politics DA, T-development 2NR: T- development

AFF: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 1NC: AUVs CP, Metaphors bad, FW 2NR: FW

AFF: Nuclear Shipping 1NC: Adv CP, Oil DA, Exim Politics DA, Security K, T-its 2NR: Adv CP, politcs