Joshua+&+Ryan

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its nuclear waste disposal development of the Earth’s oceans.
=Contention 1 is Nuclear Leadership=

In my seemingly endless desire to dive headfirst into controversy, let me return to AND __and far less expensive than other approaches__ being focused on most actively today.
 * The plan is __comparatively better__ than alternatives – it’s the key starting point to __revitalize__ nuclear leadership**
 * Wilson 14** – founder of BuildingGreen and the RDI Institute (Alex Wilson, 1/14/14, “Safe storage of nuclear waste,” http://www.reformer.com/columnists/ci_24904718/safe-storage-nuclear-waste)//twonily

So __a shared //international solution to//__ the problems of //the long-term storage of// //AND// __would be buried in a single sub-seabed storage area //seems promising//**.**__
 * Sub seabed is the most __sustainable__ and __technologically feasible__ solution—other countries will __model__ US’s nuclear policies—empirics prove**
 * Dillon, 10**— B.A. in history from Georgetown University and a Ph.D from Cornell, historian who writes on science, medicine, and history (Kenneth J., Scientia Press, [|www.scientiapress.com/nuclearwaste)//twonily]

The plan solves—__multiple__ layers of protection from leakages—oceans are comparatively better than land due to __dilution__
For many people the __sticking point for nuclear power is, what do we do__ __AND__ __much less dangerous at the bottom of the ocean than at the top.__
 * Eschenbach**, 5/6/**11**—B.A. from Sonoma State University (Willis, "A Modest Proposal for Nuclear Waste Disposal", Watss up With That, wattsupwiththat.com/2011/05/06/a-modest-proposal-for-nuclear-waste-disposal/)//twonily

__If nuclear energy is to enjoy a sustained renaissance__, the **__challenge of managing nuclear__**
 * a) __Public confidence__** **– Fukushima __devastated__ it – that’s key to __sustainable__ nuclear power**
 * Moniz 11** – Energy Secretary of the US, American nuclear physicist (Ernest Moniz, Nov/Dec 2011, //Council on Foreign Relations Foreign Affairs Magazine,// “Why We Still Need Nuclear Power,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136544/ernest-moniz/why-we-still-need-nuclear-power)//twonily
 * __AND__**
 * __an alternative to Yucca Mountain for storing nuclear waste in the long run.__**

__The **U**__ nited **__S__** tates' __dysfunctional nuclear waste management system has an unfortunate international side effect__ : AND __comes to setting up a proliferation-resistant__ international fuel-cycle __program__.
 * b) __International credibility__ – their evidence doesn’t assume newest industry shifts**
 * Moniz 11** – Energy Secretary of the US, American nuclear physicist (Ernest Moniz, Nov/Dec 2011, //Council on Foreign Relations Foreign Affairs Magazine,// “Why We Still Need Nuclear Power,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136544/ernest-moniz/why-we-still-need-nuclear-power)//twonily

__Waste management has stood for decades as a barrier to the growth of nuclear energy__ __AND__ could lead to even more rapid shutdowns of presently operating nuclear power plants.
 * Formulating a __credible__ nuclear waste solution __revitalizes__ domestic nuclear industry leadership – this solves __every impact__ and is __modeled globally__**
 * CSIS 13** – Center for Strategic and International Studies (June 2013, “Restoring U.S. Leadership in Nuclear Energy,” http://csis.org/files/publication/130614_RestoringUSLeadershipNuclearEnergy_WEB.pdf)//twonily

__The health of the__ U.S. __civil nuclear infrastructure can have an important__ __AND__ __initiatives designed to discourage the spread of sensitive nuclear facilities to other countries.__
 * The __perception__ of nuclear leadership solves**
 * Bengelsdorf** **7**, Consultant and former director of both key State and Energy Department offices that are concerned with international nuclear and nonproliferation affairs, 07 (Harold, “The U.S. Domestic Civil Nuclear Infrastructure and U.S. Nonproliferation Policy” The U.S. Domestic Civil Nuclear Infrastructure AND U.S. Nonproliferation Policy, May 2007, 6/2/12)//twonily

Proliferation Optimism: Proliferation optimism was revived in the academy in Kenneth __Waltz’s__ 1979 book AND that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.
 * Prolif causes __extinction__**
 * Kroenig 12** (Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government – Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow – Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?”, Prepared for the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, 5-26, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182&tid=30)

__American military hegemony__ in Europe, Asia and the Middle East __depends on the ability__ __AND__ __state from allowing American bases and military build-ups on its soil__.
 * Independently, it undermines US nuclear deterrence – that kills heg**
 * Lind 7** (Michael, Senior Fellow – New America Foundation, The National Interest, “Beyond American Hegemony”, May/June, Lexis)

=Contention 2: Ilaw=

Thus, __after polarized negotiations__, divisive voting, and much scholarship n70 on the AND focus, **__will not be the appropriate body__** to oversee implementation of SSD.
 * Current regulatory regimes fail to regulate disposal effectively – their focus is __too reductionist__ and doesn’t address broader nuclear waste problems**
 * Kaplan 91** – B.A. Carleton College, J.D. Candidate 1991, UPenn (Robert A. Kaplan, January, 1991, “Into the Abyss: International Regulation of Subseabed Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 769)//twonily


 * Three internal links –**

1. The **__I__** nternational **__S__** eabed **__A__** uthority and __"Appropriation" Issues__ UNCLOS III's most unique AND __be unnecessarily cast into a developed/less developed "appropriation" issue.__
 * a) __ISA legitimacy__ – this creates a __sufficient__ regulatory framework – sub-seabed disposal is key**
 * Kaplan 91** – B.A. Carleton College, J.D. Candidate 1991, UPenn (Robert A. Kaplan, January, 1991, “Into the Abyss: International Regulation of Subseabed Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 769)//twonily

I. SUBSEABED DISPOSAL OF HIGH-LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE A. History In contrast AND
 * b) Seabed Working Group funding – it’s key to long term international regulation of the seabed – __extinction__**
 * Kaplan 91** – B.A. Carleton College, J.D. Candidate 1991, UPenn (Robert A. Kaplan, January, 1991, “Into the Abyss: International Regulation of Subseabed Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 769)//twonily
 * __with funding, and the U.S. effort has stagnated__** . n27

c) Only the plan sends an __international signal__ – this __solidifies__ regulatory control and complies with status quo statutes
In 1996, an update to the Convention, known as __the London Protocol,__ __AND__
 * McAllister** **13**, 2/28/13—works at the department of Navy, Assistant Program Manager at PEO LMW, LCS Mission Modules Program Office (Keith R., “Sub-Seabed Repository for Nuclear Waste - a Strategic Alternative – 13102”, Department of the Navy, email chenemily817@gmail.com, http://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:45045842)//twonily
 * __be amended to reclassify managed sub-seabed disposal as__** a **__recognized__** exception.

__Officials in Japan are beginning to suggest //the unthinkable//__ at the damaged Fukushima nuclear power AND Each __release of radiation from Fukushima increases the risk to__ that __food supply__.
 * Dumping is inevitable – causes environmental damage**
 * Herron 13** – staff writer @ examiner magazine (David Herron, 12/18/13, “Radioactive water release from Fukushima may be inevitable,” http://www.examiner.com/article/radioactive-water-release-from-fukushima-may-be-inevitable)//twonily

Thus, __barring discovery of any breakthrough__ transmutation __process__ n15 in the next decade, __AND__ __regime could serve as a **precedent for solving several other international environmental crises**__.
 * This comparatively outweighs their DAs and solves extinction – only the plan results in a coherent regulatory framework**
 * Kaplan 91** – B.A. Carleton College, J.D. Candidate 1991, UPenn (Robert A. Kaplan, January, 1991, “Into the Abyss: International Regulation of Subseabed Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 769)//twonily

The __international response to seabed emplacement__ to date __has been inadequate__. While certian governing AND A new regime with a clear mandate and appropriate operative philosophy is imperative.
 * Marine resource regulations conflicts __spill over__ and undermine the __entire basis__ of international dispute adjudication**
 * Kaplan 91** – B.A. Carleton College, J.D. Candidate 1991, UPenn (Robert A. Kaplan, January, 1991, “Into the Abyss: International Regulation of Subseabed Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 769)//twonily

I. Pressures on International Law: Demands Placed on It and Obstacles to Its AND with the U.N. Charter and other norms of international law.
 * Extinction**
 * Damrosch and Mullerson 95** (Professor of Law – Columbia University, and Professor of International Law – King’s College, “Beyond Confrontation, International Law for the Post Cold War Era”, pg. 2-3)

__The__ International Seabed Authority __(ISA) is progressing plans to provide guidance to future__ __AND__
 * Independently, ISA regulations solve environmental damage from crust mining**
 * Schlacher et al 13,** (Thomas A. Schlacher, Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of Sunshine Coast, Amy R. Baco, Department of Oceanography at Florida State University, Ashley A. Rowden, National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research, Timothy D. O’Hara, Museum Victoria, Malcolm R. Clark, National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research, Chris Kelley, Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory, and John F. Dower, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 2013, “Seamount benthos in a cobalt-rich crust region of the central Pacific: conservation challenges for future seabed mining,” [] )//twonily
 * __ecosystems, in particular those associated with seamounts and cold-water corals.__**

__This is the last frontier: the ocean floor__, 4,000 metres beneath AND
 * Mining is inevitable – but ISA legitimacy is key to solve the environmental impacts – collapses biodiversity, causes resource wars and decimates food security – extinction**
 * Goldenberg 14,** (Suzanne Goldenberg, US environment correspondent for the Guardian, 3/2/14, “Marine mining: Underwater gold rush sparks fears of ocean catastrophe,” http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/mar/02/underwater-gold-rush-marine-mining-fears-ocean-threat)//twonily
 * __of such a failure are already becoming painfully evident__** in the greater ocean.

“It is clear that most politicians and most citizens do not recognize that returning AND worst (and not unlikely) case, __a nuclear war ending civilization__.
 * Resource wars escalate and cause extinction**
 * Woolridge 9** (Frosty, Former Officer – US Army Medical Service Corps, “America Galloping Toward Its Greatest Crisis in the 21st Century”, The Examiner, 5-22, http://www.examiner.com/examiner/x-3515-Denver-Political-Issues-Examiner~y2009m5d22-America-galloping-toward-its-greatest-crisis-in-the-21st-century)//twonily

– ethics add-on
The __need for a new strategy is **urgent**__, not just to address these damages AND cycle—based on emerging technologies and developments and their own best interests.
 * __Ethical imperative__** **to create nuclear energy storage**
 * BRC 12** – Blue Ribbon Commission (BRC, January 26, 2012, “Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future; Report to the Secretary of Energy,” http://cybercemetery.unt.edu/archive/brc/20120620220235/http://brc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/brc_finalreport_jan2012.pdf)//twonily