Kevin+&+Ian

Plan: the United States Federal Government should regulate and implement Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. =1=

First, it's a race for OTEC now – winning the race to commercialize locks-in diplomatic clout
There is currently the possibility of a competition among industrial nations (especially France, AND to their shores and who want to reduce their dependence on oil imports.
 * Cohen and Ladouch 2k12**
 * (Robert Cohen, USA, OTEC consultant and adviser to the company Lockheed Martin, Mathieu Ladouch Renewable Energy Engineer and Energy Expert, Development & execution manager at Marine Energy Times Mechanical Engineer (TIDAL ENERGY) at HYDRO-GEN Project Manager Engineer at Deschamps Mechanical or Industrial Engineering "Ocean Thermal Energy Ocean OTEC could soon be used?," pg online @ http://www.marineenergytimes.com/could-otec-soon-be-used-partii-in-the-midst-of-international-competition.html //um-ef)**

Regulatory Certainty and Clarity is key – No federal action deters investors
Elefant '2 (Carolyn, November 19^^th^^, "Proposed Strategies for Addressing Regulatory Uncertainty in Ocean Energy Development in the United States", http://www.energycentral.com/articles/article/79, wcp) I. THE REGULATORY BARRIERS TO OCEAN ENERGY DEVELOPERS A. Overview of Regulatory AND costs. Such unpredictability may also deter future private investors from funding projects.

U.S. Diplomatic strength is in question – the Administration is in significant need of a boost
DIPLOMACY is dead. Effective diplomacy — the kind that produced Nixon's breakthrough with AND want, what do they want, and what do we both want?
 * Cohen 13**
 * (pg online @ http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/22/opinion/global/roger-cohen-diplomacy-is-dead.html?_r=0 //um-ef)**

And, independently, STRONG U.S. Diplomacy prevents conflict and escalation
(**Gen. Michael W. Hagee and Adm. James M. Loy, 3-27-2012, What it takes to keep U.S. safe today, Politico, p. www.politico.com/news/stories/0312/74509.html)** The challenges we face today as a nation are far more complex and nuanced than AND our investments in development and diplomacy can help get our economy rolling again.
 * Hagee and Loy 2k12**

US Diplomacy is key to prevent widespread chemical weapons use
The news that the Assad regime in Syria has likely used sarin nerve agent on AND likely chemical weapons use and solidifying and accelerating NATO planning on relevant issues.
 * Juul, Policy Analyst at the Center for American Progress Action Fund, 13**
 * (Juul, April 30, 2013, News Opinion, "U.S. Must Launch a Diplomatic Offensive in Syria," http://www.usnews.com/debate-club/should-the-obama-administration-do-more-in-syria/us-must-launch-a-diplomatic-offensive-in-syria//RM, 7/13/13)**

Chemical warfare leads to extinction
Man will destroy himself. Another possibility is the death of mankind at the hands AND these potential planet-enders have yet to be successfully tested or implemented.
 * DUJS, Dartmouth forum for sharing undergraduate research and enriching scientific knowledge, 09**
 * (Dartmouth Undergraduate of Science, May 22, 2009, "Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate", http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate#.UcyTn8pFUoy, 7/13/13)**

=2=

Warming is real and anthropogenic
Prothero 12 (Donald R. Prothero, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, 3-1-2012, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused," Skeptic, 17.2, EBSCO) How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There AND change when it threatens their survival. Neither can we as a society.

Reducing emissions now prevents extinction—-it's not too late to solve
This is Why Reducing Emissions is Critical We're not yet committed to surpassing 2 AND Earth than today's, but we still can and must limit the damage.
 * Nuccitelli 12 –** Dana, environmental scientist at a private environmental consulting firm in Sacramento and has a Bachelor's Degree in astrophysics from the University of California at Berkeley, and a Master's Degree in physics from the University of California at Davis, 2012, "Realistically What Might The Future Climate Look Like?", http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/09/01/784931/realistically-what-might-the-future-climate-look-like/

OTEC solves power plants and emissions – curbs CO2
Magesh '10 (R. Magesh, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2010 Vol II WCE 2010, June 30 - July 2, 2010, London, U.K.http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCE2010/WCE2010_pp1618-1623.pdf, wcp) Scientists all over the world are making predictions about the ill effects of Global warming AND , it would offset its expense through the sale of the desalinated water.

OTEC is the cleanest energy producer
Vega 02 Ph.D. (Luis A., "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Primer" Marine Technology Society Journal, 12/01/2002, Ingenta Connect.) OTEC offers one of the most benign power production technologies, since the handling of AND value is even lower in the case of a CC-OTEC plant.

Alternative methods of solving warming fail – OTEC is our last stand to reverse climate change
Baird '14 (Jim "The Existential Imperative: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion II", The energy collective, Jan 6^^th^^, 2014 http://theenergycollective.com/jim-baird/324161/existential-imperative-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-ii, wcp) The fourth IPCC assessment report projects that 40 to 70 percent of species could go AND and it is easier to move a light vapour than a heavy liquid.

And, CO2 emissions will destroy the ocean - causes extinction
Sydney: Scientists have sounded alarm bells about how growing concentrations of greenhouse gases are AND undergoing massive change and in some cases beginning to fail', he added.
 * Sify**, Citing Professors @ University of Queensland and North Carolina, **10** (Sify News, Citing Ove Hoegh-Gulberg, Professor @ University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute AND Citing John Bruno, Associate Professor of Marine Science @ UNC, "Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?," June 19th, http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html)

Extinction
In the Online Journal of Space Communication, Dr. Feng Hsu, a NASA AND too high for us to take any chances" (Hsu 2010 ).
 * Flournoy 11** — Don Flournoy, PhD, University of Texas, Project Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, Professor of Telecommunications, Scripps College of Communications, Ohio University, citing Feng Hsu, PhD in Engingeering Science, NASA scientist at Goddard Space Flight Center, former research fellow of Brookhaven National Laboratory in the fields of risk assessment, risk-based decision making, safety & reliability and mission assurances for nuclear power, space launch, energy infrastructure and other social and engineering systems (Dec. 2011, "Solar Power Satellites," January, Springer Briefs in Space Development, p. 10-1)

Even 1% of energy extraction solves
Krock et al. 03 (Hans Krock, PhD. professor emeritus in Ocean Engineering at the University of Hawai'i-Manoa and president of OCEES and CTO at DSH. Krock, H. J. Huang, J. C. Oney, S. K. "Revisit Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion System," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Volume 8, Issue 2, pp. 160. July 2, 2003. http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/390/art%253A10.1023%252FA%253A1026062531405.pdf?auth66=1403968593_bf29c4fe9b03d9a37a331290161b2cb4&ext=.pdf//ghs-kw) The ocean covers more than 70.8% of the surface of the earth AND able to transform the thermal energy into electrical power through a mechanical system.

USFG involvement spurs companies to reveal key design info
Vega 10—Ph.D., National Marine Renewable Energy Center at the University of Hawai'I (Luis A., 2010, Offshore Technology Conference, "Economics of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): An Update", http://hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/OTEC-Economics-2010.pdf, rmf) These estimates are applicable for equipment purchased in USA, Europe or Japan and with AND outlined in the Conclusions Section (e.g., see Table 7).

Climate change causes food insecurity
Expected effects on food production under the moderate scenarios for climate change outlined by the AND away from farmers, and rivers and aquifers everywhere will be drying up.
 * Cribb 10**
 * (Julian Cribb is a Fellow of the Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. He is former Director, National Awareness for CSIRO and Science Editor of The Australian newspaper. He was national foundation president of the Australian Science Communicators (ASC), president of the National Rural and Resources Press Club, a member of CSIRO advisory committees for agriculture, fisheries and entomology. He has served as a Director of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), the Crawford Fund, the Secretariat for International Landcare, CSIRO Publishing, the Australian Minerals and Energy Environment Foundation and the National Science and Technology Centre, Questacon. He was the creator of "Future Harvest" the global public awareness campaign for the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Cribb, Julian. "Coming Famine : The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It." Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press, 2010. 130. ebrary collections. Ghs-kw)**

OTEC solves global ag
(Robin Pelc is Fisheries Research Manager at Monterey Bay Aquarium. She possesses a PhD in Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology from the University of California, Santa Barbara. Pelc, R. Fujita, R.M. "Renewable Energy from the Ocean," Marine Policy, Volume 26, pgs. 471-479, July 6, 2002. Ghs-kw) It is possible to derive ancillary beneﬁts from both the warm and cold water cycled AND are effectively air conditioned by cold seawater pumped through OTEC pipes [8].
 * Pelc 02**

Extinction
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries AND , SARS or avian flu—breaks down, humanity will be in trouble
 * Brown 9** (Lester R, Founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute "Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?" Scientific American, May, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages)

=3=

Rare earth mineral shortage and imports decreasing now
Rare earth metals are the crucial ingredient in many of our tech products. From AND tablets and set top boxes obsolete, left to gather dust in warehouses.
 * Guardian 14**
 * (Sheibani, Askar. "Rare Earth Metals: tech manufacturers must think again, and so must users," The Guardian, March 26, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/rare-earth-metals-upgrade-recycle-ethical-china//ghs-kw)**

OTEC solves desalination—tech is ready
Desalination utilizing ocean thermal gradient is one of the spin off technologies of OTEC. AND desalination cycles and scale up the desalination for coastal areas of the mainland.
 * Jalihal 14**
 * (Dr. Purnima Jalihal, Scientist-G, Head-EFW Group National Institute of Ocean Technology Ministry of Earth Sciences (Govt. of India). Jalihal, P. "OTEC Experiences –Spin-offs & Road Ahead," Diplomacy and Foreign Affairs, 2014, http://diplomacyandforeignaffairs.com/otec-experiences-spin-offs-road-ahead//ghs-kw)**

Ocean desalination creates a sustainable supply chain for phosphorus and magnesium
Phosphorus and nitrogen are considered as nutrients which are needed for living organisms to metabolize AND water of other desalination methods can be analyzed under the same experimental conditions.
 * Fattah et al 13 – Fattah received his Ph.D degree in civil engineering (Environmental Discipline); Sina Shabani earned his B.Sc degree in civil engineering, American University of Sharjah, UAE. 2011.; Ahmed earned his M.Tech degree in civil engineering (Geotechnical)**
 * (Kazi P. Fattah, Sina Shabani, and Aqeel Ahmed, "Use of Desalinated Reject Water as a Source of Magnesium for Phosphorus Recovery," International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2013, http://www.ijcea.org/papers/286-I30007.pdf)//ac**

OTEC has resurfaced and has become economically feasible
Moore 06 – Writer at Ev World (Bill, "OTEC Resurfaces," April 12, http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm?storyid=1008)//AJ// //In the 1970s the concept of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion or OTEC was proven technically// //AND// //viable to look at this resource for power production and fresh water production."//

//**====Magnesium use and production will increase in the squo causing price volatility – the AFF is key to production, a stable price, and auto industry adoption====**// //**Urbance et al 2** – Randall J. Urbance, Frank Field, Randy Kirchain, Richard Roth, and Joel P. Clark are with the Material Systems Laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.// //("Market Model Simulation: The Impact of Increased Automotive Interest in Magnesium," August 2002 JOM, http://msl.mit.edu/publications/MktModelSimMg-UrbanceFRF-REK-RR-JPC.pdf)//ac In the 1970s, when the Western world experienced oil shortages that greatly increased the AND 2015 (from 5 kg today) were shown as likely results.

Volkswagen's beetle, produced more than 21 million times from 1938 until 2003, already AND and clearly offering better mileage on a large scale if made of magnesium.
 * ====Magnesium usage is key to lightweight cars – it causes a "down-sizing spiral" that significantly increases fuel-efficiency====**
 * Waldraff 11 – Dr. Andreas Waldraff has Ph.D. (Systems Dynamics of Supply Chains), Universität Stuttgart Honorary Professorship for Management, Universität Stuttgart; CEO of UBF.B Management Consultancy, a service company with a focus on automotive industry and Indo-German business**
 * (Andreas, "Magnesium gives better mileage," German Global Trade, 6/3/11, http://www.germanglobaltrade.de/downloads/green-cities-waldraff-better-mileage-2011-06-3.pdf)//ac**

Auto industry is fragile now
Car and truck sales in the U.S. surged in the years after AND the next [downturn] comes they are sitting with too much capacity."
 * White 7/1/14 – Staff Reporter for WSJ**
 * (Joseph, "Is U.S. Auto Sales Rebound Fading?," Wall Street Journal, 7/1/14, http://online.wsj.com/articles/forecasters-say-u-s-auto-sales-rebound-ripe-for-swoon-1404187295)//ac**

Fuel-efficiency is key – creates jobs and increases sales
The Obama administration today promulgated fuel-economy and carbon-pollution limits for 2017 AND , we must continue government support for fuel efficiency and for innovative vehicles.
 * Weiss and Weidman 12 – Daniel J. Weiss is a Senior Fellow and Director of Climate Strategy and Jackie Weidman is a Special Assistant with the Energy Team at the Center for American Progress.**
 * ("5 Ways the Obama Administration Revived the Auto Industry by Reducing Oil Use," Center for American Progress, August 27, 2012, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/report/2012/08/27/34054/5-ways-the-obama-administration-revived-the-auto-industry-by-reducing-oil-use/)//ac**

Auto industry collapse would devastate the economy and manufacturing sector – causes ripple effects through other industries
DETROIT (CNNMoney.com) — As Detroit's Big Three automakers fight for survival AND guys are being treated the way they've treated their suppliers," Mullen said.
 * Harrison 9 – Staff Reporter for CNN Money**
 * (Sheena, "The auto collapse's ripple effects," CNN Money, January 26, 2009, http://money.cnn.com/2009/01/23/smallbusiness/detroits_small_suppliers.smb/index.htm?postversion=2009012612)//ac**

Economic decline causes war
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
 * Royal 10** (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215)

=4=

Tech is ready but federal pilot is key
Conclusions and Recommendations The major conclusion reached in the earlier report continues to be applicable AND initiated as early as 15-years after the development program is implemented.
 * Vega 10**
 * (Luis Vega is currently the manager of the USDOE National Marine Renewable Energy Center at the University of Hawaii. He holds degrees in Applied Mathematics, Aerospace Engineering and Applied Ocean Sciences from the US Naval Academy, CALTECH and the University of California. His professional experience ranges from analytical studies to laboratory scale and model basin tests as well as at-sea tests of marine renewable energy equipment. He lead the team that designed and tested an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) experimental plant demonstrating 24/7 production of electricity and desalinated-water and obtaining operational data required for estimating realistic costs of production. He has also worked in electrification of remote villages in South Pacific Island Nations utilizing solar and wind resources and establishing a Rural Energy Service Company in the nation of Fiji. Vega, Luis A. PhD. "Economics of OTEC: An Update," presentation at the Offshore Technology Conference, May 2010. http://hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/OTEC-Economics-2010.pdf//ghs-kw)**

No commercialization absent the plan
Kibbee 13 (Steve Kibbee leads the development of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion technology at SBM Offshore. SBM is a major builder and operator of floating production systems for the offshore energy business. Dr. Kibbee holds degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Kansas and Texas A&M Universities, including graduate work in Renewable Energy during the 1970â€™s. During the 1990â€™s at Atlantia Offshore, he won Small Business Innovation Research funding and led the successful development and commercialization of the SeaStar Tension Leg Platform. The SeaStar TLP is a deepwater platform that enables economic production of smaller oil and gas fields - several of which are now operating in water depths up to 4300 ft. He was one of three partners during the 2001 sale of Atlantia to SBM. Prior to Atlantia, he worked at major oil companies developing offshore technology, managing construction projects, and supporting operations. Kibbee, S. "Ocean Thermal Conversion at SBM," Proceedings of the 18^^th^^ Offshore Symposium of the Texas Section of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Febryary 7, 2013, http://hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/OTEC-at-SBM.pdf//ghs-kw) During the late 1970's, OTEC was proven technically feasible and enjoyed industry and governmental AND year demonstration of successful operation and maintenance of a scalable OTEC Power Block.

Recent technological developments make OTEC feasible, efficient, and economically viable
Huang et al 3—U.S. Department of Energy (Joseph C., Hans J. Krock, Stephen K. Oney, "REVISIT OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM", rmf) Many renowned scientists and engineers all over the world have worked on OTEC technologies since AND have proven more sophisticated than those in the early development of the eighties.

NEG Off case/on case offense: Cap k Security k Eco-security k Anthro k Military CP RAS CP Russia CP China CP Space DA China aquaculture DA Ptix Ex-Im DA Biod turns T-its T-development T-exploration T-non military

2NRs Security k China SOI+case d RAS CP+biod/disease turns Ptix+case d