Affirmative+2017

=Title 1=

The Every Student Succeeds Act devolved education funding decisions entirely to the states. The result will be rapidly escalating inequality where more Title I funding goes to the wealthiest schools
-New ESSA Gave States Discretion over Funding -Did not Increase Federal Funding AND -income students require more resources than their peers—not less.28
 * Black, 17** - Professor of Law, University of South Carolina School of Law (Derek, “Abandoning the Federal Role in Education: The Every Student Succeeds Act”, 102 CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 105:101, SSRN)

ESSA weakened Title I’s comparability, maintenance of effort and supplement-not-supplant standards – that will magnify inequality
-ESEA Resources Comparable, but Language is Vague. -Teacher Salaries are AND block this eventuality through regulation but faced congressional rebuke for doing so.271
 * Black, 17** - Professor of Law, University of South Carolina School of Law (Derek, “Abandoning the Federal Role in Education: The Every Student Succeeds Act”, 102 CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 105:101, SSRN)//DH

That means Title I funding is __poorly targeted__ and benefits __wealthier__ populations
The ESSA, however, did almost nothing to ensure adequacy moving forward. First AND , with the wealthiest states receiving the largest per-pupil grants .290
 * Black, 17** - Professor of Law, University of South Carolina School of Law (Derek, “Abandoning the Federal Role in Education: The Every Student Succeeds Act”, 102 CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 105:101, SSRN)

Unequal funding denies __millions__ access to an excellent education
The U nited S tates continues to tolerate a longstanding educational opportunity gap. Today, it AND in low-income and high-income families also has widened. n7
 * Robinson, 15** - Professor, University of Richmond School of Law (Kimberly, “Disrupting Education Federalism” WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [VOL. 92:959, []

The consequences are devastating and fuel school-to-prison pipelines
Meanes, 16 – Partner @Thompson Coburn, LLP; President @ National Bar Association 2014-15. J.D., University of Iowa; M.A., Clark Atlanta University; B.A., Monmouth College (Pamela J., “SCHOOL INEQUALITY: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS: Allen Chair Issue 2016: SCHOOL DISCIPLINE POLICIES: EQUITY IN AMERICAN EDUCATION: THE INTERSECTION OF RACE, CLASS, AND EDUCATION,” University of Richmond Law Review, 3/16, Lexis, 50 U. Rich. L. Rev. 1075)//JLE III. Inequitable School Funding "We must recognize the full human equality of all AND  adults //who are an expense to society//, rather than becoming contributing taxpayers.

Reducing social inequality begins within k-12 schools---overwhelming evidence supports
Corydon Ireland 16 – journalist; this is based on interviews with Harvard professor of economics Roland Fryer, Harvard Graduate School of Education Dean James E. Ryan, Ronald Ferguson, adjunct lecturer in public policy at Harvard Kennedy School and faculty director of Harvard's Achievement Gap Initiative, Robert Putnam, the Peter and Isabel Malkin Professor of Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School, and Harvard economist Lawrence Katz (Corydon Ireland US News & World Report, 2-16-2016, https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-02-16/the-costs-of-inequality-education-is-the-key-to-it-all] Valiaveedu If inequality starts anywhere, many scholars agree, it's //with faulty education// . Conversely AND  educator Horace Mann's vision of public education as society's "balance-wheel."

Inequality creates widespread structural violence. Rigorous studies demonstrate it’s responsible for one-third of all deaths every year
Bezruchka, ‘14 — Senior Lecturer in Health Services and Global Health at the School of Public Health at the University of Washington, holds a Master of Public Health from Johns Hopkins University and an M.D. from Stanford University (“Inequality Kills,” Divided: The Perils of Our Growing Inequality, Edited by David Cay Johnston, p.194-195) Everyone in a society gains when children grow up to be healthy adults. The AND //simply produces a lethally large social and economic gap between rich and poor.//

Deaths from structural violence are greater every year than from wars – changing laws that facilitate inequality is vital
There are many different kinds of violence. Some are obvious: punches, attacks AND . And it is wrong //because we have the means to fix it//.
 * Ansell, 17** - David A. Ansell, Senior Vice President, Associate Provost for Community Health Equity, and Michael E. Kelly Professor of Medicine at Rush University Medical Center (__The Death Gap: How Inequality Kills__, p. 7-10)

Structural violence is __skyrocketing__ as inequality deepens – policy change focused on __concentrated poverty__ is the key to reversing it
The Chicago Transit Authority Blue Line train has a stop just in front of my AND to expose the conditions that curtail life and hasten death in our midst.
 * Ansell, 17** - David A. Ansell, Senior Vice President, Associate Provost for Community Health Equity, and Michael E. Kelly Professor of Medicine at Rush University Medical Center (__The Death Gap: How Inequality Kills__, p. 194-198)

Plan
====The United States federal government should substantially increase its funding of elementary and secondary education in the United States through Title I, Part A, of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and create a replacement formula for distribution of funding that targets concentrated poverty, rewards progressive state funding, and rewards state fiscal effort.====

Contention 2 is Solvency
====The plan ramps up Title I funding to 45 billion a year – anything short can’t account for the __scale__ of __concentrated poverty__. Linking this to progressive state funding and fiscal effort provides 40% extra resources for low-income students.==== Congress can then realign the Elementary and Secondary Education Act with its historic mission of AND Graduate School of Education. The data are on file with the author.
 * Black, 17** - Professor of Law, University of South Carolina School of Law (Derek, “Abandoning the Federal Role in Education: The Every Student Succeeds Act”, 102 CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 105:101, SSRN)

Funding is the major determinant of adequate outcomes – criticisms don’t account for the plan’s __targeting__
Third, the ESSA’s willingness to largely ignore input equality and adequacy assumes that inputs AND //the gap in outcomes// between low- and middle-income students. 299
 * Black, 17** - Professor of Law, University of South Carolina School of Law (Derek, “Abandoning the Federal Role in Education: The Every Student Succeeds Act”, 102 CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 105:101, SSRN)//DH

The cycle of genocide begins with refusal of social support for those in need—recognizing and combating structural violence is the only ethical response
Scheper-Hughes 7—professor of Anthropology and director of the program in Medical Anthropology at the University of California at Berkeley (Nancy, __The Shadow Side of Fieldwork Exploring the Blurred Borders between Ethnography and Life__ “Chapter 7, The Gray Zone: Small Wars, Peacetime Crimes, and Invisible Genocides,” 8/13/07, http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/2701/1/McLean&Leibing%20-%20The%20Shadow%20Side%20of%20Fieldwork%20Exploring%20the%20Blurred%20Borders%20between%20Ethnography%20and%20Life.pdf)//JLE Peacetime crimes are so deeply inscribed in our ordinary, unexamined lifeways that no one AND ) view of late modern history as a chronic “state of emergency.”

==== Reject big-stick impacts which push minority bodies to the back of the triage- give a new sense of urgency to these bodies as a radical critique of the waiting politics of the negative which serve to make suffering infinite by continually delaying the aff ==== Elizabeth Olson 2015 (Associate Professor of Geography and Global Studies at UNC-Chapel Hill, Geography and ethics I: Waiting and urgency, Progress in Human Geography, DOI: 10.1177/0309132515595758) 6/26/17 Though toileting might be thought of as a special case of bodily urgency, geographic AND __as fertile ground for radical critique, a truly fierce urgency for now.__

A __confluence of factors__ makes great power war __obsolete__ – __nuclear deterrence__, __interdependence__, __democracy__ and __international norms__ – assign __minimal risk__ to neg impacts
Fettweis 17 (Christopher J, *Associate Professor of Political Science at Tulane University, Ph.D. from the University of Maryland, College Park, “Unipolarity, Hegemony, and the New Peace,” Security Studies 26:3, 423-451)//cmr Competing Explanations The publication of Pinker’s The Better Angels of Our Nature in 2011 brought AND order it created, is the subject of the rest of this paper.

Probability outweighs magnitude---large but low probability impacts insert us into counter-effective apocalyptic rhetoric
Boisvert 15- [Will, journalist for The Breakthrough, writes on energy, environmental, and urban policy for The New York Observer, Dissent, and other publications, “Fear and Time: Risk Culture and the Broken Doomsday Clock” web 7.8.2017, https://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/journal/past-issues/issue-5/fear-and-time] Fall 2015//ad But there are problems with apocalyptic dread as a framework for dealing with the issues AND __something very different: //to embrace the risks that are most worth taking//.__

Federal action is key – local resistance undermines state-level funding. Claims the states can act underestimate the __scale__ of necessary change and ignore the regressivity of state taxation
Kleven 10 —Professor of Law, Thurgood Marshall School of Law (Thomas, “Federalizing Public Education,” Villanova Law Review, 9/4/10, Lexis, 55 Vill. L. Rev. 369)//JLE Some aspects of today’s unequal education could be addressed on the state level. If AND //as with the federal promotion of equal educational opportunity// in other respects today.

====A federal __statutory duty__ to increase Title I funding is the only __sustainable__ way to guarantee funding over time. The __federal signal__ is vital to overcoming __shifting state and local political coalitions__ that will undermine funding over time==== The next challenge for the U nited S tates federal government is to commit funds where fiscal AND public schools in the United States may at last be countered and corrected.
 * Hinson, 15** – lawyer; JD at the University of Michigan; former researcher for the Southern Poverty Law Center (Elizabeth, “Mainstreaming Equality in Federal Budgeting: Addressing Educational Inequities With Regard to the States” v20 issue 2, [] **italics in original**

__Overwhelming historical evidence__ proves the federal government is the __only__ entity capable of overcoming local resistance to equitable funding
By enacting federal legislation and initiatives that embrace each of the elements discussed above, AND establish a much closer and more effective marriage between federal influence and responsibility.
 * Robinson, 15** - Professor, University of Richmond School of Law (Kimberly, “Disrupting Education Federalism” WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [VOL. 92:959, []

**__ Vaccines 2 __**

**__ 1 Disease __**


 * Contention 1 is Disease: **


 * Vaccine preventable diseases are on the rise – without action, a profusion of children will die. **


 * Vitolo-Haddad 15** --- is the Director of Debate at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a doctoral student in the Communication Arts department, MA in communication from Wake Forest in 2016, BS in Molecular Biology in 2014, University of Central Florida,. (CV, “KAIROTIC ECLIPSES IN VACCINE LEGISLATION: HOW OVERLAPPING SPHERES OF DISCOURSE CREATE IDEAL PUBLIC POLICY CLIMATES,” December 2015, [|https://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/bitstream/handle/10339/57425/Vitolo_wfu_0248M_10824.pdf)//ernst]

Since the introduction of the smallpox vaccine in the seventeenth century, vaccination has maintained

AND

__vaccine preventable illness are often diagnosed as general infections and treated with antibiotics.__


 * Mandatory Vaccinations Needed Now: **


 * First, Scientists and studies prove --- there’s no negative effects **

ERWIN **CHEMERISKY** AND MICHELE **GOODWIN** 4/19/**2016** --- Erwin Chemerinsky is the founding Dean and Distinguished Professor of Law, and Raymond Pryke Professor of First Amendment Law, at University of California, Irvine School of Law, with a joint appointment in Political Science. Harvard Law School, J.D. Northwestern University, B.S Prior to assuming this position in 2008, he was the Alston and Bird Professor of Law and Political Science at Duke University from 2004-2008, and before that was a professor at the University of Southern California Law School from 1983-2004, including as the Sydney M. Irmas Professor of Public Interest Law, Legal Ethics, and Political Science. He also has taught at DePaul College of Law and UCLA Law School. Michele Goodwin is the Everett Fraser Professor in Law at the University of Minnesota. She holds joint appointments at the University of Minnesota Medical School and the University of Minnesota School of Public Health. (“COMPULSORY VACCINATION LAWS ARE CONSTITUTIONAL”, Erwin Chemerisky and Michele Goodwin, April 19, 2016, Proquest 599-614)//chiragjain

II. COMPULSORY VACCINATION LAWS ARE ESSENTIAL **__Many studies demonstrate the enormous value of vaccinations__**


 * __AND__**

__, is vaccinated unless there is a medical reason not to do so.__


 * Second, the amount of parents refusing to vaccinate their children is rising – triggers reintroduction of vaccine-curable diseases **


 * Horton 16 -- **Dr. Kathryn J. Horton is a senior internal medicine resident at the University of Washington in Seattle and is currently working in the ABC News Medical Unit. Dr. Shailja Mehta, a resident in the ABC News Medical Unit, also contributed to this report. [8/29/16, //Why Parents Aren't Vaccinating Their Kids, According to New Study//, [] ] MP

The belief that vaccines cause autism -- which has been debunked by the U.

AND

preventable disease is fair. They deserve a safe school and work environment."


 * Disease kills kids – aff solves squo barriers **


 * Belisle 15 -- **director of Child Health Quality Improvement at Maine Quality Counts, a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the quality of healthcare. She also serves on the board of the Maine Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics and was recognized as the Maine CDC Childhood Immunization Champion in 2014 [Amy, Children continue to die from vaccine-preventable diseases. We can stop that, [] ] MP

-Information Barrier

As a pediatrician, __I have been profoundly affected by watching__

__AND__

__2010. The only barrier is misinformation and the fear that it breeds.__


 * Causes mass illness, death, and suffering, disproportionately impacting the most vulnerable---defense doesn’t apply **

Arturo ** Casadevall 12 **, M.D., Ph.D. in Biochemistry from New York University, Leo and Julia Forchheimer Professor and Chair of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, former editor of the ASM journal Infection and Immunity, “The future of biological warfare,” Microbial Biotechnology Volume 5, Issue 5, pages 584–587, September 2012, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00340.x/full

In considering the importance of biological warfare as a subject for concern __it is worthwhile__

__AND__

some of these species acquired the capacity for pathogenicity as a consequence of natural


 * Flu vaccines are uniquely key for Native Americans and Alaskan Natives **


 * CDC 15** --- center for disease control (11/23/15, “American Indians, Alaska Natives, and the Flu,” [|https://www.cdc.gov/features/aianflu/)//ernst]


 * __Vaccination against the flu is especially important for American Indians and Alaska Natives, who__**


 * __AND__**

Keep your community and Indian Country healthy by getting vaccinated against the flu.


 * Disease disproportionately affects people of color due to antivaxxers – Somali measles crisis in Minnesota proves **


 * Sun 17 -- **Columbia University - Graduate School of Journalism [Anti-vaccine activists spark a state’s worst measles outbreak in decades, [], May 5, 2017] MP

__The young mother started getting advice early on from friends in the close-__

__AND__

__Another adult patient was hospitalized and on a breathing machine for three weeks.__

**__ 2 Poverty __**


 * Contention 2 is Poverty **


 * Lack of immunization and poverty is tautological –providing mass vaccinations is key to break the cycle and pull out of human poverty **


 * Fairbank et al. 6** --- an applied research economist, budget/cost analyst and policy advisor concerning the financing of the delivering of medical and health services in diverse settings and conditions, written for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Alan, “Poverty Reduction and Immunizations,” March 15, 2006, http://www.path.org/files/PovertyReductionImmunizations-Abt.pdf)//ernst


 * HIPC = Heavily Indebted Poor Countries

__Immunizations can be a key and cost__

__AND__

__resources to immunizing their children, particularly the children in the poorest households.__


 * Absent the aff, outbreaks are inevitable- causes economic chaos for impoverished families who can’t afford to miss work to care for sick children **


 * Offit 17 -- **Paul A. Offit is a professor of pediatrics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and the author of Deadly Choices: How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All (Basic Books, 2011). [6/24/17; //What Makes Trumpcare So Dangerous for Kids,// [] ] MP

__Let’s presume that Congress eventually enacts the dramatic cuts in funding proposed by the Senate’s__

__AND__


 * __viruses and bacteria that routinely disabled, hospitalized, and killed our children.__**


 * Vaccinations reap huge social benefits in school children – save trillions of dollars in consumer spending, meaning families have to spend less to stay healthier **


 * Philipson et al. 17 **Tomas J. Philipson, PhD; Julia Thornton Snider, PhD; Ayman Chit, PhD; Sarah Green, BA; Philip Hosbach, BA; Taylor Tinkham Schwartz, MPH; Yanyu Wu, PhD; and Wade M. Aubry, MD, January 2017, “The Social Value of Childhood Vaccination in

the United States”, [] //DJ

__The innovation of childhood vaccines has resulted in a decline in infectious disease, as__

__AND__

__for society, and how that value is distributed across patients and manufacturers.__


 * Disease destroy the quality of life **


 * Hotez 10** (Peter J. Hotez, scientist, pediatrician, and leading advocate and expert in the fields of global health, vaccinology, and neglected tropical disease control. He serves as founding dean of the Baylor College of Medicine National School of Tropical Medicine, chief of the new Section of Tropical Medicine in the BCM Department of Pediatrics and holds the Texas Children’s Hospital Endowed Chair in Tropical Pediatrics. He is also President of the Sabin Vaccine Institute, headquartered in Washington, DC; and leads the Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development. Recently, he was named the Fellow in Disease and Poverty at Baker Institute for Public Policy at the Rice University, [], “Nuclear Weapons and Neglected Disease: The ‘Ten-Thousand-to-One Gap’”, April 27 2010)

Despite this massive expenditure, __each of the 11 nuclear__ weapons __states__, with the

AND

the helminth infections, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, and trachoma.


 * Aff key – otherwise impoverished children slip through the cracks**


 * Murphy 16** - -- covers K-12 education in the Rochester area, encompassing public, private and parochial schools. He’s worked at the Democrat and Chronicle since 2012 and before that was a reporter for The Citizen in Auburn. attended the University of Chicago and the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications at Syracuse University. (Justin, 11/25/16, “Study: Poor children most likely to lack vaccinations,” http://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2016/11/25/ny-vaccinations-schools-poverty/94068954/)//ernst

While it is common to hear of parents who refuse to vaccinate their children for

AND

conducted by researchers Jessica Nadeau, Louise-Anne McNutt and Jana Shaw.

**__ Plan Text __**


 * Plan: The United States federal government should regulate elementary and secondary education by implementing a law that requires mandatory vaccination programs for elementary and secondary schools according to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices schedule with stringent exemption standards. **

**__ 3 Solvency __**


 * Contention 3 is Solvency: **


 * Federal government is key and solves – the federal government creates uniform standards, provides adequate incentive to follow the policy, and has expertise and financial and scientific resources **


 * Tohanczyn 16 **** --- Katherine is an associate in the Starfield Smith’s Fort Washington office. She concentrates her practice on commercial financing, real estate and corporate law with a focus on commercial lending and government guaranteed lending. (“ Katherine D., “WHO SHOULD CALL THE SHOTS? PROPOSING FEDERAL OVERSIGHT OF MANDATORY CHILDHOOD VACCINATIONS,” winter edition of the Philadelphia Lawyer 2016, http://www.philadelphiabar.org/WebObjects/PBAReadOnly.woa/Contents/WebServerResources/CMSResources/ginsburgessay15.pdf)//ernst **

IV. SUGGESTIONS FOR CHANGE: __ WHY FEDERAL OVERSIGHT IS THE UPSHOT __ In order to

AND

this majority approach and also not allow a philosophical exemption under a federal program


 * Federal vaccine policy is uniquely important NOW --- state’s can’t provide for it **

KATIE **KIM** AND LISA **CAPITANNI** **6/21/17** --- NBC Chicago Reporter for Budget Policy (“Thousands of Kids At Risk of Not Getting Vaccines”, Katie Kim and Lisa Capitanni, June 21, 2017, http://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/Doctors-Say-State-Budget-Crisis-Could-Cause-Preventable-Health-Issues-429815003.html)//chiragjain


 * __Thousands of children in Illinois are at risk of not getting their immunizations this year__**


 * __AND__**

try to negotiate a state budget before the June 30 fiscal year deadline.


 * Vaccination can saves millions of children’s lives every year – legislative action key **


 * Vitolo-Haddad 15 **CV Vitolo is the Director of Debate at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a doctoral student in the Communication Arts department, December 2015, “KAIROTIC ECLIPSES IN VACCINE LEGISLATION: HOW OVERLAPPING SPHERES OF DISCOURSE CREATE IDEAL PUBLIC POLICY CLIMATES”, [] //DJ

If these cases seem isolated, consider this: in the year Callie Van Tornhout

AND

__list of mandatory childhood vaccines and eliminating so-called “philosophical exemptions.”__


 * School sites with federal intervention in particular are key – empirically proven **


 * Lindley et al 7 -- **a National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; bSan Francisco Unified School District, San Francisco, California; c Section of Adolescent Medicine and Sports Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; dSchool of Nursing, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri; e Michigan Department of Community Health, Lansing, Michigan; f American School Health Association, Kent, Ohio [Megan C. Lindley, MPHa, Lynda Boyer-Chu, BSN, MPHb, Daniel B. Fishbein, MDa, Maureen Kolasa, RN, MPHa, Amy B. Middleman, MD, MPH, MSEdc, Thad Wilson, APRN, PhDd, JoEllen Wolicki, RN, BSNe, Susan Wooley, PhD, CHESf , for the Working Group on the Role of Schools in Delivery of Adolescent Vaccinations, August 22, 2007, The Role of Schools in Strengthening Delivery of New Adolescent Vaccinations] MP

__Vaccination in schools was first widely used when the polio vaccine was introduced in 1955__

__AND__

__limited, because many of the diseases they prevent have long incubation periods.__


 * The aff is key now **


 * Hoyer and Reilly 15– **database team; investigative reporter and data specialist [Megan Hoyer and Steve Reilly; [], Low vaccination rates at schools put students at risk] MP

__Vaccination data__ obtained by USA TODA __Y shows that nearly 1 in 7 schools is below__

__AND__


 * __they don't exist, I consider it a basic failure of public health."__**


 * Doctors won’t fake medical exemptions – after Bob Sears, no one will risk their medical license – enforcement will crack down **


 * Gelfand 16** --- writes on science, culture, and politics for City Watch (Bob, 9/12/16, “A Potentially Devastating Blow to the Anti-Vaccination Movement,” http://www.citywatchla.com/index.php/the-la-beat/11780-a-potentially-devastating-blow-to-the-anti-vaccination-movement)//ernst

GELFAND’S WORLD--In a recent column (see the subsection titled Another dog that

AND

__exemption mill in the way that the medical marijuana mills have been run.__


 * Reject big-stick impacts which push suffering bodies to the back of the triage- give a new sense of urgency to these bodies as a radical critique of the waiting politics of the negative which serve to make suffering infinite by continually delaying the aff **

Elizabeth ** Olson 2015 ** (Associate Professor of Geography and Global Studies at UNC-Chapel Hill, Geography and ethics I: Waiting and urgency, Progress in Human Geography, DOI: 10.1177/0309132515595758) 6/26/17

Though toileting might be thought of as a special case of bodily urgency, geographic

AND

__as fertile ground for radical critique, a truly fierce urgency for now.__


 * Disregard appeals to specific scenarios – the conjunction fallacy means each chain of their disad renders itself less probable. **


 * Yudkowsky ‘8 ** (Eliezer; 7/8/8; Cofounder of Machine Intelligence Research Institute, research fellow at MIRI, citing several psychological studies; Machine Intelligence Research Institute, “Cognitive Biases Potentially Affecting Judgment of Global Risks,” https://intelligence.org/files/CognitiveBiases.pdf, p. 7-8)

__The **conjunction fallacy**__ similarly __applies to futurological forecasts. Two independent__ sets of professional __analysts__

AND

a futurist, __disjunctions make__ for __an awkward__ and unpoetic- __sounding prophecy__.


 * Their nuclear rhetoric is problematic – causes a numbing effect and ignores history **


 * Kato 93** --- Department of Political Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii (Masahide, SUMMER 1993, “Nuclear Globalismi Traversing Rockets, Satellites, and Nuclear War via the Strategic Gaze,” http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/stable/pdf/40644779.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Aecac2a1fca1ab63034b41905e02c43ab)//ernst

The Configuration of Extinction __Nuclear criticism finds the likelihood of "extinction" as the__

__AND__

the core of the ideology of globalism cum technosubjectivity manifested in nuclear criticism.