Caro+&+Nadia

=1AC OSW=

Warming is anthropogenic – the most comprehensive data-sets are conclusive
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public AND 1% based on abstract ratings)__ endorses the scientific consensus on AGW __.
 * Green 13 ** – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy**Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis***Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al., (“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)//BB

Even if some warming is inevitable, keeping it below 4 degrees avoids the worst impacts
(Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)//BB The 4°C scenarios are devastating : the inundation of coastal cities; increasing AND in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.
 * Kim 12 ** – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank

Catastrophic warming risks extinction
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)//BB The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND __ adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes __.
 * Mazo 10 ** – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA

Plan solves – US offshore wind development curbs carbon emissions
Unfortunately, __ as __ the economic and health costs from fossil fuel __ emissions have grown so __ AND and Block Island in Rhode Island would likewise be shallow-water installations.
 * Thaler 12 **- Professor of Energy Policy, Law & Ethics(Jeff, “FIDDLING AS THE WORLD BURNS: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE URGENTLY REQUIRES A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERMITTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS,” 42 Environmental Law Journal 1101)//BB

Offshore wind is comparatively the cleanest and most productive renewable energy
__ The ocean wind resource in United States marine waters is estimated to be as large __ __ AND __ American people, __ is unused and wasted as a tool to power our communities __
 * Jensen 13 ** – partner in the Washington, DC office of Holland & Hart LLP (Thomas, et al, “From the 35th Public Land Law Conference: Balancing Act and Paradigm Shift: The Role of Public Lands in America's Energy Future: Oceans: Are Ocean Wind Turbines like Homesteads and Gold Mines and Railroads? A Public Lands Policy Question for the Climate Change Era,” 34 Pub. Land & Resources L. Rev. 93)//BB

Full-scale offshore wind would enough electricity for the entire country
“__ The East Coast is the Saudi Arabia of offshore wind, because there is __ __ coasts in particular are windy spots with water depths that make development feasible __.
 * Levitan 13 **- writes about energy, the environment, and health. His articles have been published by Scientific American, Discover, IEEE Spectrum, Grist, and others. In previous articles for Yale Environment 360, he has written about vehicle-to-grid technology for electric cars and cities' efforts to recycle food scraps and organic waste, (Dave, “Will Offshore Wind Finally Take Off on U.S. East Coast?,” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/will_offshore_wind_finally_take_off_on_us_east_coast/2693/)//BB
 * __ AND __**

Electricity-emissions reductions sufficiently solve global warming
(H. Hizam,M.Z.A. Ab Kadir,I. Aris,S.D. BubaElectrical & Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, “Mitigating the anthropogenic global warming in the electric power industry,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16.5)//BB 5. Power industry's share of CO2 emissions To identify the most productive mitigation strategies AND of these possible mitigation techniques is discussed in turn in the following subsections.
 * Akorede 12 **- .F., Ph.D degree in Electrical Power Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia

Fast growth promotes US leadership and solves great power war
Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to AND , hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.
 * Khalilzad 11 **– PhD, Former Professor of Political Science @ Columbia, Former ambassador to Iraq and Afghanistan, (Zalmay Khalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. "The Economy and National Security" Feb 8 http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad)//BB

Slow growth leads to hegemonic wars – relative gap is key
Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments focus explicitly on the consequences for AND __ provides grounds for concern about the period prior to the possible crossover __. 19
 * Goldstein 7 ** [Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania, (Avery Goldstein, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30 , Issue 4 & 5 August, EBSCO)

States will inevitably compete for relative status – only primacy can prevent conflict
Second, I question the dominant view that status quo evaluations are relatively independent AND __ ways that directly contradict their material interest in security and/or prosperity. __
 * Wohlforth 9 **- Professor of government at Dartmouth (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War” World Politics, 61:1, January, Project Muse)

There are hundreds of causes of conflict – hegemony deters and controls escalation by internalizing costs
If __ major interstate war is __ predominantly __ a product of __ a synergy between __ a __ potential nondemocratic __ AND __ in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased?
 * Moore 4 ** - Dir. Center for Security Law and Professor of Law @ University of Virginia, Editor of the American Journal of International Law (John Norton, “Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace,” pg. 41-43)

The plan solves – Offshore wind promotes fast US growth
Economic opportunities __ Wind power is a job-creation __**__ engine __**. According to the American AND __ could provide installation capacity for a number of projects on the East Coast __.
 * N’dolo 10 **– associate principal @ Camoin Associates(Michael and Bruce Bailey, “Offshore development can yield economic benefits,” North American Wind Power, Fall 2010)//BB

Even limited energy production leads to quick growth
The Turning Point for Atlantic Offshore Wind Energy includes details on the key milestones each AND efforts to secure buyers for this new source of reliable, clean energy.
 * Sargent 12 ** (Rob Sargent, U.S. Poised to Join the Race on Offshore Wind: Lawmakers Must Commit to More Pollution-Free Energy”, http://www.environmentamerica.org/news/ame/us-poised-join-race-offshore-wind)//BB

The plan creates jobs and diversifies fuel sources
Many of the most compelling benefits of offshore wind are similar to those of AND __ offshore," wind power could create 250,000 jobs __ by 2030.61
 * __ Schroeder 10 __** – J.D @ Berkeley, M.E.M., Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (Erica, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” California Law Review, 98.5)//BB

A long-term investment tax credit __catapults__ the offshore wind industry – transitions the US to a green economy
Sopko 13 – JD, former legislative council @ House of Reps (Nancy, “Offshore Wind Needs a Boost from Congress,” http://oceana.org/en/blog/2013/11/offshore-wind-needs-a-boost-from-congress-0)//BB Like so many of us, Oceana has seen the damage that the drilling for AND , the harder it will be to correct the damage we have done.

99.7% of studies prove ITC increases net price value of offshore wind projects
Wyman, 2013, graduate student at the University of Texas (Constance, “Why The ITC Matters for Offshore Wind”, NA Wind Power, Volume 10, Number 6, http://www.nawindpower.com/issues/NAW1307/FEAT_03_Why_The_ITC_Matters_For_Offshore_Wind.html) Over the last few years, there has been much discussion about the role of AND Simply put, the ITC is of greater value to the offshore wind industry

Only a federal __mandate__ can guarantee the expansion of wind energy
Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) However, the Oceans Act and Ocean Management Plan, though promising, have come AND itself and the benefits of offshore wind in state and local decision making.

Reforming the permitting process is key
Kimmel *, and Stalenhoef**, 10-10- 2011 – *Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection** Counsel for the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities [*Kenneth, *Dawn, “The Cape Wind Offshore Wind Energy Project: A Case Study of the Difficult Transition to Renewable Energy”, Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal, Volume 5 Issue 1, http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=gguelj] The Cape Wind saga reveals that the current permitting process for ¶ offshore wind energy AND //reform ¶ and provides models for the types of reform that are needed.//

Economic incentives ensures upgrades
Sargent 12 (Rob Sargent, U.S. Poised to Join the Race on Offshore Wind: Lawmakers Must Commit to More Pollution-Free Energy”, http://www.environmentamerica.org/news/ame/us-poised-join-race-offshore-wind)//BB The Turning Point for Atlantic Offshore Wind Energy includes details on the key milestones each AND efforts to secure buyers for this new source of reliable, clean energy.

Long-term incentives ensure that the supply chain follows on – fed support key
Galluci 11 - Staff Reporter at InsideClimate News Honduras Contributor at Fodor's, Co-Editor & Reporter at The News, Newsroom Intern at Associated Press, Newsroom Intern at Columbus Business (Maria, “Never-Used Tax Credit Could Jumpstart US Offshore Wind Energy—if Renewed,” http://truth-out.org/news/item/4778:neverused-tax-credit-could-jumpstart-us-offshore-wind-energy%E2%80%94if-renewed) Matt Kaplan, a North American wind analyst at IHS Emerging Energy Research , said //AND// way toward helping this industry develop in the United States," Grybowski said.

=NEG= 1NC vs. OTEC - Cap K, Ex-Im PTX, Navy CP, OTEC turn, and Case 2NR - Ex-Im PTX and Case

1NC vs. LNG - Consumption K, T-its, China DA on case, Heg turn, and Case 2NR - Consumption K

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