Mary+and+Blake+**hybrid

Fisheries are on the brink of collapse
EarthTalk 14 (“EarthTalk: World's fisheries in crisis”, April 27th, []) //J.N.E Dear EarthTalk: I understand that many of the world’s fisheries are on the brink AND contacting our lawmakers to make sure they support responsible policies,” says NRDC.

Conventional fishing practices are the main internal link
Levitt 13 – environment correspondent for CNN (Tom, “Overfished and under-protected: Oceans on the brink of catastrophic collapse”, March 27, []) //J.N.E The world's oceans are facing a bleak future, say marine scientists, unless we  AND the difficult times ahead. Without such action, our future is bleak."

Overfishing will destroy the ocean in the short term
Oceana 7 - adapted from a briefing given on May 24, 2007 at the World Trade Organization by Andrew Sharpless, Chief Executive Officer of Oceana and Dr. Rashid Sumaila, Director of the Fisheries Economics Research Unit at the University of British Columbia Fisheries Centre (“STATE OF THE WORLD’S FISHERIES”, []) //J.N.E What Will Be the Future of the Oceans? The oceans contain a vast diversity AND , the stability of marine ecosystems, and water quality all decrease exponentially.

Specifically, it destroys regional diversities – interdependence
Science Daily 14 – leading publishers of science news – citing Flordia State University research (“Snowball effect of overfishing highlighted”, Jan 7th, []) //J.N.E Florida State University researchers have spearheaded a major review of fisheries research that examines the AND of Maine, the Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale in France.

Continued loss of biodiversity causes extinction
Bamosky et. al 11 - Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, University of California Museum of Paleontology, California, USA. University of California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, California, USA. Human Evolution Research Center, California, USA, (Anthony D. Barnosky, Nicholas Matzke, Susumu Tomiya, Guinevere O. U. Wogan, Brian Swartz, Tiago B. Quental, Charles Marshall, Jenny L. McGuire, Emily L. Lindsey, Kaitlin C. Maguire, Ben Mersey & Elizabeth A. Ferrer, “Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?”, Nature Journal, Volume 471, Peer Reviewed) //J.N.E Palaeontologists characterize mass extinctions as times when the Earth loses more than three-quarters AND the urgency of relieving the pressures that are pushing today’s species towards extinction.

The plan creates a sustainable model that trades off with wild fish stock
Smith 12 – J.D. Harvard Law School, 2012 (4/19/2012, Turner, “Greening the Blue Revolution: How History Can Inform a Sustainable Aquaculture Movement,” [], JMP) ¶ II. WHY REGULATE NOW? ¶ Prompt regulation of offshore aquaculture is needed for AND aquaculture industry afloat, it must focus on revising its current regulatory regime.

Overfishing destroys global food production – aquaculture solves

 * Strasser 14** --- Senior Editor of ThinkProgress (4/21/2014, Annie-Rose, “The New, Innovative And More Efficient Way Of Feeding People,” [], JMP)

Don Kent, President of the Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, was standing in the seafood aisle of a Whole Foods in the affluent San Diego neighborhood of La Jolla recently when he took out his phone and snapped a photo of a fresh-looking branzino. “Branzino is European sea bass,” Kent explained. “It’s grown in the Mediterranean. And it’s flown 6,900 miles from Greece to here and then it’s put on ice in La Jolla.” Kent, whose organization studies the intersection of nature and human activity and offers solutions on how the two can co-exist, is one of the people who believes there’s a different way to approach how we get our protein here in the //U// nited //S// tates. He insists that there’s a new, innovative, and more efficient method of feeding people — not just in La Jolla, but all over the world. Aquaculture. Or, as it’s known to most people, fish farming. “We spend 130 million dollars a year on air freight for the 300,000 metric tons of salmon that get flown into the U.S. from Chile. Think of the carbon footprint associated with that,” he says. “There’s absolutely no reason why that brazino shouldn’t be a white sea bass grown three miles off the coast. And then imagine the carbon footprint that’s saved in doing that.” What, exactly, is aquaculture? The basic idea is that you’re farming aquatic life. The specifics, however, vary quite a bit. In the case of fish, eggs are fostered into small fish at a hatchery, raised for food, and farmed whenever they’re needed. The fish can be raised in tanks or in net pens, in fresh water, off the coast, or out in the open ocean. And fish are just one kind of aquaculture; a similar process is utilized to farm shellfish — like mussels or oysters — and for seaweeds. Aquaculture right now is in an age of innovation. The advent of indoor tank farming is one promising way fish farming could grow. Another would be going out into the open ocean and dropping fish in large, globe-shaped aquapods down below the surface. “Open-ocean aquaculture is one of the emerging frontiers,” says Michael Rubino, Director of the Aquaculture Office at the //N// ational //O// ceanic and //A// tmospheric //A// dministration. “There’s not much of it yet but we have crowded coastlines, we have coastlines that have a lot of new trees and they’re shallow, or they’re multiple uses, so some people think that going further offshore, you avoid those multiple use conflicts and get a more stable environment.” Attempts to take aquaculture offshore include building farms off of decommissioned oil rigs. Farmers also hope it can help them to farm in rougher waters where weather events like hurricanes might get in the way. Some aquaculture groups even hope that there is a way to fuse offshore farms with renewable energy projects. Spend just a few minutes reading news about agriculture and climate change these days, and you’ll understand what’s driving people to consider scaling up aquaculture : The latest report from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change tells us //we’re headed toward a “breakdown of food systems linked to warming, drought, flooding, and precipitation variability and extremes.”// Studies come out every week, practically, that say drought threatens our supply of key grains like wheat, corn, and rice. The warming globe is even slowing down cows’ production of milk. And not only is our food on the fritz, but it’s causing a lot of the problems that seem to be leading to its own demise. Cows, a growing source of protein here in the United States, are major emitters of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Meat production is also a serious drain on other resources: A quarter pound of hamburger meat uses up 6.7 pounds of grains and 52.8 gallons of water. We’re paying a high price to get our protein, and all the while our population is growing at a breakneck speed. There are a lot of hungry mouths to feed. The United Nations has urged “a substantial worldwide diet change, away from animal products” altogether. But aquaculture might be a good stepping stone. “Overall, if we’re going to if we’re going to adequately nourish the increasing number of billions of people on this planet continue to consume the amount of seafood we consume — or put more apocalyptically, //if we’re going to adequately nourish the increasing number of billions of people on this planet// ,” Michael Conathan, Director of Ocean Policy at the Center for American Progress, told ThinkProgress, //“more and more protein is going to have to come from aquaculture.”// Experts say there are myriad reasons why the world can and should shift toward getting more of its sustenance from aquaculture. For one thing, it can be much more efficient than the status quo. “The thing about aquaculture is that from a resource efficiency perspective it’s one of //the most resource-efficient ways to produce protein// in terms of the amount of food and the amount of space it takes,” says NOAA’s Rubino. “Far more than land animals. You’re not using fresh water [to grow crops to feed land animals], and the feed conversion of fish is roughly one to one — one pound of food for one pound of flesh — as opposed to pork or beef where it’s seven or //ten to one// … So //from an environmental footprint perspective, it’s very efficient//. You can also grow a lot of fish in a very small space. They don’t need a lot of space whether it’s a pond or a tank, as opposed to grazing land or all the corn or soybeans that it takes to feed animals.” As it stands now, 40 percent of the non-water surface of earth is used for agriculture. A whopping 30 percent of land that’s not covered in ice is being used not to feed us directly, but to feed the things that feed us, namely chickens, cows, and pigs. One of the effects of this is that agriculture is //driving massive deforestation//.

Status quo fishing ensures food insecurity
Pinstrup-Andersen et. al 14 – Danish Economist, Professor at Cornell(Per, “Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition”, June 2014, [], JZG) What is the impact of the fisheries’ crisis and over-fishing on food security AND leads to “hone” the sustainability pathways that the sector could follow.

Food insecurity will collapse civilization
Brown 9 – founder of both the WorldWatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute (May 2009, Lester R., Scientific American, “Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Ebsco) //The biggest threat to global stability// is the potential for food crises in poor countries AND states disintegrate, //their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself//.

Food insecurity creates a vicious cycle that makes conflict inevitable – prefer new escalation models
Simmons 13 – Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Emmy. “Harvesting Peace: Food Security, Conflict, and Cooperation” @http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/HarvestingPeace.pdf)//JQ// //__ ¶ Food insecurity may play a role in sustaining conflict as____ ¶ it becomes part__// AND// __government action could again trigger or____ ¶ catalyze actions__ that __could refuel conflicts__00__.__

Aquaculture is sufficient and necessary to guarantee long term food security – no other sources can increase production fast enough
Hishamunda et al 9 - Fishery Planning Officer at the Fishery and Aquaculture Economics and Policy Division of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (Nathanael, Junning Cai – Assistant Professor at Central University of Finance and Economics, PingSun Leung – professor at College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, “Commercial aquaculture and economic growth, poverty alleviation and food security, FAO, [], JZG) Aquaculture’s contribution to food security The existing and potential contributions of aquaculture to food security AND and static fishery production make aquaculture an important supply source for fish products.

First is food availability
Hishamunda et al 9 - Fishery Planning Officer at the Fishery and Aquaculture Economics and Policy Division of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (Nathanael, Junning Cai – Assistant Professor at Central University of Finance and Economics, PingSun Leung – professor at College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, “Commercial aquaculture and economic growth, poverty alleviation and food security, FAO, [], JZG) Contribution to food availability Two aspects of food availability are food quantity and quality. AND aquatic food products generally suit the taste of the population in these countries.

Second is Food access
Hishamunda et al 9 - Fishery Planning Officer at the Fishery and Aquaculture Economics and Policy Division of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (Nathanael, Junning Cai – Assistant Professor at Central University of Finance and Economics, PingSun Leung – professor at College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, “Commercial aquaculture and economic growth, poverty alleviation and food security, FAO, [], JZG) Contribution to food access Food availability is a necessary condition for food security, but AND infrastructure, its impacts on community formation and its contribution to tax revenues.

No war great power wars – economic interdependence and nuclear deterrence
Deudney and Ikenberry, 09 — MA and PhD in Political Science, Professor, Political Science, Johns Hopkins University; PhD, Professor, International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University (Daniel and G. John, January/February 2009, "The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail," Foreign Affairs Volume 88, Issue 1, JZG) This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent developments and ignores powerful countervailing AND international system is far more primed for peace than the autocratic revivalists acknowledge.

No scenario for escalation — inevitable incentives for conflict minimization
Quinlan 9 - distinguished former British defence strategist, former Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the British Ministry of Defence, Prof. @ Wimbledon College and Merton College, Oxford. Director of the Ditchley Foundation (Sir Michael, Thinking About Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects, 2009, [], JZG) It was occasionally conjectured that nuclear war might be triggered by the real but accidental AND action at short notice should be abandoned. Chapter 13 returns to this.

1ac – plan text
====Thus, the plan: the United States federal government should require that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration issue legally binding national standards and regulations to substantially increase its offshore climate-resilient integrated multi-trophic aquaculture development of the Earth’s oceans.====

1. US credibility
Naylor 6 – Fellow at the Center for Environmental Science and Policy, Stanford University (Spring 2006, Rosamond L., “Environmental Safeguards for Open-Ocean Aquaculture,” [], JMP) The need for national environmental standards Whether environmentalists like it or not, marine aquaculture AND //enforceable environmental mandates.////standards could help encourage better practices in other countries//.

2. Investor confidence
Love 3 ** – ** (Graham, writer for the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resources Economics, October 2003, "Australian Aquaculture information requirements for investors", eReport, data.daff.gov.au/brs/data/warehouse/pe_abarebrs99000981/PC12573.pdf)//twontwon Of particular interest from the point of view of changing investor perceptions of aquaculture were AND and too few large profitable ones that could be shown to potential investors.

The plan, based on the National Sustainable Offshore Aquaculture Act, is the best way to develop environmentally sustainable offshore aquaculture
Lead agency k2 administaration/consistency Noaa key – expertise in fisheries/oceans – scholarly consensus Legally binding regulations solve – force accountability. Johns, 13 --- J AND our domestic economy, but not at the expense of a healthy ocean.

The aff is uniquely sustainable – IMTA solves all of your DAs
Bocking 9 – freelance journalist writing for the Ecologist (Emma Bocking, 10/20/9, “Can salmon farming be sustainable?” http://theecologist-test.net-genie.co.uk/news/newsanalysis/464767/can_salmon_farming_be_sustainable.html)//twontwon// //__Salmon farming is renowned for its local environmental pollution__, but now some fish farmers // // AND // allows the dialogue [between industry and environmentalists] to take place.'//

The plan creates a national standard for sustainable aquaculture –protects marine environments and prevents collapse of seafood industries
Naylor & Leonard 10 – *director of the program on food security and the environment at Stanford, AND **director of the aquaculture program at the Ocean Conservancy in Santa Cruz (2/15/2010, Rosamond L. Naylor and George H. Leonard, “Aquaculture made safe,” [], JMP) While Americans' appetite for seafood continues to grow, most of us know little about AND help ensure a responsible future for U.S. ocean fish farming.