Jake+and+Ammar

=AFF= 1AC - Aquaculture

Plan: The United States federal government should create a National Offshore Aquaculture Framework that
==== n authorizes the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as the lead federal agency for regulating offshore aquaculture and gives it authority to determine appropriate locations for, permit, regulate, monitor, and enforce offshore aquaculture in the Exclusive Economic Zone====

Unsustainable aquaculture practices will devastate marine environments and collapse the industry --- promoting a regulated industry will solve overfishing globally
Smith, 12 --- J.D. Harvard Law School, 2012 (4/19/2012, Turner, “Greening the Blue Revolution: How History Can Inform a Sustainable Aquaculture Movement,” [], JMP) IV. The Benefits and Harms of Modern Aquaculture Before delving into an account of AND . Furthermore, poor management costs the world’s fisheries $50 billion annually.

It collapses fisheries globally
Pauly, 9 --- professor at the Fisheries Centre of the University of British Columbia (9/28/2009, Daniel, “Aquacalypse Now,” [], JMP) The jig, however, is nearly up. In 1950, the newly constituted AND seeing now may be only the first scene in a watery horror show.

Undermines the overall ocean environment
Denoon, 6 (11/2/2006, Daniel, “Salt-Water Fish Extinction Seen By 2048,” []) The apocalypse has a new date: 2048. That's when the world's oceans will AND and colleagues report their findings in the Nov. 3 issue of Science.

Tipping point by 2020
AFP ’14 – Agence France Presse – one of the oldest most respected news agencies (“World must act within five years to save oceans from pollution and overfishing: watchdog”, June 24th, []) //J.N.E The world’s oceans need saving from pollution and overfishing, and an independent panel warned AND global ocean, and originated as an initiative of the Pew Charitable Trusts.

The best science verifies interdependence theory
McGill University 11 – research published by ScienceDaily, research was funded by a Discovery grant of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada and by the Canada Research Chair program. (“Biodiversity critical for maintaining multiple 'ecosystem services’”, August 19th, []) //J.N.E As biodiversity declines worldwide, there is concern that this will lead to declines in AND that conserving as much biodiversity as possible could be a good precautionary approach."

The impact is extinction – k2 nutrient cycling
Schofield, 14 --- Director of Research at the Australian Centre for Ocean Resource and Security University of Wollongong (3/10/2014, Clive, “Why our precious oceans are under threat,” [], JMP) Science fiction author Arthur C Clarke once observed, “How inappropriate to call this AND same time the oceans also remain largely (95 per cent) unexplored.

Aquaculture solves food production and deforestation
Strasser, 14 --- Senior Editor of ThinkProgress (4/21/2014, Annie-Rose, “The New, Innovative And More Efficient Way Of Feeding People,” [], JMP)

Don Kent, President of the Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, was AND One of the effects of this is that agriculture is //driving massive deforestation//.

Deforestation will cause extinction
Chivian 11, Dr. Eric S. Chivian is the founder and Director of the Center for Health and the Global Environment (CHGE) at Harvard Medical School and directs the Biodiversity and Human Health Progam. He is also an Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. Chivian works with the United Nations on how to address the pressing environmental problems the world is facing. (“Species Extinction, Biodiversity Loss and Human Health”, http://www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-vii/environmental-health-hazards/item/505-species-extinction-biodiversity-loss-and-human-health, 2011) Kerwin Human activity is causing the extinction of animal, plant and microbial species at rates AND demand that //efforts to preserve species and ecosystems be given the highest priority//.

The plan sets a __global model__ that saves marine ecosystems
Us gets modelled, an aggressive policy will be pursued globally – encourage better standards. Naylor, 6 --- Fellow at the Center for Environmental Science and Policy, Stanford University (Spring 2006, Rosamond L., “Environmental Safeguards for Open-Ocean Aquaculture,” [], JMP) The need for national environmental standards Whether environmentalists like it or not, marine aquaculture AND //constraints, but only if it develops under clear and enforceable environmental mandates.//

***Also, ensuring supply of fish is critical to prevent a Malthusian collapse
Frezza, 12 --- fellow at the Competitive Enterprise Institute and a Boston-based venture capitalist (11/26/2012, Bill, “Regulatory Uncertainty Drives Fish Farmer to Foreign Waters,” [], JMP) Feeding 7 billion people is no small challenge. As it has from time immemorial AND from food snobs who favor the more robust taste of wild caught fish.

***Food insecurity will __collapse civilization__
Brown, 9 --- founder of both the WorldWatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute (May 2009, Lester R., Scientific American, “Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Ebsco) //The biggest threat to global stability// is the potential for food crises in poor countries AND states disintegrate, //their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself//.

Pollution in China will devastate fisheries – China will never protect the fisheries – economic incentive
Godfrey 14 - SeafoodSource contributing editor reporting from Beijing, China (Mark, 31 March, 2014, Pollution to impact Chinese production, http://www.seafoodsource.com/en/news/16-supply-trade/25849-pollution-to-impact-chinese-production, JZG) Anyone taking a cab to the airport in Dalian, Qingdao or Yantai will encounter AND //forced to choose between environment and economy, China has chosen the latter//.

Chinese aquaculture is unsustainable --- lack of research, pollution, and product quality
NBSO 10 --- Netherlands Business Support Office (“An overview of China's aquaculture”, NSBO, ¶ http://china.nlambassade.org/binaries/content/assets/postenweb/c/china/zaken-doen-in-china/import/kansen_en_sectoren/agrofood/rapporten_over_agro_food/an-overview-of-chinas-aquaculture)//trepka 7.2 Conclusion ¶ Aquaculture is a very important industry in China’s ¶ agricultural AND meet the rising demands both in the ¶ domestic as the worldwide marketplace.

Modeling will happen with china soon – a good US model will be key to get china on board
Office of the Spokesperson 14 (U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue Outcomes of the Strategic Track, State Department, 7/14/14, [], JZG) 83. Bilateral Exchanges on Fisheries : Recognizing our mutual interest in healthy oceans and AND in the summer of 2015, followed by regular meetings, as appropriate.

Chinese aquaculture is key to their rural economy – sustainable industry is key
Sandrey and Edinger, April 2009 --- African Agricultural Technology Foundation (Ron and Hannah, “The Relevance of Chinese Agricultural Technologies ¶ for African Smallholder Farmers: ¶ Agricultural Technology Research in China”, Centre for Chinese Studies ¶ University of Stellenbosch ¶ [|http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/ccs-china-agricultural-technology-research-report-april-2009.pdf)//trepka] The FAO reports45 that China’s aquaculture production now exceeds its fish capture landings, and AND decrease the //huge economic loss//, and could further ¶increase aquaculture output.

Rural unrest causes China nationalism
Holslag 9  --- Head of Research, Brussels Institute of Contemporary China Studies (Jonathan, “Civil Unrest and China’s Growing Pains”, The Globalist, [|http://www.theglobalist.com/civil-unrest-and-chinas-growing-pains/)//trepka] From the gleaming factory floors of Guangdong and the remote rural villages of Hubei, AND in the long-term , can //only be tempered by its success. //

Chinese nationalism causes lashout and US-China war
Chang 4/16/14  --- expert on China and Chinese-US Relations --- worked in China for two decades as Counsel to the American law firm Paul Weiss  (Gordon, “China on the Edge”, Gatestone Institute, [|http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/4269/china-on-the-edge)//] [|trepka] <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">And why are China's severe economic problems relevant to us? Because for more than <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">AND <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Korea <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;"> in the north. Let us focus on <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">the Philippines and Japan.

<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.66px;">US-China war goes nuclear
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.66px;">PressTV 14 <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">(“US-China military conflict will lead to 'nuclear war'”, PressTV, <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">[|http://www.presstv.com/detail/2014/01/01/343209/uschina-clash-will-lead-to-nuclear-war/)//trepka] <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">An analyst says <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">the US has an “impetus to express military hostility” toward <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">AND <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">protect <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;"> its own //<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">geopolitical interests, //<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">” Don DeBar told Press TV on Wednesday.

Plan: The United States federal government should create a National Offshore Aquaculture Framework that
==== n authorizes the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as the lead federal agency for regulating offshore aquaculture and gives it authority to determine appropriate locations for, permit, regulate, monitor, and enforce offshore aquaculture in the Exclusive Economic Zone====

The plan is the best way to develop environmentally sustainable offshore aquaculture.
Legally binding regulations solve – force accountability. Johns, 13 --- J. AND our domestic economy, but not at the expense of a healthy ocean.

The plan creates a __national standard__ for sustainable aquaculture --- protects marine environments and prevents collapse of seafood industries
Naylor & Leonard, 10 --- *director of the program on food security and the environment at Stanford, AND **director of the aquaculture program at the Ocean Conservancy in Santa Cruz (2/15/2010, Rosamond L. Naylor and George H. Leonard, “Aquaculture made safe,” [], JMP) While Americans' appetite for seafood continues to grow, most of us know little about AND help ensure a responsible future for U.S. ocean fish farming.

The plan properly addresses environmental risks
Wheeler, 13 --- J.D. Candidate 2013, Golden Gate University School AND to sift through a seemingly endless array of federal and state regulatory laws.
 * Note --- the plan essentially passes the National Sustainable Offshore Aquaculture Act (explained in 1ac Johns, 13 ev)

=Aff - LOST=

Primacy prevents extinction
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13 Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51 A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far AND disengaged—even as it pushes cooperation toward U.S. preferences.

Hegemony solves and turns their impact – it halts violence while stopping oppression – data and empirics prove
Barnett 11 – Thomas P.M. – Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis & Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 [] It is worth first examining the larger picture: **__ We live in a time of __** the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
 * __ AND __**

This is statistically proven
Drezner 5 – Daniel W. Drezner, Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, Senior Editor at the National Interest, M.A. in Economics and Ph.D. in Political Science from Stanford University, “Gregg Easterbrook, War, and the Dangers of Extrapolation”, 5-25, http://www.danieldrezner.com/archives/002087.html Via Oxblog's Patrick Belton, I see that Gregg Easterbrook has a cover story in AND , the prospect of U.S. intervention would be equally daunting.

The most robust and comparative data sets support our thesis for how violence occurs and how to halt it
Josh Busby 12, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and a fellow in the RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service as well as a Crook Distinguished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, [] //Is Unipolarity Peaceful?// As evidence, Monteiro provides metrics of the number of years AND that makes other states insecure, even though they can't balance against it.

__Broad__ empirical analysis demonstrates our argument---heg is necessary to solve peace and its absence causes war
Wohlforth 8 William, Daniel Webster Professor of Government in the Dartmouth College Department of Government, October, World Politics, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War,” www.­polisci.­wisc.­edu/­Uploads/­Documents/­IRC/­Wohlforth (2009)­.­pdf) Despite increasingly compelling findings concerning the importance of status seeking in human behavior, research AND  are also consistent with power transition and other rationalist theories of hegemonic war.

Heg without legitimacy causes violent transitions and economic volatility—voluntary limits on power maintain relative international stability
Martin **Griffiths** January **2004** ; Associate Professor and Head of School at School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University (coincidence, as it turns out) “BEYOND THE BUSH DOCTRINE: AMERICAN HEGEMONY AND WORLD ORDER” AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF AMERICAN STUDIES www.anzasa.arts.usyd.edu.au/a.j.a.s/Articles/1_04/Griffiths.pdf ‎ __In international relations, an established hegemony helps the cause of international peace in a__ __AND__ __States, far from being a domineering hegemon, was a reluctant superpower.__

Challenges to US leadership are inevitable – LOST ratification strengthens international institutions that are key to continued strength
It’s been in place for nearly 30 years; nearly 160 countries (plus the AND __tested, we must lead on the seas as well as on land.__
 * Allen, Armitage, and Hamre 11 ** (Allen, Thad W. [Admiral Thad W. Allen holds a Master of Public Administration degree from George Washington University and a Master’s degree in Management from the MIT Sloan School of Management. He served for four decades in the United States Coast Guard and is now a senior fellow of the RAND Corporation.]. Armitage, Richard L. [Richard L. Armitage graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1967 with the rank of ensign. He was the United States Deputy Secretary of States for five years and is now the president of a consulting firm.]. Hamre, John J. [John J. Hamre earned a B.A. in political science and economics from Augustana College and Ph.D. in 1978 from the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University. He was the Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1997 to 2000 and is now the president of the Center for Strategic and International Studies.]. “Odd Man Out at Sea.” //The New York Times,// April 24th, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04 /25/opinion/25allen.html?_r=0 [accessed July 11th, 2014])//ALepow

Absent the aff rising powers will redefine key components of international law to undermine US naval power
//__The U__ nited __S__ tates __should ratify the Law of the Sea Convention__ (LOSC). __To__// //__AND__// // footing for countering an Iranian anti-access campaign in the Persian Gulf. // //** Naval power deters great conflict - prevents extinction **// //**Conway et al 7** - General of U.S. Marine Corps and Commandant of the Marine Corps, Admiral of U.S. Navy and Chief of Naval Operations ("A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower", Department of the Navy, United States Marine Corps, United States Coast Guard, [])// Laura T This strategy reaffirms the use of seapower to influence actions and activities at sea and AND ability to retaliate against aggressors conventionally, unconventionally, and with nuclear forces.
 * Rogers, 12** – Will, Research Associate at the Center for a New American Security (“Security at Sea: The Case for Ratifying the Law of the Sea Convention,” Center for a New American Security, April 2012, [] //blue)//

Ratification uniquely props up US legitimacy within multilateral institutions- it legitimizes US freedom of navigation and enhances credibility, our ev is reverse causal
Vanecko 11 [Jonathan J. Vanecko, Liutenant CMDR USN at US Naval War College and worked in the pentagon, May 11 2011, “Time to Ratify UNCLOS; A New Twist on an Old Problem,” [], MM] Certainly ratification will place the United States on firm legal standing, but more importantly //AND// that detracts from shaping operations in the South China Sea (SCS).50

Institutional legitimacy is the only way to exercise hegemony to prevent extinction
Kromah 9(Lamii Moivi Kromah, Department of International Relations University of the Witwatersrand, February 2009, “The Institutional Nature of U.S. Hegemony: Post 9/11”, [], MM) A final major gain to the United States from the Pax Americana has perhaps been AND American national security is impossible without a broad measure of international security.57

Freedom of navigation is the litmus test for whether US primacy is sustainable
Attracting international partners to join in the reinvigorated approach is essential and not impossible. AND only across the Taiwan Straits, but also throughout the South China Sea.
 * Kraska, 11 -** Dr. James Kraska is a Senior Fellow in FPRI's Program on National Security. He serves as Mary Derrickson McCurdy Visiting Research Scholar at Duke University Marine Laboratory, where he focuses on international law of the sea and marine policy and governance.(James, __Maritime Power and the Law of the Sea: Expeditionary Operations in World Politics__, p. 411-412)
 * And turns are wrong – LOST shores up military power without linking to any of their offense **
 * Patrick 12 ** - Stewart M. Patrick is a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (where he writes the blog The Internationalist) and Director of the Program on International Institutions and Global Governance. (6/10/2012, Stewart, The Atlantic, “(Almost) Everyone Agrees: The U.S. Should Ratify the Law of the Sea Treaty”, [] // SM)

=Neg= 1NC Arguments - T - its T - military Politics Military CP China Coal DA China Manufacturing Da China Rem DA NOAA Tradeoff Dod AUV CP Ports ADV CP TRIA Ptx Privatization CP Ecosecurity K Space Tradeoff DA Russia SOI Saudi Oil Prices Cap and Trade CP Land OTEC CP Dredging Adv CP (vs. OSW) Biodiversity Turn (vs. OSW) Framework

2NR - Politics China Coal DA Land OTEC CP Ecosecurity K Dredging Adv CP (vs. OSW) Biodiversity Turn (vs. OSW)

= =