Lindsay+&+Kevin

***Contention one is Ocean Drones***
====Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) development is inevitable, but Congress has to act promptly to authorize, appropriate and coordinate a //comprehensive national program// for it to work—that spurs P3s which streamline production and overcome previous barriers==== FIND 14 – Federal information and news dispatch (FIND, “House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Hearing”, federal press release, [|http://insurancenewsnet.com/oarticle/2014/02/07/house-transportation-and-infrastructure-subcommittee-on-coast-guard-and-maritime-a-457472.html#.U6xpufmICQo], HW) The AUV's evolution is taking place at an amazing rate of change. At the AND . A new public-private partnership is the key to such success.

Only U.S. federal investment can catalyze private sector tech and R&D development
Avery, 13 —President and Director Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, June 11 2013 [Dr. Susan K., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Published June 11 2013, []] JB Frontiers in the Ocean Jim Cameron is a visionary who is capable of looking beyond AND that U.S. ocean science research will have around the globe.

Federal support is the seed for commercial spillover and widespread deployment
Avery, 14 — Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution President and Director, April 29 2014 [Susan K. Avery, April 29, 2014, “Driving Innovations through Federal Investments” United States Senate Committee on Appropriations Written Testimony, []] JB //Huge dividends from initial federal support// To Ewing, the watery part of the ocean AND //the seed for innovation and continues to enlarge the realm of the possible.//

Current ocean exploration is woefully inadequate in climate data collection—AUVs are the key first step
McNutt, 13 —Marcia, Executive Chair of Oceans 2020, a group of more than 110 ocean explorers gathered at the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California, “Accelerating Ocean Exploration” SCIENCE 341:937 (30 August 2013). Reprinted with permission from AAAS in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “The Report of Ocean Exploration Exploration 2020; A National Program,” July, []. Page 13-14 //BR Last month, a distinguished group of ocean researchers and explorers convened in Long Beach AND needs to happen now to provide a useful informational baseline for future decisions.

In this chapter __I discuss visible surface features of cold vents and attempt to explain__ __AND__ __the examination of discrete cold vent communities to be extended into the subsurface.__
 * Specifically, AUVs are key to __cold vent monitoring__ **
 * Furlong 13 **– Masters student, University of Victoria (Jonathan, “Characteristic Morphology, Backscatter, and Sub-seafloor Structures of Cold-Vents on the Northern Cascadia Margin from High-Resolution Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Data” UMI Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest)

__The co-deposition of organic carbon with inorganic seafloor sediments is considered to remove__ __AND__ 2008) or sourced from the continent (Etiope et al., 2008).
 * __ Methane seepage __**** from cold vents trigger __immediate climate tipping events__ that cause extinction **
 * Furlong 13 **– Masters student, University of Victoria (Jonathan, “Characteristic Morphology, Backscatter, and Sub-seafloor Structures of Cold-Vents on the Northern Cascadia Margin from High-Resolution Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Data” UMI Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest)

AUVs are a pre-requisite to //effective// environmental policy—in-situ processing radically reframes our understanding of key environmental dynamics
NRC ‘96

[National Research Council. “Undersea Vehicles and National Needs”. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1996, [|http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5069&page=]55] While scientists have been studying oceanic communities for more than a century, the perspective AND time series changes that take place over periods of months or years .2

AUVs are key to understanding and mitigating several other huge environmental threats—oil spills, coral reefs and biodiversity loss
Bluefin robotics, 12 —AUV Technology Company, September 2012 [Bluefin robotics is a Battelle company who develops, builds, and operates Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and related technologies for defense, commercial, and scientific customers worldwide, [], accessed 26 June 2014] JB Sampling and persistent monitoring of undersea habitats provide baseline information and important data characterizing change AND the southeast where other deep coral reef ecosystems are known to exist. n

Species diversity loss causes global extinction – we’re at the tipping point – crossing the threshold in the next 10 years makes it irreversible
Walsh, 10 —Bryan, “ Wildlife: A Global Convention on Biodiversity Opens in Japan, But Can It Make a Difference?” Ecocentric Blog @ TIME, 10-18, [|http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2010/10/18/wildlife-a-global-convention-on-biodiversity-opens-in-japan-but-can-it-make-a-difference/#ixzz131wU6CSp]. //BR The story of non-human life on the planet Earth over the past few AND //forgive us. We're losing nature. And that loss really is forever.//

Environmental destruction is the greatest threat to human survival—several scenarios
Coyne and Hoekstra 7 – *professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago, **Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University (Jerry and Hopi, The New Republic, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, []) But it isn't just the destruction of the rainforests that should trouble us.__Healthy__ __AND__ __just another Great Dying, but perhaps the //greatest dying of them all//__.

Rare Earth Minerals (REMs) depleting now– AUVs accesses new supplies which are key for the aerospace industry and high tech manufacturing and allow us to beat out China
Green, Senior Editor-in-Chief at Robotics Business Review, 14 (Tom, 5-12-14, Robotics Business Review, “Deep Sea Dive for Rare Earth Elements”, http://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/article/deep_sea_dive_for_rare_earth_elements) After a year of falling prices and depleting customer inventories, buyers of Rare Earth AND
 * with subsea robot mining tools built by technology partners like Soil Machine Dynamics.**

Autonomous underwater vehicles key to inexpensive detection of mineral deposits AND new technology means surveys can be done quickly and accurately
Wiltshire, ’10, Specialist at Ocean and Resources Engineering The first step in minerals development is to find an economic mine site. This AND
 * [J. C., "MINERAL EXTRACTION, AUTHIGENIC MINERALS." Marine Policy & Economics: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences(2010): 274., Google Books, ** [|http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dqzXwFsOFMcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA274&dq=(%22Rare+Earth+Elements%22+OR+%22rare+earth+minerals%22)+AND+(%22autonomous+underwater+vehicles%22+OR+%22Autonomous+Benthic+Explorer%22)&ots=PIzchVTPjs&sig=C1I_dhR2fdZIW6VUSsl3m8t-n44#v=onepage&q&f=false] **, pg 276] **
 * model to determine whether it is economically profitable to mine a given deposit.**

China REM monopoly prevents US high tech manufacturing – US action is key now to win the race
Hannis, Senior fellow in defense studies at the American Foreign Policy Council, 12 ( **Eric, 11-20-12, US News, “Are We Losing the Race for Rare Earths?”,** []**)** The U **nited** S **tates,** like most of the industrialized world, is **currently** engaged in AND alternative **that will allow them a way** out of **the** China relocation **trap.**

1) REM independence is key to weapons development and preserving hegemony
Hannis, Senior fellow in defense studies at the American Foreign Policy Council, 12 **(Eric, 11-20-12, US News, “Are We Losing the Race for Rare Earths?”, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2012/11/20/the-us-needs-rare-earth-independence-from-china)** This race is **also** important for defense reasons **:** A reliable domestic source of rare AND //that supplies much of our oil: Neither are getting friendlier to America.//

2) Manufacturing is key to defense technology that’s the foundation of military primacy
O'Hanlon, Scholar at the Brookings Institution, 12 (Michael, January 2012, The Brookings Institution, “The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy”, [] ) The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in AND civilian and military export opportunities for the U nited S tates in a globalized marketplace.

3) manufacturing is key to competitiveness that underpins growth and power projection
Baru, Visiting Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and Institute of South Asian Studies (Singapore), 9 (Sanjava, January 2009, The Seminar, “Year of the power shift?”,, http://www.india-seminar.com/2009/593/593_sanjaya_baru.htm) There is no doubt that economics alone will not determine the balance of global power AND economic growth and military power – the classic ‘guns vs butter’ dilemma.

The pursuit of hegemony is inevitable, sustainable, and prevents great power war
Ikenberry, Brooks, and Wohlforth, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul and the Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, 13 (John Ikenberry, Stephen G. Brooks, William C. Wohlforth, January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, “Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward) Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall AND an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.

Aerospace manufacturing is key -airpower decline risks global instability and conflict
Pfaltzgraff 10 [Robert L, Shelby Cullom Davis Professor of International Security Studies at. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and President of the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, et al., Final Report of the IFPA-Fletcher Conference on National Security Strategy and Policy, “Air, Space, & Cyberspace Power in the 21st-Century”, p. xiii-9] Deterrence Strategy In stark contrast to the bipolar Cold War nuclear setting, today’s security AND that airpower would play in U.S. strategy and crisis management.