Justin+&+Austin

toc =**AFFs**=

Advantage 1: Rare Earths
====Demand will soon outstrip Rare Earth Mineral (REM) production and China monopoly breaks supply chains – Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) provide access to new sources preserving contingent industries==== Green 14 (Tom, Senior Editor-in-Chief at Robotics Business Review, 5-12-14, Robotics Business Review, “Deep Sea Dive for Rare Earth Elements”, http://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/article/deep_sea_dive_for_rare_earth_elements) After a year of falling prices and depleting customer inventories, buyers of Rare Earth AND with subsea robot mining tools built by technology partners like Soil Machine Dynamics.

AUVs facilitate cost effective and efficient resource extraction
Wiltshire 10 [J. C., Specialist at Ocean and Resources Engineering, "MINERAL EXTRACTION, AUTHIGENIC MINERALS." //Marine Policy & Economics: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences//(2010): 274., Google Books, [|http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dqzXwFsOFMcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA274&dq=(%22Rare+Earth+Elements%22+OR+%22rare+earth+minerals%22)+AND+(%22autonomous+underwater+vehicles%22+OR+%22Autonomous+Benthic+Explorer%22)&ots=PIzchVTPjs&sig=C1I_dhR2fdZIW6VUSsl3m8t-n44#v=onepage&q&f=false], pg 276] The first step in minerals development is to find an economic mine site. This AND model to determine whether it is economically profitable to mine a given deposit.

Status quo rare earth production is unsustainable – decks hegemony
Hannis 12 (Eric, Senior fellow in defense studies at the American Foreign Policy Council, 11-20-12, US News, “Are We Losing the Race for Rare Earths?”, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2012/11/20/the-us-needs-rare-earth-independence-from-china) This race is also important for defense reasons: A reliable domestic source of rare AND that supplies much of our oil: Neither are getting friendlier to America.

The pursuit of hegemony is inevitable, sustainable, and prevents great power war
Ikenberry, Brooks, and Wohlforth 13 (John Ikenberry, Stephen G. Brooks, William C. Wohlforth, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul and the Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, “Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward) Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall AND . The results could well be disastrous.
 * __ We’ll isolate two scenarios __**** : **

First Scenario—REMs are key to railgun production
Butler 14 (Colonel Charles J. Butler, Commander of the 611th Air and Space Operations Center at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska and National Defense Fellow at The Fletcher School Winter 2014, Fletcher Forum Volume 38:1, “Rare Earth Elements: China’s Monopoly and Implications for U.S. National Security”, http://www.fletcherforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/38-1_Butler1.pdf) Rare earths technology used in electronics also has numerous defense applications. The same technology AND accuracy would deteriorate, potentially resulting in increased collateral damage and weapons expenditure.

a) They end conflicts before they escalate
Lamothe 14 (Dan, Award-winning military journalist and war correspondent, 4-7-14, Foreign Policy, “Watch the Navy’s futuristic star wars rail gun blow things up”, http://complex.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2014/04/07/watch_the_navy_s_futuristic_star_wars_railgun_blow_things_up) Picture this: The Pentagon is preparing for an assault on a coastal country in AND a major step for a program that has never been operated at sea.

b) They can shoot down all missiles
Tozer 14 (Jessica L., Writer for the Department of Defense Science online news provider, 4-9-14, Armed with Science, “Here comes the BOOM: The Real Railgun of the U.S. Navy”, http://science.dodlive.mil/2014/04/09/here-comes-the-boom-the-real-railgun-of-the-u-s-navy/) When referencing how this behemoth system of mass destruction operates, I’m reminded of a AND an hour,” Adm. Klunder said. “That kind of energy.”

This cements U.S. hard power – deters conflict
Tozer 14 (Jessica L., Writer for the Department of Defense Science online news provider,4-9-14, Armed with Science, “Here comes the BOOM: //The// Real //Railgun// of the U.S. Navy”, http://science.dodlive.mil/2014/04/09/here-comes-the-boom-the-real-railgun-of-the-u-s-navy/) This is no longer science fiction; this //is reality//. But for a first AND naval ship?’, or our country, because you’re gonna lose .”

Second Scenario—China REM dependency butchers U.S. tech manufacturing – plan is key to prevent industry monopoly
Hannis 12 (Eric, Senior fellow in defense studies at the American Foreign Policy Council, 11-20-12, US News, “Are We Losing the Race for Rare Earths?”, []) The U nited S tates, like most of the industrialized world, is currently engaged in AND alternative that //will allow them a way out of the China relocation trap.//

Manufacturing is key to defense technology that’s the foundation of military primacy
O'Hanlon 12 (Michael, Scholar at the Brookings Institution,January 2012, The Brookings Institution, “The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy”, [] ) The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in AND civilian and military export opportunities for the U nited S tates in a globalized marketplace.

Specifically aerospace manufacturing is critical to airpower – decline risks global instability and conflict
Pfaltzgraff 10 [Robert L, Professor of International Security Studies at. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Shelby Cullom Davis Professor of International Security Studies at. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and President of the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, et al., Final Report of the IFPA-Fletcher Conference on National Security Strategy and Policy, “Air, Space, & Cyberspace Power in the 21st-Century”, p. xiii-9] Deterrence Strategy In stark contrast to the bipolar Cold War nuclear setting, today’s security AND that airpower would play in U.S. strategy and crisis management.

Vulnerabilities make ports high risk terrorist targets – action is needed to avoid cemented complacency
Marcario 14 – Associate Editor of Seapower Magazine [John,6-4-14, “Lawmakers Question Port Security and Delays of TWIC Reader, Cargo Scan Mandate,” []. //BR]// // Port security has been steadily improving over the last decade, but challenges remain, // // AND // preserving the necessary speed of moving containers through the ports,// ” Carper said.

AUVs bolster security networks – checks terrorism
Bluefin 14

[Bluefin Robotics, “Port and Harbor Security”, http://www.bluefinrobotics.com/applications/port-and-harbor-security/] There has been dramatic development of autonomous systems in the last two years //to address// //AND// hullborne IEDs, swimmer attacks , or the introduction of dangerous contraband. .

High risk of nuclear terrorism – weak detection capacity and loose materials
Abt 3 [ Clark C., Ph.D., Risk analysis prepared for US DOT/RSPA/Volpe National Transportation. “The Economic Impact of Nuclear Terrorist Attacks on Freight Transport Systems in an Age of Seaport Vulnerability,” Apr 23, []. International terrorists have asserted their intention to acquire nuclear weapons, and have an increasing AND , such as the 14 th Street Bridge in DC, or midtown Manhattan

Nuclear attack results in retaliation – escalates to nuclear war
Ayson 10 [Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington,“After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld] A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by AND for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.

Default to our risk analysis – the multi-causal nature of terrorism makes proximal solvency our best strategy
Bakir 7 [Niyazi Onur, Postdoctoral Research Associate at University of Southern California for Homeland Security, “A Brief Analysis of Threats and Vulnerabilities in the Maritime Domain, Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) Research Archive Non-published Research Reports, http://research.create.usc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=nonpublished_reports) Terrorism is a multi-dimensional risk that will probably never be eliminated with limited  AND  dirty bomb or a weapon of mass destruction arrives at a US seaport.

Solvency
====Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) development is inevitable, but Congress has to act promptly to authorize, appropriate and coordinate a //comprehensive national program// for it to work—that spurs P3s which streamline production and overcome previous barriers==== FIND 14 (FIND, Federal information and news dispatch, “House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Hearing”, federal press release, [|http://insurancenewsnet.com/oarticle/2014/02/07/house-transportation-and-infrastructure-subcommittee-on-coast-guard-and-maritime-a-457472.html#.U6xpufmICQo], HW) The AUV's evolution is taking place at an amazing rate of change. At the AND . A new public-private partnership is the key to such success.

Only U.S. federal investment can catalyze private sector tech and R&D development
Avery 13 [Dr. Susan K., President and Director Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, June 11 2013, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Published June 11 2013, []] JB Frontiers in the Ocean Jim Cameron is a visionary who is capable of looking beyond AND that U.S. ocean science research will have around the globe.

US REM production is key to reclaiming tech leadership and causes private companies to fill in the supply chain
Hart 11 (Kathleen, Reporter for SNL Energy and B.A. from University of Massachusetts Amherst, 5-26-11, SNL Energy Finance Daily, “Congress warned US rare earth minerals policy could impact renewable energy jobs”, Proquest) In 1993, the United States attracted 20% of the worldwide minerals exploration budget AND to eliminate this current and growing threat to our economic and national security."

= = =1AC – Middle Passage= = = ====The resolution is a demand to increase United States exploration and/or development of Earth’s oceans. – This is fundamentally impossible without replicating the violence of “American grammar” upon the Black subject. The Middle Passage produced this antagonism and many others, when the slave ship exiled subjectivity from Black flesh and created the structural position of blackness – the void of fungibility that constitutes the negation human life and the life of social death==== = = Pak explains in 2012 = = [Yumi Pak, PhD in literature from UC-San Diego, “Outside Relationality: Autobiographical Deformations and the Literary Lineage of Afro-pessimism in 20th and 21st Century African American Literature] Because the four authors I examine focus intensively on untangling and retangling the nexus of = = AND = = //re)born as blacks, they are doomed to death as slaves.// = =

= =

Modern institutions are shaped by slavery; the Middle Passage was different from all other past instances and needs to be evaluated for any effective action
= = Sutton says in 2014 = = [ED SUTTON, staff writer, 03/03/2014, “THE WORLD WE LIVE IN IS CREATED BY SLAVERY” http://antidotezine.com/2014/03/03/the-world-we-live-in-is-created-by-slavery/]-AG = = GG: The modern world that we live in is created by slavery. Oftentimes = = AND = = make a broader moral judgment about degrees of responsibility and degrees of oppression. = =

This makes the resolution ethically indefensible – U.S. exploration/development is entrenched in a paradigm that projects violence and mastery on to the ocean
= = Montroso writes in 2014 = = [Alan Montroso, Embedded Librarian at Wyle Information Systems, Kent State MLIS, Cleveland State BS, March 23, 2014, “Ocean is the New East: Contemporary Representations of Sea Life and Mandeville’s Monstrous Ecosystems,” http://bacchanalinthelibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/ocean-is-new-east-contemporary.html, Accessed: 6/25/14, NC] = = Thus as I wandered the Sant Ocean Hall, I thought about what it means = = AND = = mysteries for our ravenous desire //to control by means of knowledge-making//. = =

= =

This same paradigm replicates the gratuitous violence enacted on the slave—inscribing it as normative violence that becomes invisible and cedes coherence to Civil-Society
= = Wilderson exposes in 2010 = = [Frank - PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from UC Berkely, Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms pg. 108-118] = = As noted above, before the “healthy” rancor and repartee that represent the = = AND = = has to do with beauty or //morality// ; he is the depository of maleficent = =

= =

Recent social advances don’t mean anything – the conditions of slavery might seem nicer, but at the end of the day you’re still a slave
= = Wilderson and Howard speak in 2010 = = [Frank, Associate Professor at UC Irvine’s Department of Drama and African American Studies, BA in government and philosophy from Dartmouth College, MA in Fine Arts from Columbia University, PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from UC Berkeley,, Percy, Psychotherapist, “Frank Wilderson, Wallowing in the Contradictions, Part 2” []] = = FW Yeah. Orlando Patterson wrote a book called “Slavery and Social Death”, = = AND = = to me, //that// really sort of //encapsulates// the whole conceptualization of //fungibility.// = =

= =

Social life can only be found within pessimism – to think otherwise crushes resistance to whiteness
= = Sexton in No Date = = [Jared, Director of African American Studies at UC Irvine, “ANTE-ANTI-BLACKNESS: AFTERTHOUGHTS”, http://lateral.culturalstudiesassociation.org/issue1/content/sexton.html] = = Elsewhere, in a discussion of W. E. B. Du Bois on = = AND //pessimism is// "not but nothing other than" //black optimism.// ¶¶¶ = =

= =

We don’t want to play the “Oppression Olympics” – modern antagonisms will inevitably need to align with Black struggle to usher in revolution
= = Sexton explains in 2010 = = [Jared, associate professor of African American studies and film and media studies at the University of California, Irvine, “People-of-Color-Blindness”, Social Text 2010 Volume 28, Number 2 103: 31-56] = = If the oppression of nonblack people of color in, and perhaps beyond, the = = AND = = it no doubt //would entail nothing less// momentous //than// yet another //revolution//. 78 = =

= =

Thus: Austin and I demand an exploration of the Middle Passage as a refusal to affirm the coherence of the resolution.
= = = =

Exploring the Middle Passage through a lens external to post-Enlightenment thought is the only mechanism to grasp anti Blackness
= = Gilroy writes in 1995 = = [1993, Paul Gilroy is a Professor of Sociology and African American Studies at Yale University, and the writer of “Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line” and “There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack”, “The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, Pg. 44-45 ** ] ** = = To note the potential of this debate around modernity to address these pressing issues of = = AND = = dualistic system that reproduces the dominance of bonded whiteness, masculinity, and rationality = =

= =

Our refusal is critical – exposing the violence in civil societies’ relationship to the resolution foregrounds the incoherence to take it down
= = Wilderson writes in 2007 = = [Frank B. Wilderson III, Associate Professor at UC Irvine’s Department of Drama and African American Studies, BA in government and philosophy from Dartmouth College, MA in Fine Arts from Columbia University, PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from UC Berkeley, 2007, “The Prison Slave as Hegemony's (Silent) Scandal” from “Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy”, Pg. 31-33] = = Fanon writes, "Decolonization, which sets out to change the order of the = =  AND = =  reparation) but //that must//, nonetheless, //be pursued to the death// . = =

The hauntology of the slave underpins antagonisms constructed in civil-society – understanding how Blackness implicates hierarchies of violence is intrinsically valuable dialogue
Farley 5 [Anthony, boston College, “Perfecting Slavery”, []]

Slavery is with us still. We are haunted by slavery. We are animated AND the veil, beyond death; hence, the end of forever.

The cognitive space of debate is organized around the governing rules of whiteness – unless we tear down these structures, ongoing colonialism, genocides, and nuclear extinction become inevitable
= = Wynter reveals in 1984 = = [Sylvia, Wynter was invited by the Department of Literature at the University of California at San Diego to be a visiting professor for 1974-75. She then became chairperson of African and Afro-American Studies, and professor of Spanish in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at Stanford University in 1977. She is now Professor Emeritus at Stanford University, “"The Ceremony Must Be Found: After Humanism" Boundary II, 12:3 & 13:1]*gender modified* = = The social behaviors that were to verify this topos of iconicity which yoked the Indo = = AND = = the umbrella site for the transdisciplinary realization of a science of human systems. = =

= = ====Public deliberation structurally cannot include the position of the slave thought because Blacks are denied personhood by definition—when evaluating their offense the first and foremost question should be: __for whom__?==== = = Hartman explains in 2009 = = [Saidiya, professor of English and comparative literature and women's and gender studies at Columbia University “Redressing the Pained Body: Toward a Theory of Practice”, in American Studies: An Anthology, pp.343-344] = = In order to illuminate the significance of performance and the articulation of social struggle in = = AND = = even without a "person," in the usual meaning of the term. = = = =

Whiteness is contingent on the maintained destruction of Black bodies—this guarantees Blacks will always remain in the anti-black void out of pure necessity for coherence
= = Sexton writes in 2003 = = [Jared, Director, African American Studies School of Humanities, 2003, “The Consequence of Race Mixture: Racialised Barriers and the Politics of Desire”, Social Identities, Volume 9, Number 2, 2003,Accessed 8-4-12, MR] = = He goes on to speak of his own desire to refuse the dissembling (or = =  AND = =  short, blackness ‘gives [whiteness] its classification as seeming’.8 = = = =

Our discourse is critical to produce social change
= = Reid-Brinkley writes in 2008 = = [Dr. Shanara Reid-Brinkley, University of Pittsburgh Department of Communications, “THE HARSH REALITIES OF “ACTING BLACK”: HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE” 2008] = = So, within public discourse, how race is coded rhetorically in public deliberation is = = AND = = //to that population for the explanation rather than to American society in general // = = = **NEG** = Past 2NRs - Security, T - Non-mil, Space Col Impact turns = =