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toc =__AFF__= __For the debates vs. the sophomore 7 week lab, the marine highways contention may change slightly from what's here, no new impacts though.__

1AC PLAN

 * The United States federal government should substantially increase its Marine Transportation System infrastructure investment**

1AC MARINE HIGHWAYS

 * Contention 1 is Marine Highways**


 * Status quo Marine Transportation System infrastructure is failing in capacity and investment.**
 * Cox et al, 2011** - Joseph J. is President and CEO of Chamber of Shipping of America; Matsuda, Hon. David T., Administrator, Maritime Administration; Mohr, John M., Executive Director, Port of Everett, Washington; Roberts, Michael G., Senior Vice President and General Counsel, Crowley Maritime Corporation, on behalf of American Maritime Partnership; Tellez, Augustin, Executive Vice President, Seafarers International Union (Joseph J., “Creating Jobs and Increasing U.S Exports By Enhancing The Marine Transportation System,” Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure House of Representatives, June 14, 2011. [])AS

However, because of much of the system's infrastructure is aging and constrained by capacity AND meet its future challenges. Nevertheless, we must find a way forward.


 * A federal program is a vital internal link to US competitiveness and expansion of Marine Highway use – current funding is insufficient**
 * Zimmer, 11** [ Nancy, August, “Progress on America’s Marine Highway” graduated from Smith College (B.A., cum laude, 1998), and City University of New York School of Law, (J.D., 2001). She is admitted to the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and the First Circuit Court of Appeals, and is a trained mediator. She is also a former commercial fisherman and commercial fishing boat owner. She is a member of the Maritime Law Association of the United States. Nancy can be contacted on +1 508 432-2121 or by email at zimmer@sealaw.org, []]

For the U nited S tates **to compete in the global market** it is imperative that it AND budget cuts to this program demonstrate a shortsightedness that is disheartening at best.


 * There are four internal links**


 * First is Congestion**

Traffic congestion is **costing billions every year** **, ** further threatening the nation’s economic recovery and AND we want a strong economy, doing nothing is not a productive option .”
 * a. Congestion underlies a multibillion dollar drag on the economy – chokes any possible recovery**
 * Needham, 11** [Report: Traffic congestion costs billions, weighs on the economic recovery, Vicki, The Hill, []]

3. Mitigating highway congestion. SSS can alleviate traffic congestion by shifting freight from AND and delivery, at the start and the end of the transportation chain.
 * b. The plan is necessary and sufficient to relieve congestion**
 * Perakis and Denisis,08** [A survey of short sea shipping and its prospects in the USA, ANASTASSIOS N. PERAKIS* and ATHANASIOS DENISIS Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, 213 NAME Building, 2600 Draper Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2145, USA, []]


 * Second is Capacity**


 * Capacity limitations render MTS ineffective and hinders economic competitiveness**
 * Lobiondo, et al 11** [Congressional Testimony, Frank A. LoBiondo is the U.S. Representative for New Jersey's 2nd congressional district, serving since 1995. He is a member of the Republican Party, CREATING JOBS AND INCREASING U.S. EXPORTS BY ENHANCING THE MARINE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TUESDAY, JUNE 14, 2011 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION, COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE, []]

In order to remain **competitive in a global economy**, improving domestic infrastructure as well AND pre-eminent in global trade. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.


 * Third is Stimulus**


 * The plan generates a massive economic stimulus– loan guarantees are the most effective catalyst for widespread investment**
 * Margaronis, 08** [Marine highway would ride wave of economic benefits, Stas, Guest Columnist Seattle Pi, [|http://www.seattlepi.com/local/opinion/article/Marine-highway-would-ride-wave-of-economic-1293286.php#ixzz1yY1CGarw] ]

Currently, the U nited S tates is experiencing low levels of investment // in transportation, clean AND and deliveries rather than wasting time and fuel in long-haul traffic.

Maritime Administrator David T. Matsuda strongly believes U.S.- flag shipping’s well AND operators. “Then you starve the program,” he told American Shipper.
 * Fourth is Jobs**
 * MHC, 10** (Marine Highways Cooperative, industry group dedicated to developing inland waterways, “Matsuda draws connections: Maritime administrator views U.S.-flag shipping from shore to sea”, 9/25/2010, http://www.marinehighways.org/index.php?page=news_events&more=44, Deech)

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to AND leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.
 * Boosting economic competitiveness is vital to preventing military retrenchment – risks great power wars**
 * Khalilzad, ’11** – Bush’s ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the UN and former director policy planning at the DOD (Zalmay, “The Economy and National Security”, National Review, 2-8-11, [])

** Free trade creates structural disincentives for inter- and intra- state war and deters terrorism ** ** Griswold, 11 ** Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization. “Free Trade and the Global Middle Class,” Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9 [|http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf Accessed 6/30/12] BJM Our more globalized world has also yielded a “peace dividend .” It may not AND and less likely those gains will be destroyed by civil conflict and war.

1AC SHIPBUILDING

 * Contention 2 is Shipbuilding**

** Steady federal Title XI funding key to revitalize the shipbuilding industrial base, generate jobs, and maintain defense capabilities ** ** AMO ’12 ** [American Maritime Officer “Title XI loan guarantees generate U.S. shipbuilding jobs,” May 2012, http://www.amo-union.org/News/2012/201205/201205.pdf, AZhang (he's the coolest)]

As the subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies devel AND the Title XI program in appropriations leg- islation for Fiscal Year 2013.


 * Scenario 1 is Naval Power**

** Naval readiness is rapidly declining now with no funding for modernization— Investment is key ** ** Eaglen ’12 ** [3 April 2012, MacKenzie Eaglen, Research Fellow for National Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation, Lanterloon,“U.S. military faces a readiness crisis,” http://lanterloon.com/u-s-military-faces-a-readiness-crisis/, AZhang]

None of America’s armed forces can meet all of the demands placed on them by AND of U.S. weakness will be greater in the long run.


 * And, expansion of title XI funding ensures increased naval capacity**
 * Goure, 11** [Lexington Institute, Obama Could Create Jobs And Support Defense, Daniel, PhD, []]

A less well recognized candidate for increased government investment that would create jobs, improve AND national security. Mr. President, put more money behind the MHI.


 * And, a strong maritime and shipbuilding industry is a vital pre requisite to credible naval capabilities**
 * Alberto, et al., 5** (Lieutenant Colonel Ronald P., U.S. Army, Colonel Michael G. Archuleta, U.S. Air Force, Lieutenant Colonel Steven H. Bills, U.S. Air Force, Commander William A. Bransom, U.S. Navy, Mr. Kenneth Cohen, Department of State, Commander William A. Ebbs, U.S. Navy, George Manjgaladze, Ministry of Defense, Republic of Georgia, Commander Elizabeth B. Myhre, U.S. Navy, Audrea M. Nelson, DA, Robert L. Riddick, Department of Defense, Colonel Christopher M. Ross, U.S. Army, Julia N. Ruhnke, DA, Lieutenant Colonel Gregory M. Ryan, U.S. Marine Corps, Colonel David D. Thompson, U.S. Air Force, Commander Hugh D. Wetherald, U.S. Navy, Dr. Mark Montroll, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Dr. Michael Farbman, USAID, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Captain David B. Hill, U.S. Coast Guard, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, “SHIPBUILDING”, The Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, 2005, http://www.ndu.edu/icaf/programs/academic/industry/reports/2005/pdf/icaf-is-report-shipbuilding-2005.pdf, Deech)

In conclusion, our study found that the tremendous advantage the US enjoys in naval AND skyrocket out of proportion to the value to the nation of the vessel.

Deter major power war. __No other disruption is as potentially disastrous to global stability__ __AND__ __and sustain forces, sea control and power projection enable extended campaigns ashore.__
 * Naval power key to deter major power war – the large magnitude of the impact demands national attention – outweighs probability**
 * Conway et al 7**** (James T., General, U.S. Marine Corps, Commandant of the Marine Corps, Gary Roughead, Admiral U.S. Navy, Chief of Naval Operations, and Thad W. Allen, Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, Commandant of the Coast Guard, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower”, October 2007, http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf)//AMV **

NLUS, 12 – a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating our citizens about the importance of sea power to U.S. national security and supporting the men and women of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and U.S.-flag Merchant Marine and their families (Navy League of the United States, “Maritime Primacy & Economic Prosperity: Maritime Policy 2012-13”, Navy League of the United States, 1/21/12, [] | AK)
 * And, causes escalation of every transnational threat – the ship building industry is key**

Global engagement is critical to the U.S. economy, world trade and AND an effective fighting force. Taking care of our wounded warriors is fundamental.


 * Scenario 2 is Sealift**

The Navy League also emphasized the critical importance of a strong American shipyard capacity. AND to be certain the United States can continue to sustain this essential capacity.”
 * Strong industrial base is a prerequisite to sealift**
 * Bonjean and Singer, 11** (Ron and Phil, “U.S. SEAFARERS, SHIPYARDS AND SHIP OPERATORS ARE CRITICAL TO NATION'S SECURITY, SAYS THE NAVY LEAGUE”, American Maritime Partnership, 4/27/2011, http://ndtahq.com/documents/NavyLeaguePolicyStatement27April2011.pdf, Deech)


 * Two Impacts**


 * First is South China Sea**


 * US maritime deployment credibility and strength is key to prevent war in the South China Sea – key to force peaceful cooperation**
 * Cronin and Kaplan 12** [Patrick M. Cronin, Senior Advisor and Senior Director of the Asia-Pacific Security Program at the Center for a New American Security, and Robert D. Kaplan, Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, January 2012, “Cooperation from Strength The United States, China and the South China Sea”, Center for New American Security, [], DMintz]

There is an ineluctable geostrategic contest at work in the South China Sea, and AND 2011, is that all countries play by the same set of rules.

The high-intensity scenario postulates __a cross-strait war escalating into a full__ __AND__ __should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilisation.__
 * The impact is multiple nuclear conflicts**
 * Straits Times 2k** (Ching Cheong, Straits times, July 25 2000, lexis nexis)


 * Second is Korea**

The United States and China share responsibility for resolving the issue of North Korea's proliferation AND think we have projected a sufficient force to do that," he said.
 * North Korean conflict is inevitable – having the capability to project forces is key to prevent conflict**
 * Chi-dong 12** [Lee Chi-dong, June 8, 2012, “NK proliferation threatens both U.S. and China: Panetta”, Yonhap, [], DMintz]

A full-blown war on the Korean peninsula offers up a nightmare scenario that AND the US military -- raising the danger of the world's first nuclear war.
 * Korean war goes nuclear**
 * De Luce 10** [Dan de Luce, November 25, 2010, “War with North Korea Poses Nightmare Scenarios” AFP, []]

1AC SOLVENCY

 * Contention 3 is Solvency**


 * The federal government is key – port infrastructure is under __federal jurisdiction__ and federal action is vital to __leadership__**
 * AAPA, 11** - AAPA represents 160 of the leading seaport authorities in the United States, Canada, Latin America and the Caribbean and more than 300 sustaining and associate members, firms and individuals with an interest in seaports (American Association of Port Authorities, “The U.S. Government’s Historic Role in Developing and Maintaining Landside and Waterside Connections to Seaports”, March 2011, []

Over time these constitutional responsibilities have been further defined and __our Constitution has formed the__ __AND__ economic vitality, jobs, and global competitiveness, be recognized and prioritized.

The country needs to become more export-oriented for the future health of the AND How does any of this help get us closer to our national goals?
 * And the USFG is key - states require the federal government for effective port upgrades because of interstate competition and a failure to share solutions**
 * Puentes 11 – Director of Metropolitan Policy at Brookings** (Robert Puentes, Senior Fellow and director of Metropolitan Policy at Brookings, former director of infrastructure at the intelligent transportation society of America, masters degree in urban planning, May 23, 2011 “Move It: How the U.S. Can Improve Transportation Policy”; http://www.brookings.edu-/research/opinions/2011/05/23transportation-policy-puentes; Brookings, Accessed June 19 2012)

For more than a decade, Europe and the U.S. have witnessed AND is being purchased by the vessel owner and included as a transaction cost.
 * Federal expansion of Title XI mitigates congestion and leads to private investment – the plan reverse the only barrier to short sea transportation**
 * Cook, 11** — former General Counsel of the Maritime Administration, Counsel to Seward and Kissel LLP (H. Clayton, “Dead in the Water”, Maritime Executive, 7/8/2012, http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/dead-in-the-water, Deech)
 * Note: SST = short sea transportation, CCF = capital construction fund

=NEG=

Past 2NR's
T- Maintenance T- Investment