Aaron+&+Reece

Emission regulations drive up fuel cost crushing the shipping industry
Hirdaris 13 – Dr. Spyro, Senior Specialist at Lloyd's Register, PHD in Naval Architecture at the University of Southampton, 2013 http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/351357/1/CONCEPTS%20FOR%20A%20MODULAR%20NUCLEAR%20POWERED%20CONTAINERSHIP.pdf\\CLans) __The shipping industry is an efficient mode of transport and is responsible for //90%//__ //AND// __or to reconsider the use of heavy fuel oil and use__ __alternative technologies__.

Shipping losses increasing – lack of efficiency and safety
__Shipping losses continued__ their __downward____trend____with 94 losses reported__ worldwide in 2013, __coming__ __AND__ __incidents, higher than the average elsewhere, reflecting the harsher operating environment.__
 * AGCS ** 3/13/ ** 14 ** [Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty (AGCS) is the Allianz Group's dedicated carrier for corporate and specialty insurance business, Shipping losses decline, but emerging risks pose serious challenges to marine industry and insurers, [], ml]

HSN 14 - Hellenic Shipping News, Online Daily Newspaper on Hellenic and International Shipping (“Risk is building up in the shipping industry on the back of increased shipbuilding orders and slower trade growth”, March 6, 2014 http://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/risk-is-building-up-in-the-shipping-industry-on-the-back-of-increased-shipbuilding-orders-and-slower-trade-growth/\\CLans) __Several shipping segments are expected to face significant headwinds from future supply__, until a AND __activity, risk seems to be building up”,__ Danish Ship Finance noted.
 * Collapse is inevitable—a litany of factors that only the 1AC can solve **

Nuclear shipping is key to prevent a decline and increase volume
Singla 2011 (Smita, MA in food tech and professional blogger on maritime issues, “Nuclear Ship Propulsion: Is it the Future of the Shipping Industry?,” Marine Insight, Sept 2, http://www.marineinsight.com/tech/nuclear-ship-propulsion-is-it-the-future-of-the-shipping-industry/#ixzz2BqcUcPcN) __Amongst all the speculations and standing doubts about use of marine propulsion system based on__ __AND__ smoke or particular pollutants that have become a menace all over the world.

Walsh 6 (Don, “Nuclear-Powered Surface Ships Wave of the Future or a Wave Goodbye?”, United States Naval Institute, November, http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/docview/205979999/7B389D11733A47C5PQ/1?accountid=14667)//JFHH Between producer and user, __about 98 percent of world-trade tonnage is carried__ __AND__ __gained. What was not feasible then could be the wave of tomorrow.__
 * Nuclear vessels are key to cutting back on maritime shipping costs **

Shipping key to stable food prices and international trade
Mitropoulos 2005 (Efthimios, Secretary-General of the International Maritime Organization of the United Nations, World Maritime Day Parallel Event, 11/15, International Maritime Organization, http://www.imo.org/Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1028&doc_id=5415) We hoped to kick-start moves towards creating a far broader awareness that __a__ __AND__ __international shipping half the world would starve and the other half would freeze__.

Transit time and fuel cost are key to food prices
OECD 2012 (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Trade Costs,” date is date last mod, Oct 29, www.oecd.org/tad/tradefacilitation/tradecosts.htm) Maritime transport costs Ships have moved goods across the world for thousands of years AND __that firms will enter export markets for time-sensitive products at all__.

High food prices cause nuclear war
Cribb 10 (Julian, Julian Cribb is a science communicator, journalist and editor of several newspapers and books. His published work includes over 7,000 newspaper articles, 1,000 broadcasts, and three books and has received 32 awards for science, medical, agricultural and business journalism. He was Director, National Awareness, for Australia's science agency, CSIRO, foundation president of the Australian Science Communicators, and originated the CGIAR's Future Harvest strategy. He has worked as a newspaper editor, science editor for "The Australian "and head of public affairs for CSIRO. He runs his own science communication consultancy, “The coming famine: the global food crisis and what we can do to avoid it,” p. 26) This is the most likely means by which the coming famine will affect //all citizens// AND widening gap between food and energy supplies and peoples' need to secure them.

Trade prevents war, contains war, and checks escalation—solves all other impacts
Griswold 2011 (Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization. “Free Trade and the Global Middle Class,” Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9 http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf) __Our__ more __globalized world has__ also __yielded a “//peace dividend//__ .” It may not AND __and less likely those gains will be destroyed by civil conflict and war.__

Protectionism causes conflicts which culminate in extinction
Pazner 08, Faculty member at the New York Institute of Finance (Michael, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” p. 137-138) The rise in  isolationism and protectionism will bring about  ever more heated arguments and dangerous AND <span style="font-family: 'Calibri Light',sans-serif;">between Muslims and Western societies as the //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri Light',sans-serif;">beginnings of a new world war. //

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">American shipbuilding is noncompetitive now—the plan revitalizes it by increasing orders and efficiency
Haas 14 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) Nuclear powered vessels have inherently lower operating costs compared to conventional vessels. __The United__ __AND__ __to container ships, to be even more competitive against their foreign counterparts__.

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Nuclear shipbuilding revitalizes industry jobs and boosts the economy—civilian orders are key
Haas 14 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) According to __a recent study__ done by MARAD in 2013 __on the impact of America’s__ __AND__ __ships could be considerable once their place in the world market becomes widespread__.

Plan provides a technological niche to create demand for US shipbuilding – solves tech leadership
<span style="font-family: 'Calibri Light',sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Mathea et al 03 (Tomasz; Bazemore, Debbie; Iptes, Mustafa; Martinot-Lagarde, Vincent; Ahern, Don; Baker, Laurent; Bingham, Gwen; Faux, Eku; Greenwood, Paul; Harrison, Joe; Scarchilli, Dave; Simpson, Brian A; Davis, Ron; Harrison, Donald; Lohnert, Robert; Vuxton, Chris; “2003 Industry Studies: Shipbuilding”, 2003, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB8QFjAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsdl.org%2F%3Fview%26did%3D451876&ei=4aSxU77kNIWZPfeOgZAO&usg=AFQjCNGKpUBnmADJSVna_99jeSFdghxeOQ&sig2=EjUiAs7ZtfApAqjC0iuRxw)//Vinaik Shipbuilding is almost as old as mankind itself. For centuries, __nations have built__ __AND__
 * __industry, implement policies that begin to redress this international commercial shipbuilding mismatch.__**

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Commercial shipbuilding industry is key to naval power and overall US hard power
A.M.P 14 (American Maritime Partnership, “National Security,” No date, date is date accessed, June 29, 2014 http://www.americanmaritimepartnership.com/national-security/) A strong and vibrant maritime industry helps ensure the United States maintains its expertise in AND __vessels is not only a strategic asset but also fundamental to national security.”__

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Naval reliance is inevitable – only a matter of effectiveness
Whiteneck 10 (Daniel Whiteneck • Michael Price • Neil Jenkins •Peter Swartz, CNA Analysis & Solutions, “The Navy at a Tipping Point: Maritime Dominance at Stake?” March, http://www.public.navy.mil/usff/documents/navy_at_tipping_point.pdf) __In the future, the demand for the Navy //will continue//__ __to be part of__ __AND__ __diplomacy to support administration priorities and to support security cooperation activities__ by COCOMs.

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">No one can fill in for US naval power
Whiteneck 10 (Daniel Whiteneck • Michael Price • Neil Jenkins •Peter Swartz, CNA Analysis & Solutions, “The Navy at a Tipping Point: Maritime Dominance at Stake?” March, http://www.public.navy.mil/usff/documents/navy_at_tipping_point.pdf) Second, //no other country// __(or combination of countries) will create the forces__ __AND__ __of assets) would q//uickly deplete their resources//__ __and //political support//__ __at home__.

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">US naval power guarantees hegemony, prevents attacks on the US mainland, and deters potential rivals from even attempting to change the status quo
Friedman 7 (George, PhD, Chief Executive Officer and founder of STRATFOR, “The Limitations and Necessity of Naval Power,” April 10, http://www.stratfor.com/limitations_and_necessity_naval_power) This raises a more fundamental question: What is the value of naval power in AND fundamentally **__indispensable role__** the Navy plays in U.S. national security.

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Naval power is critical to overall US capabilities—this allows us to deter and defeat any challenger and contain every impact
England, Jones, and Clark 11 (Gordon England is a former secretary of the Navy. General James Jones is a former commandant of the Marine Corps. Admiral Vern Clark is a former chief of naval operations; “The Necessity of U.S. Naval Power,” July 11, http://gcaptain.com/necessity-u-s-naval-power?27784) The future security environment underscores two broad security trends. First, __international political realities__ __AND__ __is exactly what we will need to meet the challenges of the future__.

Heg is sustainable and solves conflict escalation and great power war—collapse results in __violent apolarity__ and __nuclear arms races__
<span style="font-family: 'Calibri Light',sans-serif; font-size: 6pt;">Assessing the Security Benefits of Deep Engagement Even if <span style="font-family: 'Calibri Light',sans-serif;">deep engagement's <span style="font-family: 'Calibri Light',sans-serif; font-size: 6pt;"> costs are far less <span style="font-family: 'Calibri Light',sans-serif; font-size: 6pt;">AND <span style="font-family: 'Calibri Light',sans-serif;">disengaged—even as it pushes cooperation toward U.S. preferences.
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Brooks, et al, 13 ** [Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment Stephen G. Brooks (bio), [|G. John Ikenberry] (bio) and William C. Wohlforth (bio), Stephen G. Brooks; G. John Ikenberry and William C. Wohlforth STEPHEN G. BROOKS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul. WILLIAM C. WOHLFORTH is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, [|International Security] Volume 37, Number 3, Winter 2012, p. Project Muse]

American hegemony is a much more sound and egalitarian system than any alternatives – it promotes social, economic and political equality and independence
Charles A. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri Light',sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Kupchan ’14 [Professor of International Affairs in the School of Foreign Service and Government Department at Georgetown University. He is also Whitney H. Shepardson Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Kupchan was Director for European Affairs on the National Security Council during the first Clinton administration. Before joining the NSC, he worked in the U.S. Department of State on the Policy Planning Staff. Prior to government service, he was an Assistant Professor of Politics at Princeton University. May 16, 2014, “The Normative Foundations of Hegemony and The Coming Challenge to Pax Americana”, Taylor & Francis, Security Studies, Volume 23, Issue 2, 2014, [], ml] __Since its founding era__, __the U__ nited __S__ tates __has sought to construct an egalitarian socioeconomic__ __AND__ __produced__ a brand of __hegemony aimed at establishing an____open__ trading __order__ globally.

Even if rising power’s can challenge, they won’t – increasing integration and interests in the liberal order
<span style="font-family: 'Calibri Light',sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Ikenburry, 14 <span style="font-family: 'Calibri Light',sans-serif;"> – a professor of Politics and International Affairs in the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, former senior fellow at Brookings, and PhD (John, “The Illusion of Geopolitics: The Enduring Power of the Liberal Order,” 2014, Council on Foreign Relations, Proquest)//eek <span style="font-family: 'Calibri Light',sans-serif; font-size: 6pt;">, Chinese leaders have moved away from their earlier calls for sweeping change.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Calibri Light',sans-serif;">Not only does Mead underestimate the strength of the United States and the order it __**
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Calibri Light',sans-serif;">AND __**

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Federal support and oversight is key to develop nuclear shipping
Adams 95 (Rodney, Nuclear Power for Commercial Ships, Paper presented at Propulsion '95, a conference of maritime professionals sponsored by the Marine Log. New Orleans, LA. Oct 30-31 1995 http://www.atomicengines.com/Ship_paper.html) There is currently little interest in the United States on the part of either the AND ships to compete more effectively with aircraft in the market for international deliveries.

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Federal insurance increases acceptance of nuclear power and creates a commercial role
Haas 14 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) __Current protection and indemnity insurance for nuclear reactors in the United States follows the Price__ __AND__ are available, and a modern understanding of radiation health effects is adopted.

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Shipping companies would adopt nuclear power and international entities would license it—government support is the key barrier
Time 10 (“Nuclear Cruise Ships Ahoy?” Nov 15, http://science.time.com/2010/11/15/nuclear-cruise-ships-ahoy/#ixzz2Bq9wGdYH) Today __Lloyd’s Register, the international standards organization for the classification and design of ships__ __AND__ consider in how to manage the much larger risk of global climate change .”

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">The US is key—best regulatory structure
Haas 14 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) __In order to **reduce quality control** costs and **ensure efficient** factory **production**, only countries__ __AND__ is possible if the reactor is designed and tested in the United States.

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">The plan spurs a US-dominated global market
Haas 14 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) However, __once nuclear powered ships are accepted by a wide range of countries,__ __AND__ __be able to achieve the productivity needed to create a sustainable shipbuilding program__.

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">No shipwreck impact
Femenia 12 (Jose, Prof at the United States Merchant Marine Academy, Is The Time Right For Commercial Nuclear Powered Vessels? http://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/SNAME/ee3b8f97-c746-4d85-bede-cd348a202053/UploadedImages/Is%20The%20Time%20Is%20Right%20For%20Commercial%20Nuclear%20Powered%20Vessels-J.Femenia%20%28Full%20Paper-080812%29.pdf) Another potential source of pollution created by nuclear powered commercial vessels is if the vessels AND __removal and retrieval__, a great challenge for marine engineers and naval architects.

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">No waste issue
Femenia 12 (Jose, Prof at the United States Merchant Marine Academy, Is The Time Right For Commercial Nuclear Powered Vessels? http://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/SNAME/ee3b8f97-c746-4d85-bede-cd348a202053/UploadedImages/Is%20The%20Time%20Is%20Right%20For%20Commercial%20Nuclear%20Powered%20Vessels-J.Femenia%20%28Full%20Paper-080812%29.pdf) An argument can be made that the nuclear spent fuel is a major pollutant. AND __would have much //low power levels//__ __compared to gegawatt electrical utility power plants__.