Yuhang+&+Anna

Warming & Heg

**Warming is anthropogenic**
(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)//BB An accurate perception of the degree of .... 97.2% based on self-ratings, 97.1% based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
 * Green 13 ** – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech
 * John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
 * Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
 * Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,

**below 4 degrees avoids the worst impacts**

 * Kim 12 ** – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank

(Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)//BB __ The 4°C scenarios are ... __ The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.

**extinction**

 * Mazo 10 **– PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA

(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)//BB The best estimates for global warming... extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

**emissions cause ocean acidification – extinction**

 * Romm 12 **– physicist and climate expert, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress

(Joseph J., “Science: Ocean Acidifying so fast that it threatens humanity’s ability to feed itself”, 3/2/12; http://earthlawcenter.org/news/headline/science-ocean-acidifying-so-fast-it-threatens-humanitys-ability-to-feed-itself/)

The world’s oceans may be turning acidic faster today.... We’re playing a very dangerous game.”

**Only action now solves future catastrophe**

 * Antholis and Talbott 10 ** – Director and President @ Brookings

(William Antholis, managing director of the Brookings Institution and a senior fellow in Governance Studies, former director of studies at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, and Strobe Talbott, president of the Brookings Institution, deputy Sec. of State under Clinton, “The Global Warming Tipping Point,” The Globalist, http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=8523)//BB

Moreover, we need to start reductions .. pump CO2 into the atmosphere.

**US offshore wind development curbs carbon emissions**

 * Thaler 12 **- Professor of Energy Policy, Law & Ethics

(Jeff, “FIDDLING AS THE WORLD BURNS: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE URGENTLY REQUIRES A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERMITTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS,” 42 Environmental Law Journal 1101)//BB

Unfortunately, as the economic and health costs from fossil fuel ... Island would likewise be shallow-water installations.

**Offshore wind is comparatively the cleanest and most productive renewable energy**

 * Jensen 13 ** – partner in the Washington, DC office of Holland & Hart LLP

(Thomas, et al, “From the 35th Public Land Law Conference: Balancing Act and Paradigm Shift: The Role of Public Lands in America's Energy Future: Oceans: Are Ocean Wind Turbines like Homesteads and Gold Mines and Railroads? A Public Lands Policy Question for the Climate Change Era,” 34 Pub. Land & Resources L. Rev. 93)//BB

The ocean wind resource in United States ... a tool to power our communities.

**Green leadership maintains primacy --- weak and piecemeal measures will cause a collapse**

 * Crawford** 2010/**2011** (Colin – J.D. Wake Forest University School of Law, Green Warfare: An American Grand Strategy for the 21st Century, Wake Forest Journal of Business and Intellectual Property Law, p. Lexis)

The //U//nited //S//tates is in desperate need of such farsighted leadership...**triggering a new one in the process**.

**Fast growth promotes US leadership and solves great power war**
Khalilzad 11 – PhD, Former Professor of Political Science @ Columbia, Former ambassador to Iraq and Afghanistan

(Zalmay Khalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. "The Economy and National Security" Feb 8 http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad)//BB

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to the United States’ position as global leader. While the United States suffers from...would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

**Slow growth leads to China as the hegemon and hegemonic wars – relative gap is key**

 * Goldstein 7 **- Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania,

(Avery Goldstein, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume30, Issue 4 & 5 August, EBSCO)

Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments... about the period prior to the possible crossover __.__19

**States will inevitably compete for relative status – only primacy can prevent conflict**

 * Wohlforth 9 **- Professor of government at Dartmouth

(William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War” World Politics, 61:1, January, Project Muse)

Second, I question the dominant view that status quo evaluations are relatively independent ... material interest in security and/or prosperity.

**Cooperative environmental action is possible – now is key and US leadership solves**

 * Eizenstat 9** – partner at Covington & Burling LLP, lead U.S. negotiator of the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change, has held numerous senior positions in government as Deputy Secretary of the Treasury, Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, U.S. Ambassador to the EU, and former U.S. Sous Sherpa to the G8 (Stuart Eizenstat, “THE U.S. ROLE IN SOLVING CLIMATE CHANGE: GREEN GROWTH POLICIES CAN ENABLE LEADERSHIP DESPITE THE ECONOMIC DOWNTURN” ENERGY LAW JOURNAL Volume 30, No. 1 2009)

Nonetheless, I am //cautiously optimistic...// U nited S tates appears poised to again engage, cooperate and lead.


 * Offshore wind creates jobs--boosts the economy **

N’dolo 10 – associate principal @ Camoin Associates

(Michael and Bruce Bailey, “Offshore development can yield economic benefits,” North American Wind Power, Fall 2010)//BB

Economic opportunities

Wind power is a job-creation //engine...// for a number of projects on the East Coast.

**The plan solves unemployment and diversifies fuel sources**

 * Schroeder 10 ** – J.D @ Berkeley, M.E.M., Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies

(Erica, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” California Law Review, 98.5)//BB

Many of the most compelling benefits... o ur potential for wind energy on land and offshore," wind power could create 250,000 jobs by 2030.61

**The plan ensures offshore wind development --- it maintains NEPA reviews to prevent environmentally destructive __over development__**
Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP)

V The Coastal Zone Management Act: A Potential Solution

The Cape Wind example ... offshore wind power development.

**A long-term investment tax credit __catapults__ the offshore wind industry – transitions the US to a green economy**

 * Sopko 13 ** – JD, former legislative council @ House of Reps

(Nancy, “Offshore Wind Needs a Boost from Congress,” http://oceana.org/en/blog/2013/11/offshore-wind-needs-a-boost-from-congress-0)//BB

Like so many of us, Oceana ... harder it will be to correct the damage we have done.

**99.7% of studies prove ITC increases net price value of offshore wind projects**
Wyman, 2013, graduate student at the University of Texas

(Constance, “Why The ITC Matters for Offshore Wind”, NA Wind Power, Volume 10, Number 6, http://www.nawindpower.com/issues/NAW1307/FEAT_03_Why_The_ITC_Matters_For_Offshore_Wind.html)

Over the last few years,... of greater value to the offshore wind industry

**Only a federal __mandate__ can guarantee the expansion of wind energy**

 * Schroeder, 10 ** --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP)

However, the Oceans Act and Ocean Management Plan... and local decision making.

**Reforming the permitting process is key – Massachusetts provides an opportune model for streamlined development**
Kimmel *, and Stalenhoef**, 10-10- 2011 – *Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection **Counsel for the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities

[*Kenneth, *Dawn, “The Cape Wind Offshore Wind Energy Project: A Case Study of the Difficult Transition to Renewable Energy”, Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal, Volume 5 Issue 1, http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=gguelj]

The Cape Wind saga reveals that the current ... //and provides models for the types of reform that are needed.//

**Long-term incentives ensure that the supply chain follows on – fed support key**
Galluci 11 - Staff Reporter at InsideClimate News Honduras Contributor at Fodor's, Co-Editor & Reporter at The News, Newsroom Intern at Associated Press, Newsroom Intern at Columbus Business

(Maria, “Never-Used Tax Credit Could Jumpstart US Offshore Wind Energy—if Renewed,” http://truth-out.org/news/item/4778:neverused-tax-credit-could-jumpstart-us-offshore-wind-energy%E2%80%94if-renewed)

Matt Kaplan, a North American wind analyst at IHS Emerging Energy Research,.. in the United States," Grybowski said.