AFF+-+Sabrina+and+Kirby


 * 1AC - Aquaculture**


 * Plan text -**

**The United States federal government should create a National Offshore Aquaculture Framework that**
====**- authorizes the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as the lead federal agency for regulating offshore aquaculture and gives it authority to determine appropriate locations for, permit, regulate, monitor, and enforce offshore aquaculture in the Exclusive Economic Zone**====

**Global overfishing is real – only new sustainable practices can solve**
The sad story of Newfoundland~’s cod industry is well known: When the region~’s once AND food security will require all of us to work together toward common goals.
 * Sumaila 12** – professor and director of the Fisheries Centre at the University of B.C (Rashid, "Declining fisheries will affect us all soon enough", Feb 1^^st^^, LexisNexis) //J.N.E

**Global overfishing collapses fisheries globally**
Pauly 9 —- professor at the Fisheries Centre of the University of British Columbia (9/28/2009, Daniel, "Aquacalypse Now," [], JMP) The jig, however, is nearly up. In 1950, the newly constituted AND seeing now may be only the first scene in a watery horror show.

**Overfishing will destroy the ocean in the short term**
Oceana 7 - adapted from a briefing given on May 24, 2007 at the World Trade Organization by Andrew Sharpless, Chief Executive Officer of Oceana and Dr. Rashid Sumaila, Director of the Fisheries Economics Research Unit at the University of British Columbia Fisheries Centre ("STATE OF THE WORLD~’S FISHERIES", []) //J.N.E What Will Be the Future of the Oceans? The oceans contain a vast diversity AND , the stability of marine ecosystems, and water quality all decrease exponentially.

**Specifically, it destroys regional diversities – interdependence**
Florida State University researchers have spearheaded a major review of fisheries research that examines the AND of Maine, the Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale in France.
 * Science Daily 14** – leading publishers of science news – citing Flordia State University research ("Snowball effect of overfishing highlighted", Jan 7^^th^^, []) //J.N.E

**Continued loss of biodiversity causes extinction**
Bamosky et al 11 - Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley AND Journal, Volume 471, Peer Reviewed) //J.N.E Palaeontologists characterize mass extinctions as times when the Earth loses more than three-quarters AND the urgency of relieving the pressures that are pushing today~’s species towards extinction.

**The best science verifies interdependence theory**
As biodiversity declines worldwide, there is concern that this will lead to declines in AND that conserving as much biodiversity as possible could be a good precautionary approach."
 * McGill University 11** – research published by ScienceDaily, research was funded by a Discovery grant of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada and by the Canada Research Chair program. ("Biodiversity critical for maintaining multiple ~’ecosystem services~’", August 19th, []) //J.N.E

The plan solves, it creates a sustainable model that trades off with wild fish stock
Smith 12 —- J.D. Harvard Law School, 2012 (4/19/2012, Turner, "Greening the Blue Revolution: How History Can Inform a Sustainable Aquaculture Movement," [], JMP) IV. The Benefits and Harms of Modern Aquaculture Before delving into an account of AND a "green" blue revolution and realize its full, impressive potential.

**Overfishing destroys global food production – aquaculture solves**
Strasser 14 —- Senior Editor of ThinkProgress (4/21/2014, Annie-Rose, "The New, Innovative And More Efficient Way Of Feeding People," [], JMP)

Don Kent, President of the Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, was standing in the seafood aisle of a Whole Foods in the affluent San Diego neighborhood of La Jolla recently when he took out his phone and snapped a photo of a fresh-looking branzino. "Branzino is European sea bass," Kent explained. "It~’s grown in the Mediterranean. And it~’s flown 6,900 miles from Greece to here and then it~’s put on ice in La Jolla." Kent, whose organization studies the intersection of nature and human activity and offers solutions on how the two can co-exist, is one of the people who believes there~’s a different way to approach how we get our protein here in theU nited S tates. He insists that there~’s a new, innovative, and more efficient method of feeding people — not just in La Jolla, but all over the world. Aquaculture. Or, as it~’s known to most people, fish farming. "We spend 130 million dollars a year on air freight for the 300,000 metric tons of salmon that get flown into the U.S. from Chile. Think of the carbon footprint associated with that," he says. "There~’s absolutely no reason why that brazino shouldn~’t be a white sea bass grown three miles off the coast. And then imagine the carbon footprint that~’s saved in doing that." What, exactly, is aquaculture? The basic idea is that you~’re farming aquatic life. The specifics, however, vary quite a bit. In the case of fish, eggs are fostered into small fish at a hatchery, raised for food, and farmed whenever they~’re needed. The fish can be raised in tanks or in net pens, in fresh water, off the coast, or out in the open ocean. And fish are just one kind of aquaculture; a similar process is utilized to farm shellfish — like mussels or oysters — and for seaweeds. Aquaculture right now is in an age of innovation. The advent of indoor tank farming is one promising way fish farming could grow. Another would be going out into the open ocean and dropping fish in large, globe-shaped aquapods down below the surface. "Open-ocean aquaculture is one of the emerging frontiers," says Michael Rubino, Director of the Aquaculture Office at theN ational O ceanic and A tmospheric A dministration. "There~’s not much of it yet but we have crowded coastlines, we have coastlines that have a lot of new trees and they~’re shallow, or they~’re multiple uses, so some people think that going further offshore, you avoid those multiple use conflicts and get a more stable environment." Attempts to take aquaculture offshore include building farms off of decommissioned oil rigs. Farmers also hope it can help them to farm in rougher waters where weather events like hurricanes might get in the way. Some aquaculture groups even hope that there is a way to fuse offshore farms with renewable energy projects. Spend just a few minutes reading news about agriculture and climate change these days, and you~’ll understand what~’s driving people to consider scaling up aquaculture : The latest report from the United Nations~’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change tells us we~’re headed toward a "breakdown of food systems linked to warming, drought, flooding, and precipitation variability and extremes." Studies come out every week, practically, that say drought threatens our supply of key grains like wheat, corn, and rice. The warming globe is even slowing down cows~’ production of milk. And not only is our food on the fritz, but it~’s causing a lot of the problems that seem to be leading to its own demise. Cows, a growing source of protein here in the United States, are major emitters of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Meat production is also a serious drain on other resources: A quarter pound of hamburger meat uses up 6.7 pounds of grains and 52.8 gallons of water. We~’re paying a high price to get our protein, and all the while our population is growing at a breakneck speed. There are a lot of hungry mouths to feed. The United Nations has urged "a substantial worldwide diet change, away from animal products" altogether. But aquaculture might be a good stepping stone. "Overall, if we~’re going to if we~’re going to adequately nourish the increasing number of billions of people on this planet continue to consume the amount of seafood we consume — or put more apocalyptically, if we~’re going to adequately nourish the increasing number of billions of people on this planet ," Michael Conathan, Director of Ocean Policy at the Center for American Progress, told ThinkProgress, "more and more protein is going to have to come from aquaculture." Experts say there are myriad reasons why the world can and should shift toward getting more of its sustenance from aquaculture. For one thing, it can be much more efficient than the status quo. "The thing about aquaculture is that from a resource efficiency perspective it~’s one of the most resource-efficient ways to produce protein in terms of the amount of food and the amount of space it takes," says NOAA~’s Rubino. "Far more than land animals. You~’re not using fresh water [to grow crops to feed land animals], and the feed conversion of fish is roughly one to one — one pound of food for one pound of flesh — as opposed to pork or beef where it~’s seven or ten to one … So from an environmental footprint perspective, it~’s very efficient . You can also grow a lot of fish in a very small space. They don~’t need a lot of space whether it~’s a pond or a tank, as opposed to grazing land or all the corn or soybeans that it takes to feed animals." As it stands now, 40 percent of the non-water surface of earth is used for agriculture. A whopping 30 percent of land that~’s not covered in ice is being used not to feed us directly, but to feed the things that feed us, namely chickens, cows, and pigs. One of the effects of this is that agriculture is driving massive deforestation.

**Status quo fishing ensures food insecurity**
What is the impact of the fisheries~’ crisis and over-fishing on food security AND leads to "hone" the sustainability pathways that the sector could follow.
 * Pinstrup-Andersen et al June 2014 – Danish Economist, Professor at Cornell** (Per, "Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition", June 2014, [], JZG)

**Aquaculture is both sufficient and necessary to guarantee long term food security – no other sources can increase production fast enough**
Aquaculture~’s contribution to food security The existing and potential contributions of aquaculture to food security AND and static fishery production make aquaculture an important supply source for fish products.
 * Hishamunda et al 9** - Fishery Planning Officer at the Fishery and Aquaculture Economics and Policy Division of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (Nathanael, Junning Cai – Assistant Professor at Central University of Finance and Economics, PingSun Leung – professor at College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, "Commercial aquaculture and economic growth, poverty alleviation and food security, FAO, [], JZG)

**a) Food Availability**
Hishamunda et al 9 - Fishery Planning Officer at the Fishery and Aquaculture Economics and Policy Division of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (Nathanael, Junning Cai – Assistant Professor at Central University of Finance and Economics, PingSun Leung – professor at College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, "Commercial aquaculture and economic growth, poverty alleviation and food security, FAO, [], JZG) Contribution to food availability Two aspects of food availability are food quantity and quality. AND aquatic food products generally suit the taste of the population in these countries.

**b) Food access**
Hishamunda et al 9 - Fishery Planning Officer at the Fishery and Aquaculture Economics and Policy Division of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (Nathanael, Junning Cai – Assistant Professor at Central University of Finance and Economics, PingSun Leung – professor at College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, "Commercial aquaculture and economic growth, poverty alleviation and food security, FAO, [], JZG) Contribution to food access Food availability is a necessary condition for food security, but AND infrastructure, its impacts on community formation and its contribution to tax revenues.

**Food insecurity will collapse civilization**
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries AND states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.
 * Brown, 9** —- founder of both the WorldWatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute (May 2009, Lester R., Scientific American, "Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?" Ebsco)

**Withholding food is morally intolerable**
Hunger, starvation, malnutrition, under-nutrition, and absolute poverty are widespread AND to live in absolute poverty. This is morally appalling - and intolerable.
 * Peffer 3** – Professor in Philosophy from UC San Diego, PhD from University of Arizona in Moral, Social and Political philosophy (Rodney, "WORLD HUNGER, MORAL THEORY, AND RADICAL RAWLSIANISM," Special Issue: "Topics in International Moral Theory," International Journal of Politics and Ethics, vol. 2, no. 4, 2003)//HAL

**Multiple factors check war**
Whereas in years past, when nations allied with their neighbors in ephemeral bonds of AND a war is equal parts costly, counterproductive, archaic, and improbable.
 * Robb 12**—Lieutenant, US Navy (Doug, Why the Age of Great Power War is Over, www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over-http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over, JZG)

(Daniel and G. John, January/February 2009, "The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail," Foreign Affairs Volume 88, Issue 1, JZG) This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent developments and ignores powerful countervailing AND international system is far more primed for peace than the autocratic revivalists acknowledge.
 * No war – economic interdependence and nuclear deterrence**
 * Deudney and Ikenberry, 09** — MA and PhD in Political Science, Professor, Political Science, Johns Hopkins University; PhD, Professor, International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University

**No scenario for escalation — inevitable incentives for conflict minimization**
(Sir Michael, Thinking About Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects, 2009, [], JZG) It was occasionally conjectured that nuclear war might be triggered by the real but accidental AND action at short notice should be abandoned. Chapter 13 returns to this.
 * Quinlan 9** - distinguished former British defence strategist, former Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the British Ministry of Defence, Prof. @ Wimbledon College and Merton College, Oxford. Director of the Ditchley Foundation

**Nuclear winter can’t be proven—their studies are politically biased**
("Wintry Doom," August, [], JZG) Atmospheric scientists were well-placed to take up the question of smoke from a AND more people through starvation than would die directly under the bombs.)(10)
 * American Institute of Physics** August **2011**


 * Contention 3 is Solvency**

====**The plan, based on the National Sustainable Offshore Aquaculture Act, is the best way to develop environmentally sustainable offshore aquaculture. It is a product of systemic research from relevant stakeholders**==== Johns, 13 —- J.D. Candidate, USC Law 2013 (March 2013, Kristen L., Southern California Law Review, FARM FISHING HOLES: GAPS IN FEDERAL REGULATION OF OFFSHORE AQUACULTURE," 86 S. Cal. L. Rev. 681, JMP) IV. DEVELOPING A NEW FRAMEWORK A. Congress Should Enact New Legislation Creating a AND our domestic economy, but not at the expense of a healthy ocean.

**The plan sets a global model that saves marine ecosystems**

 * Naylor, 6** —- Fellow at the Center for Environmental Science and Policy, Stanford University (Spring 2006, Rosamond L., "Environmental Safeguards for Open-Ocean Aquaculture," [], JMP)

The need for national environmental standards Whether environmentalists like it or not, marine aquaculture AND enforceable environmental mandates. standards could help encourage better practices in other countries.

**The plan creates a national standard for sustainable aquaculture — protects marine environments and prevents collapse of seafood industries**
(2/15/2010, Rosamond L. Naylor and George H. Leonard, "Aquaculture made safe," [], JMP)
 * Naylor %26 Leonard, 10** —- *director of the program on food security and the environment at Stanford, AND **director of the aquaculture program at the Ocean Conservancy in Santa Cruz

While Americans~’ appetite for seafood continues to grow, most of us know little about where our fish comes from or how it was produced. In California, more than half of our seafood comes from aquaculture, often imported from fish farms in other countries. Just as most chickens, pigs and cows are raised in tightly confined, intensive operations, so too are many farm-raised fish. But raising fish in tight quarters carries some serious risks. Disease and parasites can be transmitted from farmed to wild fish. Effluents, antibiotics and other chemicals can be discharged into surrounding waters. Nonnative farmed fish can escape into wild fish habitat. And a reliance on wild-caught fish in aquaculture feed can deplete food supplies for other marine life. These environmental impacts have been evident in many other countries with intensive marine fish farming. In Chile, where industry expansion was prioritized over environmental protection, salmon aquaculture has collapsed, causing a major blow to what had been one of Chile~’s leading exports. Tens of thousands of people are now jobless in southern Chile, where the salmon farming industry once boomed. If aquaculture is to play a responsible role in the future of seafood here at home, we must ensure that the "blue revolution" in ocean fish farming does not cause harm to the oceans and the marine life they support. In December, Rep. Lois Capps (D-Santa Barbara) introduced in AND and the U.S. are located just a few miles offshore. If the U.S. and other states follow California~’s lead, we may AND oversight of strong, performance-based environmental, socioeconomic and liability standards. The bill also would preempt ecologically risky, piecemeal regulation of ocean fish farming in different regions of the U.S. Indeed, regulation efforts are already underway in many states, with no consistent standards to govern the industry~’s environmental or social performance. If these piecemeal regional initiatives move forward, it will get much more difficult to create a sustainable national policy for open-ocean aquaculture. Previous federal bills introduced in 2005 and 2007 were fundamentally flawed — and ultimately did not pass — because they put the goal of aquaculture expansion far above that of environmental protection. Now, for the first time, a bill has been introduced that would demonstrably protect marine ecosystems, fishing communities and seafood consumers from the risks of poorly regulated open-ocean aquaculture. The Obama administration is currently developing a national policy to guide the development of U.S. aquaculture. The administration would do well to embrace the vision articulated by Capps and Simitian for a science-based and precautionary approach to help ensure a responsible future for U.S. ocean fish farming.

**Plan ensures sustainable development of aquaculture —- resolves seafood trade deficit and rebuilds wild fish stocks**
Johns, 13 —- J.D. Candidate, USC Law 2013 (March 2013, Kristen L., Southern California Law Review, FARM FISHING HOLES: GAPS IN FEDERAL REGULATION OF OFFSHORE AQUACULTURE," 86 S. Cal. L. Rev. 681, JMP)

II. WHY REGULATE NOW? Prompt regulation of offshore aquaculture is needed for several reasons. As demand for seafood AND developed, but that it does so in a sustainable and precautionary way. A. Aquaculture as an Important Contributor to Domestic Seafood Supply A compelling case can be made for growing more seafood in the United States. America~’s appetite for seafood continues to increase n13 - yet dwindling supplies of domestic fish stocks n14 have forced the United States [*687] to import 91 percent of its seafood. n15 Domestic aquaculture can help meet the growing demand for seafood, reduce the dependence on imports, and help rebuild wild fish stocks. Over thirty years ago, Congress recognized the enormous potential of aquaculture for our nation~’s AND and the United States continues to rely on foreign nations for its seafood. Like the United States, other nations have recognized the potential of aquaculture as a AND , U.S. aquaculture still has the potential for significant growth. B. Domestic Aquaculture Will Expand Offshore While domestic aquaculture can play an important role in U.S. seafood production AND contribute to the shift from land-based aquaculture operations to marine projects. At the same time, the growing marine aquaculture industry will have to compete for AND costs will shrink and the economic potential for offshore aquaculture will grow. n34 Indeed, a number of U.S. aquaculturists are already experimenting with offshore AND currents while being close enough to shore for easy delivery of supplies. n40 C. Regulations Needed to Incentivize Offshore Aquaculture Developers: The Kona Blue Experience As interest in offshore aquaculture grows, the developmental and technological barriers that were once AND 2009 even served its signature tuna to President Obama and his family. n48 Kona Blue~’s open-ocean commercial operations, however, have so far been limited AND Blue looking to expand offshore seem to be swimming against the current. n54 A comprehensive federal framework for regulating the offshore industry is needed to address another significant AND introduce legislation that would halt all aquaculture activities in the United States. n60 Without a comprehensive regulatory framework in place to guide the offshore industry, the attacks AND coast of Puerto Rico to Panama. n64 As Kona Blue~’s CEO explained, The concern going forward is the permit pathway ... . If you make it available, [entrepreneurs] will come and make investments. American entrepreneurs realize an opportunity when they see one. The biggest constraint we hear from them is, "Will we be allowed to scale this [up]? How can we be sure that we can build an industry here?" n65 Thus, if the U.S. government wishes to keep its domestic offshore aquaculture industry afloat, it must focus on revising its current regulatory regime.


 * 1AC - NOPP**

1ac – plan text

 * The United States federal government should substantially increase its non-military ocean exploration through the National Oceanographic Partnership Program.**

Low levels of ocean funding means that NOPP’s 10 year plan will be terminated this August

 * NORLC, 8** – National Ocean Research Leadership Council (“Report to the U.S. Congress on the National Oceanographic Partnership Program,” National Ocean Research Leadership Council, March, []

III. NOPP Ten-Year Strategic Plan In//August 2004//, the NORLC approved a new Ten-Year Strategic Plan for NOPP AND Plans to address the Critical Actions and their associated metrics will be documented separately from this Strategic Plan and are intended for annual assessment and update.

Greater ocean exploration is vital to understanding deep-ocean thermohaline circulation which determines our ability to adapt to climate change
Goodwin is PhD Marine Biologist and Science Writer at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (“Why Do We Explore” []) zabd Why Ocean Exploration Is Important Today Curiosity, desire for knowledge, and quest for AND the reasons we explore Earth’s ocean; but we also explore to survive.
 * Goodwin, 9** – The Harmon Project, NOAA

Warming inevitable – adapatation key
Ernenwein 13 – Journalist of Policy at Pepperdine (David, “Preparing for the Inevitable: US Climate Change Preparation”) Pepperdine University. [] Climate change is underway and it will impact the entire globe. It will not AND another Katrina as long as we plan ahead and make the necessary adjustments.

Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience
The misconceptions that drove spending on space were mirrored in our lack of knowledge about AND the importance of aggressive ocean research and management before it is too late.
 * Young, 14 –** thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT **(**Grace, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, []

Continued loss of biodiversity causes extinction
Palaeontologists characterize mass extinctions as times when the Earth loses more than three-quarters AND the urgency of relieving the pressures that are pushing today’s species towards extinction.
 * Bamosky et al 11** - Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, University of California Museum of Paleontology, California, USA. University of California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, California, USA. Human Evolution Research Center, California, USA, (Anthony D. Barnosky, Nicholas Matzke, Susumu Tomiya, Guinevere O. U. Wogan, Brian Swartz, Tiago B. Quental, Charles Marshall, Jenny L. McGuire, Emily L. Lindsey, Kaitlin C. Maguire, Ben Mersey & Elizabeth A. Ferrer, “Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?”, Nature Journal, Volume 471, Peer Reviewed) //J.N.E

It will end all life on the planet
Dingle 11 – Sarah Dingle is a reporter for ABC Radio Current Affairs. (“Ocean heading for mass extinction, scientists warn”, ABC News, [], June 21, 2011, Quay) Scientists are warning of a potential marine massacre with a mass extinction of sea life AND will be presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York this week.

Continued loss of biodiversity causes extinction
Palaeontologists characterize mass extinctions as times when the Earth loses more than three-quarters AND the urgency of relieving the pressures that are pushing today’s species towards extinction.
 * Bamosky et al 11** - Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, University of California Museum of Paleontology, California, USA. University of California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, California, USA. Human Evolution Research Center, California, USA, (Anthony D. Barnosky, Nicholas Matzke, Susumu Tomiya, Guinevere O. U. Wogan, Brian Swartz, Tiago B. Quental, Charles Marshall, Jenny L. McGuire, Emily L. Lindsey, Kaitlin C. Maguire, Ben Mersey & Elizabeth A. Ferrer, “Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?”, Nature Journal, Volume 471, Peer Reviewed) //J.N.E

Stable federal exploration funding is the __bellwether__ for catalyzing investment in __adaptation technologies__ and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem management
// The importance of the ocean in daily life, whether you live on the East // // AND // // that U.S. ocean science research will have //around the globe//.
 * Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH//

====A dedicated federal funding stream through NOPP is __perceived__ as restoring the U.S. __reputation__ within the marine science community – that’s vital to attracting scientists into research collaboration==== NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, []) The major drawback of a NOPP-sponsored ocean exploration program is that NOPP itself AND with consideration to the comments above) or NSF would be appropriate alternatives.

Research-driven adaptation strategies build in __resilience__ to prevent total ecosystem collapse
Major gaps exist in our current scientific understanding, limiting our ability to forecast the AND ) to //increase ecosystem resiliency// as well as local-scale mitigation efforts.
 * Doney, 8 -** Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, **“**The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174” Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives6/5, []

A dedicated NOPP funding stream will maximize ocean science partnerships and lead to __applied solutions__ for ocean ecosystem management
The successes of the ocean partnership effort started more than ten years ago have been AND partnering and apply them to society’s most exigent needs with haste and vigor.
 * Watkins et al, 9** - Watkins chaired the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, served as the President of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, and founding President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (James, How the Oceanographic Community Created a National Oceanographic Partnership Program” Oceanography Vol. 22, Iss. 2. Published by the NOPP. https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2982/22.2_watkins.pdf?sequence=1) zabd

US oceans leadership creates the political will for protection– change is empirically possible
The rebirth of the seas will require large doses of education to dispel the myth AND the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, the world’s largest ocean preserve.
 * Sielen, 14 -** ALAN B. SIELEN is Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (“Sea Change: How to Save the Oceans” 4/16, []

Establishing a new ocean exploration within the NOPP is vital to both __inter-agency__ and __international__ coordination in marine science
NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, []) Incorporating a //new ocean exploration program// into the //U.S. marine science// field AND force to plan for collaborative exploration programs proposed by international groups of scientists.

The plan establishes a __global model__ and builds __international marine research collaboration__
The oceans cover nearly three-quarters of the Earth's surface, regulate our weather AND common global bond, highlighting their importance in our lives," Orcutt said.
 * Pages, 4** – Media Relations Officer at National Academies (Patrice, “Exploration of the Deep Blue Sea” National Academies In Focus Magazine, Winter/Spring, [])//DH

1ac – disease

 * Contention 2 is disease **

Justification for a New Ocean Exploration Program The ocean supports us—whether we AND the oceans respond to chemical, biological, and physical changes __must increase__.
 * Exploration is vital to biodiscovery and developing new cures for diseases **
 * NRC, ’03 **(Committee on Exploration of the Seas, National Research Council “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown” National Academies Press []) //GY

Global antibiotic resistance is increasing rapidly - the ability to treat diseases at all is close to collapsing – ending modern medicine
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within a wide range of infectious agents is a growing AND has a negative impact on outcomes for patients and health-care expenditures.
 * Fukuda, 14 -** Assistant Director-General Health Security, World Health Organization, 14 (Keiji**,** “Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014” April, []

Exploration can specifically prevent the spread of antibiotic resistant diseases
//Answer. Scientists at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution explores microbial chemical ecology and the interplay// //AND// // marine habitats produce diverse molecules that //inhibit these multidrug transporters// of various types.
 * Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH//

Mutating Diseases risks extinction
Greger 8 **–** M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger,, Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, []) Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent slew of emerging diseases in almost biblical terms AND “might easily transmute into a tune whistled whilst passing a graveyard.”3154

Multiple factors check war
Robb 12 —Lieutenant, US Navy (Doug, Why the Age of Great Power War is Over, [|www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over], JZG) Whereas in years past, when nations allied with their neighbors in ephemeral bonds of AND a war is equal parts costly, counterproductive, archaic, and improbable.

No war – economic interdependence and nuclear deterrence
Deudney and Ikenberry, 09 — MA and PhD in Political Science, Professor, Political Science, Johns Hopkins University; PhD, Professor, International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University (Daniel and G. John, January/February 2009, "The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail," Foreign Affairs Volume 88, Issue 1, JZG) This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent developments and ignores powerful countervailing AND international system is far more primed for peace than the autocratic revivalists acknowledge.

No scenario for escalation — inevitable incentives for conflict minimization
Quinlan 9 - distinguished former British defence strategist, former Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the British Ministry of Defence, Prof. @ Wimbledon College and Merton College, Oxford. Director of the Ditchley Foundation (Sir Michael, Thinking About Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects, 2009, [], JZG) It was occasionally conjectured that nuclear war might be triggered by the real but accidental AND leaders in each country did what they had to do to avoid it.

Stronger marine science partnerships act as confidence building measures that dampen conflict incentives and bolster inter-state relations
There are a number of successful international marine science partnerships and specific models that should AND improve foreign relations between governments and build goodwill between peoples of different nations.
 * Crosby, 7 –** executive director, National Science Board (Michael, “Improving International Relations Through Marine Science Partnerships”, __Law, Science and Ocean Management__, p. 275-276

Nuclear winter can’t be proven—their studies are politically biased
American Institute of Physics August 2011 ("Wintry Doom," August, [], JZG) Atmospheric scientists were well-placed to take up the question of smoke from a AND more people through starvation than would die directly under the bombs.)(10)