Mac+&+Kristen

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1ac the plan
====The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in United States Maritime Administration Title XI funding for short sea transportation and the maritime transportation system the United States.====

1ac economy advantage

 * Advantage one is the** **__Economy__** **–**


 * Two Internal Links –**


 * 1. __Jobs__**

The plan generates a massive economic stimulus and reduces oil dependence – loan guarantees are the most effective catalyst for widespread investment
Currently, the U nited S tates is experiencing //low levels of investment// in transportation, clean air, manufacturing, fuel-efficiency and family-wage jobs. ...................That would generate a national economic stimulus by lowering transportation costs for shippers and consumers.
 * Margaronis, 08** [Marine highway would ride wave of economic benefits, Stas, Guest Columnist Seattle Pi, [|http://www.seattlepi.com/local/opinion/article/Marine-highway-would-ride-wave-of-economic-1293286.php#ixzz1yY1CGarw]]

And, a __federal program__ is a vital internal link to US global competitiveness – current funding is insufficient
For the U nited S tates **to compete in the global market** it is imperative that it have dependable, //efficient//, and current infrastructure for the transport of goods. Infrastructure for that transport needs to be overhauled so that it is in keeping with a larger populace leading to heavier use, and with the sustainable principles of lesser dependence on fossil fuels. Transportation must be made more efficient and impose fewer external costs. For more than a decade, Europe and the United States have been seeing highway traffic congestion from transport of goods by trucks stagger their economies. Europe moves roughly 40% of it freight through container and roll on/roll off transport.................. The use of CCF funding works in collaboration with the Title XI program. As for the FY 2012 Budget, $54.1 million of the $76.6 million of the existing Title XIauthority is slated for cancellation because of the state of the economy .(17) //Without adequate funding//, the Marine Highway idea is just that, a good idea. In abad economy, long-term investments that bring the kind of return which will be realized by AMH are essential. The budget cuts to this program demonstrate a shortsightedness that is disheartening at best.
 * Zimmer, 11** [Nancy, August, “Progress on America’s Marine Highway” graduated from Smith College (B.A., cum laude, 1998), and City University of New York School of Law, (J.D., 2001). She is admitted to the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and the First Circuit Court of Appeals, and is a trained mediator. She is also a former commercial fisherman and commercial fishing boat owner. She is a member of the Maritime Law Association of the United States. Nancy can be contacted on +1 508 432-2121 or by email at zimmer@sealaw.org, []]

Oil dependence causes extinction
There is a growing consensus in U.S. national security circles that ...................... Thus far, none of these incidents have been attributed to state-on-state-conflict or terrorism; 92 however, the confined waterway is an especially attractive target because of the grave economic and environmental damage that would result from a well-timed and well-placed attack on a loaded tanker. The issues surrounding the straits are also a subset of larger problems associated with the exploitation of Caspian oil, including severe pollution of the Caspian Sea as a result of imprudent extraction techniques, as well as the ever-present potential for conflict among the various claimants to the Caspian's hydrocarbon resources due to an inability of the various Caspian littoral states to agree on their maritime boundaries - and their [*992] legal areas in which to drill. 93 Any one of these problems could become a major flashpoint in the future.
 * Rosen 10 -** (Deputy General Counsel at the Center for Naval Analyses & Professor of Homeland Security Law and Policy at George Washington University) “Energy Independence and Climate Change: The Economic and National Security Consequences of Failing to Act” University of Richmond Law Review, Lexis

An alliance formed to protect … in which this conflict occurred.
 * Oil dependence makes Georgia accession into NATO inevitable – that causes war with Russia**
 * GLASER 2011** (Professor of Political Science and International Relations Elliot School of International Affairs The George Washington University, “ Reframing Energy Security: How Oil Dependence Influences U.S. National Security,” August 2011, http://depts.washington.edu/polsadvc/Blog%20Links/Glaser_-_EnergySecurity-AUGUST-2011.docx, Sawyer)

Congestion underlies a multibillion dollar drag on the economy – chokes any possible recovery
Traffic congestion is **costing billions every year** **,** further //threatening the nation’s economic recovery// and highlighting the need for a boost in infrastructure investment, a new report finds. ..................**especially when our economic recovery is so fragil**e .”
 * Needham, 11** [Report: Traffic congestion costs billions, weighs on the economic recovery, Vicki, The Hill, []]

That recovery is fragile now – the risk of catastrophic economic failure is high
The **global economy** has embarked on a //fragile recovery//, ........................... **We need decisive** policy **action now** ," the OECD chief stressed, urging government leaders to find new approaches to pave ways for economic growth by "go structural, go social, go green" to foster an inclusive society and promote social equity as "these structural reforms are not only good at creating growth, they can help address the problem of income inequality."
 * Xinhua News, 5/23/12** [OECD: Global Economy Recovery Fragile, reprinted, []]

And, robust study proves our argument – the economic impact is widespread
The 2010 Urban Mobility Report, //the most accurate picture of// traffic //congestion// in 439 US urban areas, now includes information about **truck delay and the** ** economic impact ** of congestion specific to trucking. .................. travel time information.
 * Wagner, 11** [The Economic Impact of Traffic Congestion on Truck-borne Freight, Steve Wagner, Communications Manager CFIRE a transportation think tank, extensively citing a 2010 Urban Mobility Report, []]

The internal link is __linear__ – the plan is necessary and sufficient to relieve congestion
3. Mitigating highway congestion. .................. Trucks will do the short-haul, pick-up and delivery, at the start and the end of the transportation chain.
 * Perakis and Denisis,08** [A survey of short sea shipping and its prospects in the USA, ANASTASSIOS N. PERAKIS* and ATHANASIOS DENISIS Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, 213 NAME Building, 2600 Draper Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2145, USA, []]

And, independently an effective Maritime Transportation System is vital to growth – capacity limitations act as a deadly stranglehold
In order to remain **competitive in a global economy**, improving domestic infrastructure as well is a sound strategy to **promote growth** and efficiency , support increased manufacturing , feed the American marketand serve as an export platform for manufactured goods around the world.......... We must summon the world to invest in this system or we risk choking off the very conduit that makes our economy hum , that drives job creation and that ensures the U.S. market remains pre-eminent in global trade. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
 * Lobiondo, et al 11** [Congressional Testimony, Frank A. LoBiondo is the U.S. Representative for New Jersey's 2nd congressional district, serving since 1995. He is a member of the Republican Party, CREATING JOBS AND INCREASING U.S. EXPORTS BY ENHANCING THE MARINE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TUESDAY, JUNE 14, 2011 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION, COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE, []]

And, the impact is great power nuclear war
Austin ‘09 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman, Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187) Conversely, global policymakers do not seem to have grasped the downside risks to the global economy posed by a deteriorating domestic and international political environment. If the past is any guide, the souring of the political environment must be expected to fan the corrosive protectionist tendencies and nationalistic economic policy responses that are already all too much in evidence. ...................... A prolonged global downturn, let alone a collapse, would dramatically raise tensions inside these countries. Couple that with possible protectionist legislation in the United States, unresolved ethnic and territorial disputes in all regions of the globe and a loss of confidence that world leaders actually know what they are doing. The result may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into //a big bang//.

And, an ineffective MTS kills power projection - separate internal link
Jackson, 07 [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us] The importance of a viable national transportation system to the security and **economic prosperity** of the United States is even more important today than it was at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. ..............The United States has become one of the wealthiest nations in the world, in part, by leveraging its reliable and effective transportation infrastructure; onlythrough further advancements in this imperative system will it maintain this status .5

And, MTS maintains global economic growth – the plan solves the economy even without congestion
Lobiondo, et al 11 [Congressional Testimony, Frank A. LoBiondo is the U.S. Representative for New Jersey's 2nd congressional district, serving since 1995. He is a member of the Republican Party, CREATING JOBS AND INCREASING U.S. EXPORTS BY ENHANCING THE MARINE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TUESDAY, JUNE 14, 2011 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION, COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE, []]

The MTS is a vast resource that facilitates our robust maritime commerce. It consists of waterways, ports and intermodal landside connections ........I look forward to hearing their testimony.

Increased support for short sea shipping sustains the shipbuilding industry
http://www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/article/short-sea-shipping-long-on-benefits/ To help meet the current congestion crisis on U.S. highway systems and rail networks, the Department of Transportation and the U.S. Maritime Administration are promoting short sea shipping as an environmentally friendly, timely, and cost-effective way to expand freight capacity. The practice ..................on the part of U.S. political leaders.
 * Raymond, 05** [Charles, President and CEO Horizon Inc. “Short Sea Shipping: Long On Benefits”,

And, expansion of title XI funding ensures __increased naval capacity__
A less well recognized candidate for .......Mr. President, put more money behind the MHI.
 * Goure, 11** [Lexington Institute, Obama Could Create Jobs And Support Defense, Daniel, PhD, []]

And, the plan reverses tidal waves of shipyard closings which decimate the industry

 * Munoz, 11** [January 11, The Obama Infrastructure Plan, and Another Shipyard Closes, OP-ED by Tony Munoz, Editor-in-Chief of the Maritime ExecutiveMagazine and the MarEx Newsletter, []]

As President Obama announced his robust infrastructure investment program touting an immediate infusion of $50 billion for improvements to the nation’s infrastructure, images of a newly revitalized U.S. maritime industry swirled around me in a twilight zone moment. The six-year plan is estimated to cost about $350 billion to fix 150,000 miles of broken roadways, 233,000 miles of dilapidated railroad track, and 150 miles of aging airline runways.... Think of the creation of jobs at shipyards, on vessels, and in ports.Imagine a budget surplus for the arts, education, mass transportation, and health care for the poor. Imagine….

And, inland water ways are functionally limitless – the plan is the easiest means of infrastructure expansion and revitalizes the maritime sector

 * Perakis and Denisis,08** [A survey of short sea shipping and its prospects in the USA, ANASTASSIOS N. PERAKIS* and ATHANASIOS DENISIS Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, 213 NAME Building, 2600 Draper Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2145, USA, []]

In addition to the above environmental and societal benefits, SSS has also the following advantages ............................... Recent surveys however have showed a lack of awareness about the advantages of SSS among shippers, shipowners, and the public as well [46].

And, a strong maritime and shipbuilding industry is a vital pre requisite to credible naval capabilities

 * Alberto, et al., 5** (Lieutenant Colonel Ronald P., U.S. Army, Colonel Michael G. Archuleta, U.S. Air Force, Lieutenant Colonel Steven H. Bills, U.S. Air Force, Commander William A. Bransom, U.S. Navy, Mr. Kenneth Cohen, Department of State, Commander William A. Ebbs, U.S. Navy, George Manjgaladze, Ministry of Defense, Republic of Georgia, Commander Elizabeth B. Myhre, U.S. Navy, Audrea M. Nelson, DA, Robert L. Riddick, Department of Defense, Colonel Christopher M. Ross, U.S. Army, Julia N. Ruhnke, DA, Lieutenant Colonel Gregory M. Ryan, U.S. Marine Corps, Colonel David D. Thompson, U.S. Air Force, Commander Hugh D. Wetherald, U.S. Navy, Dr. Mark Montroll, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Dr. Michael Farbman, USAID, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Captain David B. Hill, U.S. Coast Guard, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, “SHIPBUILDING”, The Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, 2005, http://www.ndu.edu/icaf/programs/academic/industry/reports/2005/pdf/icaf-is-report-shipbuilding-2005.pdf, Deech)

In conclusion............................. vessel.

And, that secures global trade Batsford, et al., 11 (Commander Marc, Canadian Navy, Olivia Bradley, Department of the Navy, Captain Alan Cusi, Philippine Navy, Juan Figueroa, Department of Homeland Security, CaptainScott Galbreaith, U.S. Navy, Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Jost, U.S. Air Force, Commander Chris Mitchell, Canadian Navy, Mike Resnick, U.S. Marine Corps, Bryan Riley, Bell Helicopter – Textron, Lieutenant Colonel R.L. Shea, U.S. Marine Corps, Commander Paul Steinbrenner, U.S. Navy, Andrew Squire, Esq., U.S. Coast Guard, Commander Brett Stevens, U.S. Navy, Lieutenant Colonel Rob Wiley, U.S. Army Reserve, Mark Montroll, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Dr, Linda Brandt, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, and Dr. Seth Weissman, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Vice Admiral James Perkins (Ret.), faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, “Industry Study: Final Report Shipbuilding Industry”, The Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, Spring 2011, http://www.ndu.edu/icaf/programs/academic/industry/reports/2011/pdf/icaf-is-report-shipbuilding-2011.pdf, Deech)

No other nation projects maritime power on the same scale as the U nited S tates...... to ensure it sustains the ability to build a powerful, yet affordable, maritime fleet ?

Trade solves global wars Griswold 98, Associate Director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the CATO Institute, ‘**98** (Daniel, December 31, “Peace On Earth, Free Trade For Men,” CATO Institute Daily, [])

Advocates ........... "When goods cannot cross borders, armies will."

NLUS, 12 – a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating our citizens about the importance of sea power to U.S. national security and supporting the men and women of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and U.S.-flag Merchant Marine and their families (Navy League of the United States, “Maritime Primacy & Economic Prosperity: Maritime Policy 2012-13”, Navy League of the United States, 1/21/12, [] | AK) Global engagement is critical to the U.S. economy............................ Jobs lost in this sector mean precious ground lost in capability and capacity that cannot be regained. The current production levels for ship construction and the manufacturing of the other critical systems, equipment and weapons that we install in our ships, submarines and aircraft are at critically low levels. Sustaining and upgrading our nation’s critical, defense-related industrial base must be an essential element of our National Security Strategy. Personnel must train as they will fight to remain operationally ready. This all-volunteer military also must receive highly competitive compensation in the way of salary as well as health care, retirement and quality-of-life benefits to remain an effective fighting force. Taking care of our wounded warriors is fundamental.
 * And, causes and escalation of every transnational threat – the ship building industry is key**

Naval forces can be employed in support of foreign policy, military (theater) strategy, and peace operations. ......................defeat opposing forces quickly and decisively.
 * Naval strength solves Middle East war**
 * Vego, 8** — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/jfq-50/JFQ-50.pdf, Deech)

Gold, 07 [Thomas J., Masters in Strategic Intelligence, Joint Military Intelligence College, Nuclear Conflict in the Middle East: An Analysis of Future Events, p. 53-55] If the political, ethnic, and military policies, and future nuclear weapons development in the Middle East continue in their present directions, Iran or Iraq will eventually initiate a nuclear conflict , probably in the 2005-2015 time frame....................... possibility.
 * And, goes __global__ and __nuclear__**

// Introduction .....and how will they be used. //
 * The plan is key to strategic sealift and shipbuilding – __all alternatives will fail__**
 * McCain 03** (Scott T., “Bolstering U.S. strategic sealift through coastal shipping,” Navy Supply Corps, 2003, proquest)//mat//

//**__Sealift__ solves great power war**// //**Conway et al 7** [James T., General, U.S. Marine Corps, Gary Roughead, Admiral, U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower,” October, http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf] // // Deter major power war **......** enable extended campaigns ashore. //

//**Sealift is key to USPACOM success and surges**// //**Gulledge and Keating 10** [Jay Gulledge, Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, served on the faculties of Tulane University and the University of Louisville, Timothy J. Keating, retired United States Navy admiral of PACOM, 2010 “Future Naval Operations in Asia and the Pacific” in “Climate and Energy Proceedings 2010”, Johns Hopkins University, page 344-345, [], DMintz] // // The instrument of foreign policy ........ __success in the region.__//

//**That solves __all impacts__ -- sea based power projection is key to __China__, __pandemics__, and __all conflict escalation__**// //**Willard 11** [Robert F. Willard, //US navy commander, USPACOM,// April 12, 2011, “STATEMENT OF ADMIRAL ROBERT F. WILLARD, U.S. NAVY COMMANDER, U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND BEFORE THE SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE ON U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND POSTURE, [], DMintz] The __USPACOM........ forward presence of substantial U.S. forces in the region.__

THE high-intensity scenario postulates ....... we would see the destruction of civilization.
 * China war causes extinction**
 * Cheong 2k** (Ching, Senior Writer at the Strait Times, “No one gains in a war over Taiwan,” June 25th, Lexis)

A pandemic will .......... into a human-viable strain (10).
 * Pandemics trigger extinction**
 * Yu 09** — Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science (Victoria, Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate, 22 May 2009, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate)

1ac solvency

 * Contention Two is __Solvency__**

====A comprehensive federal expansion of Title XI loan guarantees mitigates congestion and creates conditions favorable for private investment – the plan reverse the only barrier to short sea transportation==== ***Note: SST = short sea transportation, CCF = capital construction fund**
 * Cook, 11** — former General Counsel of the Maritime Administration, Counsel to Seward and Kissel LLP (H. Clayton, “Dead in the Water”, Maritime Executive, 7/8/2012, http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/dead-in-the-water, Deech)
 * For more than a decade, Europe and the U.S. have witnessed increasing highway traffic congestion and considered the possible use of water transport as a highway supplement and alternative. The European Community has moved to embrace water transport for its container and ro/ro traffic using programs like the Marco Polo and Motorways of the Sea initiatives. In the U.S., there has been general agreement that our ocean ............. Title XI program opponents have called it a "corporate subsidy." But, in fact, it is simply "mortgage insurance," as it was termed in its 1938 enactment, that is being purchased by the vessel owner and included as a transaction cost. **

And, marine infrastructure is key – other networks have reached maximum capacity – ineffective coordination precipitates wider congestion Jackson, 07 ** [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us] **
 * As our road and rail networks have become **increasingly congested **and near** maximum capacity** ........Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC) synchronized 212 vessel operations and the related land movement by truck, rail, and barge in support of DOD operations worldwide, moving over 22,239,700 square feet of unit cargo.23 Since USTRANSCOM works with a variety of commercial assets, services, and systems, it must continually grow the partnership with industry to incorporate current technology, anticipate trends, and develop future capabilities.24

And, our mechanism is key – consistent funding and a net increase are required to generate new capacity
Jackson, 07 [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us] In order to be an **effective and reliable link** ...... Inland waterways are positioned to take some of the lower to moderate value container traffic off the even more congested roadways. The Columbia-Snake River system already has significant container-on-barge traffic, and similar services are growing along the Gulf Intra-coastal and North Atlantic ports.77

No link uniqueness – modest federal assistance key
The Dual-Use Vessel Program and Americas Marine Highway Next Steps, []] “Short Sea Shipping” and AMH
 * Cook, 12** [H. Clayton Cook, Esq. has been involved with Jones Act issues for more than 40 years and served as General Counsel of the Maritime Administration from 1970-1973. He is currently Counsel to Seward & Kissel LLP in Washington, DC.

A MarAdand Department of .....// assistance. //

Title XI loan guarantees incentivize the shipbuilding industry to effectively exploit marine highways

 * Heim & Tedesco 09** – (Aimee, Government Relations Manager at NASSCO & Senior Maritime Trade Account Manager at Port of San Diego; Matt, Independent Technical And Management Consultant, “A Shipbuilder’s Assessment of America’s Marine Highways,” July 30, 2009 http://www.nassco.com/pdfs/Shipbuilder-Assessment-American-Marine-Highway-NASSCO.pdf)//AB

__Title XI is a loan guarantee__ __........____for a newbuilding project____.__

=Neg Strategies -=

2NRs
Jackson Vanik and Case

Consumption K

T Pipelines/Increase

Oil DA and Corporate Tax Cuts CP

Oil DA Case

Virilio

States and Jackson Vanik

T Maintenance

Tournament 2NRs
R2 v Nate Sawyer and Natalie Knez Schmitt

R4 v Ryan Keenan and Sean Williams Heg Bad