Notre+Dame+MP Aff

=__**AFF 1 - CTE**__=

State budget shortfalls slow economic growth and ensure they lack sufficient revenue to fund pensions
Turn away from the lurid deficit spectacles in Washington to examine the declining state of AND a firm arguing for tougher standards "may be disqualified from further consideration."
 * Donlan 17.** Thomas G. Donlan, editor at Barron's, "There's a Hole in State Pensions," Feb 11, 2017, http://www.barrons.com/articles/theres-a-hole-in-state-pensions-1486794298

That collapses the US economy
I'm not a fan of the "greed is good" mentality of Wall Street AND Social Security, even in an imperfect form, well beyond 2034?
 * Reeves 3/24.** Jeff Reeves is a stock analyst and executive editor of InvestorPlace.com. His commentary has also appeared on CNBC, Fox Business, USA Today, and the Wall Street Journal network, "Your pension could be at the center of America's next financial crisis," March 24, 2017, http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/finance/325564-the-pension-crisis-will-be-americas-next-financial-crisis

Federal CTE funding is critical to avoid impending budget crisis and stimulate economic growth
The National Governors Association (NGA) doesn't often wade into debates over federal appropriations AND to ensure students are prepared for a 21st century economy," NGA said.
 * CCD 17.** Published by the American Association of Community Colleges, 6-23-2017, "Governors support CTE, job-training funding – Community College Daily," Community College Daily, http://www.ccdaily.com/2017/05/governors-support-cte-job-training-funding/

====States increasing funding on their own would run afoul of balanced-budget requirements and further downgrade their creditworthiness – only increasing federal block grant spending can solve fiscal shortfalls==== Politicians generally benefit both from cutting taxes and from increasing spending on popular programs. AND balanced budget constraint itself, thereby reducing its potential to provide countercyclical support.
 * Gamage 10.** David Gamage, Assistant Professor, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (Boalt Hall), "Preventing State Budget Crises: Managing the Fiscal Volatility Problem," California Law Review, 98 Calif. L. Rev. 749, June, 2010, lexis

It's uniquely true under trump
If the U.S. economy tanks, should we expect Donald Trump to AND ramifications of an economic downturn with a President Trump in the White House.
 * Foster 12/19. Dennis M.**, professor of international studies and political science at the Virginia Military Institute, 12/19/16, "Would President Trump go to war to divert attention from problems at home?," http://inhomelandsecurity.com/would-president-trump-go-to-war-to-divert-attention-from-problems-at-home

That goes nuclear and causes extinction
Donald Trump's arrival in the White House as US President has deeply unnerved people from AND to widespread anger, confusion and unrest, both at home and abroad.
 * Street 16.** Tim, fellow of the Sustainable Security Programme at the Oxford Research Group, previously researcher with the British American Security Information Council, Ph.D. from Warwick University, 11/30/16, "President Trump: Successor to the Nuclear Throne," http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/publications/briefing_papers_and_reports/president_trump_successor_nuclear_throne

2^^nd^^ is Heg – collapse of the economy kills economic leadership and hegemony – that's a conflict multiplier
This report reflects the fundamental consensus of our project's members that American global leadership is AND US business. These issues all underscore the need for stronger US leadership.
 * Lieberman and Kyl 15.** Joseph Lieberman- senior counsel at Kasowitz Benson Torres and Friedman LLP. Former United States senator and attorney general of the State of Connecticut. Jon Kyl- sat on the powerful Senate Finance Committee, where he was the top Republican on the Subcommittee on Taxation and Internal Revenue Service Oversight, also served as the ranking Republican on the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism. "Why American Leadership Still Matters" https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Why-American-Leadership-Still-Matters_online.pdf mba-alb

The cyber workforce gap makes the US unprepared for a large scale cyber attack now
The "ransomware" attack that crippled computer systems around the globe last week AND won't get the money or the attention it deserves – until too late.
 * Kim 5/19.** Anne Kim - Senior Writer at the Washington Monthly. She is also a senior fellow at the Aspen Institute's initiative on financial security and a senior fellow at the Progressive Policy Institute. Before joining the Monthly, Anne served as senior policy strategist at the nonprofit CFED, as the economic program director at the think tank Third Way, and as legislative director and deputy chief of staff to Rep. Jim Cooper – "Trump Is Ignoring America's Looming Cybersecurity Threat" – 5/19/17 - http://washingtonmonthly.com/2017/05/19/trump-is-ignoring-americas-looming-cybersecurity-threats/ /TK

The plan solves - CTE is key to STEM education
Experiential, work-based career and technical education programs are receiving attention from policymakers AND community college students with internship positions at one of 15 national energy laboratories.
 * Wolfe 6/26.** Alexis Wolfe - science policy analyst and writer for FYI and is currently working on expanding FYI's multimedia portfolio. Prior to joining AIP, she was an Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow and NOAA Sea Grant Knauss Marine Policy Fellow at the U.S. Department of Energy, focusing on science communication – "Career and Technical Education Emerging as Vehicle for STEM in Trump Era" – 6/26/17 - https://www.aip.org/fyi/2017/career-and-technical-education-emerging-vehicle-stem-trump-era /TK

Improving technical and STEM education in primary and secondary schools is key to establish a sustainable pipeline of workers into the cyber security field – that resolves the workforce gap
It is clear to cyber experts and observers inside and outside government that many of AND -, and long-term human capital strategies for government departments and agencies.
 * Kay et al 12.** David J. Kay - Research Analyst in the Center for Technology and National Security Policy (CTNSP), Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University; Terry J. Pudas - Senior Research Fellow in CTNSP; Brett Young - Research Assistant in CTNSP – "Preparing the Pipeline: The U.S. Cyber Workforce for the Future" – August 2012 - http://ctnsp.dodlive.mil/files/2013/07/DH-072.pdf /TK

Attack on the grid is inevitable – it escalates to war
The U.S. power grid has long been considered a logical target for AND action, as opposed to a response in kind, would be likely.
 * Knake 4/3.** Robert K. Knake - Whitney Shepardson senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. His work focuses on Internet governance, public-private partnerships, and cyber conflict. Knake served from 2011 to 2015 as director for cybersecurity policy at the National Security Council – "A Cyberattack on the U.S. Power Grid" – 4/3/17 - https://www.cfr.org/report/cyberattack-us-power-grid /TK

Cyber-attacks on the grid wipe-out the US military—-causes nuclear war
To make matters worse a cyber attack AND include the use of "nuclear weapons", if authorized by the President.
 * Tilford 12.** Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, "Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast" 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa
 * we reject ableist and offensive language

.Independently, cyber threats lead to accidental nuclear escalation
Most nuclear weapons systems were designed decades ago, when manipulations of computer AND cheaper cyber weapons with more or less the same deterrent effect.
 * Van der Meer 16.** Sico van der Meer - Research Fellow at the Clingendael Institute. His research is focussing on non-conventional weapons like Weapons of Mass Destruction and cyber weapons from a strategic policy perspective – "Cyber Warfare and Nuclear Weapons: Game-changing Consequences?" – 12/6/16 -https://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/SWP_Paper_Chapter_Sico_van_der_Meer.pdf /TK

The need for skilled agriculture workers will continue to grow – CTE is critical to a sufficient amount of graduates
Considering retirement rates, the need to supply the STEM pipeline, and the worlds' AND take on the challenges of the future for the betterment of our society.
 * Willis 17.** Victoria, masters in agricultural education from Clemson University, "Nurturing our Established Roots: The Smith-Hughes Act as a Model for Agricultural Education Career Preparation" The Agricultural Education Magazine Vol 89 Issue 4, January 2017, pg 27 //GK

CTE solves ag – causes an influx of new workers to sustain the sector
One of the reasons there is a need to expand CTE in general, but AND mechanics pathway was researched and planned, with the intent of rapid adoption.
 * Trexler 16.** Tiffany, masters of science in agricultural education from California State University, Chico, "THE ADDITION OF AN AGRICULTURE MECHANICS PATHWAY TO BEAR CREEK HIGH SCHOOL" CSU Chico spring 2016, pgs 12-15 //GK

Severe food shortages are coming now – they ensure multiple paths to extinction – a lack of academic interest increases the odds
World War III is unimaginable for many, but some experts believe that not only AND find ways to solve the problem before it becomes something they cannot control.
 * Heneghan 15.** Carolyn, freelance writer with experience in food and agriculture systems around the world, "Where food crises and global conflict could collide" Fooddive 1/22/15, http://www.fooddive.com/news/where-food-crises-and-global-conflict-could-collide/350837 //GK

US agriculture ships internationally – that's key to global food security
Improving global food security should be a U.S. priority because it is AND companies spending $8 billion to build infrastructure and supply chains in Africa.
 * Edmark 15.** Dave, U of A System Division of Agriculture, "Food security vital for national interests, world markets," Cattle News Network 10/23/15, http://www.cattlenetwork.com/news/food- security-vital- national-interests- world-markets //GK

Food shortages trigger nuclear escalation
There is a growing appreciation that the conflicts in the next century will most likely AND identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war.
 * FDI 12.** Future Directions International, a Research institute providing strategic analysis of Australia's global interests; citing Lindsay Falvery, PhD in Agricultural Science and former Professor at the University of Melbourne's Institute of Land and Environment, "Food and Water Insecurity: International Conflict Triggers & Potential Conflict Points," http://www.futuredirections.org.au/workshop-papers/537-international-conflict-triggers-and-potential-conflict-points-resulting-from-food-and-water-insecurity.html

plan
====Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase career and technical education formula grants for public secondary education, including a Career and Technical Education Pathways Trust Fund supplemented by Social Innovation Financing.====

The plan galvanizes private sector support for secondary CTE education through social innovation financing and competitive grants
In less than 16 days, the United Sta tes Congress will adjourn for AND remaining days in session to reauthorize the Perkins Career and Technical Education Act.
 * Hasak 16.** Jonathan Hasak is a Manager of Public Policy and Government Affairs at Year Up, graduate of the Harvard Graduate School of Education and a former Teach for America corps member who taught in the Oakland Unified School District, "A summer surprise: the case for CTE reform," 7/1/16, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/education/286111-a-summer-surprise-the-case-for-cte-reform

Linking high schools to CTE programs administered by the private sector ensures the development of a workforce that overcomes looming productivity and skills gaps
2. Address the Student-Readiness and Teaching-Training Gaps Despite being AND greater efficiency, increased student choice, and wider access to education.18
 * Jackson and Hasak 14.** John H. Jackson is the president and CEO of the Schott Foundation for Public Education, held leadership positions at the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and has served as an adjunct professor of Race, Gender, and Public Policy at the Georgetown Public Policy Institute, and Jonathan Hasak is a recent graduate of the Harvard Graduate School of Education and Manager of Public Policy and Government Affairs at Year Up, "Look Beyond The Label: Reframing, Reimagining, and Reinvesting in CTE," American Educator, Fall 2014, https://www.aft.org/ae/fall2014/jackson_hasak

Social Innovation Financing reduces runaway spending and encourages competition
Last week we examined why strong leadership is essential to public-sector innovation. AND Next week we'll consider what makes an agency's culture most able to innovate.
 * Costa 11.** Kristina Costa, Special Assistant at the Center for American Progress. 10-19-2011 "Financing Tools for Social Innovation," Center for American Progress, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/general/news/2011/10/19/10435/innovation-for-the-public-good-financing-tools-for-social-innovation/ /adres