Jack&June

= **1ac = = ***warming*** =

Offshore wind is comparatively the cleanest and most productive renewable energy
Jensen 13 – partner in the Washington, DC office of Holland & Hart LLP (Thomas, et al, “From the 35th Public Land Law Conference: Balancing Act and Paradigm Shift: The Role of Public Lands in America's Energy Future: Oceans: Are Ocean Wind Turbines like Homesteads and Gold Mines and Railroads? A Public Lands Policy Question for the Climate Change Era,” 34 Pub. Land & Resources L. Rev. 93)//BB The ocean wind resource in United States... as a tool to power our communities.

US offshore wind development curbs carbon emissions
Thaler 12 - Professor of Energy Policy, Law & Ethics (Jeff, “FIDDLING AS THE WORLD BURNS: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE URGENTLY REQUIRES A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERMITTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS,” 42 Environmental Law Journal 1101)//BB Unfortunately, as the economic and health costs from fossil fuel emissions... in Rhode Island would likewise be shallow-water installations.

Full-scale offshore wind would use enough electricity for the entire country
Levitan 13 - writes about energy, the environment, and health. His articles have been published by Scientific American, Discover, IEEE Spectrum, Grist, and others. In previous articles for Yale Environment 360, he has written about vehicle-to-grid technology for electric cars and cities' efforts to recycle food scraps and organic waste (Dave, “Will Offshore Wind Finally Take Off on U.S. East Coast?,” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/will_offshore_wind_finally_take_off_on_us_east_coast/2693/)//BB “ The East Coast is the Saudi Arabia of offshore... that make development feasible.

Electricity-emissions reductions sufficiently solve global warming
Akorede 12 - .F., Ph.D degree in Electrical Power Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia (H. Hizam,M.Z.A. Ab Kadir,I. Aris,S.D. BubaElectrical & Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, “Mitigating the anthropogenic global warming in the electric power industry,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16.5)//BB 5. Power industry's share of CO2 emissions To... is discussed in turn in the following subsections.

Warming is anthropogenic – the most comprehensive data-sets are conclusive
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech (“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)//BB An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is... (97.2% based on self-ratings, 97.1% based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
 * John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
 * Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
 * Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,

Even if some warming is inevitable, keeping it below 4 degrees avoids the worst impacts
Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank (Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)//BB __The 4°C scenarios are devastating__ : the... The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.

Catastrophic warming risks extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA (Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)//BB The best estimates for global warming to the end... cultural and political changes.

Independently, emissions cause ocean acidification – extinction
Romm 12 – physicist and climate expert, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress (Joseph J., “Science: Ocean Acidifying so fast that it threatens humanity’s ability to feed itself”, 3/2/12; http://earthlawcenter.org/news/headline/science-ocean-acidifying-so-fast-it-threatens-humanitys-ability-to-feed-itself/) The world’s oceans may be turning acidic... We’re playing a very dangerous game .” = ***hegemony*** =

OSW promotes fast growth – their defense ignores __avoided costs__
N’dolo 10 – associate principal @ Camoin Associates (Michael and Bruce Bailey, “Offshore development can yield economic benefits,” North American Wind Power, Fall 2010)//BB Avoided costs There are many other ways that... avoided costs that are not passed on to ratepayers.

That’s __sufficient__ to reverse decline – sustainably revitalizes the labor force
N’dolo 10 – associate principal @ Camoin Associates (Michael and Bruce Bailey, “Offshore development can yield economic benefits,” North American Wind Power, Fall 2010)//BB Economic opportunities Wind power is a job-creation //engine...// capacity for a number of projects on the East Coast.

Even limited production solves quickly – potential to generate __five trillion__ in economic activity
Sargent 12 (Rob Sargent, U.S. Poised to Join the Race on Offshore Wind: Lawmakers Must Commit to More Pollution-Free Energy”, [] The Turning Point for Atlantic Offshore... for this new source of reliable, clean energy.
 * $5 trillion x 4% = $200 billion

Fast growth promotes US leadership and solves great power war
Khalilzad 11 – PhD, Former Professor of Political Science @ Columbia, Former ambassador to Iraq and Afghanistan (Zalmay Khalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. "The Economy and National Security" Feb 8 http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad)//BB Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term... hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

Slow growth leads to hegemonic wars – relative gap is key
Goldstein 7 - Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania, (Avery Goldstein, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume30, Issue 4 & 5 August, EBSCO) Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical... concern about the period prior to the possible crossover __.__ 19

There are hundreds of causes of conflict – hegemony deters and controls escalation by internalizing costs
Moore 4 – Dir. Center for Security Law and Professor of Law @ University of Virginia, Editor of the American Journal of International Law (John Norton, “Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace,” pg. 41-43) If major interstate war is predominantly a product of... of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased?

States will inevitably compete for relative status – only primacy can prevent conflict
Wohlforth 9 - Professor of government at Dartmouth (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War” World Politics, 61:1, January, Project Muse) Second, I question the dominant view that status quo evaluations are... interest in security and/or prosperity. = ***plan*** =

The United States federal government should provide necessary long-term investment tax credits for one-stop permits for ocean offshore wind energy development.
= ***solvency*** =

The lack of a strong and effective __federal mandate__ is a __key barrier__ blocking offshore wind development
Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) III Current Regulatory Framework for Offshore Wind Both state and federal governments share control over... presents a compelling and frustrating illustration of this problem.

The plan ensures offshore wind development --- it maintains NEPA reviews to prevent environmentally destructive __over development__
Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) V The Coastal Zone Management Act: A Potential Solution The Cape Wind example poignantly illustrates the disconnect between... practical policies already being discussed.

Only a federal __mandate__ can guarantee the expansion of wind energy
Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) However, the Oceans Act and Ocean Management Plan... //The CZMA offers a potential way for the federal government to assert itself and the benefits of offshore wind in state and local decision making.//

Pre-emption of state barriers solves – nuclear power, hydropower, cell tower and vehicle emissions statutes prove
Thaler 12 – Visiting Professor of Energy Policy, Law & Ethics, University of Maine School of Law and School of Economics (Jeff, “FIDDLING AS THE WORLD FLOODS AND BURNS: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE URGENTLY REQUIRES A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERMITTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS,” Environmental Law, 42, Lexis)//BB However, statutes expediting agency... CZMPs under the revised CZMA .”272

Long-term incentives ensure that the supply chain follows on – fed support key
Galluci 11 - Staff Reporter at InsideClimate News Honduras Contributor at Fodor's, Co-Editor & Reporter at The News, Newsroom Intern at Associated Press, Newsroom Intern at Columbus Business (Maria, “Never-Used Tax Credit Could Jumpstart US Offshore Wind Energy—if Renewed,” http://truth-out.org/news/item/4778:neverused-tax-credit-could-jumpstart-us-offshore-wind-energy%E2%80%94if-renewed) Matt Kaplan, a North American wind analyst ... is industry develop in the United States," Grybowski said.