Cheyenne+&+Thomas

NOPP Exploration

The United States federal government should substantially increase its ocean exploration through the National Oceanographic Partnership Program.

Cuts to ocean exploration are destroying US marine science leadership
Mclain, 12 - Assistant Director of Science for the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (Craig, March 15, 2012 “Losing Deep-Sea Science in the United States” http://deepseanews.com/2012/03/losing-deep-sea-science-in-the-united-states/)//gingE

As the case in 1962, our nation’s scientific numbers have never been greater… Their contact information is listed below.

Greater ocean exploration is vital to understanding deep-ocean thermohaline circulation which determines our ability to adapt to climate change
Goodwin is PhD Marine Biologist and Science Writer at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (“Why Do We Explore” []) zabd
 * Goodwin, 9** – The Harmon Project, NOAA

Why Ocean Exploration Is Important Today… but we also explore to survive.

Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience

 * Young, 14 –** thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT **(**Grace, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, [|http://mseas.mit.edu/publications/Theses/Grace_C_Young_BS_Thesis_MIT2014.pdf)//DH]

The misconceptions that drove spending on space were mirrored in our lack of knowledge… recognizes the importance of aggressive ocean research and management before it is too late.

It will end all life on the planet
Dingle 11 – Sarah Dingle is a reporter for ABC Radio Current Affairs. (“Ocean heading for mass extinction, scientists warn”, ABC News, [], June 21, 2011, Quay)

Scientists are warning of a potential marine massacre… findings will be presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York this week.

Stable federal exploration funding is the bellwether for catalyzing investment in adaptation technologies and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem management
Avery, 13 - DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH

The importance of the ocean in daily life… the success that U.S. ocean science research will have around the globe.

====A dedicated federal funding stream through NOPP is __perceived__ as restoring the U.S. __reputation__ within the marine science community – that’s vital to attracting scientists into research collaboration==== NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, [])

The major drawback of a NOPP-sponsored ocean exploration program is that NOPP itself cannot directly receive funds… NOAA (with consideration to the comments above) or NSF would be appropriate alternatives.

US oceans leadership creates the political will for protection– change is empirically possible

 * Sielen, 14 -** ALAN B. SIELEN is Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (“Sea Change: How to Save the Oceans” 4/16, []

The rebirth of the seas will require large doses of education… the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, the world’s largest ocean preserve.

Establishing a new ocean exploration within the NOPP is vital to both __inter-agency__ and __international__ coordination in marine science
NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, [])

Incorporating a new ocean exploration program into the U.S. marine science field… collaborative exploration programs proposed by international groups of scientists.

The plan establishes a __global model__ and builds __international marine research collaboration__

 * Pages, 4** – Media Relations Officer at National Academies (Patrice, “Exploration of the Deep Blue Sea” National Academies In Focus Magazine, Winter/Spring, [])//DH

The oceans cover nearly three-quarters of the Earth's surface, regulate our weather and climate… the oceans as a common global bond, highlighting their importance in our lives," Orcutt said.

This spurs __global solutions__ and the development of multilateral agreements
NRC, 3 – National Research Center (Committee on Exploration of the Seas Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown ( 2003 )” pp 6-7 []

INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR AN OCEAN EXPLORATION PROGRAM The involvement of many nations… to undertake regional exploration or to pursue themes of shared interest.

Maritime conflicts are likely in the South China Sea over unsustainable fishing – transnational marine science collaboration is vital to creating trust necessary for __durable peace__

 * Leutert, et al, 13** -third-year PhD student in the government department at Cornell University, currently based in Beijing from 2013-2014 as a visiting scholar at PekingUniversity and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.Also authored by Dr. C. Sachi GERBIN, the 2013-2014 US resident Sasakawa Peace Foundation fellow, and Jennifer MCARDLE, program associate at the American Association for theAdvancement of Science, Center for Science, Technology and Security Policyat Pacific Forum CSIS. (Wendy, "Forging Cooperation over Competition: Opportunities for Practical Security Collaboration in the Asia-Pacific” Issues & Insights Vol. 14 – No. 6 Beijing, People’s Republic of China December 2013, [|http://csis.org/files/publication/issuesinsights_vol14no6.pdf)//gingE]**DOC = Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea**

Fishing for Peace? The Need for a New EBM Initiative in the South China Sea Littoral states to the South China Sea have put forward competing claims… cooperation and mutual trust so urgently needed in the South China Sea.

A South China Sea dispute will draw in the U.S.
Dupont and Baker, 14 - * Nonresident Fellow at the Lowy Institute for International Policy ** Principal Engineer, CSC/ServiceMesh (Alan and Christopher, “East Asia’s Maritime Disputes: Fishing in Troubled Waters” March 01, 2014 https://twq.elliott.gwu.edu/east-asia%E2%80%99s-maritime-disputes-fishing-troubled-waters)//gingE

Chinese fishing boats are also appearing in unprecedented numbers… the United States as Japan’s ally and ultimate security guarantor.

Risks extinction

 * Wittner 11**- Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany (Lawrence S. Wittner, 11/28, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?",[|www.huntingtonnews.net/14446])

While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger… creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.

Stronger marine science partnerships act as confidence building measures that dampen conflict incentives and bolster inter-state relations

 * Crosby, 7 –** executive director, National Science Board (Michael, “Improving International Relations Through Marine Science Partnerships”, __Law, Science and Ocean Management__, p. 275-276

There are a number of successful international marine science partnerships… build goodwill between peoples of different nations.


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