Jacob+&+Jacob

=**Aff**= AUV - WIll be put up later

Middle passage
Smallwood. 2007 . Associate Professor, Dio Richardson Endowed Professor, Ph.D. Duke University. (Stephanie E. “Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora.” Harvard University Press. Pg. 140-141) Properly memorialized, death afforded the opportunity to join the living community through a protective AND ordinary slaves" from Winneba (Chapter 3), the death march continued.
 * The Middle Passage actively constructs anti-Blackness in America – the marking of black bodies has perfected gratuitous violence on an incalculable scale. Prisoners of war and victims of intertribal violence entered ships as people and exited as commodities – the Middle Passage stole death from the slave. **

**Modern institutions are shaped by slavery, the Middle Passage was different from all other historical events and narrowing our focus is key to particularities is critical to effective action.**
Sutton 14 (ED SUTTON, staff writer, 03/03/2014, “THE WORLD WE LIVE IN IS CREATED BY SLAVERY” http://antidotezine.com/2014/03/03/the-world-we-live-in-is-created-by-slavery/)-AG GG: The modern world that we live in is created by slavery. Oftentimes AND //make a broader moral judgment about degrees of responsibility and degrees of oppression.//

**Vote to affirm radical negativity in response to the resolution and its calls for development by understanding the middle passage as the first American developmental project.**
====**Civil society is defined in negation to the black body – the focus on contingent violence is the hallmark of Whiteness – only by rupturing the grammar of work, productivity, and ethics WITHIN civil society can combatting anti-black violence begin – before you begin to evaluate comparing impacts, and before we begin comparing them we should give up our badges.**==== Wilderson ‘10 (Frank - PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from UC Berkley, Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms pg. 108-118) As noted above, before the “healthy” rancor and repartee that represent the AND the unconscious and irretrievable instrument of blind forces (Fanon, Wretched 41)

====**Traditional political thought assumes lived experiences for an articulation of freedom – this grammar of anti-blackness is a necessary analytic subject of civil society – this means the question “for whom?” comes first when devising political strategies**==== Wilderson 10 (Frank - PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from UC Berkely, Red, Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms Pg 34-36) Furthermore, the circulation of Blackness as metaphor and image at the most politically volatile AND infinite—for they have no line of flight leading to the Slave.

** The United States remains institutionally racist—the house has been remodeled but never been taken down—seemingly race neutral policies mask the way racism has imbedded itself **
Feagin 2k (Joe-Prof of Sociology, Univ. of Fla. Gainesville; “RACIST AMERICA: Roots, Current Realities and Future Reparations”; 235-236) The liberal wing of the white elite has an inordinate fondness for setting up commissions AND for their own survival and, periodically, for large-scale protest.

====**Whiteness __requires__ the destruction of Black bodies in order to survive – this antagonism can only be resolved by being radically negative when confronted with the colonial project of white supremacy**==== Sexton, Director, African American Studies School of Humanities, 2003 (Jared, “The Consequence of Race Mixture: Racialised Barriers and the Politics of Desire”, Social Identities, Volume 9, Number 2, 2003,Accessed 8-4-12, MR) AND short, blackness ‘gives [whiteness] its classification as seeming’.8
 * __He goes on to speak of his own desire to refuse the dissembling__** (or

====** The hauntology of the slave makes understanding the world without the legacy of slavery impossible. Understanding that the black body implicates every part of society is a valuable critical dialogue. **==== Farley 5 (Anthony, boston College, “Perfecting Slavery”, []) Slavery is with us still. We are haunted by slavery. We are animated AND beyond the veil, beyond death; hence, the end of forever.

====**The radically negative nature of the slave positionality creates a fundamentally incoherent engagement with the state – anything less dissipates revolutionary action and re-entrenches white supremacy**==== Wilderson 10 (Frank - PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from UC Berkely, Red, Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms 187-188) If the structure of political desire in socially engaged film hopes to stake out an AND history, Black film assumed the Black desire to take this country down.

**The notion of political engagement is focused on ballot’s capacity for meaning and action. That capacity itself is the hallmark of whiteness that preys on the incapacity of the black body.**
The libidinal economy of modernity and its attendant cartography (the Western Hemisphere, the AND  subjectivity is predicated upon the negation of will" (S, 111).
 * WILDERSON 2010** Frank B. Wilderson III, //Red, White & Black:// //Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms //  (Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 2010),

** The demand to assimilate into political coherence and civil society obliterates the position of the slave –optimism cannot take into account the gratuitous violence directed towards Blackness **
Hartman and Wilderson 20 03 (Saidiya (professor of English and comparative literature and women's and gender studies at Columbia University), Frank, (Associate Professor of African American Studies, Drama at UC Irvine), “THE POSITION OF THE UNTHOUGHT”, Qui Parle, Vol. 13, No. 2 Spring/Summer 2003, JSTOR ) What I mean, is that so often in black scholarship, people consciously or AND subjectivity is predicated upon the negation of will" (S, 111).

====**The Ballot is key – there is no such thing as a neutral playing field – this isn’t the wrong forum, it’s the only forum and silence in response to the 1ac is a reason why they should lose – radical disobedience is key.**====

====**Race shapes modern social relations, the “color-blind” perspective of white liberalism and material analysis of race and slavery actively paper over necessary re-territorialization of social relations**==== Wilkins Catanese, 12, Ph.D., Drama and Humanities, Stanford University (Brandi “The Problem of the Color[blind]”, University Of Michigan Press, Muse) While Proposition 54 dealt directly with the proper role of race in American life, AND to the problems that an acute attention to race has brought our society.

====**The affirmative speech acts alone hold radical potential – Procedural arguments represent biased and white proprietary over dialogue that is arbitrarily constructed to actively exclude arguments that question squo relations**==== Wilkins Catanese, 12, Ph.D., Drama and Humanities, Stanford University (Brandi “The Problem of the Color[blind]”, University Of Michigan Press, Muse) Nontraditional casting as such is the most obvious frame of reference for fully appreciating this AND “the pursuit of authenticity is inevitably an emotional and moral one.”54

= Fear of the Ocean = = = = =

====Enlightenment philosophy is founded on a fear of the ocean. We seek predictability, limits, and boundaries because we want to block out the inevitability of chaos, death, and chance. Attempts to circumscribe our voyages only repress what we fear and guarantee that it will be expressed in another place and time. The project of our affirmative is to explore this ocean without refuge, to give up on the myth of a safe harbor.====


 * LAND 1992** (Nick Land is a lecturer in Continental Philosophy at Warwick University, The Thirst for Annihilation: Georges Bataille and Virulent Nihilism 75-9 IMPORTANT NOTE: parts in italics are quotations in the text from Kant. Kant is the bad guy. He’s going for framework against Bataille. You probably want to preserve that formatting.)

__Of the ‘terrain of pure understanding’ Kant says: //This domain is an island//__

//__AND__//

__the first truly vampiric civilization, in which death alone comes to rule__.

====Fascism, too, is founded on a fear of the ocean. Mass exterminations are the result of a desire to cleanse and purify our community, to resist the unknown by drawing limits and isolating us from the real of blood and death. The obsession with policy will lead us nowhere—only a focus on poetry, language without an instrumental purpose, as a resistance to literal, limiting thought undermines the conditions of possibility for misery and atrocity====


 * LAND 1992** (Nick Land is a lecturer in Continental Philosophy at Warwick University, The Thirst for Annihilation: Georges Bataille and Virulent Nihilism, 138-140)

However great the revulsion that can be felt in contact with a single corpse,

AND

__in the blister. What matters is **burning a hole through the wall**__.

====Modern science has created a myth of infinite knowledge which stifles creativity and represses excess with the quest for literal truth. Our philosophical investigation of the ocean resists this completion and provides an outlet for scientific inquiry and resists the dominant form of scholarship as accumulation and work, which demands predictability, order, and stasis. Exploration resists both scientific certainty and mystical obscurantism—thought without restriction is important in and of itself====


 * LAND 1992** (Nick Land is a lecturer in Continental Philosophy at Warwick University, The Thirst for Annihilation: Georges Bataille and Virulent Nihilism, 24-5)

__One consequence of the__ Occidental __obsession with transcendence, logicized negation, the purity of__

__AND__

brief, and instead of a draining anaesthetic attachment there is the sting.

In the fiction of H.P. Lovecraft, Cthulhu and his lost city of R’lyeh beneath the ocean stand in for the horror of the Real, that which exceeds the power of language to literally assimilate

 * LALIBERTE 2013** (Chris, “The Real in R’lyeh: On Lacan and Lovecraft,” With Caffeine & Careful Thought, Vol 1. Iss 1., November, http://142.150.190.119/index.php/wcct/article/view/20138) THIS EVIDENCE IS GENDER MODIFIED

H.P. __Lovecraft__ once __wrote that the true weird tale must convey “__

__AND__

transcendent Real and the Thing, and this synonymity introduces the object a.

====The Cthulhu Mythos is the foundation of cosmic horror. The point is not just fear, but a dislocation of humanity’s central place in the universe. Revealing that the sublime powers of the universe are indifferent towards and untroubled by humanity fascinates and terrifies us, shattering the frame of terrestrial philosophy====


 * MARIANI 2014** (Mike, Terror Incognita: The Paradoxical History of Cosmic Horror, from Lovecraft to Ligotti, Los Angeles Review of Books, April 10, https://lareviewofbooks.org/essay/terror-incognita-paradoxical-history-cosmic-horror-lovecraft-ligotti)

__To appreciate the cosmic mystery that Lovecraft so obsessively tried to convey and conjure to__

__AND__

__materialistic civilization and thoroughly disillusioned with it, yearns for that sublime unknown.__

====The aff’s exploration of the unknown through cosmic horror reveals the gaps and fissures of the Planet and decenters human subjectivity—this is the necessary prerequisite to an encounter with political and ecological crises====


 * THACKER 2010** (Eugene, associate professor at The New School, In the Dust of this Planet, kindle)

__The world is increasingly unthinkable – a world of planetary disasters, emerging pandemics,__

__AND__

as Plato once put it, “hair, mud, and dirt.”

=AUV=

Advantage 1 - Rem
====Demand will soon outstrip Rare Earth Mineral (REM) production and China monopoly breaks supply chains – Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) provide access to new sources preserving contingent industries==== Green 14 (Tom, Senior Editor-in-Chief at Robotics Business Review, 5-12-14, Robotics Business Review, “Deep Sea Dive for Rare Earth Elements”, http://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/article/deep_sea_dive_for_rare_earth_elements) After a year of falling prices and depleting customer inventories, buyers of Rare Earth AND with subsea robot mining tools built by technology partners like Soil Machine Dynamics.

AUVs facilitate cost effective and efficient resource extraction
Wiltshire 10 [J. C., Specialist at Ocean and Resources Engineering, "MINERAL EXTRACTION, AUTHIGENIC MINERALS." //Marine Policy & Economics: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences//(2010): 274., Google Books, [|http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dqzXwFsOFMcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA274&dq=(%22Rare+Earth+Elements%22+OR+%22rare+earth+minerals%22)+AND+(%22autonomous+underwater+vehicles%22+OR+%22Autonomous+Benthic+Explorer%22)&ots=PIzchVTPjs&sig=C1I_dhR2fdZIW6VUSsl3m8t-n44#v=onepage&q&f=false], pg 276] The first step in minerals development is to find an economic mine site. This AND model to determine whether it is economically profitable to mine a given deposit.

Status quo rare earth production is unsustainable – decks hegemony
Hannis 12 (Eric, Senior fellow in defense studies at the American Foreign Policy Council, 11-20-12, US News, “Are We Losing the Race for Rare Earths?”, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2012/11/20/the-us-needs-rare-earth-independence-from-china) This race is also important for defense reasons: A reliable domestic source of rare AND that supplies much of our oil: Neither are getting friendlier to America.

First Scenario—REMs are key to railgun production
Butler 14 (Colonel Charles J. Butler, Commander of the 611th Air and Space Operations Center at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska and National Defense Fellow at The Fletcher School Winter 2014, Fletcher Forum Volume 38:1, “Rare Earth Elements: China’s Monopoly and Implications for U.S. National Security”, http://www.fletcherforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/38-1_Butler1.pdf) Rare earths technology used in electronics also has numerous defense applications. The same technology AND accuracy would deteriorate, potentially resulting in increased collateral damage and weapons expenditure.

A) They end conflicts before they escalate
Lamothe 14 (Dan, Award-winning military journalist and war correspondent, 4-7-14, Foreign Policy, “Watch the Navy’s futuristic star wars rail gun blow things up”, http://complex.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2014/04/07/watch_the_navy_s_futuristic_star_wars_railgun_blow_things_up) Picture this: The Pentagon is preparing for an assault on a coastal country in AND a major step for a program that has never been operated at sea.

B) They can shoot down all missiles
Tozer 14 (Jessica L., Writer for the Department of Defense Science online news provider, 4-9-14, Armed with Science, “Here comes the BOOM: The Real Railgun of the U.S. Navy”, http://science.dodlive.mil/2014/04/09/here-comes-the-boom-the-real-railgun-of-the-u-s-navy/) When referencing how this behemoth system of mass destruction operates, I’m reminded of a AND an hour,” Adm. Klunder said. “That kind of energy.”

This cements U.S. hard power – deters conflict
Tozer 14 (Jessica L., Writer for the Department of Defense Science online news provider,4-9-14, Armed with Science, “Here comes the BOOM: //The// Real //Railgun// of the U.S. Navy”, http://science.dodlive.mil/2014/04/09/here-comes-the-boom-the-real-railgun-of-the-u-s-navy/) This is no longer science fiction; this //is reality//. But for a first AND naval ship?’, or our country, because you’re gonna lose .”

Second Scenario—China REM dependency butchers U.S. tech manufacturing – plan is key to prevent industry monopoly
Hannis 12 (Eric, Senior fellow in defense studies at the American Foreign Policy Council, 11-20-12, US News, “Are We Losing the Race for Rare Earths?”, [] ) The U nited S tates, like most of the industrialized world, is currently engaged in AND alternative that //will allow them a way out of the China relocation trap.//

Manufacturing is key to defense technology that’s the foundation of military primacy
O'Hanlon 12 (Michael, Scholar at the Brookings Institution,January 2012, The Brookings Institution, “The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy”, [] ) The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in AND civilian and military export opportunities for the U nited S tates in a globalized marketplace.

The pursuit of hegemony is inevitable, sustainable, and prevents great power war
Ikenberry, Brooks, and Wohlforth 13 (John Ikenberry, Stephen G. Brooks, William C. Wohlforth, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul and the Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, “Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward) Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall AND an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.

Current ocean exploration is woefully inadequate in climate data collection—AUVs are the key first step
McNutt 13 —Marcia, Executive Chair of Oceans 2020, a group of more than 110 ocean explorers gathered at the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California, “Accelerating Ocean Exploration” SCIENCE 341:937 (30 August 2013). Reprinted with permission from AAAS in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “The Report of Ocean Exploration Exploration 2020; A National Program,” July, []. Page 13-14 //BR Last month, a distinguished group of ocean researchers and explorers convened in Long Beach AND needs to happen now to provide a useful informational baseline for future decisions.

Specifically, AUVs are key to cold vent monitoring
Furlong 13 – Masters student, University of Victoria (Jonathan, “Characteristic Morphology, Backscatter, and Sub-seafloor Structures of Cold-Vents on the Northern Cascadia Margin from High-Resolution Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Data” UMI Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest) In this chapter __I discuss visible surface features of cold vents and attempt to explain__ __AND__ __the examination of discrete cold vent communities to be extended into the subsurface.__

And, methane seepage from cold vents trigger immediate climate tipping events that cause extinction
Furlong 13 – Masters student, University of Victoria (Jonathan, “Characteristic Morphology, Backscatter, and Sub-seafloor Structures of Cold-Vents on the Northern Cascadia Margin from High-Resolution Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Data” UMI Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest) __The co-deposition of organic carbon with inorganic seafloor sediments is considered to remove__ __AND__ 2008) or sourced from the continent (Etiope et al., 2008).

And, AUVs are key to understanding and mitigating several other huge environmental threats—oil spills, coral reefs and biodiversity loss
Bluefin 12 —AUV Technology Company, September 2012 [Bluefin robotics is a Battelle company who develops, builds, and operates Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and related technologies for defense, commercial, and scientific customers worldwide, [], accessed 26 June 2014] JB Sampling and persistent monitoring of undersea habitats provide baseline information and important data characterizing change AND the southeast where other deep coral reef ecosystems are known to exist. n

And, Species diversity loss causes global extinction—we’re at the tipping point—crossing the threshold in the next 10 years makes it irreversible
Walsh 10 —Bryan, “ Wildlife: A Global Convention on Biodiversity Opens in Japan, But Can It Make a Difference?” Ecocentric Blog @ TIME, 10-18, [|http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2010/10/18/wildlife-a-global-convention-on-biodiversity-opens-in-japan-but-can-it-make-a-difference/#ixzz131wU6CSp]. //BR The story of non-human life on the planet Earth over the past few AND //forgive us. We're losing nature. And that loss really is forever.//

First, AUV’s key to bioprospecting- commercial scale and rapid assessment solves- the aff does both
Arico and Salpin 5 (Salvatore Arico, Senior Programme Specialist for Biodiversity Assessments and Inter-Agency Coordination at UNESCO’s Natural Sciences Sector, Charlotte Salpin, Legal Officer Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea Office of Legal Affairs United Nations, “Bioprospecting of Genetic Resources in the Deep Seabed: Scientific, Legal and Policy Aspects”, pg. 23, [] //nz) 3.4 Technological constraints and opportunities for deep seabed bioprospecting : I mportant technological considerations AND //order to ensure that the costs of deep sea expeditions are adequately covered//.

Second, Cold vents key to bioprospecting- AUV’s can find them
Moreau and van den Hove 7 (Vincent Moreau, Master's degree in Science and Technology in Innovation (Angers), Post-graduate of the CEIPI, Before joining the Cabinet Weinstein, has worked for 3 years for a company specializing in electrical equipment followed by 6 years in the IP department of a large car company, Sybille van den Hove, Director at MEDIAN SCP, Chairwoman of the Scientific Committee European Environment Agency, Intervenant NEOMA Business School, “Deep-sea Biodiversity and Ecosystems: A Scoping Report on Their Socio-economy, Management and Governance”, 2007, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, pg. 19 //nz) COLD SEEPS AND GAS HYDRATES Cold seeps are areas on the ocean floor where water AND a much more potent GHG than C02 (Krueger et at., 2003).

Ocean bioprospecting solves laundry list of impacts- disease, food security, and environmental destruction
Abida et al 13 (Heni Abida 1, Sandrine Ruchaud 2 , Laurent Rios 3 , Anne Humeau 4 , Ian Probert 5 , Colomban De Vargas 6 , Stéphane Bach 2, and Chris Bowler 1, Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section 1, Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening facility 2, Greentech France 3, Soliance France 4, Roscoff Culture Collection 5, EPPO Laboratory 6, “Bioprospecting Marine Plankton”, November 14, 2013, Marine Drugs, pg. 4595-4596 //nz) As the world population expands and ages, we need to prepare to face new AND so far as to proclaim that " __denial of the science is malpractice."__

Food insecurity creates a vicious cycle that makes conflict inevitable-prefer new escalation model
__ ¶ Food insecurity may play a role in sustaining conflict as____ ¶ it becomes part__ //AND// __government action could again trigger or____ ¶ catalyze actions that could refuel conflicts.__
 * Simmons 13** (Emmy, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. “Harvesting Peace: Food Security, Conflict, and Cooperation” @http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/HarvestingPeace.pdf)//JQ

Pandemics outweigh on probability and size
Zakaria, ‘5. Fareed, “A Threat Worse than Terror,” 10-31, Newsweek, [].
 * A flu pandemic is the most dangerous threat the //U// nited //S// tates faces today," says
 * AND
 * Thus the plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in non-military autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) by:**
 * Thus the plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in non-military autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) by:**


 * **reauthorizing the Hydrographic Services Improvement Act;**


 * **implementing the Digital Coast Act;**

Topically Relevant pars
 * **guaranteeing funding for AUVs through the Maritime Administration Grant Program.**

Solvency
FIND 14 [FIND, Federal information and news dispatch, “House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Hearing”, federal press release, [|http://insurancenewsnet.com/oarticle/2014/02/07/house-transportation-and-infrastructure-subcommittee-on-coast-guard-and-maritime-a-457472.html#.U6xpufmICQo], HW] The AUV's evolution is taking place at an amazing rate of change. At the recent Coast Guard NAVSAC meeting in Norfolk, VA, the NAVSAC panel received briefings from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI) about the surface and sub-surface autonomous vessels already in use by NOAA and the private sector. The ocean already has thousands of autonomous WaveGlider & SHARC's upon it or below the water's surface. These autonomous systems will become the Light Ships (ATONs) of our future, replacing or certainly reducing the number of LNB's the Coast Guard maintains. These new ATONs are equipped with hydrographic surveying tools (depth measuring devices) and have the capability to stay positioned over a fixed position, avoid a hazard like a coastal rock or to re-position itself over a moving object like the ever changing river bottom on major inland waterways. The future ATON built upon AUV tech nology will recognize changing water levels, currents and atmospheric conditions and provide near real time positioning and measurement data and be a more dynamic and responsive system of ATONs. This calls attention to the importance of the services provided by NOAA's National Ocean Service (NOS), tri-service office, comprised of the Office of Coast Survey (OCS), National Geodetic Survey (NGS) and Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO- OPS). The demand for authoritative hydrographic survey data cannot be fully met by the current level of funding for NOAA's navigation, observations and positioning programs. The NOS services related navigation, observations and positioning are crucial to the future development and deployment of the AUVs and future ATON systems. Such NOS programs as GRAV-D and Coastal LIDAR that provide baseline foundation data are critically important. These activities must be funded at least at the President's requested level, if not at a higher level. Social Security Changes You Need to Know As a result, it is important that Congress promptly //reauthorize the Hydrographic Services Improvement Act//, H.R. 1399, introduced by Representative Don Young of Alaska //and// currently pending before Congress. Moreover, MAPPS strongly supports H.R. 1382, //the Digital Coast Act//, introduced by Representative R.A. "Dutch" Ruppersberger of Maryland and Rep. Young of Alaska. Enactment of H.R. 1382 and H.R. 1399 separately or as a merged bill will go a long way toward a coordinate d and //comprehensive national// mapping //effort for coastal, state and territorial waters// of the United States and better integrate navigational and non-navigational geospatial activities in NOAA. //The Maritime Administration// (MARAD) //grant program// for improvements to the Marine Highway Program should include hydrographic surveying & mapping activities that directly contribute to decisions regarding placement of ATONs on the inland waterways. These ATON's are essential for the safe passage of goods on the marine transportation system. This grant program //should provide incentives// for private sector participation, again through a P3. Increased utilization of and partnership with the private sector geospatial community will help //accelerate federally-funded research,////enhance navigation and transportation//, and create economic growth and job creation in the private sector. We would emphasize the need to better coordinate the geospatial activities among these various agencies and numerous programs and applications. As the Government Accountability Office found (Geospatial Information: OMB and Agencies Can Reduce Duplication by Making Coordination a Priority GAO-14-226T, Dec 5, 2013) federal agencies involved in geospatial activities have failed "to identify planned geospatial investments to promote coordination and reduce duplication". GAO also reported agencies "had not yet fully planned for or implemented an approach to manage geospatial data as related groups of investments to allow agencies to more effectively plan geospatial data collection efforts and minimize duplicative investments, and its strategic plan was missing key elements." MAPPS strongly supported a provision enacted in the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (PL 112-141) to develop a funding strategy to leverage and coordinate budgets and expenditures, and to maintain or establish joint funding and other agreement mechanisms between federal agencies and with units of state and local government to share in the collection and utilization of geospatial data among all governmental users. Specifically, section 100220 (42 USC 4101c) requires the office of Management and Budget, in consultation with several agencies to "submit to the appropriate authorizing and appropriating committees of the Senate and the House of Representatives an interagency budget crosscut and coordination report, certified by the Secretary or head of each such agency, that-- (A) contains an interagency budget crosscut report that displays relevant sections of the budget proposed for each of the Federal agencies working on flood risk determination data and digital elevation models, including any planned interagency or intra-agency transfers; and (B) describes how the efforts aligned with such sections complement one another." This provision provides that agencies "work together to ensure that flood risk determination data and geospatial data are shared among Federal agencies in order to coordinate the efforts of the Nation to reduce its vulnerability to flooding hazards." We recommend a similar legislative provision with regard to geospatial data related to charting, navigation, and ATON, involving the Coast Guard, NOAA, MARAD, the Corps of Engineers, USGS, and other relevant federal agencies, as well as state and local government and the private sector. Hydrographic survey data supports a variety of maritime functions, such as port and harbor maintenance and dredging that facilitates the 98 percent of our international trade that moves through U.S. ports, coastal engineering, coastal zone management, and offshore resource development. There is an enormous capacity and capability in the private sector to provide NOAA, the Coast Guard, Corps of Engineers and other government agencies the hydrographic surveying, charting, aerial photography, photogrammetry, LIDAR, and other geospatial disciplines that support ATON. The private sector stands ready to continue to assist these agencies achieve their important missions. MAPPS urges Congress to enact legislation to accelerate and complete the transition from government or university performance of commercially available geospatial services to contractor performance, while refocusing agencies on inherently governmental activities, such as establishing standards, coordinating user requirements, determining needs, and managing contracts. Federal agencies should maintain an "intellectual" core capability in surveying and mapping, versus a large dollar of capital capability. Congressional appropriations and authorizations should be directed toward commercial contracting for data collection requirements, rather than capital equipment. Creating a pathway to greater utilization of the private sector and forming public-private partnerships will result in cost savings to the tax payer, improve the economy, enhance navigation, reduce duplication, and make programs more efficient. We commend //Congress// for its leadership on ATON, hydrography and nautical charting programs. Important steps have been taken, and progress has been made, but we //must// continue to strive to //bring the// full expertise, innovation and efficiency of the private sector to all of the federal government's mapping and charting activities. In summary, the ATON of the future can and should be smaller, lighter, more agile and more self-sustaining than the current LNB's we know today. A new public-private partnership is the key to such success. Avery 13 [Dr. Susan K., President and Director Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, June 11 2013, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Published June 11 2013, [] ] JB Frontiers in the Ocean Jim Cameron is a visionary who is capable of looking beyond what we are currently able to see. Let me tell you about another visionary. In the mid-1930s, a physicist from Lehigh University named Maurice Ewing sent letters to several oil companies. He asked them to support a modest research program to see whether acoustic methods used to probe buried geological structures on land could be adapted to investigate the completely unknown geology of the seafloor. Ewing later wrote: "This proposal received no support whatever. I was told that work out in the ocean could not possibly be of interest to the shareholder and could not rightfully receive one nickel of the shareholder’s money." Ewing did get a $2,000 grant from the Geological Society of America, however, and he and his students came to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to use its new oceangoing research ship, Atlantis. The ship and the institution were launched by a $3 million grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. The scientists launched novel experiments using sound waves to probe the seafloor. To Ewing, the ocean was annoyingly in the way. To study the seafloor, he and his colleagues had to learn how to negotiate the intervening water medium. In the process, they unexpectedly made profound and fundamental discoveries about ocean properties and how sound propagates through seawater. In 1940, on the eve of war, Woods Hole’s director, Columbus O’Donnell Iselin, wrote a letter to government officials, suggesting the ways the institution’s personnel and equipment could be better utilized for the national defense. Soon after, one of Ewing’s students, Allyn Vine, began incorporating their newly gained knowledge to build instruments called bathythermographs, which measured ocean properties. Vine trained naval personnel to use them to escape detection by sonar. It was the first among many subsequent applications of this research that revolutionized submarine warfare. Many scientists pursued the marine geophysics research initiated by Ewing. Their work culminated in the late 1960s in the unifying theory of plate tectonics. It transformed our understanding of continents, ocean basins, earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, and a host of other geological phenomena—including significant oil reservoirs beneath the seafloor—where oil companies now routinely drill and make money for their shareholders. Al Vine remained in Woods Hole and spearheaded deep-submergence technology, including the research sub Alvin, which was named after him. Two years after it was completed, Alvin was applied to a national emergency, locating a hydrogen bomb that accidentally dropped into the Mediterranean Sea. A decade later, Alvin found seafloor hydrothermal vents. To humanity's utter astonishment, the vents were surrounded by previously unknown organisms sustained not by photosynthesis but chemosynthesis. This discovery completely changed our conceptions of where and how life can exist on this planet and elsewhere in the universe. Thirty-five years later, Alvin was again called into action to help assess and monitor the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and its impacts in the Gulf of Mexico, but at the same time, the ocean science community was able to bring much more to bear in a time of national crisis. The community’s unparalleled response in the Gulf was enabled by more than three decades of technological advancements related to development of remotely operated and autonomous underwater vehicles [AUVS] and new sensors and data assimilation techniques, and integrated networks of sensors, vehicles, and platforms that have opened the ocean to the light of new study, many of which were developed through novel partnerships with private funders. Society has benefitted in the past from public-funded/private-funded partnerships that advance research and development, probably even before Queen Isabella financed Columbus’s voyage of discovery in 1492. But I emphasize: It’s a partnership. One doesn’t replace the other. Each augments the other. In an unexpected bit of poetry, the NSF annual report from 1952 says: "That which has never been known cannot be foretold, and herein lies the great promise of basic research. … [It] enlarges the realm of the possible." The bottom line question is: How much are we willing to invest in enlarging the realm of the possible? Jim Cameron did that with DEEPSEA CHALLENGER. He enlarged the realm of the possible by demonstrating that even the deepest part of the ocean is not beyond our physical presence. Still other advances are expanding the possible in many ways through the development and deployment of novel sensors, autonomous vehicles, and new ways for humans and machines to interact. There is a revolution in marine technology underway that is positioning us to reach many unexplored frontiers in the ocean—and the ocean has many. The deep ocean is only one. We have barely gained access to explore the ocean beneath our polar ice caps—at a time when rapidly disappearing sea ice has profound implications for Earth’s climate, for ocean ecosystems, expanded shipping, oil and mineral resource development, and national security. There is the microbial frontier, where 90 percent of the ocean biomass resides and which is invisible to the human eye. There are about 300,000 times more microbes in the ocean than there are observable stars in the universe.5 Ocean scientists have just begun to explore this universe of marine microbes, which holds the key to healthy biological functioning of the ocean ecosystem, much as the microbiome in the human body is critical to our health. They are also searching for unknown biochemical pathways and compounds, for new antibiotics, and for novel treatments for diseases such as Alzheimer's and cystic fibrosis. Then there is the frontier of temporal and spatial scales that must be overcome to monitor and forecast changes to the deep and open ocean. The ocean exhibits large, basin-wide patterns of variability that change over periods ranging from days and weeks to years, decades, and longer. Understanding and observing these patterns, including El Niño- Southern Oscillation (ENSO), offer potential for improved prediction of climate variability in the future. For most of my career, I have been an atmospheric scientist. The atmosphere and ocean are both fluids (one that is compressible, the other incompressible). These two systems are interwoven and inseparable. But while we have long-established, extensive networks of meteorological instruments continually monitoring our atmosphere, we have just begun to establish a relative toehold of long-term observatories to understand, and monitor how the ocean operates. To truly comprehend Earth’s dynamic behavior and to monitor how it affects us back on land, scientists must establish a long-term presence in the ocean, including platforms and suites of physical, chemical, and biological sensors from which to view how the ocean and seafloor change in fine resolution over seasons, years, and decades. This same observing capability will provide the basis for improved forecasts from models that incorporate data and observations from the ocean, atmosphere, and land and that provide the basis for decision making by national, state, and local agencies. Variability such as weather events associated with ENSO has significant societal and economic impacts in the U.S., and a combination of a dedicated ocean-observing system in the tropical Pacific plus models that forecast ENSO impacts is now in place to help society adapt in times of increased variability. The promise of additional benefits from observing, understanding, and predicting the ocean and its impacts is real. Modeled reconstructions by Hoerling and Kumar of the 1930’s drought in the Central U.S. recently linked that event to patterns of anomalies in sea-surface temperature far from the U.S.6 The global scale of the circulation of the ocean and basin-scale patterns of ocean variability on decadal and longer time scales may present sources of improved predictive skill in future weather and climate models. Moving forward, we need to be even more adaptive and agile, applying new technologies in ways that both make crucial observations more effectively and make coincident observations of the biology, chemistry, and physics of the ocean. At the same time we need at our modeling and prediction centers to establish the resources and mindset that will support testing and adoption of research results that lead to improved predictions. We are on the edge of exploration of many ocean frontiers that will be using new eyes in the ocean. //Public// -funded/private-funded //investment// in those eyes is required, but //will not be successful without adequate and continuing federal commitment to ocean science//. Support such as Jim’s and the Schmidt Ocean Institute, which was founded by Eric Schmidt and operates the research vessel Falkor, help fill gaps in support for research and development or for access to the ocean. However, the fact remains that federal funding is by far the leading driver of exploration, observation, and technical research and development that has a direct impact on the lives of people around the world and on U.S. economic growth and leadership. It also remains the bellwether by which philanthropic entrepreneurs judge the long-term viability of the impact their investment will have on the success that U.S. ocean science research will have around the globe. =**Neg**=
 * The plan is key – congress must act promptly to authorize, appropriate and coordinate a comprehensive national program for it to work – that spurs P3s which streamline production and overcome previous barriers**
 * Only U.S. federal investment can catalyze private sector tech and R&D development**

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 * T - increase isn't capabilities (2nr)**
 * T - Oceans =/= Arctic**
 * T - development/exploration means resources**
 * Navy CP**
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 * Russia SOI**
 * NOAA T/O DA**

**On**

 * Case Defense**

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 * Warming Security Rhetoric K (2nr)**

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 * Antonio**
 * Lanza**
 * Republicans don't think warming is real**

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 * T-its**
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 * Anthropcentrism K (2nr)**

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 * Nietzsche **
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 * Otec turns Biod/Co2**

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 * fiat double bind**
 * T-its**
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 * hegemony bad - securitization bad**

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 * T - capabilities isn't increase**
 * T- its**
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 * Hegemony Bad**

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 * De-development**
 * Hegemony Bad**