Vikram+&+Allan 

=1AC - Camp=


 * Plan: The United States federal government should expand United States Maritime Administration Title XI loan guarantee funding for short sea transportation in the United States. **

=Shipbuilding Advantage=

Increased support for short sea shipping sustains the shipbuilding industry
http://www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/article/short-sea-shipping-long-on-benefits/ To help meet the current congestion crisis on U.S. highway system...// a real commitment // on the part of U.S. political leaders.
 * Raymond, 05** [Charles, President and CEO Horizon Inc. “Short Sea Shipping: Long On Benefits”,

And, expansion of title XI funding ensures __increased naval capacity__
A less well recognized candidate for increased ... Mr. President, put more money behind the MHI.
 * Goure, 11** [Lexington Institute, Obama Could Create Jobs And Support Defense, Daniel, PhD, []]

And, the plan reverses tidal waves of shipyard closings which decimate the industry
As President Obama announced his robust infrastructure investment... surplus for the arts, education, mass transportation, and health care for the poor. Imagine….
 * Munoz, 11** [January 11, The Obama Infrastructure Plan, and Another Shipyard Closes, OP-ED by Tony Munoz, Editor-in-Chief of the Maritime ExecutiveMagazine and the MarEx Newsletter, []]

And, inland water ways are functionally limitless – the plan is the easiest means of infrastructure expansion and revitalizes the maritime sector
In addition to the above environmental and societal benefits, SSS has also the following ... among shippers, shipowners, and the public as well [46].
 * Perakis and Denisis,08** [A survey of short sea shipping and its prospects in the USA, ANASTASSIOS N. PERAKIS* and ATHANASIOS DENISIS Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, 213 NAME Building, 2600 Draper Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2145, USA, []]

And, a strong maritime and shipbuilding industry is a vital pre requisite to credible naval capabilities
In conclusion, our study found that the tremendous ... proportion to the value to the nation of the vessel.
 * Alberto, et al., 5** (Lieutenant Colonel Ronald P., U.S. Army, Colonel Michael G. Archuleta, U.S. Air Force, Lieutenant Colonel Steven H. Bills, U.S. Air Force, Commander William A. Bransom, U.S. Navy, Mr. Kenneth Cohen, Department of State, Commander William A. Ebbs, U.S. Navy, George Manjgaladze, Ministry of Defense, Republic of Georgia, Commander Elizabeth B. Myhre, U.S. Navy, Audrea M. Nelson, DA, Robert L. Riddick, Department of Defense, Colonel Christopher M. Ross, U.S. Army, Julia N. Ruhnke, DA, Lieutenant Colonel Gregory M. Ryan, U.S. Marine Corps, Colonel David D. Thompson, U.S. Air Force, Commander Hugh D. Wetherald, U.S. Navy, Dr. Mark Montroll, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Dr. Michael Farbman, USAID, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Captain David B. Hill, U.S. Coast Guard, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, “SHIPBUILDING”, The Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, 2005, http://www.ndu.edu/icaf/programs/academic/industry/reports/2005/pdf/icaf-is-report-shipbuilding-2005.pdf, Deech)

Great power war
Deter major power war**.** __No other disruption is as ...____sustain forces, sea control and power projection enable extended campaigns ashore__.
 * Conway et al 7** [James T., General, U.S. Marine Corps, Gary Roughead, Admiral, U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower,” October, http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf]

NLUS, 12 – a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating our citizens about the importance of sea power to U.S. national security and supporting the men and women of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and U.S.-flag Merchant Marine and their families (Navy League of the United States, “Maritime Primacy & Economic Prosperity: Maritime Policy 2012-13”, Navy League of the United States, 1/21/12, [] | AK) Global engagement is critical to the U.S. economy, world trade and ... effective fighting force. Taking care of our wounded warriors is fundamental.
 * And, causes and escalation of every transnational threat – the ship building industry is key**

Naval forces are most extensively used in support ... pulled out or committed to full-scale combat. 9
 * A strong navy is critical to effective peacekeeping**
 * Vego, 8** — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/jfq-50/JFQ-50.pdf, Deech)

__Experts__ __throughout the world expect growing population ...____system that can head off an increasing number of conflicts__.
 * Peacekeeping prevents great power wars**
 * Dean 95** – Adviser on international security issues for the Union of Concerned Scientists [Dean, Jonathan. (P articipated in East-West arms control negotiations and worked with U.N. peacekeepers in the field and in the State Department) “A stronger U.N. strengthens America,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Chicago: Mar 1995. Vol. 51, Iss. 2; pg. 45Ebscohost]

Naval forces can be employed in support of foreign policy, military ... and combat power to defeat opposing forces quickly and decisively.
 * Naval strength solves Middle East war**
 * Vego, 8** — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/jfq-50/JFQ-50.pdf, Deech)

Gold, 07 [Thomas J., Masters in Strategic Intelligence, Joint Military Intelligence College, Nuclear Conflict in the Middle East: An Analysis of Future Events, p. 53-55] If the political, ethnic, and military policies, and future nuclear ... global nuclear war is //__now__// a possibility.
 * And, goes __global__ and __nuclear__. Leads to extinction.**

=Global Warming Advantage=

Warming is real, anthropogenic and reversible if we act now
Pew Center 11 (Pew Center on Global Climate Change, The Pew Center on Global Climate Change is as a non-profit, non-partisan, and independent organization dedicated to providing credible information, straight answers, and innovative solutions in the effort to address global climate change. The Center engages business leaders, policy makers, and other key decision makers at the international, national, regional, and state levels to advance meaningful, cost-effective climate policy and action, “Climate Change 101: Understanding and Responding to Global Climate Change,” January 2011, http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/climate101-science.pdf) The scientific evidence is unequivocal __. Natural climate variability ..__ __we would expect from a build up of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere – not the warming we would expect from other possible causes__.

In a similar inversion of normal practice, __most climate deniers ...____examination of the public record surrounding contrarian papers__.
 * Peer-review of our evidence proves its legitimacy; the same can’t be said about their evidence by lone skeptics. **
 * Lewandowsky, 11 ** - Professor of Cognitive Studies at the University of Western Australia (Stephen, “ Climate change denial and the abuse of peer review,” The Conversation, 6/20/11, [], //JPL)

SSS leads to environmental sustainability
MARAD ‘11 [U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration], America’s Marine Highway Report to Congress, Prepared in Consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency, April 2011, p. 21] America’s Marine Highway offers the potential of significantly ... and air pollution and have minimal impactson water quality.

Increased reliance on trucking will result in skyrocketing GHG emissions –need to shift to SSS
MARAD ‘11 [U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration], America’s Marine Highway Report to Congress, Prepared in Consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency, April 2011, p. 23-4] There is a global recognition of the need to reduce the ... program will have on GHG emissions.

Water shipping decreases transportation emissions
MARAD ‘11 [U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration], America’s Marine Highway Report to Congress, Prepared in Consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency, April 2011, p. 24-5] The greater use of water transportation could generally... not be reflected in comparative modal shipping rates.

Plan is a credible international signal of the need to reduce warming and is modeled
Burwell, 10 – Director of the Energy and Climate Program at Carnegie (David, “Transportation—The Leading Cause of Global Warming,” 4/15, [|http://carnegieendowment.org/2010/04/15/transportation-leading-cause-of-global-warming/2fr2)//DH]

How do U.S. efforts to reduce transportation’s impact on atmospheric warming relate to global climate negotiations? The U nited S tates consumes 25 percent of the world’s petroleum and that’s ... and it would contribute to the likelihood of a global climate agreement.

The magnitude of warming outweighs all other impacts.
Doebbler 11 (Curtis, Al-Ahram Weekly Issue No. 1055, International Human Rights Lawyer, "Two Threats To Our Existence," 7/13/2011, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1055/envrnmnt.htm) __Climate change is widely acknowledged to be ...__ developing countries. They continue in this vein.

Warming is an existential threat
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122 The best estimates for global warming to the ... would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

Global warming leads to conflict in all major hotpots
McGinn 10 – Fellow in Strategic Studies @ Naval War College Dennis McGinn, senior policy advisor to the American Council on Renewable Energy and is an international security senior fellow at the Rocky Mountain Institute, previously served as chairman of the U.S. Naval Institute Board of Directors, 12-1-2010, “ENERGY CHALLENGES; COMMITTEE: HOUSE SELECT ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND GLOBAL WARMING,” CQ Congressional Testimony, Lexis Last year, global climate researchers revised those ... producing a highly exportable brand of terrorism.

No worries about Chinese pollution – they are acting now to prevent warming.
Coonan 10 (Clifford Coonan, “China's renewed effort to clean up its act,” 9/3/2010, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/newenergyfuture/chinas-renewed-effort-to-clean-up-its-act-2068595.html) When it comes to environmental issues, China tends.. sustainability, China is too big to be ignored.

Warming leads to weather disasters – this is __comparatively__ worse for agriculture than the benefits of co2 fertilization
-topag experts agree Gillis 11 Justin Gillis, Editor @ NYT, 6-11-2011, “A Warming Planet Struggles to Feed Itself,” Factiva Now, the latest scientific research suggests... 50 agricultural experts working in nine countries.

As long as the total movement of isotherms toward the... human-caused extinctions to a moderate level.
 * Warming destroys biodiversity—Leads to extinction **
 * Hansen 2011 - ** is member of the National Academy of Sciences, an adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University and at Columbia’s Earth Institute, and director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (James E, “Storms of my Grandchildren”)

=Solvency= ====A comprehensive federal expansion of Title 11 loan guarantees mitigates congestion and creates conditions favorable for private investment – the plan reverse the only barrier to short sea transportation==== For more than a decade, Europe and the ... purchased by the vessel owner and included as a transaction cost.
 * Cook, 11** — former General Counsel of the Maritime Administration, Counsel to Seward and Kissel LLP (H. Clayton, “Dead in the Water”, Maritime Executive, 7/8/2012, http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/dead-in-the-water, Deech)
 * Note: SST = short sea transportation, CCF = capital construction fund

And, that heightens the resiliency of the transportation network – a secure federal funding stream ensures adequate coordination
Opportunities A successful // short sea shipping program // offers a ... facility and infrastructure cost categories were identified.
 * Lombardo, 04** [Short Sea Shipping: Practices, Opportunities and Challenges[|[1]] Written by Gary A. Lombardo, Ph.D.[|[2]] Prepared by TransportGistics, Inc, []]

And, the plan reduces risk and creates the financial backing necessary for short sea shipping
A loan guarantee is not the same as a federal... start-up companies that hope to build ships.
 * Margaronis, 08** [Green Ships Can Fight Global Warming, president of California-based Santa Maria Shipowning & Trading Inc, p. online document retrieved via a google download, full text email alexanderdpappas@gmail.com]

As our road and rail networks have become... incorporate current technology, anticipate trends, and develop future capabilities.24
 * And, marine infrastructure is key – other networks have reached maximum capacity – ineffective coordination precipitates wider congestion**
 * Jackson, 07** [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us]

No link uniqueness – modest federal assistance key
The Dual-Use Vessel Program and Americas Marine Highway Next Steps, []] “Short Sea Shipping” and AMH
 * Cook, 12** [H. Clayton Cook, Esq. has been involved with Jones Act issues for more than 40 years and served as General Counsel of the Maritime Administration from 1970-1973. He is currently Counsel to Seward & Kissel LLP in Washington, DC.

A MarAdand Department of Transportation ( DOT ) “// short sea shipping //" //program//... // modest forms of government start-up assistance. //