Park+&+Ramanan

=HMU= to get cites: simonpark101@gmail.com

=POSSIBLE AFFS=

REMS
Contention one is rare earth minerals

REMs depleting now—AUVs accesses new supplies which are key for the aerospace industry and high tech manufacturing and allow us to beat out China Green 14 – Senior Editor-in-Chief at Robotics BusinessReview(Tom, 5-12-14, Robotics Business Review, “Deep Sea Dive for Rare Earth Elements”, http://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/article/deep_sea_dive_for_rare_earth_elements) After a year of falling prices and depleting customer inventories, buyers of Rare Earth AND with subsea robot mining tools built by technology partners like Soil Machine Dynamics.

Autonomous underwater vehicles key to inexpensive detection of mineral deposits AND new technology means surveys can be done quickly and accurately Wiltshire 10 – Specialist at Ocean and Resources Engineering [J. C., "MINERAL EXTRACTION, AUTHIGENIC MINERALS." Marine Policy & Economics: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences(2010): 274., Google Books, http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dqzXwFsOFMcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA274&dq=(%22Rare+Earth+Elements%22+OR+%22rare+earth+minerals%22)+AND+(%22autonomous+underwater+vehicles%22+OR+%22Autonomous+Benthic+Explorer%22)&ots=PIzchVTPjs&sig=C1I_dhR2fdZIW6VUSsl3m8t-n44#v=onepage&q&f=false, pg 276] The first step in minerals development is to find an economic mine site. This AND model to determine whether it is economically profitable to mine a given deposit.

China REM monopoly prevents US high tech manufacturing and causes all future development to offshore – US action is key now to win the race and cause reshoring Hannis 12 – Senior fellow in defense studies at the American Foreign Policy Council (Eric, 11-20-12, US News, “Are We Losing the Race for Rare Earths?”, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2012/11/20/the-us-needs-rare-earth-independence-from-china) The United States, like most of the industrialized world, is currently engaged in AND alternative that will allow them a way out of the China relocation trap.

And that’s key to hegemony—

First, REM independence is key to weapons development and preserving hegemony Hannis 12 - Senior fellow in defense studies at the American Foreign Policy Council (Eric, 11-20-12, US News, “Are We Losing the Race for Rare Earths?”, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2012/11/20/the-us-needs-rare-earth-independence-from-china) This race is also important for defense reasons: A reliable domestic source of rare AND that supplies much of our oil: Neither are getting friendlier to America.

Second, Manufacturing is key to defense technology that’s the foundation of military primacy O'Hanlon 12 - Scholar at the Brookings Institution, (Michael, January 2012, The Brookings Institution, “The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy”, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/26%20defense%20industrial%20base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon ) The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in AND civilian and military export opportunities for the United States in a globalized marketplace.

The pursuit of hegemony is inevitable, sustainable, and prevents great power war IBW 13 - Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul and the Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College (John Ikenberry, Stephen G. Brooks, William C. Wohlforth, January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, “Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward) Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall AND an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.

We control uniqueness—competition among states for relative status is inevitable—promoting US primacy is the only option Wohlforth 9 - Professor of government at Dartmouth (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War” World Politics, 61:1, January, Project Muse) Second, I question the dominant view that status quo evaluations are relatively independent AND ways that directly contradict their material interest in security and/or prosperity.

PLAN
Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its development of non-military autonomous underwater vehicles.

ENVIRONMENT
Contention two is the environment

Current ocean exploration is woefully inadequate in climate data collection—AUVs are the key first step McNutt 13 —Marcia, Executive Chair of Oceans 2020, a group of more than 110 ocean explorers gathered at the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California, “Accelerating Ocean Exploration” SCIENCE 341:937 (30 August 2013). Reprinted with permission from AAAS in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “The Report of Ocean Exploration Exploration 2020; A National Program,” July, http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/oe2020_report.pdf. Page 13-14 BR Last month, a distinguished group of ocean researchers and explorers convened in Long Beach AND needs to happen now to provide a useful informational baseline for future decisions.

Specifically, AUVs are key to cold vent monitoring Furlong 13 – Masters student, University of Victoria (Jonathan, “Characteristic Morphology, Backscatter, and Sub-seafloor Structures of Cold-Vents on the Northern Cascadia Margin from High-Resolution Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Data” UMI Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest) In this chapter I discuss visible surface features of cold vents and attempt to explain AND the examination of discrete cold vent communities to be extended into the subsurface.

And, methane seepage from cold vents trigger immediate climate tipping events that cause extinction Furlong 13 – Masters student, University of Victoria (Jonathan, “Characteristic Morphology, Backscatter, and Sub-seafloor Structures of Cold-Vents on the Northern Cascadia Margin from High-Resolution Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Data” UMI Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest) The co-deposition of organic carbon with inorganic seafloor sediments is considered to remove AND 2008) or sourced from the continent (Etiope et al., 2008).

And, AUVs are key to understanding and mitigating several other huge environmental threats—oil spills, coral reefs and biodiversity loss Bluefin 12 —AUV Technology Company, September 2012 [Bluefin robotics is a Battelle company who develops, builds, and operates Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and related technologies for defense, commercial, and scientific customers worldwide, http://www.bluefinrobotics.com/assets/Papers/Glider-Observations-Support-Plankton-Population-Characterization-Sea-Technology-Sept-2012.pdf, accessed 26 June 2014] JB Sampling and persistent monitoring of undersea habitats provide baseline information and important data characterizing change AND the southeast where other deep coral reef ecosystems are known to exist. N

And, Species diversity loss causes global extinction—we’re at the tipping point—crossing the threshold in the next 10 years makes it irreversible Walsh 10 —Bryan, “Wildlife: A Global Convention on Biodiversity Opens in Japan, But Can It Make a Difference?” Ecocentric Blog @ TIME, 10-18, http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2010/10/18/wildlife-a-global-convention-on-biodiversity-opens-in-japan-but-can-it-make-a-difference/#ixzz131wU6CSp. BR The story of non-human life on the planet Earth over the past few AND forgive us. We're losing nature. And that loss really is forever.

The plan solves bioprospecting

First, AUV’s key to bioprospecting—commercial scale and rapid assessment solves Arico and Salpin 5 (Salvatore Arico, Senior Programme Specialist for Biodiversity Assessments and Inter-Agency Coordination at UNESCO’s Natural Sciences Sector, Charlotte Salpin, Legal Officer Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea Office of Legal Affairs United Nations, “Bioprospecting of Genetic Resources in the Deep Seabed: Scientific, Legal and Policy Aspects”, pg. 23, http://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/publication/28370/DeepSeabed1.pdf nz) 3.4 Technological constraints and opportunities for deep seabed bioprospecting: Important technological considerations AND order to ensure that the costs of deep sea expeditions are adequately covered.

Second, Cold vents key to bioprospecting—AUV’s can find them Moreau and van den Hove 7 (Vincent Moreau, Master's degree in Science and Technology in Innovation (Angers), Post-graduate of the CEIPI, Before joining the Cabinet Weinstein, has worked for 3 years for a company specializing in electrical equipment followed by 6 years in the IP department of a large car company, Sybille van den Hove, Director at MEDIAN SCP, Chairwoman of the Scientific Committee European Environment Agency, Intervenant NEOMA Business School, “Deep-sea Biodiversity and Ecosystems: A Scoping Report on Their Socio-economy, Management and Governance”, 2007, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, pg. 19 nz) COLD SEEPS AND GAS HYDRATES Cold seeps are areas on the ocean floor where water AND a much more potent GHG than C02 (Krueger et at., 2003).

Third, retaining biodiversity creates a unique cost motive for bioprospecting Sabal 7 Megan Sabal (M.A. Miami Ohio in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, “The Future of Marine Resources as Pharmaceutical Products” May 20, 2007 http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:CMOhsrVoJxIJ:jrscience.wcp.miamioh.edu/fieldcourses07/PapersMarineEcologyArticles/TheFutureofMarineResource.html+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a Coral Reefs have long been considered the rainforests of the oceans. This is a AND only a system can be created soon to preserve these wonderful marine ecosystems.

Ocean bioprospecting solves laundry list of impacts—disease, food security, and environmental destruction Abida et al 13 (Heni Abida 1, Sandrine Ruchaud 2 , Laurent Rios 3 , Anne Humeau 4 , Ian Probert 5 , Colomban De Vargas 6 , Stéphane Bach 2, and Chris Bowler 1, Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section 1, Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening facility 2, Greentech France 3, Soliance France 4, Roscoff Culture Collection 5, EPPO Laboratory 6, “Bioprospecting Marine Plankton”, November 14, 2013, Marine Drugs, pg. 4595-4596 nz) As the world population expands and ages, we need to prepare to face new AND screening methodologies that have brought such molecules and/or strains to light.

Warming means current food production is insufficient—security is key Connolly 14 (Marshall Connolly, staff writer for Catholic Online citing Japan science conference report, 4/1/14, “Global warming is inevitable: It’s time for a new ecology,” https://www.catholic.org/news/green/story.php?id=54780) The latest revelation from climate scientists is that they now believe global climate change as AND so far as to proclaim that "denial of the science is malpractice."

Food insecurity creates a vicious cycle that makes conflict inevitable-prefer new escalation model Simmons 13 (Emmy, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. “Harvesting Peace: Food Security, Conflict, and Cooperation” http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/HarvestingPeace.pdf)JQ ¶ Food insecurity may play a role in sustaining conflict as¶ it becomes part AND government action could again trigger or¶ catalyze actions that could refuel conflicts.

Pandemics outweigh on probability and size Zakaria 5. Fareed, “A Threat Worse than Terror,” 10-31, Newsweek, http://www.fareedzakaria.com/ARTICLES/newsweek/103105.html. A flu pandemic is the most dangerous threat the United States faces today," says AND for the first time. No such expertise exists for today's deadliest threat.

SOLVENCY
Contention three is solvency

AUV development is inevitable, but Congress has to act promptly to authorize, appropriate and coordinate a comprehensive national program for it to work—that spurs P3s which streamline production and overcome previous barriers FIND 14 – Federal information and news dispatch (FIND, “House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Hearing”, federal press release, http://insurancenewsnet.com/oarticle/2014/02/07/house-transportation-and-infrastructure-subcommittee-on-coast-guard-and-maritime-a-457472.html#.U6xpufmICQo, HW) The AUV's evolution is taking place at an amazing rate of change. At the AND . A new public-private partnership is the key to such success.

Only U.S. federal investment can catalyze private sector tech and R&D development Avery, 13 —President and Director Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, June 11 2013 [Dr. Susan K., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Published June 11 2013, http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=8915&tid=3622&cid=171149] JB Frontiers in the Ocean Jim Cameron is a visionary who is capable of looking beyond AND that U.S. ocean science research will have around the globe.

Federal support is the seed for commercial spillover and widespread deployment Avery, 14 — Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution President and Director, April 29 2014 [Susan K. Avery, April 29, 2014, “Driving Innovations through Federal Investments” United States Senate Committee on Appropriations Written Testimony, http://www.appropriations.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/Woods%20Hole%20Oceanographic%20Institution%20-%20OWT.pdf] JB Huge dividends from initial federal support To Ewing, the watery part of the ocean AND the seed for innovation and continues to enlarge the realm of the possible.

1AC AFROPESSISMISM
The Middle Passage ontologically constructed the racial complex of anti Blackness – it has marked non-white bodies and has legitimized an apparatus of gratuitous violence. It functioned as a turning point in history because Africans entered as people and exited as slaves – that necessarily implicates the social reality of Black Smallwood 07 Associate Professor, Dio Richardson Endowed Professor, Ph.D. Duke University. (Stephanie E. “Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora.” Harvard University Press. Pg. 140-141) Properly memorialized, death afforded the opportunity to join the living community through a protective AND ordinary slaves" from Winneba (Chapter 3), the death march continued.

Slave ships natally alienated Africans by denying lived experiences and commodifying their bodies for the slave trade – it is impossible to reconcile Blackness within civil society because the origin of the Black Body was displacement Smallwood 07 Associate Professor, Dio Richardson Endowed Professor, Ph.D. Duke University. (Stephanie E. “Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora.” Harvard University Press. Pg. 122-123) Like the Atlantic market of which it was a part, the slave ship at AND his captors indeed hailed from a "distant" land prompted more queries:

Simon and I advocate an exploration of the Middle Passage as a method of being radically negative towards civil society.

Exploring the Middle Passage through a lens external to post-Enlightenment thought is the only mechanism to grasp anti Blackness Gilroy 95 [1993, Paul Gilroy is a Professor of Sociology and African American Studies at Yale University, and the writer of “Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line” and “There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack”, “The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, Pg. 44-45] To note the potential of this debate around modernity to address these pressing issues of AND dualistic system that reproduces the dominance of bonded whiteness, masculinity, and rationality

Modernity needs to be reconstructed – using the memory of slavery allows for a understanding of the key intellectual and political issues in modernity debates Gilroy 95 [1993, Paul Gilroy is a Professor of Sociology and African American Studies at Yale University, and the writer of “Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line” and “There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack”, “The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, Pg. 42] The way these populations continue to make creative, communicative use of the memory of AND category between animal and human that Du Bois identifies as “tertium quid”

Cultural forces of modernity are critical in understanding the African diaspora Gilroy 95 [1993, Paul Gilroy is a Professor of Sociology and African American Studies at Yale University, and the writer of “Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line” and “There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack”, “The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, Pg. 57] Having recognized the cultural force of the term “modernity, we must also be AND . Their mode of communication is divided by the radically opposed political and economic

We should prioritize racial history when crafting cultural criticism Gilroy 95 [1993, Paul Gilroy is a Professor of Sociology and African American Studies at Yale University, and the writer of “Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line” and “There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack”, “The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, Pg. 5-6] Looking at cultural studies from an ethnohistorical perspective requires more than just noting its association AND attention to both these traditions. This book is situated on their cusp.

Being radically negative is our only option – Civil society is defined in negation to the black body – the focus on coherent and contingent impacts is complicit with Whiteness – the antagonism of black and white bodies construct a matrix of violence that is the structure of civil society Wilderson ‘10 (Frank - PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from UC Berkely, Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms pg. 108-118) As noted above, before the “healthy” rancor and repartee that represent the AND the unconscious and irretrievable instrument of blind forces (Fanon, Wretched 41)

The black body can’t participate in traditional political thought – it assumes lived experiences for an articulation of freedom – that exists externally to black bodies Wilderson 10 (Frank - PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from UC Berkely, Red, Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms Pg 34-36) Furthermore, the circulation of Blackness as metaphor and image at the most politically volatile AND infinite—for they have no line of flight leading to the Slave.

Whiteness fundamentally requires the destruction of Black bodies in order to survive – the antagonism of Black and White bodies can only be resolved by being radically negative towards the colonial project of white supremacy Sexton, Director, African American Studies School of Humanities, 03 (Jared, “The Consequence of Race Mixture: Racialised Barriers and the Politics of Desire”, Social Identities, Volume 9, Number 2, 2003,Accessed 8-4-12, MR) He goes on to speak of his own desire to refuse the dissembling (or AND short, blackness ‘gives [whiteness] its classification as seeming’.8

Identifying the Black Body as an object of social death creates a program of incoherence and is necessary to avoid cooption – anything short of radical negativity is a project of Whiteness Wilderson 10 (Frank - PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from UC Berkely, Red, Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms 187-188) If the structure of political desire in socially engaged film hopes to stake out an AND in history, Black film assumed the Black desire to take this country down

The freeing of the slaves and all subsequent “civil rights” movements are not neutral – they are opportunities seized by civil society to present itself as universally ethical and are premised off of the matrix of gratuitous violence underpinning civil society Wilderson 10 (Frank, Red, Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms Pg 26-28) Again, what is important for us to glean from these historians is that the AND created the Human out of culturally disparate entities from Europe to the East.

Focusing on the manifestations of racial violence gets coopted into the maintenance of order—we must question the structure of white supremacy prior to the examples of the violence it produces Sexton, Director, African American Studies School of Humanities, 03 (Jared, “The Consequence of Race Mixture: Racialised Barriers and the Politics of Desire”, Social Identities, Volume 9, Number 2, 2003,Accessed 8-4-12, MR) The foundations of US white supremacy are far from stable. Owing to the instability AND , and captives—are produced in the crucible of its ritualistic violence.

Any other method slides Black violence under the table because academia can always say, “at least things are getting better” Wilderson 10 (Frank, Red, Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms pg. 12-13) The difficulty of writing a book which seeks to uncover Red, Back, and AND . But this stability is a state of emergency for Indians and Blacks.

The role of the judge is to be an educator – students must engage in a politics of temporality in order to deconstruct histories of nation states Trofanenko 05 – Professor in Department of Curriculum and Instruction at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (Brenda, “On Defense of the Nation”, The Social Studies, Sep/Oct 2005, ProQuest, pgs. 196-197, RSpec) The debates about the overwhelming problems, limitations, and disadvantages of social studies education AND but rather an opportunity for genuine productive study, discussion, and learning.

Starting with history is a pre-requisite to understanding the future. In this past-time space, we can consider a different time and space beyond the present by viewing the experiences of racialized subjects not available in the present moment Coleman, 13 (Taiyon Jennette Coleman, dissertation paper for PH. D. in literature at the University of Michigan, “Out of the Frying Pan and into the Fire: Narrative Past-Time as a Temporal Site of Racialized Identity Deconstrucavetion” May 2013 pg. 8-9) (jp) Jacques Derrida calls this stopping of meaning, linguistically, a time, a delay AND the consideration of other subjects and experiences not available in the present moment. Neg