Aman+&+Richard

=Affirmative =

1AC
=Plan = Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase nanotechnology assistance with Mexico.

=Contention One is the Status Quo =

**Inter Press Service, 12** (Tierramérica, “MEXICO: Scientists Call For Regulation of Nanotechnology,” 03/12/2012, http://www.tierramerica.info/nota.php?lang=eng&idnews=3920&olt=568, AC)
 * First, Nano Development in Mexico is on the rise – it’s unregulated and risks spinning out of control **

MEXICO CITY, Mar 12 (Tierramérica).- Nanotechnology, which is currently unregulated in AND is used in electronic components, cosmetics and packaging, among other products.

**Foladori and Lau, 07** (ReLANS coordinators, Doctoral Program in Development Studies Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Zacatecas, México, “Nanotechnologies in Latin America,” pg online @ [] //um-ef// //) //
 * And, haphazard development risks spilling over – Latin America is a potential hotbed for Nanotech, but lack of controls or vision risks disaster **

At the beginning of 2002, all nanotechnology-related research became an area of AND but it is worth mentioning some of the efforts made in this regard.

**Vandermolen, 06** (LCDR Thomas D. Vandermolen, USN (BS, Louisiana Tech University; MA, Naval War College), is officer in charge, Maritime Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan. He was previously assigned as a student at the Naval War College, Newport Naval Station, Rhode Island. He has also served as intelligence officer for Carrier Wing Five, Naval Air Facility, Atsugi, Japan, and in similar assignments with US Special Operations Command, US Forces Korea, and Sea Control Squadron THIRTY-FIVE, Naval Air Station, North Island, California. AIR & SPACE POWER JOUNRAL, Fall, 2006, “Molecular nanotechnology and national security,” pg online @ [] um-ef)
 * This Causes Toxic Poisoning of the Environment **

Environmental Damage. MNT was originally perceived as a potential cure-all for a AND from the nanolitter itself or from toxic elements attached to those nanoparticles.26

**CRN, 04** (Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, 4/19/04, “Disaster Scenarios”, [] //nz)
 * Extinction **

Subquestion F: Environmental devastation by overproduction? Preliminary answer: It would be easy AND Several plausible disaster scenarios appear to pose existential threats to the human race.

= = =Contention Two is Mexico =

**Wilson Center, 07** (Woodrow Wilson Internatonal Center for scholars “The promise of Nanotechnology” may 2007 pg online @ [] //um-ef)//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">First, Nanotech is a potential savior for the developing world, but current nanotech policies avoid places like Latin America - despite substantial market opportunity, businesses refuse to invest—we link turn your k **

The market opportunity is substantial. Nanotechnology has been incorporated into billions of dollars worth AND for people in both rich and poor nations and at relatively low cost."

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**Foladori and Lau, 07** (ReLANS coordinators, Doctoral Program in Development Studies Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Zacatecas, México, “Nanotechnologies in Latin America,” pg online @ [] um-ef) There has been little coverage in the international media about the development of nanotechnologies in AND nanotechnology programs and is completely ignored in the policy rationale behind their implementation.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">This is specifically true in Latin America **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**Lodwick et al 7** (T. Lodwick*, R. Rodrigues**,** R. Sandler*, W.D. Kay * Nanotechnology and Society Research Group (NSRG), Northeastern University Santa Clara University, School of Law**,** *NSRG, Department of Philosophy and Religion, Northeastern University, NSRG, Deapartment of Political Science, Northeastern University, “nanotechnology and the global poor: the united states policy and international collaborations” pg online @ [], AC)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Collaboration is key – only way to ensure Pro-Poor Research **

Perhaps the most basic barrier to conducting nanotechnology research is equipment costs. One way AND address the social problems facing the developing world (pro-poor research).

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**VOA News, 09** (“Nanotechnology Could Improve Health Care in Developing Countries,” pg online @ http://www.voanews.com/articleprintview/347615.html //um-ef)//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">And, Nanotech in Latin America is critical – Saves thousands of lives and provides the best laboratories for development of disease prevention techniques **

//Scientists say nanotechnology, which involves some of the smallest things on earth, could// //AND// //as well as consumers, such as those taking nano-based medicines.//

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**Court et al 04** (E. Court*, A. Da ar, E. Martin*, T. Acharya, P. Singer* *University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine and Departments of Public Health Sciences and Surgery, University of Toronto; University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada *University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada * University of Toronto J<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">oint Center for Bioethics, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada, “Will Prince Charles et al diminish the opportunities of developing countries in nanotechnology?”, 01/28/2004, [] VS)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Nanotech solves disease—reject generic defense—quantum dots sidestep conventional disease prevention **

Nanotechnology offers a range of potential benefits for developing countries. Nanometre-sized quantum AND of these activities, of course, also hold promise for economic development.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**Yu, 09** (5/22, Victoria, Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, "Human extinction: the uncertainty of our fate", http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">And, Disease spread causes extinction **

A pandemic will kill off all humans. In the past, humans have indeed AND could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**Lau 08** Researcher of the Latin American Nanotechnology & Society Network ¶ (ReLANS); PhD. ¶ Candidate in Development Studies at the Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas (Edgar Zayago, “Nanotechnology may be more useful for Mexican society”, 2008, []//VS)//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">And, Mexico is key – Provides a Nano Model for Developing Countries – **

As one of the handful of countries pursuing nanotechnology development in Latin America, ¶ AND existing analytical capacity to implement appropriate reflexive and ¶ above all social assessments.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">(E. Merta, University of New Mexico School of Law, Health Sciences Library, “THE NANOTECHNOLOGY AGENDA:¶ MOLECULAR MACHINES AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION¶ IN THE 21st CENTURY”, 3/22/2010, [] VS)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Regulatory processes and built in defense measures eliminate the negative effects of nanotech **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Merta 10 **

Since its inception, the Foresight Institute has led an effort to confront the potentially AND physical dangers like nanotech accidents, super-weapons, and rogue AIs.

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Contention Three is the U.S. =


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">First, U.S. Tech Leadership is collapsing and that’s an existential risk **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Hummell et al, 12 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.5;">(Robert Hummel, PhD1,*, Policy Research Division, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies,, Patrick Cheetham1, Justin Rossi1, Synesis: A Journal of Science, Technology, Ethics, and Policy 2012 “US Science and Technology Leadership, and Technology Grand Challenges,” pg online @ [] //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.5;">um-ef) //

Taken together, there is no direct evidence that the US has been overtaken in AND US technical leadership will require a dedicated and coordinated effort throughout the society.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">And, Locking-in Tech leadership reduces conflict **
 * Goldstein, 07** Avery Goldstein, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations at the University of Pennsylvania, Associate Director of the Christopher H. Browne Center for International Politics, Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, holds a Ph.D. from the University of California-Berkeley, 2007 (“Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30, Number 4-5, August-October, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Taylor & Francis Online, p. 647-648)

Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments focus explicitly on the consequences for AND realize the transition to a new international order whose contours it will define.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**Miotke 8** – subcommittee on research and science education, committee on science and technology, House of Representatives, 110 Congress, Foreign Service Officer, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Science, Space, and Health (Jeff, “International Science and Technology Cooperation,” Government Printing Office, 4/2/2008, []) RH
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Unfortunately, Funding cuts have hampered USAIDS efforts in technological assistance—greater funding is necessary to utilize USAID’s unique leadership **

USAID USAID plays a significant role in integrating the products of S&T to AND under the auspices of an S&T cooperation agreement negotiated by OES.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**Mendis,04** [Dr. Patrick Mendis adjunct associate professor of economics and management at the UMUC Graduate School of Management and Technology at the University of Maryland “Science, Technology, And Intellectual Property Rights In American Foreign Policy”. Journal of Technology Law & Policy.Vol 9 June 2004 Issue 1.[]]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">And, Assistance in the form of technological cooperation in nanotech enhances US global technology leadership **

In coming years, global S&T cooperation will open a wide range of AND other criminal activities that threaten our national security and domestic peace and prosperity.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**Lodwick et al, 07** (T. Lodwick*, R. Rodrigues**, R. Sandler***, W.D. Kay * Nanotechnology and Society Research Group (NSRG), Northeastern University **Santa Clara University, School of Law,** *NSRG, Department of Philosophy and Religion, Northeastern University, NSRG, Deapartment of Political Science, Northeastern University, “nanotechnology and the global poor: the united states policy and international collaborations” pg online @ http://www.nsti.org/procs/Nanotech2007v1/8/T81.501 //um-ef)//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Nanotech development assistance paves the way for regulatory frameworks and commerce **

However, the greatest potential for a broad initiative rests with the main foreign aid AND USAID’s biotechnology experience provides a sound model for infusing nanotechnology into development.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**Vandermolen 2k6** (LCDR Thomas D. Vandermolen, USN (BS, Louisiana Tech University; MA, Naval War College), is officer in charge, Maritime Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan. He was previously assigned as a student at the Naval War College, Newport Naval Station, Rhode Island. He has also served as intelligence officer for Carrier Wing Five, Naval Air Facility, Atsugi, Japan, and in similar assignments with US Special Operations Command, US Forces Korea, and Sea Control Squadron THIRTY-FIVE, Air & Space Power Jounral, “Molecular nanotechnology and national security, pg online @ [] um-ef)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">US nanotech leadership ensures international regulation, resulting in controlled military nanotech **

MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY (MNT), when fully developed, will provide the basis for the AND encountered; the control strategy must therefore be ready before that day arrives.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**Gubrud 97** (Mark Avrum Gubrud, a research associate, Center for Superconductivity Research (University of Maryland, College Park), is ''a physicist, writer and social activist, November 1997, [], “Nanotechnology and International Security”)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Unregulated development of nanotech risks a new arms race – increases the probability of miscalc **

The greatest danger coincides with the emergence of these powerful technologies: A quickening succession AND through strength" puts us on a course toward the next world war.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**Altmann, 04** (Jurgen, Phd. physics doctoral dissertation on laser radar (University of Hamburg, Germany, since 1985 he has studied scientific-technical problems of disarmament, first concerning high-energy laser weapons, founded the Bochum Verification Project (Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany) that does research into the potential of automatic sensor systems for co-operative verification of disarmament and peace agreements. In recent years, he has studied military uses of, first, microsystems technologies and then nanotechnology, with a view towards preventive arms control (both at University of Dortmund, Germany). University of Dortmund). cofounder of the German Research Association Science, Disarmament and International Security FONAS, and currently is a deputy speaker of the Committee Physics and Disarmament of the German Physical Society, military uses of nanotechnology: perspectives and concerns, security dialogue, vol 35, pg online @ [] )
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">US action and model is key to cooperation and transparency **

It is predicted that nanotechnology (NT) will bring revolutionary changes in many areas AND NT activities provide an important precedent, they will be briefly described here.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**Altmann, 04**(Jurgen, Phd. physics doctoral dissertation on laser radar (University of Hamburg, Germany, since 1985 he has studied scientific-technical problems of disarmament, first concerning high-energy laser weapons, founded the Bochum Verification Project (Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany) that does research into the potential of automatic sensor systems for co-operative verification of disarmament and peace agreements. In recent years, he has studied military uses of, first, microsystems technologies and then nanotechnology, with a view towards preventive arms control (both at University of Dortmund, Germany). University of Dortmund). cofounder of the German Research Association Science, Disarmament and International Security FONAS, and currently is a deputy speaker of the Committee Physics and Disarmament of the German Physical Society, military uses of nanotechnology: perspectives and concerns, security dialogue, vol 35, pg online @ [] )
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">And, independently that Transparency will be critical to build confidence and avert miscalc **

The potential for mistrust is expected to be particularly high in areas where revolutionary changes AND without legally binding agreement with stringent verification covering military NT R&D.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**Dolan, 12** (Bridget M. Dolan, “Science and Technology Agreements as Tools for Science Diplomacy: A U.S. Case Study,” Science & Diplomacy, Vol. 1, No. 4 (December 2012), pg online @ http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/files/science_and_technology_agreements_as_tools_for_science_diplomacy_science__diplomacy.pdf //um-ef)//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">And, the plan is a long-term engagement strategy that provides a platform for S&T leadership and U.S. Science Diplomacy **

As this paper has elaborated, U.S. decisions to enter into S AND realities of limited resources—are ambitious enough to foster meaningful international partnerships.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**Fedoroff 8** – subcommittee on research and science education, committee on science and technology, House of Representatives, 110 Congress, administrator of USAID, science and technology advisor to the Secretary of State and US Department of State (Nina, “International Science and Technology Cooperation,” Government Printing Office, 4/2/2008, []) RH
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">And, that solves every disad impact **

Chairman Baird, Ranking Member Ehlers, and distinguished members of the Subcommittee, thank AND a means to enhance security, increase global partnerships, and create sustainability.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">(E. Merta, University of New Mexico School of Law, Health Sciences Library, “THE NANOTECHNOLOGY AGENDA:¶ MOLECULAR MACHINES AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION¶ IN THE 21st CENTURY”, 3/22/2010, [] <span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">//VS)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Nanotech is feasible—prefer this evidence—assumes your warrants **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Merta 10 **

Despite these barriers, nanotechnologists cite several reasons for long range hope that they can AND thought to show the eventual feasibility of human-controlled nanotechnology.[38]

=<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Negative =

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Practice Rounds **__

past 2nr's: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- CIR DA and Case defense <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">- T- trade promotion - <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Neolib K

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Round 2 **__

Aff: Border Infrastructure 2nr: politics <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> __**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Round 4 **__

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Round 5 **__

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Round 6 **__