Andrew+Shin+and+Devanshi+Bhangle

= ARCTIC AFF = ===1ac—Plan ===

====The United States should offer to support and pursue full member status in the Arctic Council for China if China agrees to participate in bilateral cooperative agreements regarding Arctic scientific research, environmental monitoring and environmental policy issues. ====

===1ac—Warming ===

====Advantage One is Warming – ====

====China won't back Arctic warming initiatives, decking broader US-China warming cooperation – supporting Beijing's Arctic status is key ==== **Tiezzi, 15**—Shannon, Editor at The Diplomat, previously served as a research associate at the U.S.-China Policy Foundation, MA @ Harvard, also studied at Tsinghua University in Beijing. "Why Did China Opt Out of the Arctic Climate Change Statement?" The Diplomat, Sept 1, http://thediplomat.com/2015/09/why-did-china-opt-out-of-the-arctic-climate-change-statement/ —br On Sunday and Monday, foreign ministers and other international leaders met in Anchorage, AND Paris summit, and for U.S.-China cooperation in general.

====Cooperation is on the brink – China's carefully assessing US signals of commitment ==== **Davenport, 16**—Coral, covers energy and climate change policy at The New York Times, previously a fellow with the Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting and covered energy and the environment for National Journal, Politico, and Congressional Quarterly. "Supreme Court's Blow to Emissions Efforts May Imperil Paris Climate Accord," New York Times (NYT), Feb 10, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/11/us/politics/carbon-emissions-paris-climate-accord.html —br The Supreme Court's surprise decision Tuesday to halt the carrying out of President Obama's climate AND . Then President George W. Bush pulled the United States out entirely.

====Only the plan can revive cooperation – it spurs highly-visible, lasting change to combat warming ==== **Slayton and Brigham, 15**—David Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. Lawson W. Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, a fellow at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy's Center for Arctic Study & Policy, and a member of Hoover's Arctic Security Initiative. "Strengthen Arctic cooperation between the US and China," Aug 27, Alaska Dispatch News (ADN), http://www.adn.com/article/20150827/strengthen-arctic-cooperation-between-us-and-china —br Fifth, joint Arctic marine research is an arena with much promise. Joint oceanographic AND within their already existing dialogue and in international organizations including the Arctic Council.

**====Acting now is key to reviving US-China Arctic cooperation – it's try or die ====** **Slayton and Brigham, 15**—David Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. Lawson W. Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, a fellow at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy's Center for Arctic Study & Policy, and a member of Hoover's Arctic Security Initiative. "Strengthen Arctic cooperation between the US and China," Aug 27, Alaska Dispatch News (ADN), http://www.adn.com/article/20150827/strengthen-arctic-cooperation-between-us-and-china —br The China-U.S. relationship is a daily and recurring, sometimes AND , World Meteorological Organization, and International Hydrographic Organization, among other institutions.

====Arctic cooperation is vital to combatting warming – it's the epicenter of wider US-China climate efforts ==== **Slayton and Brigham, 15**—David Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. Lawson W. Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, a fellow at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy's Center for Arctic Study & Policy, and a member of Hoover's Arctic Security Initiative. "Strengthen Arctic cooperation between the US and China," Aug 27, Alaska Dispatch News (ADN), http://www.adn.com/article/20150827/strengthen-arctic-cooperation-between-us-and-china —br Five key areas of cooperation can enhance Arctic cooperation between the U.S. AND the linkages of the polar regions to global change is another fruitful course ahead

====US-China cooperation on warming is key – they're the two largest emitters and drive multilateral action – renewed cooperation is vital ==== **Hongzhou, 15**—Zhang, Associate Research Fellow with the China Programme @ S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) at Nanyang Technological University (Singapore). "China-US Climate Change Cooperation: Beyond Energy," The Diplomat, Oct 13, http://thediplomat.com/2015/10/china-us-climate-change-cooperation-beyond-energy/ —br The Paris Summit in December 2015 is being seen as the "last chance" AND government retreats from efforts to curb emissions in favor of stabilizing economic growth.

**====Expert consensus that warming is real and existential – it shatters the scales of cost-benefit analysis ====** **Treich and Rheinberger, 15**—Christoph Rheinberger (Professor of Health Policy and Management @ Harvard) and Nicolas Treich (Professor at the Toulouse School of Economics). Citing Weitzman (economist @ Harvard) and Bostrom (prof @ Oxford). "On the economics of the end of the world as we know it," The Economist, http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2015/07/climate-change — br CLIMATE change puts humanity at risk. The Pope's celebrated encyclical letter on the subject AND be very effective in overcoming the current inertia that climate negotiations suffer from.

====Warming is real, anthropogenic, and threatens extinction ==== **Griffin, 15 –** Professor of Philosophy at Claremont, David, "The climate is ruined. So can civilization even survive?", 4-14, http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/14/opinion/co2-crisis-griffin/ Although most of us worry about other things, climate scientists have become increasingly worried AND the whole world to replace dirty energy with clean as soon as possible.

**===="Timeframe" is a reason to vote aff – the Arctic will be ice-free by 2100 ====** **Saul and Chestney, 16**—Jonathan and Nina, Reuters reporters citing Whit Sheard of the Circumpolar Conservation Union, Julie Gourley, senior Arctic official at the U.S. State Department and multiple studies. "Arctic thaw opens shipping waterways, risks to environment," Feb 25, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-shipping-arctic-idUSKCN0VY1N9 —br The Arctic is thawing even faster than lawmakers can formulate new rules to prevent the AND damage caused by physical hazards encountered in the Arctic, and navigating restrictions."

===1ac—Multilateralism ===

====Advantage Two is Multilateralism – ====

**====Brexit was just the tip of the iceberg – multilateralism is collapsing, but demonstrated political will can revive it ====** **Wurf, 16**—Hannah, Research Associate working in the G20 Studies Centre at the Lowy Institute. Her research interests are global governance and multilateralism, June 9, Online: "http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2016/06/09/What-the-UK-needs-now-is-more-multilateralism-not-less.aspx", Article: "What the UK needs now is more multilateralism, not less" Accessed on: 06-24-16//AWW Britain leaving the EU could signal a new shift away from multilateralism as leaders around AND does not play a constructive role in multilateral institutions, including the EU.

**====Arctic environmental cooperation spills over to boost multilateral cooperation globally, but it's on the brink – our impact is reverse causal – cooperation creates a paradigmatic governance shift that halts warfare and several other immediate existential risks ====** **Heinenen, 16**—Lassi, Professor of Arctic Politics @ University of Lapland, Finland. author of more than 200 scientific publications and is the editor of The Arctic Yearbook. "High Arctic Stability as an Asset for Storms of International Politics," Future Security of the Global Arctic: State Policy, Economic Security and Climate, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 4-8 http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137468246 —br More importantly, the international community is facing bigger and unpredicted challenges and serious irrational AND there are challenges, which go beyond state sovereignty and nationalistic security thinking.

**====The plan's signal drives cooperation – the US has a narrow window as Arctic Council leaders to lock in cooperation – it spills over to solve South China Sea conflict ====** **Dwyer, 15**— Commander William G. Dwyer III, United States Coast Guard, "China's Strategic Interests in the Arctic," NDU Press 3rd Place Paper, United States Army War College, Joint Force Quarterly, NDU Press, http://uscga.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=65722, p. 18-20 The Arctic will continue to be a strategically important region into the future as nations AND opportunity to reinforce strong maritime governance in the Arctic for their mutual benefit.

====South China Sea conflict goes nuclear, creating an apprehensive military landscape. ==== Christensen 6/5/15 – Thomas J., Boswell professor of world politics and director of the China and the World Program at Princeton University, is a former U.S. deputy assistant secretary of state for East Asian and Pacific affairs, "China's Rising Military: Now for the Hard Part" http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-06-05/china-s-rising-military-now-for-the-hard-part One reason for this is that no consensus exists in East Asia on the territorial AND conditions in which a technologically superior foe attacks crucial targets with conventional weapons.

**====Pursuing Chinese full member status in exchange for environmental cooperation locks in multilateral peace – that's key to defuse inevitable proxy conflicts that wreck stability ====** **Dwyer, 15**— Commander William G. Dwyer III, United States Coast Guard, "China's Strategic Interests in the Arctic," NDU Press 3rd Place Paper, United States Army War College, Joint Force Quarterly, NDU Press, http://uscga.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=65722, p. 15-17 China and America share a common interest of freedom of navigation in the Arctic. AND current state of liberalism fostered through the Arctic Council to a realist view.

**====Independently, successful management of proxy conflicts through regional multilateral institutions prevents existential threats ====** Graeme P. **Herd 10**, Head of the International Security Programme, Co-Director of the International Training Course in Security Policy, Geneva Centre for Security Policy, 2010, "Great Powers: Towards a "cooperative competitive" future world order paradigm?," in Great Powers and Strategic Stability in the 21^^st^^ Century, p. 197-198 Given the absence of immediate hegemonic challengers to the US (or a global strategic AND  contributed to the crisis; all will be involved in the solution.24

====Institutionalized cooperative norms check conflict escalation and it's reverse causal ==== **Pouliot 11**—Professor of Poli Sci @ McGill University [Vincent Pouliot, "Multilateralism as an End in Itself," International Studies Perspectives (2011) 12, 18–26] Because it rests on open, nondiscriminatory debate, and the routine exchange of viewpoints AND that further strengthen the impetus for multilateral dialog. Pg. 21-23

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