Katie+&+Lisa

Russian Arctic militarization is expanding rapidly – the lack of ice-capable ships prevents a US response
Mitchell 14 – Jon Mitchell is an independent author for Foreign Policy Journal, citing Naval Statements and Nicholas Cunningham, an expert in the field ("Russia's Territorial Ambition and Increased Military Presence in the Arctic" April 23, 2014 http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2014/04/23/russias-territorial-ambition-and-increased-military-presence-in-the-arctic/) zabd As the U.S. and E.U. keep a very close AND by entering into a military buildup simply to dominate Russia in the Arctic.

Expanding militarization risks conflict among multiple rising Arctic powers
Blank, 14 - Stephen J. Blank is a senior fellow at the American Foreign Policy Council; served as the Strategic Studies Institute's expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989. Prior to that he was Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base (Stephen, "Enter Asia: The Arctic Heats Up" World Affairs Journal, March/April, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/enter-asia-arctic-heats)//DH The Arctic, always before on the frigid edges of the international imagination, is AND exploitation of the Arctic "will become a future mission of the navy."

Claims of Arctic cooperation don't account for the decline in U.S. leadership which makes great power war likely
Murray, 12 – Vice President of Research at the Frontier Centre for Public Policy and an Adjunct Professor of Political Science at the University of Alberta. He holds a senior fellowship at the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies, a research fellowship at the University of Calgary's Centre for Military and Strategic Studies, and a research fellowship at the University of Alberta's European Union Centre of Excellence.(Robert, "Arctic politics in the emerging multipolar system: challenges and consequences" The Polar Journal, June, Taylor & Francis)//DH The Arctic in the unipolar moment One of the cornerstones of America's unipolar moment has AND the structure are very likely to translate into changes to state security strategies.

Climate change is a threat-multiplier that greatly increases the risk
//Climate change poses a growing security threat and could cause conflict in the Arctic,// //AND// //climate risk from a "threat multiplier" to a "conflict catalyst".//
 * Goldenberg '14** – US environmental correspondent for the Guardian (Suzanne, May 23^^rd^^, "Guardian Weekly: Conflict fears rise as Arctic ice retreats", ProQuest) //J.NE//

//**====Arctic conflict risks a nuclear confrontation====**// //**Wallace & Staples '10** – *Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia, **President of the Rideau Institute in Ottawa (Michael, Steven, "Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons: A Task Long Overdue,")// J.N.E The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition. AND in which nuclear powers find themselves in military confrontation can be taken lightly.

That causes extinction
Global climate consequences of a regional nuclear war a certain number of small weapons will AND at four specific latitudes (as labelled) (Mills et al 2008).
 * Vestergaard '10** – visiting fellow with the CSIS Proliferation Prevention Program, researching uranium governance, specialist in nuclear weaponry for DIIS ("Conference on an Arctic Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Copenhagen, 10-11, 2009", Danish Institute for International Studies, *note: the document was released in 2010) //J.N.E

The plan would revitalize US presence in the Arctic that spills over to international influence
Economic activity is predicted to increase and move northward as a result of sea- AND government polar icebreaking capability to ensure year-round access throughout the region.
 * NRC 7 – working arm of the United States National Academies, which produces reports that shape policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine (National Research Council, "Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of US Needs,"** http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11753&page=R1**) mj**

US Arctic leadership generates allied cooperation sufficient to check Russia
Slayton and Rosen 3-14-14 — research fellow at the Hoover Institution and co-chair of the Hoover Institution's Arctic Security Initiative AND an international and national security lawyer by training, is a senior legal adviser at CNA Corporation (David M.* and Mark E.**, "Another region where the Russian military threatens to dominate the U.S.," CNN, http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/14/opinion/slayton-rosen-russia-u-s-arctic/)BC (CNN) — While much of the world is focused on the Russian incursion AND a safe, secure and prosperous region in which to live and work.

The perception of arctic counterbalancing induces Russian cooperation
Dowd 11 – Senior Fellow of the Fraser Institute and Senior Editor of Fraser Insight. In addition to conducting research into defence and security, he has contributed to the Institute's Economic Freedom of North America Annual Report. Dowd is an adjunct professor at Butler University; was as a founding member of the Sagamore Institute leadership team, where he continues to hold a senior fellow post; and was director of Hudson Institute's corporate headquarters (Alan, "The Big Chill: Energy Needs Fueling Tensions in the Arctic," https://www.fraserinstitute.org/research-news/news/display.aspx?id=2147483979) zabd The United States devotes much of its diplomatic and military energies to the Middle East AND Congress "to start building infrastructure up there" (Joling and Papp).

Icebreakers are key to credible US diplomacy that diffuses the risk of conflict
Borgerson 8 — International Affairs Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (Scott G., "Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming," Foreign Affairs, March/April, http://www.rhumb-line.com/pdf/BorgersonForeignAffairsarticle.pdf)BC While the other Arctic powers are racing to carve up the region, the United AND , the region could erupt in an armed mad dash for its resources.

The plan's key to freedom of navigation – the Arctic is a vital test case for FON globally
Secondly, the US also has a range of security interests in the Arctic. AND the region would have for the principle of freedom of navigation in general.
 * Käpylä and Mikkola '13** – Finnish Institute of International Affairs (Juha, Harri, "The Global Arctic", August, FIIA BRIE FING PAPER 133) http://www.fiia.fi/assets/publications/bp133.pdf //J.N.E

That's the litmus test for whether US primacy is sustainable
Kraska, 11 - Dr. James Kraska is a Senior Fellow in FPRI's Program on National Security. He serves as Mary Derrickson McCurdy Visiting Research Scholar at Duke University Marine Laboratory, where he focuses on international law of the sea and marine policy and governance. (James, Maritime Power and the Law of the Sea: Expeditionary Operations in World Politics, p. 411-412) Attracting international partners to join in the reinvigorated approach is essential and not impossible. AND only across the Taiwan Straits, but also throughout the South China Sea.

Primacy prevents extinction
Assessing the Security Benefits of Deep Engagement Even if deep engagement's costs are AND disengaged—even as it pushes cooperation toward U.S. preferences.
 * Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13** Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College "Don't Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment," International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51

Reliance on foreign icebreakers is undermining the credibility and quality of US polar science leadership
Conley, 12 - director and senior fellow of the Europe Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).(Heather, "A New Security Architecture for the Arctic: an American perspective" January, csis.org)//DH Although the United States lacks an overarching Arctic economic development strategy and suffers from insufficient AND to miss the opportunities of the Arctic while watching other nations advance."61

Icebreakers are vital to revitalizing US polar sciences leadership – it's key to understanding the climate
Fundamental advances resulting from polar research have directly benefited society. Polar research led to AND adequate icebreaking capabilities will be essential to advancing research in both polar regions.
 * NRC 7 – working arm of the United States National Academies, which produces reports that shape policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine (National Research Council, "Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of US Needs,"** http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11753&page=R1**) mj**

Icebreakers are vital to continual, year-round polar ocean research
Faulkner, 7/23/14 – Division Director of Polar Programs at the National Science Foundation (Kelly, Congressional Testimony, "U.S. POLICY IN THE ARCTIC", Proquest Congressional)//DH While polar oceans comprise only about ten percent of global ocean area, they exert AND 2012 and 2013, by the IGNATUYK of the Russian Murmansk Shipping Company.

That's key to adapting to climate change
In a place at the very top of the Northern Hemisphere scientists are collecting the AND the secrets of the phytoplankton in the Arctic for mankind of the planet.
 * Ross 7/19/14** – Victoria, San Diego Technology Examiner, "The Arctic holds the key to climate change" http://www.examiner.com/article/the-arctic-holds-the-key-to-climate-change // JV

Warming risks extinction
Advocacy about the health consequences will ensure that climate change is a high priority. AND as dissipation of metabolic heat becomes impossible, therefore making many environments uninhabitable.
 * Costello 11 –**, Anthony, Institute for Global Health, University College London, Mark Maslin, Department of Geography, University College London, Hugh Montgomery, Institute for Human Health and Performance, University College London, Anne M. Johnson, Institute for Global Health, University College London, Paul Ekins, Energy Institute, University College London ["Global health and climate change: moving from denial and catastrophic fatalism to positive action" May 2011 vol. 369 no. 1942 1866-1882 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]

Research-driven adaptation strategies build in resilience to prevent total ecosystem collapse
Doney, 8 - Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, "The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174" Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives 6/5, http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=8916&tid=282&cid=43766 Major gaps exist in our current scientific understanding, limiting our ability to forecast the AND ) to increase ecosystem resiliency as well as local-scale mitigation efforts.

Current heavy polar icebreakers are insufficient – it threatens U.S. Arctic leadership
Koren 7/11 – Staff Writer for National Journal (Marina, "What Happened to America's Most Important Arctic Ships?", http://www.nationaljournal.com/domesticpolicy/what-happened-to-america-s-most-important-arctic-ships-20140711) //J.N.E The U.S. Coast Guard is facing a dilemma at the North Pole AND A young and capable fleet of icebreakers would certainly come in handy then.

The plan immediately retrofits the Polar Sea as a stopgap solution while new Icebreakers are being built
Song, 14 (Kyung, The Seattle Times, "Coast Guard makes case to refurbish idled icebreaker" 6/18 http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023875514_arcticcoastguardxml.html)//DH WASHINGTON — The U.S. Coast Guard's No. 2 commander said refurbishing AND needs to act quickly. "That window is now," he said.

NEG against offshore wind: 2nr went for: politics DA

against nuke shipping: 2nr went for: politics DA

against ocean drones: 2nr went for: Navy CP and politics DA

against offshore natural gas: 2nr went for: midterm elections DA

against satire: 2nr went for: framework

against natural gas: 2nr went for: Japan CP and politics DA