Chang+&+Mia

The lack of a strong and effective __federal mandate__ is a __key barrier__ blocking offshore wind development
Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) Both state and federal governments ......Cape Wind presents a compelling and frustrating illustration of this problem.

The plan ensures offshore wind development --- it maintains NEPA reviews to prevent environmentally destructive __over development__
Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) V The Coastal Zone Management Act: A Potential Solution/......for such development in particular.

Only a federal __mandate__ can guarantee the expansion of wind energy
Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) However, the Oceans Act and Ocean Management Plan, ....win//d in state and local decision making.//

Long-term incentives ensure that the supply chain follows on – fed support key
Galluci 11 - Staff Reporter at InsideClimate News Honduras Contributor at Fodor's, Co-Editor & Reporter at The News, Newsroom Intern at Associated Press, Newsroom Intern at Columbus Business (Maria, “Never-Used Tax Credit Could Jumpstart US Offshore Wind Energy—if Renewed,” http://truth-out.org/news/item/4778:neverused-tax-credit-could-jumpstart-us-offshore-wind-energy%E2%80%94if-renewed) Matt Kaplan, a North American wind analyst at IHS Emerging Energy Research ,.....helping this industry develop in the United States,"Grybowski said.

Warming is anthropogenic – the most comprehensive data-sets are conclusive
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech (“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)//BB An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public support for climate policy (Ding et al 2011). Communicating the scientific consensus also increases people's acceptance that climate change (CC) is happening....endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
 * John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
 * Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis**
 * Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,

Even if some warming is inevitable, keeping it below 4 degrees avoids the worst impacts
Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank (Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)//BB The 4°C scenarios are devastating....The WorldBank Group will step up to the challenge.

Catastrophic warming risks extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA (Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)//BB The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2.5-4.~C above pre-industrial levels, depending on the scenario. Even in the best-case scenario, the low end of the likely range is 1.goC, and in the worst 'business as usual' projections,..... mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

Independently, emissions cause ocean acidification – extinction
Romm 12 – physicist and climate expert, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress (Joseph J., “Science: Ocean Acidifying so fast that it threatens humanity’s ability to feed itself”, 3/2/12; http://earthlawcenter.org/news/headline/science-ocean-acidifying-so-fast-it-threatens-humanitys-ability-to-feed-itself/) The world’s oceans may...We’re playing a very dangerous game.

US offshore wind development curbs carbon emissions
Thaler 12 - Professor of Energy Policy, Law & Ethics (Jeff, “FIDDLING AS THE WORLD BURNS: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE URGENTLY REQUIRES A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERMITTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS,” 42 Environmental Law Journal 1101)//BB l emissionshave grownso....and their blade-tip speeds are higher thantheir land - based counterpart

Offshore wind is comparatively the cleanest and most productive renewable energy
Jensen 13 – partner in the Washington, DC office of Holland & Hart LLP

(Thomas, et al, “From the 35th Public Land Law Conference: Balancing Act and Paradigm Shift: The Role of Public Lands in America's Energy Future: Oceans: Are Ocean Wind Turbines like Homesteads and Gold Mines and Railroads? A Public Lands Policy Question for the Climate Change Era,” 34 Pub. Land & Resources L. Rev. 93)//BB

The ocean wind resource in United States marine waters is estimated to be as large as 4,223 gigawatts ("GW".............is unused and wasted as a tool to power our communities.

Full-scale offshore wind would provide enough electricity for the entire country
Levitan 13 - writes about energy, the environment, and health. His articles have been

Electricity-emissions reductions sufficiently solve global warming
Akorede 12 - .F., Ph.D degree in Electrical Power Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia (H. Hizam,M.Z.A. AbKadir,I. Aris,S.D. BubaElectrical& Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, “Mitigating the anthropogenic global warming in the electric power industry,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16.5)//BB 5. Power industry's share of CO2 emissionsTo identify the most productive mitigation strategies..... techniques is discussed in turn in the following subsections.

Fast growth promotes US leadership and solves great power war
Khalilzad 11 – PhD, Former Professor of Political Science @ Columbia, Former ambassador to Iraq and Afghanistan (ZalmayKhalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. "The Economy and National Security" Feb 8 http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad)//BB Today, economic  and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat... hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

Slow growth leads to hegemonic wars – relative gap is key
Goldstein 7 - Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania, (Avery Goldstein, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” __Journal of Strategic Studies__, Volume __30__ , Issue __4 & 5__ August, EBSCO) Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments focus explicitly on the consequences.......... provides grounds for concern about the period prior to the possible crossover__.__19

States will inevitably compete for relative status – only primacy can prevent conflict
Wohlforth 9 - Professor of government at Dartmouth (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War” World Politics, 61:1, January, Project Muse) If the status of states depends in some measure ...their material interest in security and/or prosperity

There are hundreds of causes of conflict – hegemony deters and controls escalation by internalizing costs
Moore 4 – Dir. Center for Security Law and Professor of Law @ University of Virginia, Editor of the American Journal of International Law (John Norton, “Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace,” pg. 41-43) major interstate war is a product of <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 8px;"> ..... <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.66px;">at the principal interstate wars

Offshore wind promotes fast US growth
N’dolo 10 – associate principal @ Camoin Associates (Michael and Bruce Bailey, “Offshore development can yield economic benefits,” North American Wind Power, Fall 2010)//BB wind power is job creation engine...........a number of projects on East Coast.

Even limited energy production leads to quick growth
Sargent 12 (Rob Sargent, U.S. Poised to Join the Race on Offshore Wind: Lawmakers Must Commit to More Pollution-Free Energy”, http://www.environmentamerica.org/news/ame/us-poised-join-race-offshore-wind)//BB <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.66px;">The Turning Point for Atlantic Offshore WindEnergy includes details on the key milestones each Atlantic Coast state and <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.66px;">along with the wind potential and the economic benefits.... to secure buyers for this new source of reliable, clean energy.