Rahul+&+James

=media type="custom" key="20488192"= =Scouting Charts:= toc I received a lot of requests to do some basic disclosure charts concerning who is reading what at the camp tournament. While I wish that a few more people had disclosed soon I decided that 118 teams was probably enough to get a general idea of trends, I may or may not update these charts at some point during the week. The advantages are for the most part named what the people reading them decided to name them. Also, an absurdly large number of teams had a note at the top of the page that said something to the effect of 'we have read this aff but we might switch to [arbitrary k aff] for [some arbitrary reason]' in those cases I only included the affs which were completely disclosed. As always, I have tried to make these charts accurate but it is highly likely I messed up, counted one team 50 times, made a typo or uploaded the wrong chart entirely so you should definitely do your own scouting as well. -James [] []
 * These charts were last updated: 9:49 PM 7/29/2012**
 * Affirmatives:**
 * Advantages:**

[|https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0As2UxNrfZoPkdHhMSGVzeVB3YXJxVzZKWDB6bkRhNVE#gid=0] = = =***AFF***= =1AC - 8/1/12 (First Round of Tournament)=
 * Also - another chart was made by Greg Zoda:** The chart varies from these slightly. I included only the affs teams said they were certainly reading on their wikis, teams that said they might switch affs or who had two affs on their wikis were only recorded as reading the aff they chose to post first to avoid double-counting. The chart that double-counts teams may be slightly more useful for determining the number of affs teams have prepared. Most teams that are planning on reading multiple affs seem to also be reading one of the newer affirmatives or a K aff in addition to their old aff which explains why those values are slightly higher on his chart. Both charts are 'accurate':

1AC: Plan

 * The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in a National Infrastructure Bank for the purpose of providing loan guarantees for environmentally friendly High Speed Rail projects.**

**Oil**

 * Advantage 1 is Oil:**
 * Peak oil is coming now and transportation makes us uniquely vulnerable to conflict – HSR is the best way to solve**
 * Magee 12** - MA, Social Science from California State University, former Royal Ambassador to Japan, HRP, Western Australia, BA, Far East Area Studies from Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan (Erin K, March 17, 2012, “High Speed Rail: The Time is Now,” []

High Speed Rail AND and efficiently while maintaining our prosperity and economic growth.

Mark **__Rosen 10__** (Deputy General Counsel at the Center for Naval Analyses & Professor of Homeland Security Law and Policy at George Washington University) 2010 “Energy Independence and Climate Change: The Economic and National Security Consequences of Failing to Act” University of Richmond Law Review, Lexis There is a growing consensus in U.S. national security circles that American AND Arctic Super Highway. Traditionalists would probably not include the Arctic as a security chokepoint. The oil connection is reasonably well known: "22 percent of the AND the waters of the environmentally sensitive Indonesian archipelago would be held hostage. 110
 * Oil dependence at the peak escalates multiple flashpoints globally**

Warming

 * Advantage 2 is warming:**


 * Contention One – the Truth:**

Anderegg et al 10 – PhD Candidate @ Stanford in Biology William, “Expert credibility in climate change,” National Academy of Sciences, p. 12107-12109 Preliminary reviews of scientific literature and surveys of cli- mate scientists indicate striking agreement AND discussions in media, policy, and public forums regarding anthropogenic climate change.
 * Warming is real and human induced – 97% of scientists agree and 80% of those that disagree don’t know anything about climate anyway**

While other factors can effect climate only human CO2 emissions can explain current trends Rahmstorf 8 – Professor of Physics of the Oceans Richard, of Physics of the Oceans at Potsdam University, Global Warming: Looking Beyond Kyoto. Edited by Ernesto Zedillo. “Anthropogenic Climate Change?” pg. 47

The first and crucial piece of evidence is, of course, that the magnitude AND this volume). The trend in the sum of natural forcings is downward.

We are on the tipping point, right now we can adapt to warming trends but if positive feedbacks are triggered there is no hope Speth 8 – Dean of Yale school of Forestry James, dean of the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Currently he serves the school as the Carl W. Knobloch, Jr. Dean and Sara Shallenberger Brown Professor in the Practice of Environmental Policy, The Bridge @ the Edge of the World, pg. 26 The possibility of abrupt climate change is linked to what may be the most problematic AND and the trip will exterminate a large fraction of species on the planet.


 * Don’t believe any defense that doesn’t assume the newest super-computer models – new methods and data mean 100% reverse prediction accuracy**
 * ORLCF 4/4** /12- Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility **,** April 4, 2012 ([])

Climate science has an equivalent to the “what came first—the chicken or AND . The NOAA NGDC and PANGAEA databases were also essential to this work.

As long as the total movement of isotherms toward the poles is much smaller than AND still possible to keep human-caus ed extinctions to a moderate level.
 * Contention Two – Impacts:**
 * Specifically – warming causes polar melting which ensures extinction**
 * Hansen 2011 -** is member of the National Academy of Sciences, an adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University and at Columbia’s Earth Institute, and director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (James E, “Storms of my Grandchildren”)

at UNC (Sify News, “Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?”, http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html
 * Left unchecked, warming will cause extinction by destroying the oceans**
 * Sify 2010 –** Sydney newspaper citing Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science

The findings of the comprehensive report: 'The impact of climate change on the world's AND warned, according to a GCI release. These findings were published in Science

Global warming is real, feedbacks cause rapid escalation, and it causes population migrations fueling political instability and failed states, escalating to nuclear war and extinction Kaku 11 Michio Kaku, co-creator of string field theory, a branch of string theory. He received a B.S. (summa cum laude) from Harvard University in 1968 where he came first in his physics class. He went on to the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley and received a Ph.D. in 1972. In 1973, he held a lectureship at Princeton University. Michio continues Einstein’s search for a “Theory of Everything,” seeking to unify the four fundamental forces of the universe—the strong force, the weak force, gravity and electromagnetism. He is the author of several scholarly, Ph.D. level textbooks and has had more than 70 articles published in physics journals, covering topics such as superstring theory, supergravity, supersymmetry, and hadronic physics. Professor of Physics — He holds the Henry Semat Chair and Professorship in theoretical physics at the City College of New York, where he has taught for over 25 years. He has also been a visiting professor at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, as well as New York University (NYU). “Physics of the Future” http://213.55.83.52/ebooks/physics/Physics%20of%20the%20Future.pdf Accessed 6/26/12 BJM By midcentury, the full impact of a fossil fuel economy should be in full AND methane gas to be released, causing a runaway cycle of global warming.

Joseph S. Nye 4, Jr 20 04 - Dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government, former Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, Chair of the National Intelligence Council, and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science and Technology (“Soft Power and American Foreign Policy,” Political Science Quarterly, [])
 * A failure to adjust for an increase in transportation emissions wrecks US diplomatic leverage – the plan can restore overall leadership**

Some domestic policies, such as capital punishment and the absence of gun controls, AND to show that this is a partnership built on persuasion, not command.”

Jervis 9 – Professor of International Politics @ Columbia Robert, professor of international politics at Columbia University, Unipolarity: A Structural Perspective, World Politics, Muse To say that the system is unipolar is not to argue that the unipole can AND American vision and believe that its leadership is benign. [End Page 211
 * US diplomatic leverage balances military power and solves all global problems**

CO2 emission lead to a proliferation of debris and makes mitigation measures fail Raloff 11 (Janet Raloff- senior editor science news and founding board member of the Society of Environmental Journalists, managing editor of Energy Research Reports (outside Boston), a staff writer at Chemistry (an American Chemical Society magazine) and a writer/editor for Chicago's Adler Planetarium, August 15 2011, “Growing need for Space Trash Collectors”, http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/333370/title/Growing_need_for_space_trash_collectors_)//JM// //Friction between the atmosphere and materials passing through it, known as drag force,// //AND// //change has significant consequences for orbital debris proliferation and for debris mitigation strategies.”//

// Space debris risks false alarms and Russian miscalc—the impact is all out nuclear war. //

// Lewis 4 – Postdoctoral Fellow in the Advanced Methods of Cooperative Study Program // // Jeffrey, Worked In the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Center for Defense Information, What if Space Were Weaponized? July, [] // //This is the second of two scenarios that consider how U.S. space// //AND// //is corrosive to the confidence that allows national nuclear forces to operate safely.//

//**Contention 3 – our only hope:**//

//**Transportation sector is uniquely key to reducing warming**// // Jehanno 11 (Aurélie, works at Deutsche Bahn Environment Centre, for University of Chicago, High Speed and Sustainable Development Departments, “High Speed Rail & Sustainability”, November 2011, http://uic.org/IMG/pdf/hsr_sustainability_main_study_final.pdf, CJD) // //4.1.1 Energy consumption and GHG emissions The reality of global warming// //AND// //are constantly improving in terms of energy use per passenger km (pkm).//

//**Plan is a credible international signal of the need to reduce warming and is modeled**// //**Burwell, 10** – Director of the Energy and Climate Program at Carnegie (David, “Transportation—The Leading Cause of Global Warming,” 4/15, http://carnegieendowment.org/2010/04/15/transportation-leading-cause-of-global-warming/2fr2) //DH

How do U.S. efforts to reduce transportation’s impact on atmospheric warming relate to global climate negotiations? __The U__ nited __S__ tates __consumes 25 percent of the world’s petroleum and that’s primarily because of the way we travel. Seventy percent of oil consumption in the U__ nited __S__ tates __is transportation__ and that is __because we’re spread out, we drive everywhere, and we have over 700 cars per 1,000 people__ in order to support our driving habits. The rest of the world is much less dependent on cars and much more efficient consumers of petroleum. __If we don’t adopt measures that reduce our need to travel__ —for our own benefit— __we can’t expect the rest of the world not to behave in the same way__. By addressing the way we travel, by helping ourselves, __by giving ourselves more transportation choices, by connecting transportation to land use development__, we are not only helping ourselves, but __we are providing a **model for the rest of the world** of how they can develop in a way that is sustainable, low carbon, and provides more choices__ for everybody. If the United States passed a climate bill that priced transportation carbon and linked it to __a transportation bill that would reinvest the revenues into a green transportation system__, the United States would be on track to meet its stated obligation of a 17 to 20 percent absolute decrease in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. That __would give comfort to other countries—particularly China, India, and other emerging economies—that the U__ nited __S__ tates __is serious about reducing its transportation carbon and it would contribute to the likelihood of a global climate agreement__.


 * A large electric rail transportation network will spur renewables, decrease emissions, facilitate cleaner fossil-fuels and allow previously unviable renewables to overcome transmission problems**
 * NASIC 11** - North American Steel Interstate Coalition, including partners from numerous rail advocacy and policy analysis groups throughout the US, some of these groups include: All Aboard Ohio All Aboard Washington, Tukwilla, WA Maine Rail Transit Coalition, Portland, ME Rails, Inc., Albuquerque, NM Texas Rail Advocates, Dallas, TX Virginia Association of Rail Patrons, Richmond, VA (February 2011, “The Steel Interstate System— A Uniquely Sustainable and Synergistic National Transportation Policy Initiative,” [] *Steel Interstate System is a proposal for National High Speed Rail networks

__Pollution reduction__ The foregoing discussions of energy efficiency and energy independence have shown that huge fuel savings AND debated every day in the quest to address global warming and climate change. Think, too, about where the emissions are generated -- fewer trucks spewing diesel AND a corollary benefit of a national investment commitment to the Steel Interstate System. __Wind power is an especially promising renewable generating source, but is often hampered by being supplied far from markets and facing transmission hurdles__. The rights-of-way of __an ubiquitous electrified rail system can help here__, too. In an important corollary benefit to powering trains, the __wind energy can be moved over the__ Steel Interstate __corridors to distant urban markets__.

In addition to supporting domestic job creation, clean energy is an important and fastest AND and the actions of a number of emerging economies to ‘go green’.
 * US expansion of its clean energy sector spills over globally**
 * Kammen 7,** Professor of Public Policy @ UC Berkeley **,** (Daniel, "Green Jobs Created by Global Warming Initiative," September 25th, http://www.unep.org/civil_society/GCSF9/pdfs/karmen-senate.pdf)

**Solvency**

 * A federal investment into a loan guarantees bridges bureaucratic and budget gaps between the states and is the best approach for a NIB-based HSR project**
 * McConaghy and Perez 11** Ryan McConaghy, Director of the Economic Program, and Jessica Perez, Economic Program Policy Advisor (Ryan, Jessica, “Five Reasons Why BUILD is Better”, The Schwartz Initiative on American Economic Policy, June 2011, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/404/Third_Way_Memo_-_Five_Reasons_Why_BUILD_is_Better.pdf) RaPa

Across the country, job-creating infrastructure projects are stalled for lack of investment AND America investing what it needs to win the future without such innovative approaches.

Advocates offer a laundry list of benefits for an “Ibank.” At the AND rather than constituents and politics as the number one focus," he said.
 * An AIFA streamlines High Speed Rail efforts and shields it from Republican backlash**
 * Anand 11** MSNBC Staff Writer and Contributor (Anika, “Bank plan would help build bridges, boost jobs Bill gains traction, but foes fear another Fannie-Freddie disaster”, 7-6-2011, MSNBC, http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/43606379/ns/today-today_news/t/bank-plan-would-help-build-bridges-boost-jobs/#.T-NaCrVYss9) RaPa


 * State budgets are overburdened and the private sector is underutilized- Only loan guarantees rectify this.**
 * Likosky et al. 11** Michael Likosky is senior fellow at NYU’s Institute for Public Knowledge and also directs the Center on Law & Public Finance at the Social Science Research Council, Josh Ishimatsu, senior fellow at the Center on Law & Public Finance, is also principal of mz consulting, a consulting ﬁrm specializing in community development. Joyce L. Miller is senior fellow at the Center on Law & Public Finance, a board member of the New York State Empire State Development Corporation, and the founder and CEO of Tier One Public Strategies, a consulting ﬁrm that provides in-depth public policy analysis in the areas of infrastructure ﬁnance, real estate, and energy policy. (Michael Likosky, Joyce Miller, Josh Ishimatsu, “RETHINKING 21ST - CENTURY GOVERNMENT: PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AND THE NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE BANK”, The Social Science Research Council, June 2011, http://www.ibtta.org/files/PDFs/Rethinking%2021st%20Century%20Government-%20Public%20Private%20Partnerships%20and%20the%20National%20Infrastructure%20Bank.pdf) RaPa

In an era of severe budgetary constraints, how can the federal government ensure that AND this unruly bunch, not from the sidelines but as a vital player.


 * Our solution-based approach to warming is the best way to address the issue**
 * Mogensen and Schnak 10** – Prof at University College West, Denmark, Associate Professor in the Research of Environmental and Health Education, PhD in Biology; Professor Emeritus of Education at Laererhoejskolen, Danish university of Education, DPU, and Aarhus University (Finn and Karsten, Feb 2010, “The action competence approach and the ‘new’ discourses of education for sustainable development, competence and quality criteria,” Environmental Education Research, Volume 16, Issue 1, 2010, pg 59-74, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504620903504032)JCP

Indicators in a Bildung perspective As mentioned previously, the action competence approach is essentially a matter of Bildung which AND qualify the participants to cope with this citizenship role in a sensible way. The notion of indicators must reflect this Bildung approach. First by acknowledging that indicators AND -ending process, since the process of Bildung is a continuous process. From an evaluation perspective, the action competence approach calls particular attention to self- AND -taking, can contribute to enhancement of sustainability within a specific area. Summarising this section on indicators, we find that a desirable indicator typology that is AND of our ESD emerges, through practice, throughout the education system?’ The ENSI proposal on quality criteria There is an indicator development project that follows the line of the action competence approach AND -ending process involving ongoing criticism, evaluation and revision by the stakeholders. To illustrate with an example from this publication how reflections on quality criteria/indicators AND issues are human constructs within a certain political, social and cultural context. __By working with conflicting interests in relation to sustainable development, the participants are encouraged to reflect on how much the following four quality criteria make sense__ for them, or whether they should be revised, and how they contribute to a combination of students’ critical thinking with Giroux’s (1988, 134) ‘language of possibility’: __● **Students work with power relations and conflicting interests**__, e.g., **__in the local situation, between countries, between future generations.__** ● __Students are encouraged to look at things from different perspectives__ and to develop empathy by identifying themselves with others. ● **__Students are encouraged to present arguments for different positions__**. ● __Students are encouraged to look for examples that are useful and fruitful in other situations, in opportunities and alternative actions__. By dealing with conflicting interests as a means to combining critical thinking with the language AND for sustainable development to happen (Breiting, Mayer, and Mogensen 2005). Perhaps by working with indicators in a way which focuses on quality enhancement rather than AND , for instance by giving the stakeholders ownership in the development of indicators. Conclusion The action competence approach was developed in relation to environmental education and health education, AND useful to the critical-constructive educational conceptions of the action competence approach.


 * HSR will be vastly superior to Amtrak – and even its ridership numbers are on the rise**
 * American Public Transportation Association, ’12** – non-profit that advocates for the advancement of public transportation programs in the U.S. ( “An Inventory of the Criticisms of High-Speed Rail: with Suggested Responses and Counterpoints,” January 2012, p.18-19, http://www.apta.com/resources/reportsandpublications/Documents/HSR-Defense.pdf) // SP

In attacking Amtrak, two of Mr. Samuelson’s main complaints were that: ( AND 1 percent, and long-distance trains up 5.6 percent.

= = =1AC - 7/27/12 (May be subject to a few card replacements but the structure will be the same as this)= toc

1AC: Plan

 * The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in a National Infrastructure Bank for the purpose of providing loan guarantees for environmentally friendly High Speed Rail projects.**

1AC: Oil

 * Advantage 1 is Oil:**
 * Evidence of peak oil is mounting –peak oil is already a reality in 61% of the oil-producing world**
 * Perl, ’10** – Director of Urban Studies Program at Simon Fraser University (Anthony, “Integrating HSR into North America’s Next Mobility Transition,” June 16, 2010, p. 13016, http://wagner.nyu.edu/rudincenter/publications/RCWP_Perl.pdf) SP

Despite an ongoing debate regarding the exact timing of a peak in global oil production AND thus considerable likelihood of future price increases in transport fuels derived from oil.

Benjamin K. **__ Sovacool, ’07 - __** (an Assistant Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore. He is also a Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globalization) 2007 “Oil Independence Possible for U.S. by 2030” http://scitizen.com/authors/Benjamin-K.-Sovacool-a-899_s_08b456d033fcee27acbc8caf208135e8.html
 * Eliminating foreign oil is unnecessary for independence - we need only reduce imports to where oil has little to no effect on economic or military policy**

Oil independence is possible for the U.S. if comprehensive and aggressive energy AND for tire inflation and reduce oil consumption in other sectors of the economy.

Mark **__ Rosen __** (Deputy General Counsel at the Center for Naval Analyses & Professor of Homeland Security Law and Policy at George Washington University) **__ 2010 __** “Energy Independence and Climate Change: The Economic and National Security Consequences of Failing to Act” University of Richmond Law Review, Lexis There is a growing consensus in U.S. national security circles that American AND Arctic Super Highway. Traditionalists would probably not include the Arctic as a security chokepoint. The oil connection is reasonably well known: "22 percent of the AND the waters of the environmentally sensitive Indonesian archipelago would be held hostage. 110
 * Oil dependence escalates multiple flashpoints globally**

Stephen **__ Lendman __** (Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization) **__ 2007 __** “Resource Wars - Can We Survive Them” http://www.rense.com/general76/resrouce.htm With the world's energy supplies finite, the US heavily dependent on imports, and AND , or at least a big part of it, would have survived.
 * Oil wars lead to extinction**


 * HRS solves congestion and oil dependency**
 * Rosenthal 11** __(__ John December 11 Bloomberg news http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-19/riding-high-speed-rail-to-a-u-s-recovery-john-rosenthal.html)

Investment in rail is a step toward energy independence. Transportation accounts for almost three AND and to create high-paying jobs in engineering, manufacturing and construction.


 * HSR is the single most powerful thing the U.S. can do to shift away from oil before prices inevitably rise and resource wars escalate**
 * USHSR, 12** – United States High Speed Rail, created of HSR (“Rail - The Solution to Rising Gas Prices”, 2012, http://www.ushsr.com/benefits/energysecurity.html) MP

Building an electrically-powered national high speed rail network across America is the single AND fuel we use daily in any practical, economical, or sustainable way.

1AC Warming

 * Advantage 2 is warming:**


 * Observation One – the Truth:**

Anderegg et al 10 – PhD Candidate @ Stanford in Biology William, “Expert credibility in climate change,” National Academy of Sciences, p. 12107-12109 Preliminary reviews of scientific literature and surveys of cli- mate scientists indicate striking agreement AND discussions in media, policy, and public forums regarding anthropogenic climate change.
 * Warming is real and human induced – 97% of scientists agree and 80% of those that disagree don’t know anything about climate anyway**

While other factors can effect climate only human CO2 emissions can explain current trends Rahmstorf 8 – Professor of Physics of the Oceans Richard, of Physics of the Oceans at Potsdam University, Global Warming: Looking Beyond Kyoto. Edited by Ernesto Zedillo. “Anthropogenic Climate Change?” pg. 47

The first and crucial piece of evidence is, of course, that the magnitude AND this volume). The trend in the sum of natural forcings is downward.

We are on the tipping point, right now we can adapt to warming trends but if positive feedbacks are triggered there is no hope Speth 8 – Dean of Yale school of Forestry James, dean of the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Currently he serves the school as the Carl W. Knobloch, Jr. Dean and Sara Shallenberger Brown Professor in the Practice of Environmental Policy, The Bridge @ the Edge of the World, pg. 26 The possibility of abrupt climate change is linked to what may be the most problematic AND and the trip will exterminate a large fraction of species on the planet.


 * Don’t believe any defense that doesn’t assume the newest super-computer models – new methods and data mean 100% reverse prediction accuracy**
 * ORLCF 4/4** /12- Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility **,** April 4, 2012 ([])

Climate science has an equivalent to the “what came first—the chicken or AND . The NOAA NGDC and PANGAEA databases were also essential to this work.


 * Observation Two – Impacts:**

Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLAJeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122
 * Warming causes extinction – only reducing emissions gives us time to react**

The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

As long as the total movement of isotherms toward the poles is much smaller than AND still possible to keep human-caus ed extinctions to a moderate level.
 * Specifically – warming causes polar melting which ensures extinction**
 * Hansen 2011 -** is member of the National Academy of Sciences, an adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University and at Columbia’s Earth Institute, and director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (James E, “Storms of my Grandchildren”)

at UNC (Sify News, “Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?”, http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html
 * Left unchecked, warming will cause extinction by destroying the oceans**
 * Sify 2010 –** Sydney newspaper citing Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science

The findings of the comprehensive report: 'The impact of climate change on the world's AND warned, according to a GCI release. These findings were published in Science

Global warming is real, feedbacks cause rapid escalation, and it causes population migrations fueling political instability and failed states, escalating to nuclear war and extinction Kaku 11 Michio Kaku, co-creator of string field theory, a branch of string theory. He received a B.S. (summa cum laude) from Harvard University in 1968 where he came first in his physics class. He went on to the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley and received a Ph.D. in 1972. In 1973, he held a lectureship at Princeton University. Michio continues Einstein’s search for a “Theory of Everything,” seeking to unify the four fundamental forces of the universe—the strong force, the weak force, gravity and electromagnetism. He is the author of several scholarly, Ph.D. level textbooks and has had more than 70 articles published in physics journals, covering topics such as superstring theory, supergravity, supersymmetry, and hadronic physics. Professor of Physics — He holds the Henry Semat Chair and Professorship in theoretical physics at the City College of New York, where he has taught for over 25 years. He has also been a visiting professor at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, as well as New York University (NYU). “Physics of the Future” http://213.55.83.52/ebooks/physics/Physics%20of%20the%20Future.pdf Accessed 6/26/12 BJM By midcentury, the full impact of a fossil fuel economy should be in full AND methane gas to be released, causing a runaway cycle of global warming.

Joseph S. Nye 4, Jr 20 04 - Dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government, former Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, Chair of the National Intelligence Council, and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science and Technology (“Soft Power and American Foreign Policy,” Political Science Quarterly, [])
 * A failure to adjust for an increase in transportation emissions wrecks US diplomatic leverage – the plan can restore overall leadership**

Some domestic policies, such as capital punishment and the absence of gun controls, AND to show that this is a partnership built on persuasion, not command.”

Jervis 9 – Professor of International Politics @ Columbia Robert, professor of international politics at Columbia University, Unipolarity: A Structural Perspective, World Politics, Muse To say that the system is unipolar is not to argue that the unipole can AND American vision and believe that its leadership is benign. [End Page 211
 * US diplomatic leverage balances military power and solves all global problems**


 * Observation 3 – our only hope:**

Jehanno 11 (Aurélie, works at Deutsche Bahn Environment Centre, for University of Chicago, High Speed and Sustainable Development Departments, “High Speed Rail & Sustainability”, November 2011, http://uic.org/IMG/pdf/hsr_sustainability_main_study_final.pdf, CJD) 4.1.1 Energy consumption and GHG emissions The reality of global warming AND are constantly improving in terms of energy use per passenger km (pkm). **CCAP 6**, Center for Clean Air Policy, (Center for Green air Policy, “ High Speed Rail and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the U.S”, Article itself is a publication, January 2006, http://www.cnt.org/repository/HighSpeedRailEmissions.pdf)AG To estimate high speed rail’s net emissions impact, we calculated the carbon dioxide ( AND California’s could prove the value of faster trains with higher upfront capital costs.
 * Transportation sector is uniquely key to reducing warming**
 * Simply completing all the proposed HSR projects would result in substantial GHG reduction**


 * Plan is a credible international signal of the need to reduce warming and is modeled**
 * Burwell, 10** – Director of the Energy and Climate Program at Carnegie (David, “Transportation—The Leading Cause of Global Warming,” 4/15, http://carnegieendowment.org/2010/04/15/transportation-leading-cause-of-global-warming/2fr2) DH

**Davies 9****, ** Head of Strategic Policy for the Association of Train Operating Companies (ATOC) (Richard, “ Energy consumption and CO2 impacts of High Speed Rail: ATOC analysis for Greengauge 21”, The Association of Train Operating Companies, April 2009, http://www.greengauge21.net/wp-content/uploads/Energy-Consumption-and-CO2-impacts.pdf)AG Firstly, high speed railways tend to be high capacity railways. A double- AND travel, where there is no straightforward way of decarbonising the fuel supply. • Fourthly, and more fundamentally, high speed rail will draw traffic from other AND we have are that this would not significantly alter the analysis presented here.
 * HSR will use electricity that uniquely relies on a range of renewables and low carbon sources – construction emissions would be negligible**

In addition to supporting domestic job creation, clean energy is an important and fastest AND and the actions of a number of emerging economies to ‘go green’.
 * US expansion of its clean energy sector spills over globally**
 * Kammen 7,** Professor of Public Policy @ UC Berkeley **,** (Daniel, "Green Jobs Created by Global Warming Initiative," September 25th, http://www.unep.org/civil_society/GCSF9/pdfs/karmen-senate.pdf)

Epstein and Zhao 9 – Lab of Medicine @ Hong Kong Richard J. Epstein and Y. Zhao ‘9 – Laboratory of Computational Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, The Threat That Dare Not Speak Its Name; Human Extinction, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Volume 52, Number 1, Winter 2009, Muse We shall not speculate here as to the “how and when” of human AND and newsworthy than the roller-coaster booms and busts of stock markets.
 * The 1AC is necessary discourse – combating complacency is crucial to halting certain and inevitable extinction**

1AC: Solvency

 * A federal investment into a loan guarantees bridges bureaucratic and budget gaps between the states and is the best approach for a NIB-based HSR project**
 * McConaghy and Perez 11** Ryan McConaghy, Director of the Economic Program, and Jessica Perez, Economic Program Policy Advisor (Ryan, Jessica, “Five Reasons Why BUILD is Better”, The Schwartz Initiative on American Economic Policy, June 2011, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/404/Third_Way_Memo_-_Five_Reasons_Why_BUILD_is_Better.pdf) RaPa

Across the country, job-creating infrastructure projects are stalled for lack of investment AND America investing what it needs to win the future without such innovative approaches.

Advocates offer a laundry list of benefits for an “Ibank.” At the AND rather than constituents and politics as the number one focus," he said.
 * An AIFA streamlines High Speed Rail efforts and shields it from Republican backlash**
 * Anand 11** MSNBC Staff Writer and Contributor (Anika, “Bank plan would help build bridges, boost jobs Bill gains traction, but foes fear another Fannie-Freddie disaster”, 7-6-2011, MSNBC, http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/43606379/ns/today-today_news/t/bank-plan-would-help-build-bridges-boost-jobs/#.T-NaCrVYss9) RaPa


 * State budgets are overburdened and the private sector is underutilized- Only loan guarantees rectify this.**
 * Likosky et al. 11** Michael Likosky is senior fellow at NYU’s Institute for Public Knowledge and also directs the Center on Law & Public Finance at the Social Science Research Council, Josh Ishimatsu, senior fellow at the Center on Law & Public Finance, is also principal of mz consulting, a consulting ﬁrm specializing in community development. Joyce L. Miller is senior fellow at the Center on Law & Public Finance, a board member of the New York State Empire State Development Corporation, and the founder and CEO of Tier One Public Strategies, a consulting ﬁrm that provides in-depth public policy analysis in the areas of infrastructure ﬁnance, real estate, and energy policy. (Michael Likosky, Joyce Miller, Josh Ishimatsu, “RETHINKING 21ST - CENTURY GOVERNMENT: PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AND THE NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE BANK”, The Social Science Research Council, June 2011, http://www.ibtta.org/files/PDFs/Rethinking%2021st%20Century%20Government-%20Public%20Private%20Partnerships%20and%20the%20National%20Infrastructure%20Bank.pdf) RaPa

In an era of severe budgetary constraints, how can the federal government ensure that AND this unruly bunch, not from the sidelines but as a vital player.


 * HSR will be vastly superior to Amtrak – and even its ridership numbers are on the rise**
 * American Public Transportation Association, ’12** – non-profit that advocates for the advancement of public transportation programs in the U.S. ( “An Inventory of the Criticisms of High-Speed Rail: with Suggested Responses and Counterpoints,” January 2012, p.18-19, http://www.apta.com/resources/reportsandpublications/Documents/HSR-Defense.pdf) SP

In attacking Amtrak, two of Mr. Samuelson’s main complaints were that: ( AND 1 percent, and long-distance trains up 5.6 percent. =T - Loan Guarantees=

2AC
We meet their interpretation
 * DOE, 9** – (“Federal Loan Guarantees of Electric Power Transmission Infrastructure Investment Projects” July 29, 2009 http://lpo.energy.gov/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/2009-CPLX-TRANS-sol.pdf)//aberg

This solicitation announcement (“Solicitation”) invites the submission...and leading edge biofuels projects.

__Loan guarantees are widely and ...__anages a successful loan guarantee portfolio of $1.2 trillion.
 * Counter-interpretation – loan guarantees are infrastructure investment**
 * NEI 11** Nuclear Energy Institute Issues in Focus Loan Guarantees For Clean Energy Development [|www.nei.org/filefolder/loanguaranteefastfacts.pdf] BK

Senator Coons, 11  (11/3/2011, U.S. Senator Chris Coons (D-Del.), Targeted News Service, “In Floor Speech, Senator Coons Calls a National Infrastructure Bank a Creative Approach to Critical Investment,” Factiva, JMP)
 * Plan provides billions in direct financial assistance**

Remember, we need more than.... This, Mr. President, is smart policy.

Yarema, 11  --- chair of the Infrastructure Practice Group at the law firm, Nossaman LLP (10/12/2011, Geoffrey, Congressional Documents and Publications, House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Highways and Transit Hearing - "National Infrastructure Bank: More Bureaucracy and More Red Tape" Factiva, JMP)
 * Their interpretation is inconsistent with the current trend of __federal__ investment --- limits out __core aff areas__ like TIFIA. This proves they move the goal posts to create an __arbitrarily__ more limited topic.**

Chairman Duncan, Ranking ...non-Federal investment.

1AR

 * Many types of investment – contextual definition**


 * Chapman and Cutler 11** Current issues relevant to our clients September 29, 2011 attorney advertising material Chicago new york salt lake city san Francisco chapman.com the American jobs act and its impact on a national infrastructure bank BK

*Note: This is from the AIFA suggestion BK

__Types__ and Terms __of Investments__... __non-Federal funding sources__

=Tournament Round 1 vs BT SV= Aff - Dredging 2NR - Heg Bad =Tournament Round 4 vs GJJP MB= Aff- Mayport 2NR - Virilio = Tournament Round 5 vs Hybrid CD = Aff- Carriers (not Mayport, but build aircraft carriers) 2NR - T - Vehicles + Military + Production
 * Neg***