Laura+and+Gaby+**Hybrid

Warming is anthropogenic
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public AND 1% based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
 * John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy **Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis ***Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al., (“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)//BB

Even if some warming is inevitable, keeping it below 4 degrees avoids the worst impacts
Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank (Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)//BB The 4°C scenarios are devastating : the inundation of coastal cities; increasing AND in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.

Catastrophic warming risks extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA (Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and AND  threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)//BB

==== The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2.5-4.~C above pre-industrial levels, depending on the scenario. Even in the best-case scenario, the low end of the likely range is 1.goC, and in the worst 'business as usual' projections, which actual emissions have been matching, the range of likely warming runs from 3.1--7.1°C. Even keeping emissions at constant 2000 levels (which have already been exceeded), global temperature would still be expected to reach 1.2°C (O'9""1.5°C)above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century." Without early and severe reductions in emissions, the effects of climate change in the second half of the twenty-first century are likely to be catastrophic for the stability and security of countries in the developing world - not to mention the associated human tragedy. Climate change could even undermine the strength and stability of emerging and advanced economies, beyond the knock-on effects on security of widespread state failure and collapse in developing countries .' And although they have been condemned as melodramatic and alarmist, many informed observers believe that unmitigated climate change beyond the end of the century could pose an existential threat to civilisation ." What is certain is that there is no precedent in human experience for such rapid change or such climatic conditions, and even in the best case adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes. ====

Independently, emissions cause ocean acidification – extinction
Romm 12 – physicist and climate expert, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress (Joseph J., “Science: Ocean Acidifying so fast that it threatens humanity’s ability to feed itself”, 3/2/12; http://earthlawcenter.org/news/headline/science-ocean-acidifying-so-fast-it-threatens-humanitys-ability-to-feed-itself/) The world’s oceans may be turning acidic faster today from human carbon emissions than they AND species goes extinct it’s gone forever. We’re playing a very dangerous game .”

OSW solves warming
Schroeder 10 - J.D. from University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (Erica, 2010. And Masters in Environmental Management from Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, “Turning Offshore Wind On”, California Law Review)//BB Many of the most compelling benefits of offshore wind are similar to those of onshore AND and many states would have enough to meet their //total electricity demand//.78

Solves multiple warming causes
Rosenberg 8 – Professor of Law, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, and Director, American Legal Systems (LLM) Graduate Program, William and Mary Law School (Ronald, “Article: Making Renewable Energy a Reality--Finding Ways to Site Wind Power Facilities,” 32 Wm. & Mary Envtl. L. & Pol'y Rev. 635)//BB 3.Total Elimination of Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Probably the strongest AND as a viable energy alternative to electricity generated from coal and natural gas.

US offshore wind development curbs carbon emissions
Thaler 12 - Professor of Energy Policy, Law & Ethics (Jeff, “FIDDLING AS THE WORLD BURNS: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE URGENTLY REQUIRES A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERMITTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS,” 42 Environmental Law Journal 1101)//BB Unfortunately, as the economic and health costs from fossil fuel emissions have grown so AND and Block Island in Rhode Island would likewise be shallow-water installations.

Offshore wind is comparatively the cleanest and most productive renewable energy
Jensen 13 – partner in the Washington, DC office of Holland & Hart LLP (Thomas, et al, “From the 35th Public Land Law Conference: AND people, is unused and wasted as a tool to power our communities.

Full-scale offshore wind would generate enough electricity for the entire country
Levitan 13 - writes about energy, the environment, and health. His articles have been published by Scientific American, Discover, IEEE Spectrum, Grist, and others. In previous articles for Yale Environment 360, he has written about vehicle-to-grid technology for electric cars and cities' efforts to recycle food scraps and organic waste (Dave, “Will Offshore Wind Finally Take Off on U.S. East Coast?,” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/will_offshore_wind_finally_take_off_on_us_east_coast/2693/)//BB “ The East Coast is the Saudi Arabia of offshore wind, because there is // AND // coasts in particular are windy spots with water depths that make development feasible.

Electricity-emissions reductions sufficiently solve global warming
Akorede 12 - .F., Ph.D degree in Electrical Power Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia (H. Hizam,M.Z.A. Ab Kadir,I. Aris,S.D. BubaElectrical & Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, “Mitigating the anthropogenic global warming in the electric power industry,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16.5)//BB 5. Power industry's share of CO2 emissionsTo identify the most productive mitigation strategies AND of these possible mitigation techniques is discussed in turn in the following subsections.

Warming triggers rapid methane release
Song 11 – Pulitzer prize winning reporter for Inside Climate News (Lisa Mar 3, 2011, Accessed June 25, 2014. “Up to 40% of Gulf Oil Spill Was Potent Methane Gas, Research Shows” Inside Climate News http://insideclimatenews.org/author/lisa-song) Another risk lies in the hydrates' contribution to climate change. __Hydrates keep methane out__ __AND__ Leifer will return to the Arctic later in March to continue hydrate research.

Rapid methane release causes extinction
Aym 2010 [Terrence [] Doomsday Methane Bubble Rupture?: How the BP Gulf Disaster May Have Triggered a ‘World-Killing’ Event Ryskin’s methane extinction theory Northwestern University‘s Gregory Ryskin, a bio-chemical AND ] All three warning signs are documented to be occurring in the Gulf.

Dredging budget cuts are coming in 2015, causing us to fall behind in global trade despite the water bill-external factors increase demand and other estimates don’t take maintenance costs into account
Buchanan 6/26/14, maritime reporter Susan Buchanan, “US Dredging Needs Growth as Army Corps’ Budget Shrinks,” June 26, 2014 http://www.marinelink.com/news/dredging-shrinks-growth371913.aspx U.S. dredging this decade, measured in cubic yards, is only AND this spring was placing removed sediment in the environmentally sensitive Southwest Pass area.

Offshore Wind Farms create a race to dredge and modernize ports all along the coast
Barlow 11 - practices in the Maritime Law and Government Contracts Practice Group at Troutman Sanders, where his practice focuses on a variety of maritime related matters, including regulatory compliance, maritime contract, marine insurance, general average, salvage, cargo damage, and charter party disputes, vessel documentation and finance, marine pollution, vessel collisions, maritime personal injury and marine insurance defense and subrogation. Jason is also a member of Troutman Sanders’ Renewable Energy Practice Team, which advises clients engaged in a variety of renewable energy projects, including offshore wind energy development. Jason is a 2010 graduate of Tulane University Law School, where he concentrated his studies on admiralty and maritime law, earning a Juris Doctorate with Maritime Law Certificate, cum laude. While in law school, he served as Senior Notes and Comments Editor of the Tulane Maritime Law Journal. In addition, Jason worked as law clerk at Ostendorf, Tate, Barnett, and Wells, LLP, a New Orleans based law firm specializing in transportation, admiralty/maritime, and premises liability litigation. He also worked as law clerk at Forrester & Dick, a Baton Rouge boutique law firm specializing in, among other practice areas, railroad defense litigation. Prior to attending law school, Jason earned his Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and English, with honors, from Randolph-Macon College in 2007 (Jason, http://www.troutmansanders.com/files/FileControl/2e66ece0-0b9a-4dff-bdb7-57a768601573/7483b893-e478-44a4-8fed-f49aa917d8cf/Presentation/File/TS%20-%20North%20American%20Windpower%20Article.pdf) From the European example, it ¶ is clear that //port size is critical during// //AND// best infrastructure ¶ to support the physical requirements ¶ of offshore wind power.

Expansion of offshore wind causes port deepening and expansion
Taylor 12 ,E&E reporter. Environment & Energy Publishing (E&E) is the leading source for comprehensive, daily coverage of environmental and energy policy and markets. [Phil Taylor “East Coast ports jockey to woo nascent U.S. industry” October 25, 2012 http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059971748/print]FS Port officials here are vowing to roll out the red carpet for the nascent offshore AND Virginia while spurring $19 billion in economic activity over the next decade.

Dredging ports is key to US trade competitiveness
Ashbury 13 ,recognized nationally and internationally for his support of U.S. exports and fair trade, Mr. Asbury was named the 2008 recipient of the coveted United States National Champion Exporter of the Year Award. His advocacy has taken him to address the United Nations at the Commission of Trade and Development, as well as frequent speaking engagements at universities, government events and trade associations. Mr. Asbury has received the president's E-Star Export Award and the Export Achievement Award from the U.S. Department of Commerce. Neal Ashbury, “American Jobs and Prestige Depend on US Ports” 6/20/13http://www.moneynews.com/Insiders/NealAsbury/bio-119/ //Our ports are the lifeblood of our economy//. The value of imports cleared through AND doubling its capacity and allowing it to handle the world's most massive ships.

US trade is key to global trade-post-recession interdependence and global supply chains
Federal Reserve 13, United States Federal Reserve “International Trade and Competitiveness,” 3/15/13 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/ERP/2013/erp_2013_ch7.pdf The United States is more closely linked with other nations through trade, investment, AND the long-term prosperity of the United States and its trading partners.

The most comprehensive studies prove trade reduces conflict and prevents escalation-opposing studies are flawed
Hegre 9, Håvard Hegre Department of Political Science, University of Oslo Center for the Study of Civil War, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo “Trade Does Promote Peace: New Simultaneous Estimates of the Reciprocal Effects of Trade and Conflict,” August 25, 2009, http://www.yale.edu/leitner/resources/docs/HORJune09.pdf Liberals expect economically important trade to reduce conflict because interstate violence adversely affects commerce, AND //likelihood of military conflict//, ceteris paribus, if national leaders are rational.

A long-term investment tax credit __catapults__ the offshore wind industry – transitions the US to a green economy
Sopko 13 – JD, former legislative council @ House of Reps (Nancy, “Offshore Wind Needs a Boost from Congress,” http://oceana.org/en/blog/2013/11/offshore-wind-needs-a-boost-from-congress-0)//BB Like so many of us, Oceana has seen the damage that the drilling for AND , the harder it will be to correct the damage we have done.

99.7% of studies prove ITC increases net price value of offshore wind projects
Wyman, 2013, graduate student at the University of Texas (Constance, “Why The ITC Matters for Offshore Wind”, NA Wind Power, Volume 10, Number 6, http://www.nawindpower.com/issues/NAW1307/FEAT_03_Why_The_ITC_Matters_For_Offshore_Wind.html) Over the last few years, there has been much discussion about the role of AND Simply put, the ITC is of greater value to the offshore wind industry

Only a federal __mandate__ can guarantee the expansion of wind energy
Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) However, the Oceans Act and Ocean Management Plan, though promising, have come AND itself and the benefits of offshore wind in state and local decision making.

Reforming the permitting process is key – Massachusetts provides an opportune model for streamlined development
Kimmel *, and Stalenhoef**, 10-10- 2011 – *Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection **Counsel for the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities [*Kenneth, *Dawn, “The Cape Wind Offshore Wind Energy Project: A Case Study of the Difficult Transition to Renewable Energy”, Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal, Volume 5 Issue 1, http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=gguelj] The Cape Wind saga reveals that the current permitting process for ¶ offshore wind energy AND // reform ¶ and provides models for the types of reform that are needed. //

Long-term incentives ensure that the supply chain follows on – fed support key
Galluci 11 - Staff Reporter at InsideClimate News Honduras Contributor at Fodor's, Co-Editor & Reporter at The News, Newsroom Intern at Associated Press, Newsroom Intern at Columbus Business (Maria, “Never-Used Tax Credit Could Jumpstart US Offshore Wind Energy—if Renewed,” http://truth-out.org/news/item/4778:neverused-tax-credit-could-jumpstart-us-offshore-wind-energy%E2%80%94if-renewed) Matt Kaplan, a North American wind analyst at IHS Emerging Energy Research , said // AND // way toward helping this industry develop in the United States," Grybowski said.