Kevin+&+Marlee

AFF:

=1= Advantage 1 is Leadership

First, it's a race for OTEC now – winning the race to commercialize locks-in diplomatic clout
There is currently the possibility of a competition among industrial nations (especially France, AND to their shores and who want to reduce their dependence on oil imports.
 * Cohen and Ladouch 2k12**
 * (Robert Cohen, USA, OTEC consultant and adviser to the company Lockheed Martin, Mathieu Ladouch Renewable Energy Engineer and Energy Expert, Development & execution manager at Marine Energy Times Mechanical Engineer (TIDAL ENERGY) at HYDRO-GEN Project Manager Engineer at Deschamps Mechanical or Industrial Engineering "Ocean Thermal Energy Ocean OTEC could soon be used?," pg online @ http://www.marineenergytimes.com/could-otec-soon-be-used-partii-in-the-midst-of-international-competition.html //um-ef)**

U.S. Diplomatic strength is in question – the Administration is in significant need of a boost
DIPLOMACY is dead. Effective diplomacy — the kind that produced Nixon's breakthrough with AND want, what do they want, and what do we both want?
 * Cohen 13**
 * (pg online @ http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/22/opinion/global/roger-cohen-diplomacy-is-dead.html?_r=0 //um-ef)**

And, independently, STRONG U.S. Diplomacy prevents conflict and escalation
(**Gen. Michael W. Hagee and Adm. James M. Loy, 3-27-2012, What it takes to keep U.S. safe today, Politico, p. www.politico.com/news/stories/0312/74509.html)** The challenges we face today as a nation are far more complex and nuanced than AND our investments in development and diplomacy can help get our economy rolling again.
 * Hagee and Loy 2k12**

US Diplomacy is key to prevent widespread chemical weapons use
The news that the Assad regime in Syria has likely used sarin nerve agent on AND likely chemical weapons use and solidifying and accelerating NATO planning on relevant issues.
 * Juul, Policy Analyst at the Center for American Progress Action Fund, 13**
 * (Juul, April 30, 2013, News Opinion, "U.S. Must Launch a Diplomatic Offensive in Syria," http://www.usnews.com/debate-club/should-the-obama-administration-do-more-in-syria/us-must-launch-a-diplomatic-offensive-in-syria//RM, 7/13/13)**

Chemical warfare leads to extinction
Man will destroy himself. Another possibility is the death of mankind at the hands AND these potential planet-enders have yet to be successfully tested or implemented.
 * DUJS, Dartmouth forum for sharing undergraduate research and enriching scientific knowledge, 09**
 * (Dartmouth Undergraduate of Science, May 22, 2009, "Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate", http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate#.UcyTn8pFUoy, 7/13/13)**

Also, STRONG U.S. Diplomacy is the only way to stop Indo-Pak war – its on the brink now and miscalc is inevitable without U.S. de-escalation*
Vira 2k12 (Varun Vira writes on Middle Eastern and South Asian security affairs. Most recently, he coauthored Pakistan: Violence vs. Stability with Dr. Anthony Cordesman of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), pg online @ http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/escalating-from-terrorism-to-nuclear-war-on-the-asian-subcontinent//um-ef)** Within the next decade, there is a high probability of a high- AND for the level of external intervention they expect quite simply may not exist.

And, extinction—Indo-Pak war is the most likely nuclear war scenario
A nuclear war between South Asian rivals India and Pakistan would trigger a global famine AND of 870 million people in the developing world at immediate risk of starvation.
 * International Business Times 13**
 * (Ghosh, Palash. "India-Pakistan Nuclear War Would Kill 2 Billion People, End Civilization: Report," International Business Times, December 10, 2013, http://www.ibtimes.com/india-pakistan-nuclear-war-would-kill-2-billion-people-end-civilization-report-1503604//ghs-kw)**

=2= Advantage 2 is warming

Warming is real and anthropogenic
Prothero 12 (Donald R. Prothero, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, 3-1-2012, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused," Skeptic, 17.2, EBSCO) How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There AND change when it threatens their survival. Neither can we as a society.

Reducing emissions now prevents extinction—-it's not too late to solve
This is Why Reducing Emissions is Critical We're not yet committed to surpassing 2 AND Earth than today's, but we still can and must limit the damage.
 * Nuccitelli 12 –** Dana, environmental scientist at a private environmental consulting firm in Sacramento and has a Bachelor's Degree in astrophysics from the University of California at Berkeley, and a Master's Degree in physics from the University of California at Davis, 2012, "Realistically What Might The Future Climate Look Like?", http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/09/01/784931/realistically-what-might-the-future-climate-look-like/

First, OTEC solves power plants and emissions – curbs CO2
Magesh '10 (R. Magesh, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2010 Vol II WCE 2010, June 30 - July 2, 2010, London, U.K.http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCE2010/WCE2010_pp1618-1623.pdf, wcp) Scientists all over the world are making predictions about the ill effects of Global warming AND OTEC could produce enough drinking water to ease the crisis drought-stricken areas. The water can be used for local agriculture and industry, any excess water being given or sold to neighboring communities.

No damage to the environment or from storms
I asked Dr. Krock about two potential drawbacks to OTEC: environmental disruption and AND some 100 meters in diameter and would generate 500 megawatts of electric power.
 * Moore 06**
 * (Bill Moore graduated from Ambassador College in Saint Albans, Herts, England with a Bachelors of Arts degree in Theology in 1969. After decades as a professional writer who has been published in Discover Magazine, Popular Science, Smithsonian Air & Space and Mother Earth News, Bill made a career change and entered the then-nascent world of Internet publishing. Bill created EV World in the fall of 1997 and expanded it greatly based on a generous grant from the Energy Foundation in 1999. Interview with Dr. Hans Jurgen Krock. Krock graduated with a BS in Civil Engineering from Arizona State Univ. in Tempe, MS and Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Engineering with minors in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley. Krock is a registered Professional Engineer (Civil) in Hawaii, served as PI for numerous research projects at UH for twenty five years covering all aspects of ocean engineering, ocean dynamics, water quality, OTEC, and environmental effects, holds two US Patents related to gas exchange dynamics and open cycle OTEC, received letters of recognition from two Governors of Hawaii, served as visiting professor at two foreign universities, has been recognized as the leading authority on multi-product OTEC systems and OTEC/hydrogen at the World Renewable Energy Congress and by the Chinese Academy of Science. Moore, B. Interview with Krock, H. J. "OTEC Resurfaces," EV World, April 12, 2006. http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm?storyid=1008//ghs-kw)**

OTEC is the cleanest energy producer
Vega 02 Ph.D. (Luis A., "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Primer" Marine Technology Society Journal, 12/01/2002, Ingenta Connect.) OTEC offers one of the most benign power production technologies, since the handling of AND value is even lower in the case of a CC-OTEC plant.

Second, OTEC solves hurricanes and mitigates Arctic sea-ice melt
LaRosa 06 (Richard LaRosa earned BEE, MEE, and DEE degrees from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. During his engineering career in microwaves and electronics he experimented with solar energy and taught courses in solar thermal engineering. He wrote and edited many articles on energy conservation and renewable energy. LaRosa, R. "Hurricane Suppression by Sea Surface Cooling," Systems, Applications, and Technology Conference, IEEE 2006. Ghs-kw.) Hurricane intensification can be prevented by cooling critical areas of the sea surface. Deep AND with various talents must be involved in order to make this idea work.

Sea surface temperature solves warming—empirics prove
The most likely explanation for the lack of significant warming at the Earth's surface in AND Image adapted from Figure 1 of Balmaseda et al., 2013 (pdf).
 * NOAA 13**
 * (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administraiton, "Why did Earth's Surface Temperature Stop Rising in the Past Decade?" November 8, 2013. http://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-qa/why-did-earth%E2%80%99s-surface-temperature-stop-rising-past-decade//ghs-kw)**

Third, alternative methods of solving warming fail – OTEC is our last stand to reverse climate change
Baird '14 (Jim "The Existential Imperative: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion II", The energy collective, Jan 6^^th^^, 2014 http://theenergycollective.com/jim-baird/324161/existential-imperative-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-ii, wcp) The fourth IPCC assessment report projects that 40 to 70 percent of species could go AND and it is easier to move a light vapour than a heavy liquid.

Extinction
In the Online Journal of Space Communication, Dr. Feng Hsu, a NASA AND too high for us to take any chances" (Hsu 2010 ).
 * Flournoy 11** — Don Flournoy, PhD, University of Texas, Project Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, Professor of Telecommunications, Scripps College of Communications, Ohio University, citing Feng Hsu, PhD in Engingeering Science, NASA scientist at Goddard Space Flight Center, former research fellow of Brookhaven National Laboratory in the fields of risk assessment, risk-based decision making, safety & reliability and mission assurances for nuclear power, space launch, energy infrastructure and other social and engineering systems (Dec. 2011, "Solar Power Satellites," January, Springer Briefs in Space Development, p. 10-1)

And, CO2 emissions will destroy the ocean - causes extinction
Sydney: Scientists have sounded alarm bells about how growing concentrations of greenhouse gases are AND undergoing massive change and in some cases beginning to fail', he added.
 * Sify**, Citing Professors @ University of Queensland and North Carolina, **10** (Sify News, Citing Ove Hoegh-Gulberg, Professor @ University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute AND Citing John Bruno, Associate Professor of Marine Science @ UNC, "Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?," June 19th, http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html)

Even 1% of energy extraction solves
Krock et al. 03 (Hans Krock, PhD. professor emeritus in Ocean Engineering at the University of Hawai'i-Manoa and president of OCEES and CTO at DSH. Krock, H. J. Huang, J. C. Oney, S. K. "Revisit Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion System," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Volume 8, Issue 2, pp. 160. July 2, 2003. http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/390/art%253A10.1023%252FA%253A1026062531405.pdf?auth66=1403968593_bf29c4fe9b03d9a37a331290161b2cb4&ext=.pdf//ghs-kw) The ocean covers more than 70.8% of the surface of the earth AND able to transform the thermal energy into electrical power through a mechanical system.

=3= Advantage 3 is food

Land based ag collapse is inevitable
(Shylesh Master of Science in Engineering and Management at Pondicherry University – Mechanical Engineering school. "Assessment of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion" 2012 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archives.pdf .accessed 6/29/14 .nt) Marine food production is a potential by-product of OTEC power plants. With AND open systems near the surface or in closed systems with pens and fences.
 * Muralidharan 2012**

OTEC solves global ag
(Robin Pelc is Fisheries Research Manager at Monterey Bay Aquarium. She possesses a PhD in Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology from the University of California, Santa Barbara. Pelc, R. Fujita, R.M. "Renewable Energy from the Ocean," Marine Policy, Volume 26, pgs. 471-479, July 6, 2002. Ghs-kw) It is possible to derive ancillary beneﬁts from both the warm and cold water cycled AND are effectively air conditioned by cold seawater pumped through OTEC pipes [8].
 * Pelc 02**

OTEC has massive potential for ammonia production – ammonia is key to agriculture.
One of the products that can be produced using hydrogen is ammonia. There is AND for. the economics of OTE( ammonia production can be significantly improved.
 * Muralidharan 2012**
 * (Shylesh Master of Science in Engineering and Management at Pondicherry University – Mechanical Engineering school. "Assessment of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion" 2012 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archives.pdf .accessed 6/29/14 .nt)**

Extinction
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries AND , SARS or avian flu—breaks down, humanity will be in trouble
 * Brown 9** (Lester R, Founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute "Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?" Scientific American, May, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages)

And, Prefer our impacts – data proves they are more likely to cause human extinction then their war scenarios
Cribb 10 In the general hunt for someone to blame for the short-term food crisis AND future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming." 20
 * (Julian Cribb is a Fellow of the Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. He is former Director, National Awareness for CSIRO and Science Editor of The Australian newspaper. He was national foundation president of the Australian Science Communicators (ASC), president of the National Rural and Resources Press Club, a member of CSIRO advisory committees for agriculture, fisheries and entomology. He has served as a Director of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), the Crawford Fund, the Secretariat for International Landcare, CSIRO Publishing, the Australian Minerals and Energy Environment Foundation and the National Science and Technology Centre, Questacon. He was the creator of "Future Harvest" the global public awareness campaign for the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Cribb, Julian. "Coming Famine : The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It." Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press, 2010. 8-9. ebrary collections. Ghs-kw)**

Plan: The United States federal government should regulate and implement Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion.
=4=

Regulatory Certainty and Clarity is key – No federal action deters investors
Elefant '2 (Carolyn, November 19^^th^^, "Proposed Strategies for Addressing Regulatory Uncertainty in Ocean Energy Development in the United States", http://www.energycentral.com/articles/article/79, wcp) I. THE REGULATORY BARRIERS TO OCEAN ENERGY DEVELOPERS A. Overview of Regulatory AND costs. Such unpredictability may also deter future private investors from funding projects.

OTEC is safe
In terms of air emissions, there will not be any release of pollutants associated AND with certainty, to optimize the operation and the design of future plants.
 * Martí et al 09**
 * (Jose A Martí: MSCE Environmental Engineering from Northeastern University, BSCE and Graduate degree in Civil Engineering, University of Puerto Rico. Principal and founder of consulting engineering and planning firm providing services to industry, government and commercial clients, since 1983. Planning, engineering and economic studies. Technical aspects of regulations. Process engineering. Planning and design of multiple major water and wastewater facilities, for utility and industrial clients. Most recently, firm is involved in alternative energy projects, principally on engineering and planning for renewable energy projects, including Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), solar PV energy, and related applications. Martí, José A; Thomas J. Plocek; Manuel A.J. Laboy, Offshore Infrastructure Associates, Inc. "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): Technical Viability, Cost Projections and Development Strategies," Presentation to 2009 Offshore Technology Conference. http://www.offinf.com/OIA_at_OTC.pdf//ghs-kw)**

USFG involvement spurs companies to reveal key design info
Vega 10—Ph.D., National Marine Renewable Energy Center at the University of Hawai'I (Luis A., 2010, Offshore Technology Conference, "Economics of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): An Update", http://hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/OTEC-Economics-2010.pdf, rmf) These estimates are applicable for equipment purchased in USA, Europe or Japan and with AND outlined in the Conclusions Section (e.g., see Table 7).

Tech is ready but federal pilot is key
Conclusions and Recommendations The major conclusion reached in the earlier report continues to be applicable AND initiated as early as 15-years after the development program is implemented.
 * Vega 10**
 * (Luis Vega is currently the manager of the USDOE National Marine Renewable Energy Center at the University of Hawaii. He holds degrees in Applied Mathematics, Aerospace Engineering and Applied Ocean Sciences from the US Naval Academy, CALTECH and the University of California. His professional experience ranges from analytical studies to laboratory scale and model basin tests as well as at-sea tests of marine renewable energy equipment. He lead the team that designed and tested an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) experimental plant demonstrating 24/7 production of electricity and desalinated-water and obtaining operational data required for estimating realistic costs of production. He has also worked in electrification of remote villages in South Pacific Island Nations utilizing solar and wind resources and establishing a Rural Energy Service Company in the nation of Fiji. Vega, Luis A. PhD. "Economics of OTEC: An Update," presentation at the Offshore Technology Conference, May 2010. http://hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/OTEC-Economics-2010.pdf//ghs-kw)**

OTEC is good to go
Beaudoin et al. 10 (Greg Beaudoin, Strategic Insight Ltd. Beaudoin, G. Robertson, D. Doherty, R. Corren, D. Staby, B. Meyer, L. "Technological Challeges to Commercial-Scale Application of Marine Renewables," Oceanography, Volume 23, No. 2, pp. 41. http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/23-2_beaudoin.pdf//ghs-kw) The offshore oil and gas industry has addressed most of the technology challenges that were AND anchors can exceed 50% of the total cost of an OTEC project.

OTEC provides infinite free energy—tested and proven to work
Palmer 07 (Felix Palmer received a Master of Physics from Oxford University. He is currently working freelance as a full stack developer. He has worked for Metaswitch Networks. Palmer, F. “Physics: Saviour of the Planet?” Physics Education, Volume 42, No. 6, November 1, 2007. https://www.iop.org/activity/groups/subject/env/prize/file_40767.pdf//ghs-kw) Felix Palmer, Oxford University Physics: saviour of the planet? In recent years climate change has had a great deal of media coverage. Yet despite this, the people of the earth and their governments seem to be taking very little action. AND

// there are several systems running profitably such as NELHA 2, an OTEC facility in Hawaii. //

Federally funded pilot plant k2 commercialization—no other entity has the resources to build it
Beaudoin et al. 10 (Greg Beaudoin, Strategic Insight Ltd. Beaudoin, G. Robertson, D. Doherty, R. Corren, D. Staby, B. Meyer, L. "Technological Challeges to Commercial-Scale Application of Marine Renewables," Oceanography, Volume 23, No. 2, pp. 41. http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/23-2_beaudoin.pdf//ghs-kw) Finally, one additional technology challenge for OTEC commercialization must be mentioned. The largest AND Obtaining this funding represents the largest barrier of all to commercialization of OTEC.

New tech solves all problems with OTEC
To produce Smalley's 60TW with conventional OTEC you would therefore dump 60TW*20 or AND , efficiency and reduces the environmental impacts on the thermohaline and aquatic life.
 * Baird 10**
 * (Jim Baird is an inventor of the Nuclear Assisted Hydrocarbon Production Method, Global Warming Mitigation Method and Subductive Waste Disposal Method. B. Sc Chemistry from University of Calgary. Baird, J. "OTEC and Energy innovation: The Willie Sutton Approach," The Energy Collective, May 15, 2013, http://theenergycollective.com/jim-baird/221801/energy-willie-suttonwill-rogers-approach//ghs-kw)**

Tech is ready now—solves biofouling and leakages
Biofouling in OTEC heat-exchangers was identified as a potential obstacle for commercial implementation AND been demonstrated to be technically and economically feasible (Avery and Wu 1994).
 * Martí et al 09**
 * (Jose A Martí: MSCE Environmental Engineering from Northeastern University, BSCE and Graduate degree in Civil Engineering, University of Puerto Rico. Principal and founder of consulting engineering and planning firm providing services to industry, government and commercial clients, since 1983. Planning, engineering and economic studies. Technical aspects of regulations. Process engineering. Planning and design of multiple major water and wastewater facilities, for utility and industrial clients. Most recently, firm is involved in alternative energy projects, principally on engineering and planning for renewable energy projects, including Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), solar PV energy, and related applications. Martí, José A; Thomas J. Plocek; Manuel A.J. Laboy, Offshore Infrastructure Associates, Inc. "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): Technical Viability, Cost Projections and Development Strategies," Presentation to 2009 Offshore Technology Conference. http://www.offinf.com/OIA_at_OTC.pdf//ghs-kw)**

No commercialization absent the plan
Kibbee 13 (Steve Kibbee leads the development of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion technology at SBM Offshore. SBM is a major builder and operator of floating production systems for the offshore energy business. Dr. Kibbee holds degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Kansas and Texas A&M Universities, including graduate work in Renewable Energy during the 1970â€™s. During the 1990â€™s at Atlantia Offshore, he won Small Business Innovation Research funding and led the successful development and commercialization of the SeaStar Tension Leg Platform. The SeaStar TLP is a deepwater platform that enables economic production of smaller oil and gas fields - several of which are now operating in water depths up to 4300 ft. He was one of three partners during the 2001 sale of Atlantia to SBM. Prior to Atlantia, he worked at major oil companies developing offshore technology, managing construction projects, and supporting operations. Kibbee, S. "Ocean Thermal Conversion at SBM," Proceedings of the 18^^th^^ Offshore Symposium of the Texas Section of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Febryary 7, 2013, http://hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/OTEC-at-SBM.pdf//ghs-kw) During the late 1970's, OTEC was proven technically feasible and enjoyed industry and governmental AND year demonstration of successful operation and maintenance of a scalable OTEC Power Block.

NEG: Off case/on case offense: Cap k Security k  Eco-security k  Anthro k  Military CP  RAS CP  Russia CP  China CP  Space DA  China aquaculture DA  Ptix Ex-Im DA  Biod turns T-its T-development T-exploration T-non military

2NRs Security k China SOI+case d  RAS CP+biod/disease turns Ptix+case d Cap K