Peter+&+Christian

=Affirmative=



Contention 1 is Inherency
Russia's...steel.
 * 1: Russia is fully committed to a Bering Strait tunnel—US support is the key barrier and the project would permanently cement US-Russian relations**
 * MOSCOW NEWS 2012 ** (“Tunneling to America?” April 28, lexis)

Contention 2 is Relations

 * 1: US-Russian relations are deteriorating—the plan is key to overcome other sources of conflict**
 * KIRACOFE 6/24/12** [Clifford A. Kiracofe, //teaches political science at Washington and Lee University and history at the Virginia Military Institute. He was formerly a Senior Professional Staff Member of the United States Senate on Foreign Relations and has extensive inside experience of American federal government,// June 24, 2012, “US, Russia need to see their ties grow”, Global Times, [], DMintz]

In... November.


 * 2: The aff cements a permanent peace of US-Russia cooperation**
 * Barry 11** [ Mark P. Barry, //Senior Fellow for Public Policy, Summit Council for World Peace,// October 04, 2011//,// “M.P. Barry Advancing the Bering Strait Tunnel Project in the United States and Canada”, Universal Peace Federation, [], DMintz]

The...peace-building.


 * We’ll isolate 4 seperate scenarios:**


 * First is global peace**


 * 1: Relations solve nuclear war, nuke terrorism, prolif, Afghanistan stability, China rise, US econ, and general peace**
 * Allison and Blackwill 11** [Graham Allison, Director, //Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs; Douglas Dillon Professor of Government; Faculty Chair, Dubai Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School,// Robert D. Blackwill, //International Council Member, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs,// October 30, 2011, “10 Reasons Why Russia Still Matters”, Belfer Center, [], DMintz]

House...interests.


 * Second is bioterror**


 * 1: Working with Russia is key to prevent bioterror and mitigate their impact**
 * Curtis 04** [Charles B. Curtis, President and Chief Operating Officer of the Nuclear Threat Initiative, December 14, 2004, “New Agenda for US-Russian Cooperation”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, [], DMintz]

We...2006).


 * 2: That’s extinction**
 * Sandberg et al 8** [Anders Sandberg, Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University. PhD in computation neuroscience, Stockholm, Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins. special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh, Milan M. Ćirković, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. Assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad, September 9, 2008, “How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?, The Bulletin, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction]

The...Law.

Steinbruner and Stein 97 [John Steinbruner, //senior fellow at the Brookings Institution//, and Sydney Stein, Jr., //chair in international security and vice chair of the committee on international security and arms control of the National Academy of Sciences,// 1997, "Biological weapons: a plague upon all houses." Foreign Policy.]
 * 3: Most likely scenario for extinction – its effects cannot be predicted making response impossible and spread immediate**

Although...limit.


 * Third is Arctic Stability**


 * 1: US-Russia cooperation prevents Arctic instability**
 * Charap et al 9** [Samuel Charap, Fellow in National Security and International Policy at the Center for American Progress; Laura Conley, Special Assistant for National Security and International Policy at the Center for American Progress; Peter Juul, Research Associate at the Center for American Progress; Andrew Light, Ph.D., Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress specializing in climate, energy, and science policy; Julian L. Wong, Senior Policy Analyst with the Energy Opportunity team at the Center for American Progress, July 2009, “After the “Reset”: A strategy and new agenda for U.S. Russia policy”] Gangeezy

The...issues.


 * 2: Artic war goes Nuclear**
 * Smith 10** [Michael Wallace Smith, //Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia and Steven Staples, President of the Rideau Institute in Ottawa//. March 2010, “Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons: A Task Long Overdue”. Canadian Pugwash Group. http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf]

Jayantha...lightly.


 * Fourth is Syrian War **


 * 1: Russia is key to a peaceful resolution on Syria**
 * Washington Post 1/30** [The Post’s View, “Saving Syria requires Russia’s cooperation,” []] Gangeezy

The....be.


 * 2: Causes escalating proxy wars**
 * Erlanger 12** [Steven, Paris bureau chief of the New York Times, “Syrian Conflict Poses the Risk of Wider Strife,” 2/25/12, @http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/world/middleeast/syrian-conflict-poses-risk-of-regional-strife.html]

As....too."


 * 3: Global nuclear war**
 * Primakov 9** [September, Yevgeny, President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation; Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; member of the Editorial Board of //Russia in Global Affairs//. This article is based on the scientific report for which the author was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2008, “The Middle East Problem in the Context of International Relations”]

The...possibility.

Contention 3 is Global Integration

 * 1: The plan leads to global rail integration—solves all war **
 * BURROUGHS 2009** (Craig Burroughs is Chairman and CEO of Northern Inter-Continental Enterprises, Inc., (NICE, Inc.) an Alaska Corporation chartered for the purpose of building the Bering Strait railway tunnels and connecting trackage between the North American and Asian rail systems. He has been CEO of several short-line and regional railroads, and is an officer and a Founding Director of the Interhemispheric Bering Strait Tunnel & Railroad Group, an Alaska not-for-profit educational corporation which has been studying and promoting the trans-Bering Strait rail link for the past 17 years. Mr. Burroughs holds a B.S. in Industrial Administration from Iowa State University('65) and an MBA with emphasis in transportation from Northwestern University's Kellogg School('70), “THE FAST TRACK TO A BETTER WORLD,” June, www.railwaytotomorrow.com/fast_track_to_a_better_world.pdf)

The...injustices.


 * 2: World rail integration is key to global trade, fair economic growth, environmental protection, and international cooperation**
 * BURROUGHS 2009** (Craig Burroughs is Chairman and CEO of Northern Inter-Continental Enterprises, Inc., (NICE, Inc.) an Alaska Corporation chartered for the purpose of building the Bering Strait railway tunnels and connecting trackage between the North American and Asian rail systems. He has been CEO of several short-line and regional railroads, and is an officer and a Founding Director of the Interhemispheric Bering Strait Tunnel & Railroad Group, an Alaska not-for-profit educational corporation which has been studying and promoting the trans-Bering Strait rail link for the past 17 years. Mr. Burroughs holds a B.S. in Industrial Administration from Iowa State University('65) and an MBA with emphasis in transportation from Northwestern University's Kellogg School('70), “THE FAST TRACK TO A BETTER WORLD,” June, [|www.railwaytotomorrow.com/fast_track_to_a_better_world.pdf])

Railway...century.

Mathew J. **__Burrows__** (counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC), PhD in European History from Cambridge University) **__and__** Jennifer **__Harris__** (a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit) April **__2009__** “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_Burrows.pdf
 * 3: World economic growth is key to solve catastrophic wars **

Of...world.


 * 4: Bering Strait tunnel would link the US and Russian electricity grids**
 * NEWSER 2011** (“Russia OKs Underwater Tunnel to Alaska,” Sep 1, http://www.newser.com/story/127481/russia-oks-underwater-bering-strait-tunnel-to-alaska.html)

How...Canada.


 * 5: Power links will be laid before the railroad is even completed—this alone pays for the project**
 * BURROUGHS 2009** (Craig Burroughs is Chairman and CEO of Northern Inter-Continental Enterprises, Inc., (NICE, Inc.) an Alaska Corporation chartered for the purpose of building the Bering Strait railway tunnels and connecting trackage between the North American and Asian rail systems. He has been CEO of several short-line and regional railroads, and is an officer and a Founding Director of the Interhemispheric Bering Strait Tunnel & Railroad Group, an Alaska not-for-profit educational corporation which has been studying and promoting the trans-Bering Strait rail link for the past 17 years. Mr. Burroughs holds a B.S. in Industrial Administration from Iowa State University('65) and an MBA with emphasis in transportation from Northwestern University's Kellogg School('70), “THE FAST TRACK TO A BETTER WORLD,” June, www.railwaytotomorrow.com/fast_track_to_a_better_world.pdf)

The...project.


 * 6: Connecting the US and Russian electrical grids spills over to unite the entire planet—solves energy availability, pollution, warming, and sustainable economic development**
 * ALEKSNADROV et al 1992** (Gregory N. Aleksnadrov, Leningrad Tech. Univ. Afzal Khan, Alaska Energy Authority Moe Aslam, Municipal Light and Power Peter Meisen, GENI Raghbir S. Basi, Alaska Pacific Univ. Brent Petrie, Alaska Energy Authority Lev S. Belyaev, Siberian Energy Institute Robert Retherford, P.E. Consultant Bob Bulmer, Alaska Dept. of Commerce Nikolai Voropai, Siberian Energy Institute Vladilen Fotin, Electrotechnical Institute Michael Wolfe, Int'l Energy Systems Consultant Vladimir Gatanov, HVDC Power Transmission Research Inst. Norio Yamamoto, Global Infrastructure Fund Japan (Attended 1/15 only) Dora Gropp, Chugach Electric Assoc. Victor Yershevich, Energoset Project “The Potential of an Electrical Interconnection Between Russia and North America” Held in Anchorage, Alaska, USA January 15-17, 1992, http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/newsletters/1992/the-potential-of-an-electrical-interconnection-between-russia-and-north-america.shtml)

Recent...warming.


 * 7: Warming causes extinction **
 * SIFY 2010 –** Sydney newspaper citing Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science at UNC (Sify News, “Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?”, []

The...science

Contention 4 is solvency

 * 1: Russia is already building rail links to complete a Bering Strait tunnel—US infrastructure in Alaska is key**
 * ASIAN NEWS INTERNATIONAL 2011** (“Russia set to complete extension rail network to Siberia by 2030,” August 23, lexis)

Russia...onwards.


 * 2: The tunnel will be completed by 2019**
 * BURROUGHS 2009** (Craig Burroughs is Chairman and CEO of Northern Inter-Continental Enterprises, Inc., (NICE, Inc.) an Alaska Corporation chartered for the purpose of building the Bering Strait railway tunnels and connecting trackage between the North American and Asian rail systems. He has been CEO of several short-line and regional railroads, and is an officer and a Founding Director of the Interhemispheric Bering Strait Tunnel & Railroad Group, an Alaska not-for-profit educational corporation which has been studying and promoting the trans-Bering Strait rail link for the past 17 years. Mr. Burroughs holds a B.S. in Industrial Administration from Iowa State University('65) and an MBA with emphasis in transportation from Northwestern University's Kellogg School('70), “THE FAST TRACK TO A BETTER WORLD,” June, www.railwaytotomorrow.com/fast_track_to_a_better_world.pdf)

Given...history.


 * 3: Shipping will rapidly pay for itself**
 * BURROUGHS 2009** (Craig Burroughs is Chairman and CEO of Northern Inter-Continental Enterprises, Inc., (NICE, Inc.) an Alaska Corporation chartered for the purpose of building the Bering Strait railway tunnels and connecting trackage between the North American and Asian rail systems. He has been CEO of several short-line and regional railroads, and is an officer and a Founding Director of the Interhemispheric Bering Strait Tunnel & Railroad Group, an Alaska not-for-profit educational corporation which has been studying and promoting the trans-Bering Strait rail link for the past 17 years. Mr. Burroughs holds a B.S. in Industrial Administration from Iowa State University('65) and an MBA with emphasis in transportation from Northwestern University's Kellogg School('70), “THE FAST TRACK TO A BETTER WORLD,” June, www.railwaytotomorrow.com/fast_track_to_a_better_world.pdf)

Once...opening.


 * 4: US and Russia are key—other countries will get on board**
 * RUSSIA & CIS BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL NEWSWIRE 2012** (“Russian Railways chief believes tunnel can be built under Bering Strait,” April 9, lexis)

A...said.


 * 5: Tunnel to Russia feasible – also boosts trade development**
 * Douglas 7** < Rachel. “Russian-American Team: World Needs Bering Strait Tunnel!” Executive Intelligence Review. May 7, 2007. http://www.larouchepub.com/other/2007/3418bering_conf.html>//CS

Several...world.


 * 6: Leading engineers conclude the aff is feasible**
 * FTSE Global Markets 07** [FTSE Global Markets, June 2007, “Strait Across”, Issue 19, [], DMintz]

A...years.


 * 7: The aff solves US-Russian relations and spills over to broader cooperation**


 * BARRY 2011** (Mark P. Barry, Senior Fellow for Public Policy, Summit Council for World Peace, “Advancing the Bering Strait Tunnel Project in the United States and Canada,” Oct 4, http://www.upf.org/component/content/article/4017-mp-barry-advancing-the-bering-strait-tunnel-project-in-the-united-states-and-canada)

A...project.


 * 8) Only a tunnel solves—bridge would fail**
 * BURROUGHS 2009** (Craig Burroughs is Chairman and CEO of Northern Inter-Continental Enterprises, Inc., (NICE, Inc.) an Alaska Corporation chartered for the purpose of building the Bering Strait railway tunnels and connecting trackage between the North American and Asian rail systems. He has been CEO of several short-line and regional railroads, and is an officer and a Founding Director of the Interhemispheric Bering Strait Tunnel & Railroad Group, an Alaska not-for-profit educational corporation which has been studying and promoting the trans-Bering Strait rail link for the past 17 years. Mr. Burroughs holds a B.S. in Industrial Administration from Iowa State University('65) and an MBA with emphasis in transportation from Northwestern University's Kellogg School('70), “THE FAST TRACK TO A BETTER WORLD,” June, www.railwaytotomorrow.com/fast_track_to_a_better_world.pdf)

Preliminary...hyrdopower.