Jessi+Meadows+and+Byron+Chin

Executive Order 12333 authorizes foreign surveillance, but the NSA is using it to exploit loopholes to create backdoor access for wholly domestic communications
Legal Loopholes. In Section 2 we start by describing the current U.S AND . soil (e.g., from Harvard University to Boston University).
 * Arnbak and Goldberg 14-** cybersecurity and information law research at the Institute for Information Law, LL.M degree from Leiden University, A Competitive Strategy and Game Theory degree from London School of Economics University of Amsterdam; Associate professor in the Computer Science Department at Boston University, phD from Princeton University, B.A.S.c from University of Toronto (Axel and Sharon, "Loopholes for Circumventing the Constitution: Warrantless Bulk Surveillance on Americans by Collecting the Network Traffic Abroad", Working Paper, June 27, 2014)//TT

The perception that the NSA is using the XO 12333 back-door to circumvent section 702 is causing a global backlash against US tech companies and driving data localization
Eoyang, 14 - Mieke Eoyang is the Director of the National Security Program at Third Way, a center-left think tank. She previously served as Defense Policy Advisor to Senator Edward M. Kennedy, and a subcommittee staff director on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, as well as as Chief of Staff to Rep. Anna Eshoo (D-Palo Alto) ("A Modest Proposal: FAA Exclusivity for Collection Involving U.S. Technology Companies" Lawfare, 11/24, http://www.lawfareblog.com/modest-proposal-faa-exclusivity-collection-involving-us-technology-companies Beyond 215 and FAA, media reports have suggested that there have been collection programs AND to provide their customers with some sense of how many requests are made.

The US needs to draw a sharp distinction between domestic and national security surveillance to make the US Internet Freedom agenda credible – otherwise global internet fragmentation will result
Fontaine, 14 – President of the Center for a New American Security; was foreign policy advisor to Senator John McCain for more than five years; Worked at the State Department, the National Security Council and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee; was associate director for near Eastern affairs at the National Security Council; B.A. in International Relations from Tulan University (Richard, "Bringing Liberty Online; Reenergizing the Internet Freedom Agenda in a Post-Snowden Era", Center for a New American Security, September 18, 2014, http://www.cnas.org/sites/default/files/publications-pdf/CNAS_BringingLibertyOnline_Fontaine.pdf)//TT The 2013 revelations of mass surveillance by the U.S. government transformed the AND that EU officials said stemmed directly from worries after the Snowden disclosures.32

Data localization will end internet freedom and cause global democratic rollbacks
Hill, 14 – Internet Policy at U.S. Department of Commerce (Jonah, "The Growth of Data Localization Post-Snowden: Analysis and Recommendations for U.S. Policymakers and Business Leaders", The Hague Institute for Global Justice, Conference on the Future of Cyber Governance, 2014, May 1, 2014, SSRN)//TT Free Expression and Internet Freedoms Are Not Well Served Most troubling of all the AND localization – namely, security for communications and economic development – are illusory.

Democracy as spread by the global internet is vital to the emergence of global publics – that's the key to solving all existential impacts
Keane, 11 – Professor of Politics at the University of Sydney (John, "Democracy in the Age of Google, Facebook and WikiLeaks" http://sydney.edu.au/arts/downloads/news/ALR.pdf) Communicative abundance enables one other trend that is of life-and-death importance AND to those whose lives it currently shapes and reshapes, secures or wrecks.

A free internet is vital to combating every existential threat
Eagleman, 10 - American neuroscientist and writer at Baylor College of Medicine, where he directs the Laboratory for Perception and Action and the Initiative on Neuroscience and Law (David, "Six ways the internet will save civilization" Wired, 9/10, http://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2010/12/start/apocalypse-no Many great civilisations have fallen, leaving nothing but cracked ruins and scattered genetics. AND to suggest that the net may just be the technology that saves us.

Data localization will destroy global economic growth
Chandler and Le, 15 - * Director, California International Law Center, Professor of Law and Martin Luther King, Jr. Hall Research Scholar, University of California, Davis; A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Yale Law School AND **Free Speech and Technology Fellow, California International Law Center; A.B., Yale College; J.D., University of California, Davis School of Law (Anupam and Uyen, "DATA NATIONALISM" 64 Emory L.J. 677, lexis) C. Economic Development Many governments believe that by forcing companies to localize data AND aggregating data across borders. We discuss the impacts on these trends below.

That causes World War 3
James, 14 - Professor of history at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School who specializes in European economic history (Harold, "Debate: Is 2014, like 1914, a prelude to world war?" 7/3, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/read-and-vote-is-2014-like-1914-a-prelude-to-world-war/article19325504/) Some of the dynamics of the pre-1914 financial world are now re- AND temptation to roll the dice, even though the game may be fatal.

NSA surveillance is crushing U.S. cloud-computing – decks competitiveness and spills over to the entire tech sector
by U.S. firms, gaining market share in the process.
 * Donohue 15 – Professor of Law, Georgetown Law and Director, Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown Law (Lauren, HIGH TECHNOLOGY, CONSUMER PRIVACY, AND U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY, Symposium Articles, 4 Am. U. Bus. L. Rev. 11 p.15-18, 2015, Hein Online)//JJ**
 * I. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NSA PROGRAMS**
 * The NSA programs, and public awareness**
 * AND**

The best and newest research confirms the link
Marthews and Tucker, 15 – * National Chair at Restore the Fourth AND **PhD in economics and professor of Marketing at MIT (Alex and Catherine, "Government Surveillance and Internet Search Behavior", 29 April 2015, file:///C:/Users/17GGonzalez/Downloads/SSRN-id2412564%20(2).pdf)//gg This study is the first to provide substantial empirical documentation of a chilling effect, AND potential for effects of government surveillance practices on commercial outcomes and international competitiveness.

That undermines US global technological leadership
Castro and McQuinn 15, Daniel Castro works at the Center for Data Innovation, Government Technology, The Information Technology & Innovation Foundation, worked at the U.S. Government Accountability Office, went to Carnegie Mellon. Alan McQuinn works at the Federal Communications Commission, previously had the Bill Archer Fellowship at the University of Texas, (June 2015, "Beyond the USA Freedom Act: How U.S. Surveillance Still Subverts U.S. Competitiveness", file:///C:/Users/Mark/Downloads/2015-beyond-usa-freedom-act.pdf)//AK CONCLUSION When historians write about this period in U.S. history it AND . government enable its tech industry to effectively compete in the global market.

Tech leadership is the primary driver of hegemony –
So what accounts for America's transformative capacity? AND primarily) a commercial matter—even when the NSS "goes commercial.
 * Weiss 14 – Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, Professor Emeritus in Government and International Relations at the University of Sydney, Honorary Professor of Political Science at Aarhus University. (Linda, America Inc.?: Innovation and Enterprise in the National Security State, Cornell University Press, 4/1/14, p. 1-3)//JJ**
 * NSS=National Security State**

Hegemonic decline causes great power wars
Zhang et al., Carnegie Endowment researcher, 2011 (Yuhan, "America's decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry", 1-22, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/, ldg) This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it AND forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Cloud computing is key to effective space situational awareness – prevents space debris collisions with satellites
Space situational awareness Within the last two decades, the downstream services AND -based architecture for space surveillance and tracking, algorithm development and comparison.
 * Johnston et al 13 – Ph.D. with the Computational Engineering and Design Group (CED) at the University of Southampton, MEng degree in Software Engineering from the School of Electronics and Computer Science, Senior Research Fellow for the Faculty of Engineering and the Environment at University of Southampton (Steven, Neil O'Brien – Senior Technical Recruiter at Colloco Search, Hugh Lewis – Astronautics Research Group at the University of Southampton, PhD, Elizabeth Hart – School of Engineering Science at Southampton University, Adam White – School of Engineering Science at Southampton University, Simon Cox – professor of Computational Methods and Director of the Microsoft Institute for High Performance Computing, PhD, Clouds in Space: Scientific Computing using Windows Azure, Journal of Cloud Computing, 2013, http://www.journalofcloudcomputing.com/content/pdf/2192-113X-2-2.pdf)//JJ**

Debris collisions decks satellites – extinction
Moore 9 – Professor of Economics and International Affairs, M.S. and Ph.D. in economics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Mike, Space Debris: From Nuisance to Nightmare, Foreign Policy, 2/12/9, **http://foreignpolicy.com/2009/02/12/space-debris-from-nuisance-to-nightmare/)//JJ** When satellites collide in space, should ordinary people be worried? Here's a scenario AND If not, the space-is-ruined scenario could become reality.**

Plan
====The United States federal government should limit domestic surveillance for foreign intelligence purposes of American corporations exclusively to authority under section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act.====

The plan's curtailment of surveillance of U.S. companies to exclusive section 702 authority is vital to restoring domestic and international trust in surveillance
Eoyang and Bishai, 15 - *Mieke Eoyang is the Director of the National Security Program at Third Way, a center-left think tank. She previously served as Defense Policy Advisor to Senator Edward M. Kennedy, and a subcommittee staff director on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, as well as as Chief of Staff to Rep. Anna Eshoo (D-Palo Alto); **Chrissy Bishai is a Fellow at Third Way ("Restoring Trust between U.S. Companies and Their Government on Surveillance Issues" 3/19, http://www.thirdway.org/report/restoring-trust-between-us-companies-and-their-government-on-surveillance-issues Fixing the Problem Means Changing the Existing Legal Framework Currently, the U. AND, they bring with them American values, including those of privacy protections.

Limiting the use of surveillance on US-based servers to national security interests and increasing transparency regarding surveillance is vital to restoring trust and US credibility
Kehl, 14 – Policy Analyst at New America's Open Technology Institute (Danielle, "Surveillance Costs: The NSA's Impact on the Economy, Internet Freedom & Cybersecurity" July, https://www.newamerica.org/oti/surveillance-costs-the-nsas-impact-on-the-economy-internet-freedom-cybersecurity/ The NSA mass surveillance programs described in the introduction, conducted domestically pursuant to USA AND a leadership role in the promotion of better international standards around surveillance practices.


 * Aff 2--**

=Islamophobia 1ac=

1ac w USFG
Death came instantly to Imam Luqman, as four FBI agents fired semiautomatic rifles from AND more anxious about Muslim Americans being terrorists than they had been before. 16
 * ====Domestic surveillance is a militarized, extrajudicial tool used to target Muslims and black people birthed from COINTELPRO. We begin by telling the brief story of Luqman Abdullah, a Muslim imam and community activist who served thousands while renouncing violence. His peaceful community service couldn't save him—he was "unfinished business" from COINTELPRO and was surveilled, infiltrated and assassinated by federal agents because he dared to challenge violent racial oppression.====**
 * Kundnani, 15**—Arun, Professor of Terror Studies and Media @ NYU & John Jay College, formerly a Fellow @ Leiden U (Netherlands), an Open Society Fellow, and Editor of Race and Class. The Muslims are Coming! Islamophobia, Extremism and the Domestic War on Terror, p. 1-5 –BR


 * ====Luqman Abdullah's targeting didn't begin after 9/11—it began in the middle passage. After Abdullah and others formed a kinship with Malcolm X and Marcus Garvey to attempt to achieve liberation from white supremacy, mainstream Muslim organizations were targeted and shifted to the fatal decision to instead try to pass as the model minority out of fear. ====**


 * ====That "whiteness card" was quickly revoked after the Cold War and 9/11, when Islam was violently converted from a religion to a race—the process of racialization. Instead of protesting racialized mass violence, many Muslims again doubled-down on loyalty proclamations to the U.S., a survival strategy that accepted Muslims as second-class citizens begging for patriotic forgiveness. ====**


 * ====Islamophobic policies mask the worst forms of ongoing structural violence and you have an ethical duty to challenge them.====**

As scholars such as Eqbal Ahmad pointed out even before the war on terror, AND call extremism is to a large degree a product of their own wars.
 * ====Luqman Abdullah's story reveals that Islamophobic policies mask the worst forms of ongoing structural violence—The characterization of Muslims as inherently violent is used to excuse mass Western violence—challenging it independently exposes the structural violence of invasive state control and racism ====**
 * Kundnani, 15**—Arun, Professor of Terror Studies and Media @ NYU & John Jay College, formerly a Fellow @ Leiden U (Netherlands), an Open Society Fellow, and Editor of Race and Class. The Muslims are Coming! Islamophobia, Extremism and the Domestic War on Terror, p. 21-25 –BR

====Islamophobia shapes US imperialist foreign policy—notions of western superiority are a critical tool to drum up support for militaristic and elitist interventions, creating a global order of inequality and destructiveness.==== [09/11/13, Deepa Kumar is an Associate Professor of Media Studies and Middle Eastern Studies at the Rutgers University. She is the author of Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire and Outside the Box: Corporate Media, Globalization, and the UPS Strike being interviewed by Jessica Desvarieux, The Real News Network, "Twelve Years Post 9/11, Islamophobia Still Runs High", http://truth-out.org/video/item/18759-twelve-years-post-9-11-islamophobia-still-runs-high] KUMAR: Absolutely not. I think it is true that larger numbers of conservative AND Americans and people who look Muslim have been demonized since 9/11.
 * Kumar 13**

**Thus the plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially curtail its domestic surveillance of Muslim communities.
====The popular conception of surveillance focuses on a series of wires, but violence against minority and anti-racist political activists goes deeper—Abdullah's death is the latest in a long line of deadly uses of countersubversion through infiltration—this surveillance tactic has been used to disrupt challengers of institutionalized racism since the rise of COINTELPRO.====

The reading of the 1AC refuses the FBI's attempt to silence dissent against American empire and opens up genuinely radical political alternatives by challenging institutional racism.
Two main modes of thinking pervade the war on terror, one predominantly among conservatives AND recent years is the best approach to reducing so-called jihadist terrorism.
 * Kundnani, 15**—Arun, Professor of Terror Studies and Media @ NYU & John Jay College, formerly a Fellow @ Leiden U (Netherlands), an Open Society Fellow, and Editor of Race and Class. The Muslims are Coming! Islamophobia, Extremism and the Domestic War on Terror, p. 10-15 –BR

====Centering our praxis in this space is key—interrogating islamophobia in educational settings is critical to establish a critical consciousness that enables larger political projects that break down status quo conceptions of what domestic surveillance is.==== [Jan. 04 2012, Shirin Housee works at the School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, UK "What's the point? Anti-racism and students' voices against Islamophobia", Volume 15, Issue 1] Having reflected on the two seminar sessions on Islamophobia and the student comments, I AND is to education that our attention should be directed.' (162)
 * Housee 12, Senior Lecturer in Sociology**

Deconstructing and interrogating flawed assumptions behind Islamophobia is critical to establish a transformative and liberatory pedagogy that enables us as agents to challenge racist dynamics
[2004, Jasmin Zine is a researcher studying Muslims in the Canadian diaspora. She teaches graduate courses in the Department of Sociology and Equity Studies in Education at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto in the areas of race and ethnicity, anti-racism education and critical ethnography., "Anti-Islamophobia Education as Transformative Pedadogy: Reflections from the Educational Front Lines", American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:3] As an anti-racism scholar and educator, fellow colleagues and I realized from AND " is important to exposing how power operates through the politics of representation.
 * Zine 4, Professor of Sociology and Equity Studies**


 * NEG--**
 * Past 2NR's**

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ptx 

state pic 

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and terror