Kristin+Tingle+&+Tyler+Durwood

=Past 2NRs= -Appeasement + SED Reciprocation Conditions CP -Topicality QPQ -Gender IR K

=Contact-= kristin.tingle@barstowschool.org tyler.durwood@barstowschool.org

= Arctic AFF 1AC =

====Plan: The United States should offer to support and pursue full member status in the Arctic Council for China if China agrees to participate in bilateral cooperative agreements regarding Arctic scientific research, environmental monitoring and environmental policy issues.====

China won't back Arctic warming initiatives, decking broader US-China warming cooperation – supporting Beijing's Arctic status is key
On Sunday and Monday, foreign ministers and other international leaders met in Anchorage, AND Paris summit, and for U.S.-China cooperation in general.
 * Tiezzi, 15**—Shannon, Editor at The Diplomat, previously served as a research associate at the U.S.-China Policy Foundation, MA @ Harvard, also studied at Tsinghua University in Beijing. "Why Did China Opt Out of the Arctic Climate Change Statement?" The Diplomat, Sept 1, http://thediplomat.com/2015/09/why-did-china-opt-out-of-the-arctic-climate-change-statement/ —br

Cooperation is on the brink – China's carefully assessing US signals of commitment
The Supreme Court's surprise decision Tuesday to halt the carrying out of President Obama's climate AND . Then President George W. Bush pulled the United States out entirely.
 * Davenport, 16**—Coral, covers energy and climate change policy at The New York Times, previously a fellow with the Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting and covered energy and the environment for National Journal, Politico, and Congressional Quarterly. "Supreme Court's Blow to Emissions Efforts May Imperil Paris Climate Accord," New York Times (NYT), Feb 10, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/11/us/politics/carbon-emissions-paris-climate-accord.html —br

Only the plan can revive cooperation – it spurs highly-visible, lasting change to combat warming
Fifth, joint Arctic marine research is an arena with much promise. Joint oceanographic AND within their already existing dialogue and in international organizations including the Arctic Council.
 * Slayton and Brigham, 15**—David Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. Lawson W. Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, a fellow at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy's Center for Arctic Study & Policy, and a member of Hoover's Arctic Security Initiative. "Strengthen Arctic cooperation between the US and China," Aug 27, Alaska Dispatch News (ADN), http://www.adn.com/article/20150827/strengthen-arctic-cooperation-between-us-and-china —br

We can still avoid the worst impacts of warming

 * Stover 2015** - contributing editor at the Bulletin

Dawn, "Climate change: irreversible but not unstoppable," Feb 26, thebulletin.org/climate-change-irreversible-not-unstoppable8044 Out of the fire and into the frying pan. The inevitability of climate change AND we stopped at two nuclear bombs. We can stop at two degrees.

Arctic cooperation now is vital to combatting warming – it's the epicenter of wider US-China climate efforts
Five key areas of cooperation can enhance Arctic cooperation between the U.S. AND the linkages of the polar regions to global change is another fruitful course ahead
 * Slayton and Brigham, 15**—David Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. Lawson W. Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, a fellow at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy's Center for Arctic Study & Policy, and a member of Hoover's Arctic Security Initiative. "Strengthen Arctic cooperation between the US and China," Aug 27, Alaska Dispatch News (ADN), http://www.adn.com/article/20150827/strengthen-arctic-cooperation-between-us-and-china —br

US-China cooperation on warming is key – they're the two largest emitters and drive multilateral action – renewed cooperation is vital
The Paris Summit in December 2015 is being seen as the "last chance" AND government retreats from efforts to curb emissions in favor of stabilizing economic growth.
 * Hongzhou, 15**—Zhang, Associate Research Fellow with the China Programme @ S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) at Nanyang Technological University (Singapore). "China-US Climate Change Cooperation: Beyond Energy," The Diplomat, Oct 13, http://thediplomat.com/2015/10/china-us-climate-change-cooperation-beyond-energy/ —br

CLIMATE change puts humanity at risk. The Pope's celebrated encyclical letter on the subject AND be very effective in overcoming the current inertia that climate negotiations suffer from.
 * ====Expert consensus that warming is real and existential – it shatters the scales of cost-benefit analysis ====**
 * Treich and Rheinberger, 15**—Christoph Rheinberger (Professor of Health Policy and Management @ Harvard) and Nicolas Treich (Professor at the Toulouse School of Economics). Citing Weitzman (economist @ Harvard) and Bostrom (prof @ Oxford). "On the economics of the end of the world as we know it," The Economist, http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2015/07/climate-change — br

Warming is real, anthropogenic, and threatens extinction
Although most of us worry about other things, climate scientists have become increasingly worried AND the whole world to replace dirty energy with clean as soon as possible.
 * Griffin, 15 –** Professor of Philosophy at Claremont, David, "The climate is ruined. So can civilization even survive?", 4-14, http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/14/opinion/co2-crisis-griffin/

Warming induced agricultural decline can't sustain linear population increase – famine
The USDA today unveiled a new report warning that global warming will continue to cut AND substantial commitments will agreed upon, but Obama stressed the situation is dire.
 * Tomson '15** (Bill; December 2, 2015; USDA report details climate change threat to U.S. and global agriculture; writer for AgriPulse; www.agri-pulse.com/USDA-report-details-climate-change-threat-to-US-global-agriculture-12022015.asp; 6/19/16; mbc)

Food insecurity causes war

 * Brinkman and Hendrix 2011**

Henk-Jan [Chief, Policy, Planning and Application in the Peacebuilding Support Office of the United Nations] and Cullen S. [Assistant Professor, The College of William & Mary, and Fellow, Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law,]; Food Insecurity and Violent Conflict: Causes, Consequences, and Addressing the Challenges; World Food Programme, Occassional Paper 24; July Rising food prices contribute to food insecurity, which is a clear and serious threat AND potential social, economic, and political costs of inaction are even greater.

And our Reps Good: Our frame for climate change alters the paradigm for climate debates, spurring action

 * Watson 2016** - associate professor at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, president of the Society for Conservation Biology and director of the science and research initiative at the Wildlife Conservation Society

James, "Bring climate change back from the future," Nature 534:7608, doi:10.1038/534437a The death of the last individual of the last population of a mammal species, AND harness the fears of the future to address the realities of the present.

Underlying his plan is an overlooked but crucial subsidiary benefit that he outlined: offloading AND are scientifically convoluted cataclysms in which casualties are postponed, often for generations.
 * ====Prioritize solutions to warming-its impacts are underrepresented in decision calculus====**
 * Nixon 11** (Rob Nixon is the Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, NY Times Contributor and former is an affiliate of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies the Harvard University Press 2011 "Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor" Pg 2-3 http://www.elimeyerhoff.com/books/nixon-rob—slow-violence-and-the-environmentalism-of-the-poor.pdf)

Advantage Two is Multilateralism –
Britain leaving the EU could signal a new shift away from multilateralism as leaders around AND does not play a constructive role in multilateral institutions, including the EU.
 * ====Brexit was just the tip of the iceberg – multilateralism is collapsing, but demonstrated political will and can revive it====**
 * Wurf, 16**—Hannah, Research Associate working in the G20 Studies Centre at the Lowy Institute. Her research interests are global governance and multilateralism, June 9, Online: "http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2016/06/09/What-the-UK-needs-now-is-more-multilateralism-not-less.aspx", Article: "What the UK needs now is more multilateralism, not less" Accessed on: 06-24-16//AWW

More importantly, the international community is facing bigger and unpredicted challenges and serious irrational AND there are challenges, which go beyond state sovereignty and nationalistic security thinking.
 * ====Arctic environmental cooperation spills over to boost multilateral cooperation globally, but it's on the brink – our impact is reverse causal – cooperation creates a paradigmatic governance shift that halts warfare and several other immediate existential risks====**
 * Heinenen, 16**—Lassi, Professor of Arctic Politics @ University of Lapland, Finland. author of more than 200 scientific publications and is the editor of The Arctic Yearbook. "High Arctic Stability as an Asset for Storms of International Politics," Future Security of the Global Arctic: State Policy, Economic Security and Climate, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 4-8 http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137468246 —br

The Arctic will continue to be a strategically important region into the future as nations AND opportunity to reinforce strong maritime governance in the Arctic for their mutual benefit.
 * ====The plan's signal drives cooperation which is key for multi-lat – the US has a narrow window as Arctic Council leaders to lock in cooperation – it spills over to solve South China Sea conflict====**
 * Dwyer, 15**— Commander William G. Dwyer III, United States Coast Guard, "China's Strategic Interests in the Arctic," NDU Press 3rd Place Paper, United States Army War College, Joint Force Quarterly, NDU Press, http://uscga.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=65722, p. 18-20

Imagine for a moment that the social world is a bit like an onion- AND and parcel of each and every practice that makes the world go round.
 * ====Multilateral diplomacy is the only explanatory force behind global order that without risks existential threats– multiple theoretical perspectives and empirics confirm that we control the internal link to all global crises ====**
 * Pouliot, 16**—Dr. Vincent, Scholar and Professor @ McGill U, Director of the Centre for International Peace and Security Studies, twice awarded the Lemieux Prize for the best thesis in political science. International Pecking Orders: The Politics and Practice of Multilateral Diplomacy, Cambridge Press. p. 254-9 –br