Thomas+and+Vincent

State sovereignty over immigration has been crushed by ICE’s use of state and local police
Writing about immigration federalism has, like much federalism scholarship…. turning every local criminal arrest into an immigration screening event puts local officials in charge of those priorities.
 * Cox and Miles 2014** † Professor of Law, NYU School of Law; Clifton R. Musser Professor of Law and Economics and Walter Mander Research Scholar, University of Chicago Law School. (Adam and Thomas, “The Real World of Immigration Federalism”, http://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/upload_documents/Adam%20Cox%20The%20Real%20World%20of%20Immigration%20Federalism_2.pdf)//AN

Changes to ICE’s 287g now compel state and local police to cooperate in surveilling for immigration through task forces AND technological gathering – This crushes immigration federalism
C. Informational End Runs and the Eroding Boundaries of Immigration Federalism…. the institutional lines between federal, state, and local institutions, on the other.120
 * Kalhan 2013** Associate Professor of Law, Drexel University (Anil, “Immigration Policing and Federalism Through the Lens of Technology, Surveillance, and Privacy”, Vol. 74:6, pg. 1134, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2013/12/14-Kalhan.pdf)//AN

Federal limiting of state and local police cooperation with the ICE solves immigration federalism
B. Immigration Federalism and Information Federalism One important means of fostering and facilitating these kinds of constraints…. whether as a matter of constitutional doctrine, legislation, or technological design.229
 * Kalhan 2013** Associate Professor of Law, Drexel University (Anil, “Immigration Policing and Federalism Through the Lens of Technology, Surveillance, and Privacy”, Vol. 74:6, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2013/12/14-Kalhan.pdf)//AN

Federal policy is __already discriminatory__ against undocumented people—state experimentalism with immigration is best because impacts are small and states can foster better policies for the future
To demonstrate how a statutory preemption understanding of federal exclusivity works in practice, consider…. the harm will have been limited geographically. ====Immigration federalism is key to international perception, policy experimentalism, and individual rights—also //none// of their turns apply either—It’s a “self-check” system that prevents states from enacting __racist__ policies—this card is fire==== B. Immigration through a Federalism Lens The federalism debate, raging for more than two centuries, provides a rich vocabulary… from undertaking particular immigration regulations, it always can statutorily preempt specified conduct.
 * Huntington 2008** Associate Professor, University of Colorado Law School; J.D. Columbia Law School; (Clare, “The Constitutional Dimension of Immigration Federalism”, http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1181&context=faculty_scholarship)//AN
 * Huntington 2008** Associate Professor, University of Colorado Law School; J.D. Columbia Law School; (Clare, “The Constitutional Dimension of Immigration Federalism”, http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1181&context=faculty_scholarship)//AN

A state based approach to immigration is __vital__ to solve the division of high skilled labor through state sponsored visas
U.S. immigration policy currently prevents many productive foreign workers and entrepreneurs from contributing to the American economy…. __Similar policies have worked well elsewhere__.
 * Fuller and Rust 2014** Research scholar at New York University and deputy director of the Urbanization Project at the NYU Stern School of Business. Rust is a practicing attorney and a recent graduate of Temple University’s Beasley School of Law (Brandon and Sean, “State-Based Visas A Federalist Approach to Reforming U.S. Immigration Policy”, http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa748_web_1.pdf)//AN

Independently, specialized immigration visas are __key__ to foster scientific growth—that solves science diplomacy
Leverage Science Diplomacy Now to Boost U.S. Foreign Policy In 1979, a science and technology agreement between the United States and China … The opportunity to strengthen that tool and advance our diplomatic goals should not be missed.
 * Pickering and Agre 10** (Thomas R., Advisory Council – Civilian Research and Development Foundation, and Dr. Peter, Director – Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and President – American Association for the Advancement of Science, "More opportunities needed for U.S. researchers to work with their foreign counterparts", Partnership for a Secure America, 2-9, http://www.psaonline.org/article.php?id=634)//AN

Science diplomacy is key to solve a litany of impacts
Federoff 8 – professor of biology at Penn State University known for her research on biology and life sciences, president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (April 2008, “International Science and Technology Cooperation: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Research and Science Education,” Committee on Science and Technology, []) mj Chairman Baird, Ranking Member Ehlers, and distinguished members of the Subcommittee, thank you for this opportunity ….. , increase global partnerships, and create sustainability.

Plan reestablishes trust in local law enforcement
Gascon 13 (George Gascon is the District Attorney in San Francisco, “Why cops should back immigration reform,” 6/19/13, Date Accessed: 7/7/15, [], SZ) When immigrants -- unauthorized or authorized - feel isolated…. with the United States already spending more than $17 billion annually on immigration and border enforcement.

Mistrust in police drives Immigrants to participate or rely on gangs – Increases involvement
Cave 14 (Damien Cave is a foreign correspondent for The New York Times, “Crime, Migrants and Politics Intersect on Tulsa Streets,” New York Times Late Edition 6/7/14, Date Accessed: 7/10/15, Lexis, SZ) The city police, however, see things differently…. several city officers said, immigrants are typically seen as inviting targets.

** Immigrant gangs are developing ties to terrorist organizations that will attack the U.S. **
Killebrew ’08 -- retired Army Col. And researcher at the Center for a New American Strategy (Robert, “A New Threat: The Crossover of Urban Gang Warfare and Terrorism”, file:///C:/Users/clarkj/Downloads/killebrewgangs.pdf) A growing body of evidence shows that criminal gang activities….. the United States will be increasingly vulnerable to civil violence and catastrophic attack from within.

Nuclear terror kills billons
Brill and Luongo ’12 [Kenneth C. Brill is a former U.S. ambassador to the I.A.E.A. Kenneth N. Luongo is president of the Partnership for Global Security. Both are members of the Fissile Material Working Group, a nonpartisan nongovernmental organization. “Nuclear Terrorism: A Clear Danger” //The New York Times//, 3/15/12 ln ] There is a consensus among international leaders that the threat of nuclear terrorism is real…. create “a second death toll throughout the developing world.”

Fear of local police is crushing immigrant frequency of small businesses
Branche 11 ( Afton Branche -Georgetown University B.S. in Foreign Service, Culture and Politics, International Development. "The Cost of Failure: The Burden of Immigraton Enforcement in America's Cities." Drum Major Institute for Public Policy. April 2011. http://uncoverthetruth.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/DMI-Cost-of-Failure.pdf)//lb Immigration enforcement undercuts the vital contributions immigrants make to urban economies…. fiscal crises can scarcely afford to pursue immigration enforcement policies that risk reducing immigrants’ economic activities.

The limitation of small businesses are preventing a recovery and actual growth
You can’t understand the current state of the U.S. economy without understanding the role of small businesses….. which is why analysts fall back on the idea that sluggish growth is now the “new normal”. It is not.
 * Shepherdson 13’** (Ian [Ian Shepherdson is an award-winning British economist. He is the founder and Chief Economist of Pantheon Macroeconomics, an economic research firm located in Newcastle, England, with an office in White Plains, New York] Small Businesses Are The (Missing) Key To A Full Economic Recovery, http://www.forbes.com/sites/ianshepherdson/2013/09/10/small-businesses-are-the-missing-key-to-a-full-economic-recovery/)

Economic stagnation causes extinction
Richard N. Haass 13, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, 4/30/13, “The World Without America,” [] Let me posit a radical idea:….. That would be bad not just for Americans, but for the vast majority of the planet’s inhabitants.

The shift from Secure Communities to Priority Enforcement has led to no improvement – Local police entanglement creates illegal detainment, racial profiling and community distrust – It must end.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) rolled out a new immigration enforcement program this month… Secure Communities program led to an erosion of police-community trust. PEP appears to be no different.
 * Pasquarella 6/27/15** -- J.D. with a Certificate in Refugee and Humanitarian Emergencies from Georgetown University Law Center, ACLU Southern California (JENNIE “ICE Plays Name Game”, []//JC)

New changes in policy mean no link uniqueness, but are wrought with loopholes – Only complete disentanglement solves

 * IRLC ’15 **(“Life After “PEP-Comm” - Immigrant Legal Resource Center”, [|__http://www.ilrc.org/files/documents/ilrc_organizers_advisory-2015-01_06.pdf__].//JC)

On November 20, 2014, Presid”ent Obama announced executive reforms to the immigration system, including…. We must continue pushing for a complete disentanglement between local law enforcement and ICE.

Post plan, the raids of immigrants will end – ICE doesn’t have the resources
Immigration law enforcement agents generally do not have license…. Instead, ICE works closely with criminal law enforcement agencies to apprehend immigrants.
 * Golash-Boza 12’ ** (Tanya [Associate Professor at UC Merced] Racial Profiling and Mass Deportation of Black and Latino Men, __http://www.racismreview.com/blog/2012/05/15/racial-profiling-and-mass-deportation-of-black-and-latino-men/__ )

ICE has targeted its surveillance of immigrant populations through extending federal authorities to state and local police officers
Inda et. al ’13 – Chair and Associate Professor of Latina/Latino Studies, Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1997. His research areas include the politics of immigration, governmentality and life politics, the critical study of race and medicine, the anthropology of globalization, and Latino populations in the United States. Dr. Inda is currently Associate Professor of Latina/Latino Studies and Criticism and Interpretive Theory. (Jonathan Xavier Inda & Julie A. Dowling, “Governing Immigration through Crime”, TS) Soon after ICE began raiding homes, the agency also started to focus on worksite AND in California (as in many other states), they are disproportionately affected.

====ICE, through local and state police surveillance, reeks havoc on the psychological state of immigrant populations, engaging in varying policies that dehumanize entire communities, in an attempt to control and securatize==== Inda et. al ’13 – Chair and Associate Professor of Latina/Latino Studies, Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1997. His research areas include the politics of immigration, governmentality and life politics, the critical study of race and medicine, the anthropology of globalization, and Latino populations in the United States. Dr. Inda is currently Associate Professor of Latina/Latino Studies and Criticism and Interpretive Theory. (Jonathan Xavier Inda & Julie A. Dowling, “Governing Immigration through Crime”, pg. 20-21) Shifting to the effects of interior policing, we find that workplace raids have also AND families apart, and generally //deny immigrants human dignity// and peace of mind.

These ICE programs act as a form of ‘racial governance’ used to manipulate populations that pose a risk to mainstream society
Inda et. al ’13 – Chair and Associate Professor of Latina/Latino Studies, Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1997. His research areas include the politics of immigration, governmentality and life politics, the critical study of race and medicine, the anthropology of globalization, and Latino populations in the United States. Dr. Inda is currently Associate Professor of Latina/Latino Studies and Criticism and Interpretive Theory. (Jonathan Xavier Inda & Julie A. Dowling, “Governing Immigration through Crime”, pg. 21-22, TS) Crucially, the heavy policing of migrant illegality has had a profound and highly negative AND Mexico border, workplace raids, and local police involvement in immigration matters.

ICE institutionalizes racism versus immigrant populations
This Article contends that the evolution of immigration laws and the manner in which **__immigration__** , and the sea change to enforcement through employer sanctions enacted in 1986.
 * Hing 09’** (Bill Ong [University of San Francisco-School of Law] http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=331631)
 * __AND__**

And, ICE profiling criminalizes immigrant LGTBQ communities
Gehi 13 (Pooja Gehi graduated from American University's Washington College (WCL) of Law in 2004 with a JD/MA in international affairs. At WCL she was the board chair of her National Lawyers Guild Law School Chapter. "Gendered (In)security: Migration and Criminalization in the Security State." The Dukeminier Awards Best Sexual Orientation Law Review Articles. 2013. 12 Dukeminier Awares 357. Lexis.)//lb The United States has a long history of hyper-criminalization, disproportionate imprisonment, AND example of why equal protection under the law is not indicative of reality.

A) ** Domestic and Sexual violence **
Foley 4-21-15 (Elise, “Fear Of Deportation May Be Keeping Latino Victims Of Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault From Seeking Help”, []) WASHINGTON -- A new study of the Latino community's views on domestic violence and sexual AND immigration authorities in part to encourage victims to feel safe in coming forward.

University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson.
 * B)** **Health Care**
 * Lehman ’14** (Shereen, “Language barriers and fear of police may prevent minority 911 calls, Fri Dec 26, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/26/us-health-minorities-cpr-idUSKBN0K414U20141226)
 * __In__** poor, mostly **__Latino areas__** of Denver, Colorado, **__people who suffer cardiac__**
 * __AND__**

C) Familial Separation and Anxiety: ICE separates family, causing anxiety and damaging mental health
AND In his opinion, ICE had engaged in terrorism against these families and children.
 * Hing 09’** (Bill Ong [University of San Francisco-School of Law] http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=331631)
 * __Family separation__** and the special **__damage__** to c **__hildren__**

ICE separates family, causing anxiety and damaging mental health
AND his opinion, ICE had engaged in terrorism against these families and children.
 * Hing 09’** (Bill Ong [University of San Francisco-School of Law] http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=331631)
 * __Family separation__** and the special **__damage__** to c **__hildren__** have been particularly tragic consequences of the

Citizenship
Criminalizing immigration has created ‘affect’ of difference, where the performance of immigrant is perceived as less than citizen Cisneros ’14 – Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication and affiliate faculty in the Department of Latina/Latino Studies and the Center for Writing Studies. His research focuses on the ways in which social and political identities are rhetorically constructed and contested in the public sphere. He specializes in issues of citizenship, race/ethnicity, Latin@ identity, and immigration. (Josue David Cisneros, “The Border Crossed Us: Rhetorics of Borders, Citizenship, and Latina/o Identity”, University of Alabama Press, http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/books/9780817387235/9780817387235-10.pdf)//cl If the immigrant marches of 2006 can be understood as organizing multiple constituencies in opposition AND ” they did not belong were presumed to be undocumented.
 * While fear prevents activity, our advocacy points to a different understanding of what it means to be a citizen— **

Our culture hypocritically embraces race neutrality while promoting “national security” and “immigration/border enforcement” as justifications for unleashing racist nativism
Cisneros ’14 – Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication and affiliate faculty in the Department of Latina/Latino Studies and the Center for Writing Studies. His research focuses on the ways in which social and political identities are rhetorically constructed and contested in the public sphere. He specializes in issues of citizenship, race/ethnicity, Latin@ identity, and immigration. (Josue David Cisneros, “The Border Crossed Us: Rhetorics of Borders, Citizenship, and Latina/o Identity”, University of Alabama Press, http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/books/9780817387235/9780817387235-10.pdf)//cl That bordering has taken on this militaristic and aggressive tone exemplified in attrition through enforcement AND contours of contemporary society (by injecting race into the public sphere).14

“Citizenship” is fluid, yet it defines the legal status of minority groups—discussions about citizenship are the pre-requisite to approaching issues of immigration
Cisneros 14 - Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication and affiliate faculty in the [|Department of Latina/Latino Studies] and the [|Center for Writing Studies]. His research focuses on the ways in which social and political identities are rhetorically constructed and contested in the public sphere. He specializes in issues of citizenship, race/ethnicity, Latin@ identity, and immigration. ( Josue David Cisneros “The Border Crossed Us” [], p. 6 TS) Perhaps even more than the concept of the border, citizenship is a fundamentally contested AND “alien,” indeed, what citizenship is and what it is not.

====Our call to legal action as an ally, echo’s the call of undocumented immigrants, that demand recognition and an end to the campaign of fear vs local police. It is this fight for recognition that transforms citizenship from a juridical to a practical one – This embodies Foucault’s reversibility of power relations, and is empirically successful==== Inda et. al ’13 – Chair and Associate Professor of Latina/Latino Studies, Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1997. His research areas include the politics of immigration, governmentality and life politics, the critical study of race and medicine, the anthropology of globalization, and Latino populations in the United States. Dr. Inda is currently Associate Professor of Latina/Latino Studies and Criticism and Interpretive Theory. (Jonathan Xavier Inda & Julie A. Dowling, “Governing Immigration through Crime”, pg. 20-21, TS) Given the preceding discussion, there is no doubt that the governing of immigration through AND //juridical condition to a practice// one can engage in regardless of legal status.

The shift from Secure Communities to Priority Enforcement has led to no improvement – Local police entanglement creates illegal detainment, racial profiling and community distrust – It must end.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE) rolled out a new immigration enforcement program this AND erosion of police-community trust. PEP appears to be no different.
 * Pasquarella 6/27/15** -- J.D. with a Certificate in Refugee and Humanitarian Emergencies from Georgetown University Law Center, ACLU Southern California (JENNIE “ICE Plays Name Game”, []//JC)

New changes in policy mean no link uniqueness, but are wrought with loopholes – Only complete disentanglement solves

 * IRLC ’15 **(“Life After “PEP-Comm” - Immigrant Legal Resource Center”, [|__http://www.ilrc.org/files/documents/ilrc_organizers_advisory-2015-01_06.pdf__].//JC)//

// On November 20 , 2014, Presid”ent Obama announced executive reforms // // AND // // for //a complete disentanglement// between //local law enforcement and ICE//.

Post plan, the raids of immigrants will end – ICE doesn’t have the resources
Immigration law enforcement agents generally do not have license to walk up and down the AND Instead, ICE works closely with criminal law enforcement agencies to apprehend immigrants.
 * Golash-Boza 12’ ** (Tanya [Associate Professor at UC Merced] Racial Profiling and Mass Deportation of Black and Latino Men, __http://www.racismreview.com/blog/2012/05/15/racial-profiling-and-mass-deportation-of-black-and-latino-men/__ )

The way in which we define borders and citizenship shapes how we view our own ontology in the context of the world
Cisneros ’14 – Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication and affiliate faculty in the Department of Latina/Latino Studies and the Center for Writing Studies. His research focuses on the ways in which social and political identities are rhetorically constructed and contested in the public sphere. He specializes in issues of citizenship, race/ethnicity, Latin@ identity, and immigration. (Josue David Cisneros, “The Border Crossed Us: Rhetorics of Borders, Citizenship, and Latina/o Identity”, University of Alabama Press, http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/books/9780817387235/9780817387235-10.pdf)//cl// // Not only unauthorized immigrants but also citizens, labor unions, and other progressives identified // AND// , and for the growing Latina/o community in the United States?

The border has come to not only define the physical boundaries between one space and another, but also to define the figurative space that is crossed between communities
Cisneros 14- Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication and affiliate faculty in the [|Department of Latina/Latino Studies] and the [|Center for Writing Studies]. His research focuses on the ways in which social and political identities are rhetorically constructed and contested in the public sphere. He specializes in issues of citizenship, race/ethnicity, Latin@ identity, and immigration. ( Josue David Cisneros “The Border Crossed Us” [], TS) In conventional terms, borders are understood in a limited way as the strict territorial AND , “//Borders go beyond borders, and so does their function.//”8

Securitization of immigration is a flawed approach, which recreates the harms of the affirmative
Bigo ‘02- Professor at King's College London Department of War studies and MCU Research Professor at Sciences-Po Paris (Didier Bigo “Security and Immigration: Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease” https://www.questia.com/li ingly interpreted as a security problem. The prism of security analysis is especially important for politicians, for national and local police organizations, the military police, customs officers, border patrols, secret services, armies, judges, some social services (health care, hospitals, schools), private brary/journal/1G1-84338226/security-and-immigration-toward-a-critique-of-the, TS) Migration is increasingly interpreted as a security problem. The prism of security analysis is AND identified as risk or just as a source of unease. (1)

Err on the side of probability to check psychological bias toward long improbable internal link chains – we cite studies
Yudkowsky 8 – cofounder of Machine Intelligence Research Institute [Eliezer, research fellow at MIRI, “Cognitive Biases Potentially Affecting Judgment of Global Risks,” Machine Intelligence Research Institute, pp. 7-8, 2008, [], Accessed 6/29/15] The conjunction fallacy similarly applies to futurological forecasts. AND , disjunctions make for an awkward and unpoetic-sounding prophecy. ==== Overwhelming public commitment to consequentialist ethics necessities that you err towards deontology – structural contradictions about the role of the person within consequentialism means that it tears itself apart. ==== Hurley 11 [Paul, Professor of Philosophy at Claremont McKenna College, “Beyond Consequentialism”, Oxford University Press, 6-10-11, Pg. 1-3] Morality requires agents to perform the act that promotes AND lead us naturally beyond consequentialism; indeed, lead us to certain distinctly non-consequentialist commitments.

=**PAST 2NRS :)**=
 * CPs - McNeal CP, Oversight CP, Advantage CP**
 * DAs - Economy DA, Politics DA, Terror DA, BRICS DA, CyberDeterrence DA**
 * Misc - Circumvention**
 * Ks - Neolib K, Wilderson K**
 * FW - Make the game work :D**