Katherine+&+Michael

Thus the plan the United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in expedited port deepening projects in the United States.

Competitiveness, Agriculture

=1AC=

1AC - Economy

 * Contention 1 – Economic Leadership**


 * The Panama Canal expansion will fundamentally change seaborne commerce – US ports require __new harbor deepening__ or they won’t be able to compete for post-Panamax ships**
 * Bridges 2011 –** Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority (Jerry A., “Testimony of Jerry A. Bridges Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority before the United States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee Hearing: the Economic importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?”, October 26, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Bridges.pdf)//MM]

Since the birth of ….. to seaports. We cannot wait.


 * We will Isolate Four Internal Links to Competitiveness:**


 * First – Seaport Competitiveness – ports are is the vital internal link to US economic growth – seaports represent a quarter of US GDP and contribute __over 3 trillion__ to the economy in exports and trade**
 * Nagle, 11** --- president and chief executive officer of the American Association of Port Authorities (December 2011, Kurt, Industry Today, “Association: American Association of Port Authorities; Port-Related Infrastructure Investments Can Reap Dividends,” vol. 14, no. 3, [])

It seems t he U nited S tates ….. to maintain federal navigation channels.

) //NK//
 * Increasing exports decrease the trade deficit and makes growth sustainable – prevents investment bubbles and collapses**
 * Istrate et al, 10** -- senior research analyst and associate fellow with the Metropolitan Infrastructure Initiative (Emilia, "Export Nation: How U.S. Metros Lead National Export Growth and Boost Competitiveness", July, Brookings, []

//Exports Could Contribute to the ….. to many long-standing difficulties. //


 * Expanding port infrastructure is vital to US global economic leadership**


 * Kiefer et al, 2k** // – principal investigator for Planning and Management Consultants– study authorized by Section 401 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1999, report to the US Army Corps of Engineers (Jack, Planning and Management Consultants, “The National Dredging Needs Study of Ports and Harbors Implications to Cost-Sharing of Federal Deep Draft Navigation Projects Due to Changes in the Maritime Industry”, May 2000, []) // CB

2.2.2 Other Tangible Benefits Indirect benefits ….. a handful of coastal states.


 * Second - Certainty** **- the federal government’s __uncertain commitment__ prevents new projects - Federal port infrastructure funding is increasing but not substantially for __new__ harbor deepening**

Szakonyi 12 — associate editor of the Journal of Commerce (Mark, “The Hill Ramping Up Dredging Efforts”, Journal of Commerce, 5/7, ProQuest) EL

__The push by U.S. ports …..__ more meaningful long-term decisions.


 * Federal regulations __prevent__ other actors from solving – only federal action to streamline the process and increase funding solves**
 * Anderson, 11** –Chief Executive Officer of the Jacksonville Port Authority (JAXPORT) (A. Paul, “testimony of A. Paul Anderson Chief Executive Officer of the Jacksonville Port Authority (JAXPORT) for the Record of the united States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Subcommittee on Water Resources and the Environment Hearing: “The Economic Importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?””, October 26, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Anderson.pdf)//MM]

With increasingly larger ships calling ….. infrastructure projects is //fundamentally broken//.


 * And these federal regulations mean any new projects will take __decades__ unless the federal government expedites construction**
 * Nagle, 2012** - President and CEO of the American Association of Port Authorities (Kurt J., “Testimony of Kurt J. Nagle President and CEO of the American Association of Port Authorities Before the United States House of Representatives Appropriations Committee Energy and Water Development, and Related Agencies Subommittee”, Budget Hearing- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Assistant Secretary, Chief of Engineers, March 7, 2012, [|http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/EWTestimony%20Mar2012%20Final.pdf)//MM]

First, the funding level of ….. challenges of today and tomorrow.


 * Third - Perception - The federal commitment to port infrastructure is vital to __retain foreign customers__ – this will collapse the recovery**


 * Calhoun 11** -- President of Cargo Carriers (Cargill) and Chairman of Waterways Council, Inc (Rick, “DREDGING FOR PROSPERITY”, Marine Log, August, ProQuest, []”) EL

Just like the nation itself……our inland waterways transportation system.


 * Fourth - Shipbuilding Industry - Lack of port deepening forces __light loading__ – this will __break__ the US shipping industry**
 * Weakley 8** – Realize America’s Maritime promise, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, testimony of James Weakley the president of the Lake Carriers’ Association (James, “Realize America’s Maritime Promise”, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, 4/30/08, [])//MM//

Port-related jobs are critical ……// not merely for deficit reduction.


 * Independently – the ship building industry is key to solving international conflicts through naval power projection**

Navy League of the United States, 12 – a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating our citizens about the importance of sea power to U.S. national security and supporting the men and women of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and U.S.-flag Merchant Marine and their families (Navy League of the United States, “Maritime Primacy & Economic Prosperity: Maritime Policy 2012-13”, Navy League of the United States, 1/21/12, [] | AK)

Global engagement is critical to ….. our wounded warriors is fundamental.


 * Our Impacts - Boosting economic Leadership is vital to preventing military retrenchment – loss of leadership risks great power wars**


 * Khalilzad, ’11** – Bush’s ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the UN and former director policy planning at the DOD (Zalmay, “The Economy and National Security”, National Review, 2-8-11, [])

Today, economic and fiscal trends ….., dangerous era of multi-polarity.


 * Strong US growth is key to promoting an American economic model – the alternative is mercantilism, which destroys economic cooperation and risks protectionism**


 * Posen 9** – Deputy director and senior fellow of the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Adam, “Economic leadership beyond the crisis,” http://clients.squareeye.com/uploads/foresight/documents/PN%20USA_FINAL_LR_1.pdf)

In the postwar period, US ….. on the following priority measures.


 * Protectionism will cause terrorism and global wars – risks extinction**
 * Panzner 8** – faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” p. 136-138)

Continuing calls for curbs on ….. of a new world war.

[Michael, The Case for Goliath: How America Acts As the World’s Government in the Twenty-First Century, p. 192-195]
 * Economic leadership prevents economic collapse—leadership key to resilience**
 * Mandelbaum**, **5** – Professor and Director of the American Foreign Policy Program at Johns Hopkins – 2005

Although the spread of nuclear ….. __fleet of cars without gasoline.__

[Michael, The Case for Goliath: How America Acts As the World’s Government in the Twenty-First Century, p. 224]
 * That goes nuclear without leadership**
 * Mandelbaum, 5** – Professor and Director of the American Foreign Policy Program at Johns Hopkins – 2005

At best, an American withdrawal ….. __large numbers, of nuclear weapons__.

1AC – Agriculture

 * Contention 2 – Agriculture**


 * U.S. agriculture exports are facing a crisis of competitiveness**
 * AgriMoney, 2/20** - investors' link to the food chain. The increasing numbers of mouths to feed, the demand for ever-more sophisticated diets, and the potential for turning food into fuel has turned the growing business into big business. Agriculture, to which financial markets owe a debt of history, is back at the forefront of investment thinking. (“US crop exports face 'crisis of competitiveness'”, Agrimoney.Com, 2/20/12, [|http://www.agrimoney.com/news/us-crop-exports-face-crisis-of-competitiveness--4179.html)//GP]

__US grain exporters face a "____…..__ including those which produce vomitoxin.

IMPROVEMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE, [], EL)
 * Sustaining US agricultural exports depends on __capacity upgrades__ in port infrastructure**
 * Khachatryan and Casavant 11**—Research Associate and Director/Professor at the Freight Policy Transportation Institute at the School of Economic Sciences at Washington State Unviersity (Hayk and Ken, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN U.S. TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

__The efficient and affordable freight …..__ world through the 16 ports.

// Someone once said that it’s ….. __we will literally miss the boat.__//
 * The Panama Canal expansion will shift global trade patterns away from the Gulf Coast without port upgrades – this cuts off US grain exports**
 * Stallman, 2012** – President of the American Farm Bureau (Bob, “Update Our Ports or Miss the Boat”, American Farm Bureau, April 2012, []) //MGD//

The Problem Another policy perspective......tons went to wealthy countries.
 * US agriculture key to global food supply**
 * Casavant 2K** – Professor of Agricultural Economics (Ken, “Inland Waterborne Transportation – An Industry Under Seige”, November 2000, United States Department of Agriculture)//MG

[]
 * Agriculture can solve poverty, jobs, wars, environment, gender, democracy, and child survival issues**
 * APLU, 02** - The Association of Public and Land-grant Universities (A۰ P۰ L۰ U) is a research and advocacy organization of public research universities, land-grant institutions, and state university systems with member campuses in all 50 states, U.S. territories and the District of Columbia. The association is governed by a Chair and a Board of Directors elected from the member universities and university systems. President Peter McPherson directs a staff of about 45 at the national office in Washington, D.C . (Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities, “International Development Agricultural Coordinating Committee” 3/31/2002, APLU,

International Development Agricultural Coordinating Committee....... the transition to industrial growth

1AC – Plan

 * Thus the plan the United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in expedited port deepening projects in the United States.**

1AC – Solvency

 * Contention 3 – solvency**

// It's just before noon on ….. __will keep us very competitive."__//
 * The plan will allow the US to double exports in the next 5 years**
 * USA Today 11** – news agency (Larry Copeland, “A goal to be port of call for all; U.S. sites digging in to accommodate big ships,” USA Today, October 3, 2011, lexis)//CB//


 * The federal government is key – port infrastructure is under __federal jurisdiction__ and federal action is vital to __leadership__ **
 * AAPA, 11** //- AAPA represents 160 of the leading seaport authorities in the United States, Canada, Latin America and the Caribbean and more than 300 sustaining and associate members, firms and individuals with an interest in seaports (American Association of Port Authorities, “The U.S. Government’s Historic Role in Developing and Maintaining Landside and Waterside Connections to Seaports”, March 2011, [|http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/Transportation%20and%20the%20Constitution1.pdf)//GP]//

// Over time these constitutional responsibilities ….. competitiveness, be recognized and prioritized. //


 * Dredging is distinct from maintenance**
 * Talley, 2007 PhD**//—Professor of maritime economics at Old Dominion University (Wayne, “Financing Port Dredging Costs: Taxes versus User Fees”, 2007, http://www.trforum.org/forum/downloads/2007_9B_PortDredging_paper.pdf)//chm

There are two types of dredging ,….. at a given depth, e.g., at 45 feet.


 * Federal leadership is vital to expediting new projects and coordinating federal agencies – it creates faster infrastructure development**
 * Woodley Jr. 8**— Chairman – PIANC (Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses) USA (John Paul, “Dredging key to keeping nation’s economy afloat”, Seaports Magazine, [], Summer) EL

Like many nations, __the United …..strong for generations to come.__

**Current funding fails**

 * MBJ, 7/3**—Mississippi Business Journal (With river dropping, Corps scrambling to keep ports dredged, July 3rd, 2012, http://msbusiness.com/2012/07/with-river-dropping-corps-scrambling-to-keep-ports-dredged/)//chm//

//The future of dredging in ..... year and in the future. //

//**Obama has expedited approval for projects, but not allocated funds – aff is still inherent, but** **you don’t have any DA’s.**//

//**Morgan and Rabin 7/19** – Miami Herald reporter, environment reporter (Curtis and Charles, “White House Speeds Up Permits, Offers No New Cash For// //PortMiami Dredge Project”, The Miami Herald, July 21 2012, http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/07/19/2902727/white-house-speeds-up-permits.html)//CB

The White House on Thursday.......expediting all remaining federal reviews.

Capitalism K- 2 time vs port security 1 time vs port dredging Virilio K- 1 time vs port dredging States CP with Jackson Vanik- 3 times vs port security Jackson Vanik- 1 time vs CCS Elections and LOST cp 2 times vs title xi Tax cuts and LOST cp 1 time vs Title XI
 * Past 2NRs**

Restoring America's Future CP and Oil DA vs Dredging
 * Tournament**