Abhi+and+Andy

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=  = =1AC= ** Plan: The United States federal government should eliminate its contractual outsourcing of its private military forces in the Republic of Iraq. ** **  Courthouse News Service, 10  ** (“Lawyakers Doubt Safety of Private Security in Iraq,” 6/21/10, http://www.courthousenews.com/2010/06/21/28265.htm ) WASHINGTON (CN) - The Commission on Wartime … commissioners were not as certain.
 * First- no disads- withdrawal from Iraq is happening now, but PMCs will remain **

==
 * Advantage 1 is Iraq stability **

The CRS report also states … working in Iraq and Afghanistan.
 * Private military contractors commit acts of violence that undermine US credibility, breeds counterinsurgencies and anti-Americanism. **
 * Schulman 10 ** (Daniel, Mother Jones' Washington-based news editor, “Are Contractors Undermining US War Efforts?”) January 21, 2010 http://motherjones.com/mojo/2010/01/are-contractors-undermining-us-war-efforts

== Now is a key time for the fragile Iraqi government. ** At a glittering reception at the … particular room before blowing themselves up. =iraq stability advantage= A fourth concern regarding the … security contractors in the future. ==
 * BBC News 6/18- ** “Glittering gathering reflects Iraq's election crisis,” 6/18/10, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/8760966.stm
 * 3 Internal links- First is popular support. PMCs alienate Iraqis. **
 * Wallace 9 ** (David A. Wallace, Colonel, publication of the Defense Acquisition University, “ THE FUTURE USE OF CORPORATE WARRIORS WITH THE U.S. ARMED FORCES: LEGAL, POLICY, AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND CONCERNS” July 2009) http://www.dau.mil/pubscats/PubsCats/Wallace.pdf

__ The effort in Iraq is … firm went into ostrich mode. __ == Ultimately, in order for a Private … utilizing them legally and effectively. == ** Schwartz, 10- ** *Specialist in Defense Acquisition (Moshe, “The Department of Defense’s Use of Private Security Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Background, Analysis, and Options for Congress,” June 22nd, 2010, Congressional Research Service, Lexis) According to many analysts, these __…__ by the actions of PSCS.
 * Good will from Iraqis is the ONLY way we can succeed—PMCs make that impossible. **
 * Singer 7 ** (Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution, “Can’t win with ‘Em, Can’t Go To War without ‘Em: Private Military contractors and Counterinsurgency,” September 2007) http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2007/0927militarycontractors.aspx
 * Second is international perception – Iraqi perception and cooperation are key to lasting peace—PMCs make it impossible **.
 * Pascucci 8 ** (Nicholas Pascucci, Connections, “Efficacy of Private Military Contractors in Peace Operations,” 12/5/08) http://cnx.org/content/m18772/latest/
 * Third, government legitimacy— incidents like Abu Ghraib are a direct threat to the ability to the government to form credible coalitions. PMCs undermine the legitimacy of the Iraqi government. **
 * Continued violence would send Iraq into a civil war **
 * Bazzi 5 ( ** Mohammad Bazzi writer for new york news times, May 23, 2005 A violent circle in iraq http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0523-02.htm)

BEIRUT, LEBANON -- __The signs of …__ of bombings against Shia institutions. == In May 2007, there was another … __ leverage their wider propaganda operation __ s. ==
 * PMCs hurt efforts to stabilize Iraq- broad consensus **
 * Singer 7 ** (Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution, “Can’t win with ‘Em, Can’t Go To War without ‘Em: Private Military contractors and Counterinsurgency,” September 2007) http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2007/0927militarycontractors.aspx


 * Eliminating PMCs ensures that Iraqi security forces fill in and make Iraq stable **
 * Towery, 6 –** Colonel for the US Army (Bobby A., “Phasing Out Private Security Contractors in Iraq,” 14 March 2006, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/ksil520.pdf )

The Improving Security Capabilities of … Kellogg, Brown, and Root (KRB).

== It is of course … before Iraq is finally stable. "If we just depart, … __ up right back" there again. __   War goes nuclear Steinbach 2002 (John, Israeli Nuclear weapons: a threat to piece, 3/3 http://www.converge.org.nz/pma/mat0036.htm) Meanwhile, the existence of an …  conflict could trigger a world conflagration  ."   ==
 * Its try or die – even if withdrawal increases violence – that’s inevitable now **
 * Walt, 9 ** - Robert and Renée Belfer Professor of International Affairs at Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government (Stephen M. Walt , June  2009  “ Bush's gift to Obama” [])
 * Instability spills over **
 * Stannard 6 ** (Matthew Stannard 2006  “Military's dilemma -- stay or leave; Iraq too complex to lend itself to easy solutions, experts say”, The San Francisco Chronicle, l/n 12/3)
 * Immediate Withdrawal of PMC’s legitimizes the Iraqi government and allows successful COIN efforts in Iraq **
 * Singer 7 ** (Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution, “Can’t win with ‘Em, Can’t Go To War without ‘Em: Private Military contractors and Counterinsurgency,” September 2007) http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2007/0927militarycontractors.aspx
 * __The U.S. government needs to __ **** __ go … __ **__ aside for a private contractor force. __
 * Advantage 2 is hegemony **
 * Private military contractors are wrecking our hegemony- 5 internal links **

__The recent incident involving Blackwater … have locked our national security.__ == Having canvassed the constitutional, legal, … __ evil economic-military imperialist .__ n409 == CORPORATE WARRIORS WITH THE U.S. ARMED FORCES: LEGAL, POLICY, AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND CONCERNS” July 2009) http://www.dau.mil/pubscats/PubsCats/Wallace.pdf  The third risk or concern … __are likely a little of both.__ =hegemony advantage=  __ Key problems with military contractors … __ action of PMCs and PSCs. =hegemony advantage=
 * First, PMCs make the counter-insurgency effort impossible. **
 * Singer 7 ** (Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution, “Can’t win with ‘Em, Can’t Go To War without ‘Em: Private Military contractors and Counterinsurgency,” September 2007) http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2007/0927militarycontractors.aspx
 * Ensuring that COIN is effective ensures future credibility. PMCs undermine U.S. foreign policy and credibility abroad – multiple reasons **
 * Michaels, 4 ** (Jon D., Law Clerk to the Honorable Huido Calabresi, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Law Clerk designate U.S. Supreme Court, J.D. Yale Law School, "BEYOND ACCOUNTABILITY: THE CONSTITUTIONAL, DEMOCRATIC, AND STRATEGIC PROBLEMS WITH PRIVATIZING WAR", 82 Wash. U. L. Q. 1001, Fall, Lexis)
 * Second, Readiness- PMCs kill it **
 * Wallace 9 ** (David A. Wallace, Colonel, publication of the Defense Acquisition University, “ THE FUTURE USE OF
 * Third, war-fighting- PMCs kill it **
 * Schreier ’05 ** (Fred, Consultant with the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Graduate Institute of International Studies and Marina Caparini, Senior Fellow at the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Department of War Studies, King’s College, University of London, “Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance of Private Military and Security Companies” March 2005) http://www.dcaf.ch/_docs/op06_privatising –security.pdf

To put it in another … __our worst tendencies in war.__ =Hegemony advantage= Moreover, as in the case … __campaign being conducted in Iraq____. __ == A grand strategy based on … the economic prosperity it provides.
 * Fourth, Military Adventurism- PMCs cause it **
 * Singer 7 ** (Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution, “Can’t win with ‘Em, Can’t Go To War without ‘Em: Private Military contractors and Counterinsurgency,” September 2007) http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2007/0927militarycontractors.aspx
 * Fifth, retention- PMCs kill it **
 * Krepinevich **, ** 4 ** (Andrew F, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Third In a Series The Thin Green Line”, www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/B.20040814.GrnLne/B.20040814.GrnLne.pdf+iraq+contractors&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjMOVDP0H2obLkSlx8mLfOSopmrhnDQnR2Dav8lDM3QdsBXwPntgKKpPgOZGgY7j2Dy8BfEgRqCt0glp2R7dTl2UtjfjTxhoY8nrD6E5hl9l3PLxiZdpqjmK7_DytXZ_qE0U62_&sig=AHIEtbR_IWGm7TstYp7dX-E6Bogg4JB6QQ )
 * American primacy is vital to accessing every major impact—the only threat to world peace is if we allow it to collapse **
 * Thayer, 6 - ** professor of security studies at Missouri State (Bradley, The National Interest, “In Defense of Primacy”, November/December, p. 32-37)

** Khanna, ’09 ** – Director of the Global Governance Initiative at the New America Foundation (Parag, // The second world: how emerging powers are redefining global competition in the twenty-first century //, p. 337-338) Even this scenario is optimistic, … —before the next world war .67 There can be no doubt … murder of at least 400,000 Iraqis. Kamal Nawash (immigration lawyer and legal director of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee) 2009 “ Israel/Palestine Conflict May Lead to Nuclear War” http://www.freemuslims.org/news.php?id=4240 Surprise, surprise, once again the …  but time is running out. __ The United States possesses the __ … Sudan __provides a more recent example__. =hegemony advantage= Carla Norrlof (an Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto) 2010 “ America’s Global Advantage US Hegemony and International Cooperation” p. 1-2 The United States has been … deficit policy would otherwise have. Carla Norrlof (an Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto) 2010 “ America’s Global Advantage US Hegemony and International Cooperation” p. 3-4 We have seen erroneous predictions … both monetary and trade affairs.
 * Superpower transitions necessitate global wars. **
 * Heg key to Middle Eastern Peace Process **
 * Lieber 2005 ** – PhD from Harvard, Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown, former consultant to the State Department and for National Intelligence Estimates (Robert, “The American Era”, pages 152-154, WEA)
 * Causes GNW **
 * Heg prevents genocide **
 * Lieber 2005 ** – PhD from Harvard, Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown, former consultant to the State Department and for National Intelligence Estimates (Robert, “The American Era”, pages 51-52, WEA)
 * Heg sustainable – doomsayers are wrong **
 * Your evidence is exaggerated **

KOREA 1AC

 * CONTENTION ONE- No disads**


 * Troop withdrawal inevitable- it’s a question of before or after the war **
 * Printz and Doran ** 0 ** 6 ** (Scott A., Lieutenant Colonel, and George Doran, Project Adviser, USAWC Strategy Research Project, “A U.S Military Presence in a Post-Unified Korea: Is it Required?”, []) ZParks

A second factor that could … on the capabilities of allies __ 42. __

__**AND- Cheonan sinking makes conflict inevitable**__ __**Bandow, 10** – senior fellow at the Cato Institute and former special assistant to Reagan (4/18/10, Doug, “Let the Koreans Take Care of the Koreas,” [], JMP) __

It has been weeks since … __ to defend its own personnel. __

__ **AND- your takeouts don’t apply- miscalc changes the game** __ __ **AFP, 10** (5/27/10, Agence France Presse, “Koreas On Collision Course, Big Powers Must Step In: Experts”, http://www.lexisnexis.com) __

__ Daniel Pinkston, Seoul-based analyst … leader Kim Jong-Il," Yang said.  __

__**North Korea’s declining economy makes more attacks inevitable**__ __**Reuters, 10** (3/17/10, Jon Herskovitz, “North Korea may turn more menacing but options limited,” __ __ [], JMP) __

__ ANOTHER NUCLEAR TEST? __ North Korea, … __ said in a report this week. __

__**THUS THE PLAN: The United States federal government should implement a phased withdrawal of its ground troops in the Republic of Korea.**__

__KOREA 1AC__

__**CONTENTION TWO: ADVANTAGES**__

__**Advantage one is hegemony**__

__**Scenario one is overstretch-**__

__**First- no offense - even if decline is inevitable, US must remain the at the top in the short-term to shape the new international system favorably**__ __**Kaplan** 0 **8** Senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security (George, “A Gentler Hegemony”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/16/AR2008121602480.html) __ __ Of course we are entering a … as their own capacities rise. __

__** US military overstretched now – Haiti put us on the brink **__ __** Wood 2010 ** ( David, Chief military correspondent, “Haiti disaster opens new front for overstretched military,” Politics Daily News Service, January 2010, []) SLV __ As the U __nited__ S __tates__ was … efforts in Haiti, said Monday.

__** Overstretch cripples American military power **__ __** PERRY AND FLOURNOY 2006 ** (William, professor of management science and engineering at Stanford University, was U.S. secretary of defense from 1994 to 1997, Michele, senior advisor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, was principal deputy assistant secretary of defense for strategy and threat reduction, National Defense, May) __

As a global power with global … our ability to deter aggression __. __

__KOREA 1AC__

__**Scenario 2 is competitiveness**__ __** Korean presence blunts competitiveness **__ __ ** Bandow and Carpenter 2004 ** – * JD from … conundrum”, Google Books, page 120, WEA)  __

Billions in defense subsidies to … __ as they compete with U.S. firms. __

__** Competitiveness key to heg **__ __** Segal 04 ** (Adam, Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, November/December 2004 , “Is America Losing Its Edge?,” Foreign Affairs, [] ) SLV __

__ Today, however, __ this __technological__ edge -… fostering technological entrepreneurship at home __. __

__**American primacy is vital to accessing every major impact—the only threat to world peace is if we allow it to collapse**__ __** Thayer, 6 - ** professor of security studies at Missouri State (Bradley, The National Interest, “In Defense of Primacy”, November/December, p. 32-37) __

__ A grand strategy based on … the economic prosperity it provides. __

__ Korea is the lynchpin of US overstretch – withdrawal provides needed resources __ __CUMMINGS 2004 (Colonel John Cummings, US Army War College, “Should the U.S. Continue to Maintain Forces in South Korea?” May 3, []) Calum __

__ Neither Richard Halloran’s diplomatic options … __ gap between our divergent perceptions.

__KOREA 1AC__

__**Advantage 2 is proliferation**__

__** North Korea will inevitably proliferate – US micromanaging fails **__ __** Carpenter 2009 ** – PhD in diplomatic history from Texas, vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at Cato, contributing editor to the National Interest, editorial board of the Journal of Strategic Studies (Tad Galen, Cato Institute Handbook for Policymakers, 7th edition, “54. East Asian Security Commitments”, page 563, http://www.cato.org/pubs/handbook/hb111/hb111-54.pdf, WEA) __

The ongoing North Korean nuclear … __technology__ highlighted the __proliferation__ problem __. __

 __ **Bandow and Carpenter ‘4 –** * JD from … conundrum”, Google Books, pages 96-97, WEA)  __

__ Although the prospect of North … actors or to rogue states.”122 __

__** AND- North Korea prolif will include ballistic missiles – they have access to the technology **__ __** Hildreth 08 ** (Steven, Specialist in missile defense and non-proliferation foreign affairs, defense and trade division, “North Korean Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, Jan 24th, 2008, []) SLV __

__ Some experts voice concern over … missile designs from other countries__.

__Terrorism causes global nuclear war.__

__Speice, 2006 (Patrick, J.D. Candidate 2006, Marshall-Wythe School of Law, College of William and Mary, “NEGLIGENCE AND NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION: ELIMINATING THE CURRENT LIABILITY BARRIER TO BILATERAL U.S.-RUSSIAN NONPROLIFERATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS,” William & Mary Law Review, Feb, l/n)__

__ The potential consequences of the … the use of nuclear weapons.__

__** Ballistic missile prolif collapses deterrence. **__ __** Beard & Eland, ‘99 ** [Timothy M., Ivan, CATO, “BALLISTIC MISSILE PROLIFERATION Does the Clinton Administration Understand the Threat?,” 2-11, []] __

__ Currently, __ only four nations possess … __ the United States during the 1986 __

__** Ballistic missile prolif snowballs **__ __** Barkley, ‘8 ** [Daniel, Department of Economics California State University, Long Beach, “Ballistic Missile Proliferation An Empirical Investigation,” []] __

Without a reliable defense against ballistic … __ a discrete choice analysis in Section 2. __

__ US withdrawal forces China to stop North Korean proliferation—this solves allied prolif __ __BANDOW 2010 (Doug, senior fellow at the Cato Institute. A former special assistant to President Ronald Reagan, he is the author of Tripwire: Korea and U.S. Foreign Policy in a Changed World and co-author of The Korean Conundrum: America's Troubled Relations with North and South Korea, “Let the Koreans Take Care of the Koreas,” Huffington Post, May 21, []) Calum __

__ What value, then, is the … and economic tools on Pyongyang .__

__KOREA 1AC__

__ Advantage 3 is CBWs __

__ US conventional dominance would result in desperate CBW strikes __ __SCHNEIDER 1997 (Barry, Director of the USAF Counterproliferation Center at Air University, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, and an Associate Professor of International Relations in the Department of Future Conflict Studies at the U.S. Air War College., Future War and Counterproliferation, 70-71) Calum __

First, the threat of conventional force counterattacks may not be great enough to deter an enemy already subject to the full force of such attacks anyway in a conflict. An enemy may not see conventional forces as being able to deliver "unacceptable damage " upon them, and therefore they may take the risk of an allied conventional retaliation. It is also conceivable that an adversary may calculate that the U.S. leadership would not pay the political price of going nuclear in response to a CB attack, and that it was already doing its worst to them conventionally. Thus, it might be reasoned, why not enjoy the military advantages of using chemical and biological weapons? Indeed, su ch use might be logical if the adversary was losing at the conventional level and wanted to try to negotiate a favorable end to the conflict. What better way than to inflict high casualties and fatalities on the U.S. and allied forces, and, thereby increase the chances that the U.S. and allied leaderships might come under more domestic pressure to halt the war short of victory to avoid further high human costs? . . Alternatively, an adversary that perceives that defeat IS near might elect to demonstrate the use of a nuclear, biological, or chemical weapon i n a way that showed its potential for destruction without killing large numbers of U.S. and allied forces. A high altitude EMP atomic blast, a biological strike against cattle or sheep in the region, or a chemical weapon demonstration against an unoccupied but adjacent target might communicate the threat of horrific casualties. News of this might just deter the United States and Its allies from seeking total victory or insisting on unconditional surrender terms.

__ CBW use would result in US nuclear retaliation __ __SCHNEIDER 1997 (Barry, Director of the USAF Counterproliferation Center at Air University, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, and an Associate Professor of International Relations in the Department of Future Conflict Studies at the U.S. Air War College., Future War and Counterproliferation, 72-73) Calum __

__ As a result, today, in the … might demand harsh nuclear retribution. __

__US nuclear response destroys the nuclear taboo—this makes worldwide nuclear wars inevitable__ __GIZEWSKI 1996 (Peter, Senior Associate, Peace and Conflict Studies Programme, University of Toronto, International Journal, Summer, p. 400) Calum __

Absolute and all-encompassing, the … of more destruction to come __. __

__**AND- independently, War will result in CBW use and draw in both the U.S. and China and push Taiwan to declare independence**__ __**Watcher, 10** **(5/27/10,** **Paul Watcher, writer for aol. http://www.aolnews.com/world/article/south-korea-vs-north-korea-what-another-korean-war-would-look-like/19491485)**__

__ (May 27) -- __Tensions continue to … __ by these postwar social challenges. __

__** Extinction **__ __** Cheong, 2K ** – East Asia Correspondent __ __ (Ching Cheong, The Straits Times, “No one gains in war over Taiwan,” 6-25-2000, Lexis-Nexis Universe) __

A cross-strait conflict, even … puts sovereignty above everything else.

__KOREA 1AC__

__**Advantage 4 is modernization**__

__**Plan prompts South Korean conventional force modernization which allows it to deter Chinese aggression**__ __**Bandow, 09** – Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute and former special assistant to Reagan (6/16/09, Doug, “A Tattered Umbrella,” [], JMP) __

__ South Korea’s foreign minister reports … dispute into an international crisis. __

__**Chinese aggression against Taiwan will escalate and go nuclear**__ __**Adams, 09** – reporter for global post and newsweek on China and Taiwan (3/31/09, Jonathon, Global Post, “The dragon sharpens its claws,” []) __

__ TAIPEI — It's the stuff of … __** and the rising Asian giant. **

KOREA 1AC


 * CONTENTION 3 IS SOLVENCY-**


 * Phased withdrawal solves**
 * Carpenter, 09** – vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute (Ted Galen, CATO Handbook for Congress, 7th Edition, “54. East Asian Security Commitments,” [], JMP)

South Korea The U.S. alliance with … South Korea as a security client.


 * Withdrawing ground troops __solves – …__**, aligns with the correct result.


 * Withdrawing Troops solves-__ presence guarantees … involvement and North Korean provocations**
 * Hornberger, 09** – founder and president of The Future of Freedom Foundation (6/16/09, Jacob G., “Pull Out of Korea (and Everywhere Else)” [], JMP)

Notwithstanding its occupations of two … messes than it already has.