Caitlin+&+Ella+(GRAMS-BEFJR)

__**1AC Cites and Plan Text:**__
 * Love Letters:**

Dear Mother Earth,
==== You have served as a home and a mother for as long as you have existed. When you were young, you went through many transformations, bumping into other planets and losing a piece of yourself that became your anchoring moon. Your smaller sister preserved her connection to you through the patterns that she drew on the surface of your oceans. These waters, under her guidance, carved out rocks and settled in to do the work of building your family. ==== ==== With assistance from the bolts of lightning you crafted in your early atmosphere, amino acids began to form and expand into unicellular organisms. Chemical processes between all of these different beings were established, as your children found that they needed one another. ==== Nhat Hahn, 13— Thich, global spiritual leader, poet and peace activist, Love Letter to the Earth, Parallax Press, page 119 It took you a billion years …. mantle you do today. ==== After a time, some of them began to emerge from the cradle of water that you had provided, never losing touch with the oceans in which many of their ancestors had gone through the birth-death cycle. You, too, were changing during these times. You were always careful to do this slowly, so as not to unsettle the fragile bonds your children had formed between each other. ==== ==== Eventually, tragedy struck, wiping out many of your children and profoundly changing the nature of others, but you remained in the present and, returning to the oceans, began to rebuild your family. Many times you did this, and yet you never lost patience. ==== ==== Now, however, another large disruption is beginning. We, humans, long having left your oceans, have lost sight of what you did for us in the past, with our constant focus on what we can take from you in the present. We have forgotten how willingly you give, and have established elaborate ways of harvesting, mining, farming, consolidating all of the riches that your children have provided you and each other with. ====

We are bringing another tragedy, another great loss upon you and ourselves. It is possible that we could be bringing upon you the final end.
Nhat Hahn, 13— Thich, global spiritual leader, poet and peace activist, Love Letter to the Earth, Parallax Press, page 55-57 RESTORING BALANCE Once we know …. the planet and healing ourselves. ==== We must recognize the gifts you have given us, beginning with the oceans. In them you gave our ancestors and the ancestors of all other beings that now inhabit this planet the first of many gifts—existence. We must remember your love for us, and return it, in order to find a more harmonious mode of interaction with our siblings in the beautiful home you have provided us with. ==== Nhat Hahn, 13— Thich, global spiritual leader, poet and peace activist, Love Letter to the Earth, Parallax Press, page 8-10 AT THIS VERY MOMENT, the Earth …. our whole relationship with the Earth.

In remembering our love for you, we must also remember our love for all of our siblings and release the arbitrary binaries we have constructed—we must if we are to succeed in saving you.
Nhat Hahn, 13— Thich, global spiritual leader, poet and peace activist, Love Letter to the Earth, Parallax Press, page 81-83 We tend to think of human beings… or we will not survive at all. ==== Traditional conceptions of nature continue the Western tradition of erasure of women—our reinterpretation through love removes the binary opposition that is responsible for the oppression of both women and nature and creates a subjective becoming that overcomes the pitfalls of other forms of feminist thought and allows for recognition of at least two sexes ==== Cohoon, 11 —Christopher, Researcher at Université Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV) and a doctoral candidate in philosophy at SUNY Stony Brook in New York. “The Ecological Irigaray?” Part of the volume __Ecocritical Theory; New European Approaches__, Edited by Axel Goodbody and Kate Rigby. University of Virginia Press. page # 206-208 –BR It could appear that the work of Luce … further demonstrates her ecofeminist affinities.

Starting with an interrogation of nature is vital to sparking new ways of natural belonging and liberation from oppression—only the aff can unravel the root cause of widespread destruction
Cohoon, 11 —Christopher, Researcher at Université Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV) and a doctoral candidate in philosophy at SUNY Stony Brook in New York. “The Ecological Irigaray?” Part of the volume __Ecocritical Theory; New European Approaches__, Edited by Axel Goodbody and Kate Rigby. University of Virginia Press. page #210-212 – BR Returning to and Reinterpreting Nature Given that women have traditionally … // ethics in the first place //.

Therefore, the role of the ballot is to vote for whoever best fosters a loving relationship with Mother Earth because it is a prerequisite to resolving the “environmental problem”
Nhat Hahn, 13— Thich, global spiritual leader, poet and peace activist, Love Letter to the Earth, Parallax Press, page 29-30 Real change can happen only … will do everything in her power for our well-being. ==== This speech is our love letter to Mother Earth, the beginning of a conversation that will revolutionize our relationship with her—love letters are critical to a new dialogue with the Earth—their function as meditations and gifts of gratitude makes it impossible to deny interbeing ==== Nhat Hahn, 13— Thich, global spiritual leader, poet and peace activist, Love Letter to the Earth, Parallax Press, page 100-101 THE FOLLOWING MEDITATIONS ARE love …. insight, deep healing, and transformation.

Representing the Earth in the role of motherhood allows us to recognize all that she has given us and fosters love towards her
Nhat Hahn, 13— Thich, global spiritual leader, poet and peace activist, Love Letter to the Earth, Parallax Press, page 14-16 We too can see that the Earth is a living … is in each of your cells.

This focus on revolutionizing our personal relationships to Mother Earth is key to achieve change—makes it seem plausible
Nayer 99 (Jayan Nayar, shape-shifter, horse whisperer, 1999, “SYMPOSIUM: RE-FRAMING INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: Orders of Inhumanity” Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems Fall, 1999) Lexis//JD We are today bombarded by images … the beginning of all emancipations.

=Warming=
 * OTEC:**

Humans are the main cause of warming--- answers their authors --- positive feedbacks means it will accelerate
Nuccitelli, 14 --- master’s degree in physics, an environmental scientist and risk assessor (1/9/14, Dana, “Global warming is being caused by humans, not the sun, and is highly sensitive to carbon, new research shows”, [], RE) Over the past few weeks, several …. //if we don't change course, it's a potential catastrophe.//

Warming causes extinction
Deibel 7 (Terry L, Professor of IR @ National War College, “Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft”, Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today) Finally, there is one major …., but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.

Even if some warming is inevitable, keeping it below 4 degrees avoids the worst impacts
Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank (Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)//BB __The 4°____C scenarios are devastating__ : the inundation of coastal cities; __…__ Group will step up to the challenge.

The plan is try or die – it’s irreversible
Global warming is not reversible but it is stoppable// … __.. Global warming is stoppable, even if it is not reversible.__ =No War=
 * Skuce, 4/19** – retired geophysical consultant, BSc in geology from Sheffield University, MSc in geophysics from the University of Leeds. (Andrew, “Global Warming: Not Reversible, But Stoppable,” Skeptical Science, 2014, http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-warming-not-reversible-but-stoppable.html)//VIVIENNE//

No benefits to war, high costs, and international institutions mitigate risks
Miller 12 Students Editor at E-International and Relations Research Assistant at Pacific Resolutions (Sarah, “The Transformation of War”, E-International Relations Students, 8/16/12, http://www.e-ir.info/2012/08/16/the-transformation-of-war/)//BZ Many scholars who argue that the … longer recommends itself as a useful instrument (1990).

International organizations prevent escalation through peaceful outlets for deliberation and pressure – Suez crisis and North Korea prove
Chiba and Fang 14 Lecturer at the Department of Government at the University of Essex, and Assistant Professor of Political Science at Rice University (Daina and Songying, “Institutional Opposition, Regime Accountability, and International Conflict”, //The Journal of Politics,// July 2014, Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 798-813)//BZ Prominent security … Cabinet members he felt would oppose his plan (Kingseed 1995, 84).

Nuclear deterrence checks escalation
Kaysen 90 Economist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, member of MIT's program in Defense and Arms Control Studies, and co-chair of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences' Committee on International Security Studies (Carl, “Is War Obsolete?”, //International// Security, Spring 1990, Vol. 14, No. 4) //BZ The argument so far has made no mention … their survivors would have had to learn it by bitter experience.

Even the worst possible nuclear war would leave 90% of the world’s population unhurt—huge areas would not be affected
To summarise the above points, __a major global nuclear…__ the idea of 'overkill', if taken to imply the capacity to kill everyone on earth, is highly misleading.[14]
 * MARTIN 1982** (Dr Brian Martin is a physicist whose research interests include stratospheric modelling. He is a research associate in the Dept. of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Journal of Peace Research, No 4, http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/82jpr.html)

Plan: the United States federal government should demonstrate federally regulated non-military oceanic Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion.
=Solvency=

Regulatory //Certainty// and //Clarity// is key – lack of federal action deters investors
(Carolyn, November 19th, “Proposed Strategies for Addressing Regulatory Uncertainty in Ocean Energy Development in the United States”, http://www.energycentral.com/articles/article/79, //wcp//) I. THE REGULATORY BARRIERS TO OCEAN ENERGY … **__future private investors from funding projects.__**
 * Elefant ‘2**

And, a U.S. FEDERAL demonstration is necessary to get the market going
__The major conclusion reached in the earlier report …. **as early as 15-years after the development program is implemented**.__
 * Vega ’10** (Luis A. PhD, National Marine Renewable Energy Center at the University of Hawaii, ‘Economics of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): An Update [[file:///C:/Users/eforslund/Dropbox/2015%20Stuff/Camp%20Work/'%20http:/hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/OTEC-Economics-2010.pdf|’, ]] [[file:///C:/Users/eforslund/Dropbox/2015%20Stuff/Camp%20Work/'%20http:/hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/OTEC-Economics-2010.pdf|http://hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/OTEC-Economics-2010.pdf]], //wcp//)

Syncing policy with science makes the US an environmental leader again, means its policies get modeled globally
Steinberg, ‘11, an associate professor of political science and environmental policy at Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, California. His research focuses on global environmental politics, with a special interest in biodiversity conservation and the environmental policy of developing countries. In 2001, he published Environmental Leadership in Developing Countries, in which he explains how Costa Rica and Bolivia have become leaders in environmental conservation. Steinberg holds a M.P.A. from Harvard's Kennedy School and a Ph.D. from the University of California at Santa Cruz. Dr. Paul, “Dr. Paul Steinberg, Harvey Mudd College -Global Environmental Leadership”, http://wamc.org/post/dr-paul-steinberg-harvey-mudd-college-global-environmental-leadership The U.S. was once the trendsetter in areas …, and now is the time for US policy leadership at home and abroad. Many renowned scientists and engineers all over the … __those in the early development of the eighties.__
 * Recent technological developments make OTEC feasible, efficient, and economically viable**
 * Huang et al 3** —U.S. Department of Energy (Joseph C., Hans J. Krock, Stephen K. Oney, “REVISIT OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM”, rmf)
 * Four internal links –**

OTEC results in no emissions and sequesters carbon under the ocean
One of the most critical problems of the next century will … may cause localised damage to reefs and near-shore marine ecosystems.
 * Bechtel and Netz 1998** (“OTEC – Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion”http://www.exergy.se/ftp/cng97ot.pdf, //wcp//)

OTEC removes heat from the ocean, leading to cooling which prevents evaporation and increases in water vapor

 * Baird ’14** (Jim, B.S. Chemistry, Owner at Global Warming Mitigation Method, “The Existential Imperative: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion II”, The energy collective, Jan 6th, 2014 http://theenergycollective.com/jim-baird/324161/existential-imperative-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-ii, //wcp//)

__The__ [|fourth IPCC assessment report] __projects that…. move a light vapour than a heavy liquid.__

OTEC is the most efficient form of energy production – has limitless potential to utilize 4000 times the amount of energy consumed on earth
Faculty of Sciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Selangor, UNISEL Considering the growing world population and …. __(mariculture), cosmetics and mineral water production.__
 * Hossain, et al. ’13** (A. Hossain, A. Azhim, A. B. Jaafar, M. N. Musa, S. A. Zaki, & D. Noor Fazreen. Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) 2 Ocean Thermal Energy Center, UTM 3 Perdana School of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, UTM 4, “Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: The Promise of a Clean Future’, //wcp//)

OTEC A/C reduces demand for electricity, pollution, consumption of potable water
Market Street Energy 05 (Market Street Energy Company, affiliate of District Energy St. Paul. District Energy St. Paul has thrived for three decades by providing our customers with efficient and affordable heating and cooling systems. We provide exceptional engineering assistance, financing options, and customer service. We value our customers and strive to be a dependable provider of a critical service for any property owner, business or residential community. While we are national leaders in district energy, we know our roots are local. District Energy’s success is intertwined with Saint Paul’s business community. Statement of the Market Street Energy Company, “TAX CREDITS FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES,”HEARING before the SUBCOMMITTEE ON SELECT REVENUE MEASURES of the COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION, MAY 24, 2005 Serial No. 109-47. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109hhrg26380/html/CHRG-109hhrg26380.htm//ghs-kw) Deep water air conditioning ….. and greenhouse gas refrigerants.

=Negative Shenanigans=

P**ast 2NRs pre-tournament (to the best of my memory)**: Psycho Death Drive K, Security K, Ocean Acidification Good, Biodiversity Loss Good, Navy/Reclassify CP with Tech Theft NB, T Non-military, T its, Ecofeminism K, CIR Politics, Russia Oil DA

Round 2 vs GHJPP LW

 * 1AC**: Natural Gas
 * 1NC**: Russia Oil DA w/ Saudi Perception internal link, TRIA Politics, T its, Commissions CP, case
 * 2NR**: Politics, CP, case

Round 4 vs HJPV BK
**1AC**: NOPP **1NC**: commissions cp, tria politics, t its development, noaa tradeoff da, ocean acidification good on case, yes war **2NR**: cp, politics, yes war

Round 5 vs BEFJR DW
**1AC**: OSW

**1NC**: commissions cp, tria politics, t its, russia oil with saudi i/l, ocean acidification good, methane release good **2NR**: oil da, case