Chandler+&+Mika

2NR strats
VS OTEC- Space T/O DA (SPACE COL) VS Icebreakers- T: Non-Military

** Warming is anthropogenic – the most comprehensive data-sets are conclusive **
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech *John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy **Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis** (“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)//BB An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public support for climate policy (Ding et al 2011).
 * Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
 * AND **

Among papers expressing a position on AGW, an overwhelming percentage (97.2% based on self-ratings, 97.1% based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.

** Even if some warming is inevitable, keeping it below 4 degrees avoids the worst impacts **
Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank (Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)//BB The 4°C scenarios are devastating: the inundation of coastal cities; increasing risks for food produc- tion
 * AND **

The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.

** Catastrophic warming risks extinction **
Mazo 10– PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA

(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)//BB

The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2.5-4.~C above

extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
 * AND **

I**ndependently, emissions cause ocean acidification – extinction**
Romm 12– physicist and climate expert, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress

(Joseph J., “Science: Ocean Acidifying so fast that it threatens humanity’s ability to feed itself”, 3/2/12; http://earthlawcenter.org/news/headline/science-ocean-acidifying-so-fast-it-threatens-humanitys-ability-to-feed-itself/)

The world’s oceans may be turning acidic faster today
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. “Once a species goes extinct it’s gone forever. We’re playing a very dangerous game.”

** US offshore wind development curbs carbon emissions **
Thaler 12 - Professor of Energy Policy, Law & Ethics

(Jeff, “FIDDLING AS THE WORLD BURNS: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE URGENTLY REQUIRES A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERMITTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS,” 42 Environmental Law Journal 1101)//BB

Unfortunately, as the economic and health
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Wind in Massachusetts and Block Island in Rhode Island would likewise be shallow-water installations.

** Offshore wind is comparatively the cleanest and most productive renewable energy **
Jensen 13 – partner in the Washington, DC office of Holland & Hart LLP

(Thomas, et al, “From the 35th Public Land Law Conference: Balancing Act and Paradigm Shift: The Role of Public Lands in America's Energy Future: Oceans: Are Ocean Wind Turbines like Homesteads and Gold Mines and Railroads? A Public Lands Policy Question for the Climate Change Era,” 34 Pub. Land & Resources L. Rev. 93)//BB

The ocean wind resource in United States marine waters is estimated to be as large as 4,223 gigawatts ("GW"), 12 with as many as 1,372 terawatt hours of electricity available off the East Coast alone.
 * AND **

An energy resource area larger than the total landmass of the United States, 16 one wholly owned by the American people, is unused and wasted as a tool to power our communities.

** Full-scale offshore wind would enough electricity for the entire country **
Levitan 13 - writes about energy, the environment, and health. His articles have been published by Scientific American, Discover, IEEE Spectrum, Grist, and others. In previous articles for Yale Environment 360, he has written about vehicle-to-grid technology for electric cars and cities' efforts to recycle food scraps and organic waste

(Dave, “Will Offshore Wind Finally Take Off on U.S. East Coast?,” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/will_offshore_wind_finally_take_off_on_us_east_coast/2693/)//BB

“The East Coast is the Saudi Arabia of offshore wind, because there is enough energy there to provide the entire U.S. with electricity if it was fully developed,” says Matt Huelsenbeck, a marine scientist and offshore wind expert with the non-profit group Oceana.
 * AND **

The Northeast and mid-Atlantic coasts in particular are windy spots with water depths that make development feasible.

** Electricity-emissions reductions sufficiently solve global warming **
Akorede 12 - .F., Ph.D degree in Electrical Power Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia

(H. Hizam,M.Z.A. Ab Kadir,I. Aris,S.D. BubaElectrical & Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, “Mitigating the anthropogenic global warming in the electric power industry,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16.5)//BB

5. Power industry's share of CO2 emissions
 * AND **

Each of these possible mitigation techniques is discussed in turn in the following subsections.


 * 1AC Hegemony**

** Fast growth promotes US leadership and solves great power war **
Khalilzad 11 – PhD, Former Professor of Political Science @ Columbia, Former ambassador to Iraq and Afghanistan (Zalmay Khalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. "The Economy and National Security" Feb 8 http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad)//BB

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to the United States’ hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions ..
 * AND **

** Slow growth leads to hegemonic wars – relative gap is key **
**Goldstein 7** - Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania, (Avery Goldstein, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume30, Issue 4 & 5 August, EBSCO)

Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments focus explicitly on the consequences for international politics of a shift in power power-transition theory ** also provides grounds for concern about the period prior to the possible crossover **
 * AND **

** There are hundreds of causes of conflict – hegemony deters and controls escalation by internalizing costs **
Moore 4 – Dir. Center for Security Law and Professor of Law @ University of Virginia, Editor of the American Journal of International Law (John Norton, “Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace,” pg. 41-43)

If major interstate war is predominantly ** a product of ** asynergy between a potentialnondemocratic ** aggressor and an absence of effective deterrence ** when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased?
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** THE PLAN SOLVES-Offshore wind promotes fast US growth **
N’dolo 10 – associate principal @ Camoin Associates (Michael and Bruce Bailey, “Offshore development can yield economic benefits,” North American Wind Power, Fall 2010)//BB

Wind power is a job-creation engine U.S. could provide installation capacity for a number of projects on the East Coast **. **
 * AND **

** Even limited energy production leads to quick growth **
Sargent 12 (Rob SargeStates will inevitably compete for relative status – only primacy can prevent conflict Wohlforth 9 - Professor of government at Dartmouth  (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War” World Politics, 61:1, January, Project Muse)

Second, I question the dominant view that status quo evaluations are relatively independent of the distribution of capabilities other efforts to secure buyers for this new source of reliable, clean energy.
 * AND **

** The plan solves unemployment and diversifies fuel sources **
Schroeder 10 – J.D @ Berkeley, M.E.M., Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (Erica, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” California Law Review, 98.5)//BB

Many of the most compelling benefits of offshore wind are similar to those of onshore wind Offshore," wind power could create 250,000 jobs
 * AND **

** A long-term investment tax credit catapults the offshore wind industry – transitions the US to a green economy, **
Sopko 13 – JD, former legislative council @ House of Reps

(Nancy, “Offshore Wind Needs a Boost from Congress,” http://oceana.org/en/blog/2013/11/offshore-wind-needs-a-boost-from-congress-0)//BB

Like so many of us, Oceana has seen the damage that
 * AND **

the harder it will be to correct the damage we have done.

** Only a federal mandate can guarantee the expansion of wind energy **
Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) However, the Oceans Act and Ocean Management Plan, though promising, have come late in
 * AND **

offshore wind in state and local decision making.

** Offshore wind creates jobs and a new manufacturing and ship-building sector – boosts the economy **
N’dolo 10 – associate principal @ Camoin Associates

(Michael and Bruce Bailey, “Offshore development can yield economic benefits,” North American Wind Power, Fall 2010)//BB

Economic opportunities

Wind power is a job-creation engine a number of projects on the East Coast.
 * AND **

** Reforming the permitting process is key – Massachusetts provides an opportune model for streamlined development **
Kimmel*, and Stalenhoef**, 10-10-2011 – *Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection** Counsel for the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities

[*Kenneth, *Dawn, “The Cape Wind Offshore Wind Energy Project: A Case Study of the Difficult Transition to Renewable Energy”, Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal, Volume 5 Issue 1, http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=gguelj]

The Cape Wind saga reveals for the types of reform that are needed.
 * AND **

** Long-term incentives ensure that the supply chain follows on – fed support key **
Galluci 11 - Staff Reporter at InsideClimate News Honduras Contributor at Fodor's, Co-Editor & Reporter at The News, Newsroom Intern at Associated Press, Newsroom Intern at Columbus Business (Maria, “Never-Used Tax Credit Could Jumpstart US Offshore Wind Energy—if Renewed,” http://truth-out.org/news/item/4778:neverused-tax-credit-could-jumpstart-us-offshore-wind-energy%E2%80%94if-renewed) Matt Kaplan, a North American wind analyst
 * AND **

the United States," Grybowski said.