Beddow-Goldstein

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= = = =1AC=

=--Plan=
 * Thus the Plan: The United States federal government should increase direct funding to public-private partnerships for the development and construction of deep-water ports in Alaska.**

=--Inherency=

__This is a **new capital request to …**__ contamination and cleanup.
 * Interest in new Alaskan ports now, but the project isn’t adequately funded.**
 * Alaska DoT 11** – (Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, “State of Alaska Capital Project Summary: Arctic Ports Study”, 07/01/2011 < www.alaskapublic.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Arctic-Ports-Study-Funding-Request.pdf>)//AB

=--Deterrence=

//__As global warming__ __…__ for capabilities.” //
 * Status quo Arctic strategy fails – navy lacks adequate bases.**
 * O’Rourke 6/15** – Specialist in Naval Affairs (Ronald, “Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress”, 6/15/12; < http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153.pdf>)//AB//

//**Arctic arms race now – Russia and other Arctic states are preparing for resource wars.**// //**Akimoto 09** – Senior Research Fellow at Ocean Policy Research Foundation (Kazumine, “Power Games in the Arctic Ocean” 10/20/09 < http://www.institutenorth.org/assets/images/uploads/files/Power.pdf>) //AB Knowingly or unknowingly, __ … __**__seemingly sparks fear of a new Cold War.__**

//The endless desert of snow and ice has always been a subject for dispute among politicians, diplomats and scientists. __The **Arctic territory has now become a subject of a military dispute**: NATO … world. __//
 * Russia and the West are scrambling for the Arctic – deterrence is key to solve.**
 * Pravda 09** – Russian State News Organization (“NATO to melt Arctic Ice as it Triggers Yet Another International Scandal”, 1/22/09; < http://english.pravda.ru/world/europe/22-01-2009/106995-nato_arctic-0/>)//AB//

//**The Chinese are coming and they want our Arctic.**// //**O’Rourke 6/15** – Specialist in Naval Affairs (Ronald, “Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress”, 6/15/12; < http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153.pdf>) //AB
 * __China has__** **__also evinced a …__** and he added that **__China__**__had to “make short and long term ocean **strategic development plans to exploit the Arctic**because it will become a **future mission for the navy**.__ ”

//__The **NSR is a contested waterway, … Chinese merchant ships**, in the seas north of Russia or in the North Atlantic, **would confront Russia and NATO**with a challenging new security environment.__//
 * China is preparing to confront both Russia and the US in the Arctic.**
 * Blunden 1/20** – contributor to Chatham House International Affairs and author on geopolitics (Margaret, “Geopolitics and the Northern Sea Route”, 1/20/12, < http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International%20Affairs/2012/88_1/88_1blunden.pdf>)//AB//

//**Russia is going to press its claims in the Arctic.**// //**O’Rourke 6/15** – Specialist in Naval Affairs (Ronald, “Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress”, 6/15/12; < http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153.pdf>) //AB __Throughout the Cold War, the **Arctic …**__ stated that “any militarization [of the Arctic] is out of the question.”175

//**__Russia and Canada claim__** **__formal …__** Tryck Nyman Hayes, Inc. and Riverwise, LLC. 2008). //
 * The US is going to dispute Russian and Canadian claims in the Arctic.**
 * Northern Economics 11** – Largest professional economics consulting firm in Alaska; report prepared for Army Corps of Engineers and Alaska Department of Transportation (“Alaska Regional Ports: Planning for Alaska’s Regional Ports and Harbors: //Final Report”// January 2011; < http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/desports/assets/pdf/regionalports_finalreport0111.pdf>)//AB//

//**Cooperation impossible – Arctic imperialism is coming with or without the US. Militarist epistemology is held by every Arctic state.**// //**Griffiths 92** – professor emeritus of political science at University of Toronto (Franklyn, “Arctic Alternatives: Civility or Militarism in the Polar North”, 1992; < http://books.google.com/books?id=hC4gEsSR1JwC&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=arctic+deterrence&source=bl&ots=KQJsp9LeNm&sig=Y4pi9z17VlRBllxLBRftpfAJwwE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dfrxT6qNJIzntQa9naiQDw&ved=0CE4Q6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q&f=false>) //AB __Nonetheless, international co-operation, in …__ interactions of alien powers.

// A disturbing trend has swept the world’s most … mediation. //
 * Absent deterrence, current militarization will escalate to an Arctic conflict.**
 * Grundberger 4/26** – staff writer for John Hopkins Newsletter (Jacob, “Cold Wars: Why Militaries Must Get out of the Arctic” 4/26/12 [|http://www.jhunewsletter.com/op-ed/cold-wars-why-militaries-must-get-out-of-the-arctic-1.2862157#.T-vuSsWs9n8])//AB//

//**This sparks World War III – Russia, China, Canada, and the US.**// //**Rodgers 10** – former senior international correspondent for CNN (Walter, “War over the Arctic? Global warming skeptics distract us from security risks.” 3/2/10; []) //AB Skepticism about climate change is going … another. Says Brooks: “The age of the Arctic is upon us.”

=--Oil Spill=

Conathan et. al. 12 – writers for the Center of American Progress, an independent nonpartisan educational institute dedicated to critique and analysis of policy. Individual cites are below. “Putting a Freeze on Arctic Ocean Drilling America’s Inability to Respond to an Oil Spill in the Arctic,” February 2012, americanprogress.org/issues/2012HO //__The decision to move forward with drilling … response effort.__//
 * Status-quo infrastructure lacks adequate oil spill responsiveness.**

//**Past spills were minor, but increased human activity makes the brink more and more likely.**// //**O’Rourke 6/15** – Specialist in Naval Affairs (Ronald, “Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress”, 6/15/12; < http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153.pdf>) //AB Climate change impacts in the Arctic, particularly the …Coast waters in 1979.89

// Alaska’s North Slope is underlain by permafrost— a thick … **__can remove only a small fraction of spilled oil__**__, especially under conditions of broken ice.__//
 * All it takes is one major spill to collapse ecology.**
 * National Academy of Engineering** **03** – American National Academies (“Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska’s North Slope”, 2003; < http://dels-old.nas.edu/dels/rpt_briefs/north_slope_final.pdf>)//AB//

//**An Alaskan Oil spill will destroy marine ecology.**// //**Dorsett 10** – Researcher at Towson University (Melanie, “Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Continued Effects on the Alaskan Economy”, 10/20/10; []) //AB __Some of the short term ecological effects occurred …**the night of the oil spill.**__

//The **__Arctic contains … of the diversity of life on Earth __****__. __**//
 * Arctic is key to global biodiversity.**
 * Arctic Council 11** – Intergovernmental Council of Arctic States (“Arctic Biodiversity”, 5/2/11; < http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/biodiversity/124-arctic-biodiversity>)//AB//

//**Arctic species key to life and genetic diversity on Earth. **// //**CAFF 98 ****– Biodiversity Working group of the Arctic Council (Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, “Strategic Plan for the Conservation of Arctic Biological Diversity”, September 1998; < ** **http://arcticportal.org/uploads/RX/zN/RXzNc4KU8QKfhN_KDw_oQQ/The-StrategicPlanforTheConservofArcticBiolDiv.pdf>) **//**AB** __The **species of the Arctic are …**__ efforts with non-Arctic countries.

//The __biological diversity ____of organisms … **Earth's life-support functions.** __//
 * Biodiversity is key to life on earth. **
 * Science Daily 11 ** ( ScienceDaily, online science newsletter, 8/11/12 “Biodivserity Key to Earth’s Life-Support Functions in a Changing World” )//AB//

//**Response time is key – that means we need infrastructure nearby.**// //**O’Rourke 6/15** – Specialist in Naval Affairs (Ronald, “Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress”, 6/15/12; < http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153.pdf>) //AB
 * __Response time is__** **__a …__**__compared to other regions.98__

=--Solvency= // NOAA is a leader in providing … shoreline information used in the adjudication. //
 * Investing in Arctic port development is key to safe navigation – prevents oil spills.**
 * NOAA 08 ** – Federal Scientific Agency within US Department of Commerce (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Internal Strategy Paper: Transportation; A Strategy for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration” July 2008; < http://www.ppi.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Transportation.pdf>)//AB//

//**New Arctic ports are vital to deterrence capabilities.**// //**O’Rourke 6/15** – Specialist in Naval Affairs (Ronald, “Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress”, 6/15/12; < http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153.pdf>) //AB The **__Navy__** **__and Coast Guard__** __…**operations**__ **__in the Arctic.__**__196__

//All participants agreed on … potential uses and users for Arctic ports.//
 * Arctic ports are key to maintaining US sovereignty in the Arctic – P3s solve.**
 * RISE 11** – international program management company (“USACE/DOT&PF Alaska Deep-Draft Arctic Ports Planning Charrette” 5/16/11 < http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/desports/assets/pdf/071311_charettesummary.pdf>)//AB//

//**Ports are key to national security in the Arctic.**// //**Northern Economics 11** – Largest professional economics consulting firm in Alaska; report prepared for Army Corps of Engineers and Alaska Department of Transportation (“Alaska Regional Ports: Planning for Alaska’s Regional Ports and Harbors: //Final Report” //January 2011; )//AB

__ Ports ____ and harbors play an **important role in …** modest levels of vessel traffic. __

// The Alaska DOT&PF and the Army …rescoping study effort as needed for following years. //
 * Ports strengthen every US Arctic naval asset.**
 * Alaska DoT no date** – Alaska Department of Transportation (“Arctic Port Study” no date; < http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/desports/arctic.shtml>)//AB//

//**P3s solve best.**// //**Northern Economics 11** – Largest professional economics consulting firm in Alaska; report prepared for Army Corps of Engineers and Alaska Department of Transportation (“Alaska Regional Ports: Planning for Alaska’s Regional Ports and Harbors: //Final Report” //January 2011; < http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/desports/assets/pdf/regionalports_finalreport0111.pdf>)//AB __ Funding for marine infrastructure ____ … __ and cranes (American Association of Port Authorities 2009).

//__The role of PPPs in … **be a source of local matching funds.**__//
 * P3s are normal means.**
 * Northern Economics 11** – Largest professional economics consulting firm in Alaska; report prepared for Army Corps of Engineers and Alaska Department of Transportation (“Alaska Regional Ports: Planning for Alaska’s Regional Ports and Harbors: //Final Report”// January 2011; < http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/desports/assets/pdf/regionalports_finalreport0111.pdf>)//AB//

//**The state of Alaska doesn’t have the economic muscle to fund the plan.**// //**RISE 11** – international program management company (“USACE/DOT&PF Alaska Deep-Draft Arctic Ports Planning Charrette” 5/16/11 < http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/desports/assets/pdf/071311_charettesummary.pdf>) //AB Our __approach is to pursue public/private …__ Use Highways used for the Klondike Highway.

=NEGATIVE:= Jackson Vanik Psychoanalysis K States CP