Emma+&+Priyanka


 * __ Plan __**


 * __ Plan: __**** The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in expedited port deepening projects in the United States. **

**__ Seaport Competitiveness __**


 * __ Contention one is the economy __**


 * Panama Canal expansion means we are at a turning point in seaborne commerce – without harbor deepening, we won’t get access to post Panamax ships **
 * __ Bridges 11 __**Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority (Jerry A., “Testimony of Jerry A. Bridges Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority before the United States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee Hearing: the Economic importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?”, October 26, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Bridges.pdf)//MM]

Since the birth of our nation, ….access to seaports. We cannot wait.


 * The perception of federal commitment is key to foreign investment – the alternative is collapse **
 * __ Calhoun 11 __**President of Cargo Carriers (Cargill) and Chairman of Waterways Council, Inc (Rick, “DREDGING FOR PROSPERITY”, Marine Log, August, ProQuest, []”) EL

Just like the nation itself, __….__ viewed as an investment, not a cost, in the future of our inland waterways transportation system.


 * Spending is increasing but not for harbor deepening – lack of a firm commitment kills effectiveness **
 * __ Szakonyi 12 __** associate editor of the Journal of Commerce (Mark, “The Hill Ramping Up Dredging Efforts”, Journal of Commerce, 5/7, ProQuest) EL

__The push__ __by U.S. …..__meaningful long-term decisions.


 * Seaport competitiveness is key to economic growth – it’s key to a quarter of US GDP and 3 trillion dollars per year **
 * __ Nagle 11 __**president and chief executive officer of the American Association of Port Authorities (December 2011, Kurt, Industry Today, “Association: American Association of Port Authorities; Port-Related Infrastructure Investments Can Reap Dividends,” vol. 14, no. 3, @http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view.asp?ArticleID=F370)

It seems __the U__nited __….__(HMT) is utilized to maintain federal navigation channels.


 * The alternative is light loading which destroys the industry **
 * __ Weakley 08 __**– Realize America’s Maritime promise, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, testimony of James Weakley the president of the Lake Carriers’ Association (James, “Realize America’s Maritime Promise”, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, 4/30/08, [])//MM//

//__Port-related jobs are critical to__ …… purpose and not merely for deficit reduction.//

//** Increasing exports decrease the trade deficit and makes growth sustainable – prevents investment bubbles and collapses **// //**__ Istrate et al, 10 __** -- senior research analyst and associate fellow with the Metropolitan Infrastructure Initiative (Emilia, "Export Nation: How U.S. Metros Lead National Export Growth and Boost Competitiveness", July, Brookings, []// //)// NK

__Exports Could Contribute ……. can be part of the solution to many long-standing difficulties__.

__Seaports serve as a critical__ __…..__ contaminated sediments are contained and not harmful.
 * An increase in funding is key to maintaining trade – that’s key to the economy **
 * __ AAPA 10 __**– American Association of Port Authorities (“Maintaining and Deepening our Maritime Highways” November 2010, [|http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/Awareness/HMT%20Fact%20Sheet_12%2028%2010.pdf)//GP]
 * Economic collapse cause nuclear war **
 * __ Merlini 11 __**(Cesare Merlini, BA in humanities, holds a diploma for industrial engineering, nonresident Senior Fellow at the Center on the United States at the Brookings Institute, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute of International Affairs, President of the Italian Institute of International Affairs, founder and former Executive-Vice-Chairman of the Council for the United States and Italy, former co-editor of Global-FP, an Italian magazine associated with Foreign Affairs, former member of the Trilateral Commission, member of the Board of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, previously held the chair of Nuclear Technologies at the Polytechnic University of Turin, nuclear scientist at the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois, expert on transatlantic relations, European integration, nuclear non-proliferation, and the impact of change in society on international relations, 2011, “A Post-Secular World?”, published in Survival volume 53 number 2, page 117, [])

Two neatly opposed …..recognition by others, stemming from a self-perception of rising influence and power.


 * Boosting economic competitiveness is vital to preventing military retrenchment – risks great power wars**
 * Khalilzad, ’11** – Bush’s ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the UN and former director policy planning at the DOD (Zalmay, “The Economy and National Security”, National Review, 2-8-11, [])

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most … the moment, leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.

McCoy 10 –Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, BA from Columbia and PhD in Southeast Asia History from Yale (Alfred, “How America will Collapse (by 2025)”, SALON magazine, 12/06/10, [|http://www.salon.com/writer/alfred_mccoy/)//MM]
 * Hegemonic decline risks imperial lashout – net worse than their turns**

Counterintuitively, as …… humiliating defeats that only accelerate the loss of power. __The downward spiral the ……__ would see the United States as a benign hegemon serving their own interests.
 * Your turns are non-unique – even anti-hegemonic authors agree the US will always try to maintain hegemony – only a question of effectiveness**
 * Mearsheimer 11** John J. Mearsheimer, the “R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago” Jan/Feb 2011 “Imperial By Design” http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0059.pdf

[Niall, “A world without power,” Foreign Policy 143, p. 32-39, July-August] So what is left? Waning empires. ….. than rival great powers would benefit from such a not-so-new world disorder.
 * The alternative is apolarity – that causes extinction**
 * Ferguson, 4** – Professor of History at New York University's Stern School of Business and Senior fellow at the Hoover Institution

**__ LNG __**


 * __ Contention two is LNG __**


 * The plan is key to increase LNG exports **
 * __ Ebinger et al 12 __**- Task Force Co-Chair of Brookings Institution Natural Gas Task Force("Evaluating the Prospects for Increased Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas from the United States", January, p. 15, Brookings, www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/natural%20gas%20ebinger/natural_gas_ebinger_2.pdf)//GP//

//Shipping Capacity The __successful ..__ a dramatic decline in shipping costs to Asia. 40//

//** We have the capacity **// //**__ Bass and Pickering 6/13 __** – *Mr. Bass is a Director in Navigant’s Energy Practice in London and has provided strategic advice and transaction support to his clients in the energy industry for over twelve years. Projects have covered oil, gas and renewable resources, the commercial feasibility of developing an LNG receiving terminal and negotiation support on an independent power project. **Gordon Pickering a Director in the Energy practice, with over 28 years of energy marketing and consulting experience in the wholesale natural gas and power industries in the United States and Canada. (Richard and Gordon, “The U.S. Has A Natural Gas Glut; Why Exporting It As LNG Is A Good Idea”,**// //**Forbes, 6/13/12,[])**//**GP**


 * __The__ emergence of shale gas ……. to trade at a sizable discount to oil on an energy equivalent basis.**

Even if status quo production is insufficient, federal investment in the industry spurs more __ Hulbert, 5/26 __ **– a Lead Analyst at European Energy Review and consultant to a number of governments, most recently as Senior Research Fellow, Netherlands Institute for International Relations (Clingendael), was previously Senior Research Fellow at ETH Zurich working on energy and political risk. He started work in the City of London, advising on energy markets and political risk, as Senior Energy Analyst at Datamonitor for leading global utilities, and headed up the Global Issues Desk at Control Risks Group, specializing in political risk, geopolitics and security analysis for multinational companies, governments and institutional investors. He was also seconded to work in Washington, D.C., to enhance CRG's political risk offerings in North America. (Matthew, “Why American Natural Gas Will Change The World”, Forbes, 5/26/12, [])//GP//**


 * //‘It was the best of times; it was the …… __the third largest LNG player in the world behind Qatar and Australia.__//**

//__ Scenario 1 is the EU __//

// Panama expansion opens new opportunities for LNG exports to Europe // //__ Eaton 12 __**– reporter for the Houston Business Journal (Collin, “Economists differ on Panama Canal expansion's impact “, Houston Business Journal, May 29 2012, [])**// **MGD**


 * Economists at a recent forum ……… __expansion will boost trade,__ but it won’t necessarily be a game-changer.**

Increasing US LNG exports breaks European dependence on Russia – terminals are there __ Ratner et al, 2012 __**specialist in energy policy, other authors include ***Paul Belkin, analyst in European affairs, ***Jim Nichol, specialist in Russian and Eurasian affairs, and** *Steven Woehrel, specialist in European Affairs (Michael, “Europe’s Energy Security: Options and Challenges to Natural Gas Supply Diversification,” Congressional Research Service, 3/13/12, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42405.pdf)//AM//

//__The__ 27 member-state European …… state-controlled natural gas giant Gazprom, have adamantly defended oil-indexed natural gas prices.//

//Russian monopoly destroys pro-democracy efforts in Eurasia// //__Baran 07__ **-** senior fellow and director of the Center for Eurasian Policy at the Hudson Institute in Washington, D.C. **(**Zenyo, “ EU Energy Security: Time to End Russian Leverage,” THE WASHINGTON QUARTERLY AUTUMN 2007, [])//

//__The lack of reliable and sustainable__ __……and drug trafﬁcking in Central Asia and the Caucasus would increase.__//

//That leads to Central Asian instability// //__Asmus 08__ - Executive Director of the Transatlantic Center at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, in Brussels, From 1997 to 2000, he served as U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs (Ronald, “ Europe's Eastern Promise; Rethinking NATO and EU Enlargement,” Foreign Affairs. New York: Jan/Feb 2008. [])//

//IN THE early 1990S, after the Iron Curtain ….. **__different from one in which an autocratic, nationalist Russia is on the rise.__**//

//Nuclear war// //__McDermott 11__ - specializes in Russian and Central Asian defense and security issues and is a Senior Fellow in Eurasian Military Studies, The Jamestown Foundation, Washington DC, Senior International Research Fellow for the Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO), Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and Affiliated Senior Analyst, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen. McDermott is on the editorial board of Central Asia and the Caucasus and the scientific board of the Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies. He recently wrote The Reform of Russia’s Conventional Armed Forces: Problems, Challenges and Policy Implications (Roger, “General Makarov Highlights the “Risk” of Nuclear Conflict”, 12/6/11, The Jamestown Foundation, [])//GP

In the current election season the __… **issue** is concerned, was therefore **a much tougher bone** than the old dogs of the Cold War would wish **to chew** on.__


 * __ Scenario 2 is Iran __**


 * US LNG exports undermine Russian and Iranian influence – prevents a gas cartel, stops EU dependence on Russia and makes sanctions against Iran effective **
 * Medlock et al 2011 ** ***Report from an energy study sponsored by the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy and supported by the US Department of energy, Medlock is a fellow in energy and resource economics at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, PhD in economics (Kenneth, “Shale Gas and U.S. National Security,” James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, July 2011, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-DOEShaleGas-07192011.pdf)//AM//**


 * //The study finds that full development of commercial …… __natural gas resource holders such as Russia, Iran__, and Venezuela.//**

// Sanctions are key to solve Iran’s nuclear program // //__ CAP 12 __**- Center for American Progress, independent nonpartisan educational institute (“Sanctions Are Causing Major Headaches for Iran’s Nuclear Program 6 Reasons Why the Obama Administration’s Iran Strategy Is the Best Way Forward”, May 29, [|http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/05/iran_series2.html/)//EL]**//

//**Though Iran has survived for more than 30 ……__and increase the technological risks that complicate any Iranian decision to dash to a bomb.”__**//

// Extinction // //__ Allison 6 __**-Harvard Government Professor(Graham, “The Will to Prevent”, Fall, Harvard International Law Review, L/N, Accessed 7/16/10)**// //**Meanwhile, Iran is testing the line in the …….. __destruction that can threaten our existence.”__**//

//__ Solvency __//

//__ Contention three is Solvency __//

// Federal action is key to leadership and is legally mandated // //__ AAPA 11 __**- AAPA represents 160 of the leading seaport authorities in the United States, Canada, Latin America and the Caribbean and more than 300 sustaining and associate members, firms and individuals with an interest in seaports (American Association of Port Authorities, “The U.S. Government’s Historic Role in Developing and Maintaining Landside and Waterside Connections to Seaports”, March 2011, [|http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/Transportation%20and%20the%20Constitution1.pdf)//GP]**//

//**Over time these constitutional responsibilities ……. __and global competitiveness, be recognized and prioritized__.**//

// Federal leadership is key to project success, agency participation, and faster infrastructure development // //__ Woodley 08 __**Chairman – PIANC (Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses) USA (John Paul, “Dredging key to keeping nation’s economy afloat”, Seaports Magazine, [], Summer) EL**//

//**Like many nations, __the United States …… will do our part to keep America’s economy strong for generations to come.__**//

// Federal regulations mean new projects take decades without federal action // //__ Nagle 12 __**President and CEO of the American Association of Port Authorities (Kurt J., “Testimony of Kurt J. Nagle President and CEO of the American Association of Port Authorities Before the United States House of Representatives Appropriations Committee Energy and Water Development, and Related Agencies Subommittee”, Budget Hearing- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Assistant Secretary, Chief of Engineers, March 7, 2012, [|http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/EWTestimony%20Mar2012%20Final.pdf)//MM]**//

//**__First, the funding level of the Corps of Engineers’ ……__t we can meet the challenges of today and tomorrow.**//

// The plan will allow the US to double exports in the next 5 years // //__ USA Today 11 __ **– news agency (Larry Copeland, “A goal to be port of call for all; U.S. sites digging in to accommodate big ships,” USA Today, October 3, 2011, lexis)**// **CB**


 * It's just before noon on a recent weekday, ……..__their ships. This will keep us very competitive."__**

Federal regulations __prevent__ other actors from solving – only federal action to streamline the process and increase funding solves Anderson, 11** –Chief Executive Officer of the Jacksonville Port Authority (JAXPORT) (A. Paul, “testimony of A. Paul Anderson Chief Executive Officer of the Jacksonville Port Authority (JAXPORT) for the Record of the united States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Subcommittee on Water Resources and the Environment Hearing: “The Economic Importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?””, October 26, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Anderson.pdf)//MM]

With increasingly larger ships calling the East Coast, ……….. projects is //fundamentally broken//.

Neg

Past 2nrs:


 * 1) States CP and Jackson Vanik vs Title XI
 * 2) Cap K vs Bering Strait
 * 3) Sunshades CP and Elections vs CCS
 * 4) T – increase vs HTF
 * 5) Privatization CP and Elections vs Ports Dredging

Email me at Priyanka.narayan2@gmail.com if you have any questions.