Juliette+&+Analisa


 * Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its non-military ocean exploration through the National Oceanographic Partnership Program.**

Marine Science Leadership:

** Cuts to ocean exploration are destroying US marine science leadership **
As the case in 1962, our nation’s scientific numbers have never been greater or more diverse. Yet sadly, //our nation’s commitment to science continues to diminish//. Other… information is listed below.
 * Mclain, 12** - Assistant Director of Science for the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (Craig, March 15, 2012 “Losing Deep-Sea Science in the United States” [|http://deepseanews.com/2012/03/losing-deep-sea-science-in-the-united-states/)//gingE]

** Greater ocean exploration is vital to understanding deep-ocean thermohaline circulation which determines our ability to adapt to climate change **
Why Ocean Exploration Is Important Today Curiosity, desire for knowledge, and quest for adventure continue to motivate modern explorers. But today, there are additional reasons to explore Earth’s ocean, including climate change, energy, human health, ocean health,… world, and the excitement of discovery are still among the reasons we explore Earth’s ocean; but we also explore to survive.
 * Goodwin, 9** – The Harmon Project, NOAA Goodwin is PhD Marine Biologist and Science Writer at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (“Why Do We Explore” []) zabd

** Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience **
The misconceptions that drove spending on space were mirrored in our lack of knowledge about the ocean's importance. Our ambivalence about the ocean is reflected in the vast disparity in… not only the US government, but also the entire global community recognizes the importance of aggressive ocean research and management before it is too late.
 * Young, 14 –** thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT **(**Grace, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, [|http://mseas.mit.edu/publications/Theses/Grace_C_Young_BS_Thesis_MIT2014.pdf)//DH]

** It will end all life on the planet **
Scientists are warning of a potential marine massacre with a mass extinction of sea life akin to the death of the dinosaurs. A new report says the seas are … will be presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York this week.
 * Dingle 11 ** – Sarah Dingle is a reporter for ABC Radio Current Affairs. (“Ocean heading for mass extinction, scientists warn”, ABC News, [], June 21, 2011, Quay)

** Stable federal exploration funding is the __bellwether__ for catalyzing investment in __adaptation technologies__ and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem management **
//The importance of the ocean in daily life, whether you live on the East Coast, the Great Plains, or the Mountain West, cannot be oversimplified or understated. In short, it is one of the… //long-term viability of the impact their investment //will have on the success that U.S. ocean science research will have// around the globe//.
 * Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH//

====** A dedicated federal funding stream through NOPP is __perceived__ as restoring the U.S. __reputation__ within the marine science community – that’s vital to attracting scientists into research collaboration **==== The major drawback of a NOPP-sponsored ocean exploration program is that NOPP itself cannot directly receive funds appropriated by Congress …//appropriations of federal funds//. If those funding issues are not resolved, NOAA (with consideration to the comments above) or NSF would be appropriate alternatives.
 * NRC 3 ** – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, [])

** Research-driven adaptation strategies build in __resilience__ to prevent total ecosystem collapse **
Major gaps exist in our current scientific understanding, limiting our ability to forecast the consequences of ocean acidification and //hindering the…// destruction, pollution) to //increase ecosystem resiliency// as well as local-scale mitigation efforts.
 * Doney, 8 -** Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, **“**The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174” Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives6/5, []

** A dedicated NOPP funding stream will maximize ocean science partnerships and lead to __applied solutions__ for ocean ecosystem management **
The successes of the ocean partnership effort started more than ten years ago have been impressive. The partnership effort, backed by the goal of… enhanced skills of partnering and apply them to society’s most exigent needs with haste and vigor.
 * Watkins et al, 9** - Watkins chaired the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, served as the President of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, and founding President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (James, How the Oceanographic Community Created a National Oceanographic Partnership Program” Oceanography Vol. 22, Iss. 2. Published by the NOPP. https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2982/22.2_watkins.pdf?sequence=1) zabd

** US oceans leadership creates the political will for protection– change is empirically possible **
T he rebirth of the seas will require large doses of education to dispel the myth of an ocean with an endless bounty and an unlimited capacity to assimilate… contributed to the adoption in 1993 of a global ban on dumping radioactive waste into the ocean. In 2006, U.S. President George W. Bush established the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, the world’s largest ocean preserve.
 * Sielen, 14 -** ALAN B. SIELEN is Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (“Sea Change: How to Save the Oceans” 4/16, []

Maritime Conflicts:

** Establishing a new ocean exploration within the NOPP is vital to both __inter-agency__ and __international__ coordination in marine science **
Incorporating a //new ocean exploration program// into the //U.S. marine science// field presents numerous challenges. The large scale of the program,… should be engaged early through the task force to plan for collaborative exploration programs proposed by international groups of scientists.
 * NRC 3 ** – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, [])

** The plan establishes a __global model__ and builds __international marine research collaboration__ **
The oceans cover nearly three-quarters of the Earth's surface, regulate our weather and climate, and sustain a large portion of the planet's biodiversity, yet we know very little about them. In…increase public awareness of the oceans as a common global bond, highlighting their importance in our lives," Orcutt said.
 * Pages, 4** – Media Relations Officer at National Academies (Patrice, “Exploration of the Deep Blue Sea” National Academies In Focus Magazine, Winter/Spring, [])//DH

** This spurs __global solutions__ and the development of multilateral agreements **
INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR AN OCEAN EXPLORATION PROGRAM The involvement of many nations in ocean exploration efforts would expand an ocean exploration program’s usefulness … //multilateral international agreements// to undertake regional exploration or to pursue themes of shared interest.
 * NRC, 3** – National Research Center (Committee on Exploration of the Seas Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown ( 2003 )” pp 6-7 []

** Maritime conflicts are likely in the South China Sea over unsustainable fishing – transnational marine science collaboration is vital to creating trust necessary for __durable peace__ **
Fishing for Peace? The Need for a New EBM Initiative in the South China Sea… the multilateral cooperation and mutual trust so urgently needed in the South China Sea.
 * Leutert, et al, 13** - third-year PhD student in the government department at Cornell University, currently based in Beijing from 2013-2014 as a visiting scholar at PekingUniversity and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Also authored by Dr. C. Sachi GERBIN, the 2013-2014 US resident Sasakawa Peace Foundation fellow, and Jennifer MCARDLE, program associate at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Center for Science, Technology and Security Policy at Pacific Forum CSIS. (Wendy, "Forging Cooperation over Competition: Opportunities for Practical Security Collaboration in the Asia-Pacific” Issues & Insights Vol. 14 – No. 6 Beijing, People’s Republic of China December 2013, [|http://csis.org/files/publication/issuesinsights_vol14no6.pdf)//gingE] **DOC = Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea**

** Risks extinction **
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be use d. After all, for centuries national conflicts have led to wars, with nations… //destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.//
 * Wittner 11** - Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany (Lawrence S. Wittner, 11/28, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", [|www.huntingtonnews.net/14446])

** Stronger marine science partnerships act as confidence building measures that dampen conflict incentives and bolster inter-state relations **
There are a number of successful international marine science partnerships and specific models that should be considered for implementation in other regions of the world. Often, such…helping to improve foreign relations between governments and build goodwill between peoples of different nations.
 * Crosby, 7 –** executive director, National Science Board (Michael, “Improving International Relations Through Marine Science Partnerships”, __Law, Science and Ocean Management__, p. 275-276

Solvency:

** NOPP is key to a __successful__ and __collaborative__ ocean exploration system—however, additional federal funding is key **
//Last month, the Bush Administration announced that U.S. policy on climate change would be shaped by the best science and pledged to work aggressively to improve our scientific… __the oceans with new technologies and get the information we need__ to better understand our ocean planet. Moreover, the National Oceanographic Partnership program offers us a mechanism for using Federal resources to achieve this goal.//
 * Nichols et al., 3**—*author of Encyclopedia of Marine, President and oceanographer at Marine Information Resources Corporation **oceanographer at NOAA** *author of Encyclopedia of Marine (C. Reids, David Porter, Robert G. Williams, “Recent Advances and Issues in Oceanography”, Greenwood Publishing Group, [|http://books.google.com/books?id=IjxpKwHgbqkC&pg=PA216&lpg=PA216&dq=nopp+needs+funding&source=bl&ots=lEbDm1FBzq&sig=85Se_kj91a-9gQVpsMpLM6s4hoE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LMitU9DKHqm70wX90oG4Bg&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=nopp%20needs%20funding&f=false], page 215-)//emchen//

//*=went for in the 2NR// //**Neg Strat Against SSD:**// Cap K* Thorium CP* Midterms DA (GOP Good)*

//**Neg Strat Against NOPP:**// Space Tradeoff DA* Cap K Ex-Im Politics DA Japan CP