Jaden+and+Elliot (GRAMS-HJPV)

=1AC - NOPP=

1ac – plan

 * Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its non-military ocean exploration of the Earth’s oceans through the National Oceanographic Partnership Program.**

1ac – marine science leadership
As the case … is listed below.
 * Contention 1 is marine science leadership—**
 * Cuts to ocean exploration are destroying US marine science leadership**
 * McClain, 12** - Assistant Director of Science for the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (Craig, March 15, 2012 “Losing Deep-Sea Science in the United States” http://deepseanews.com/2012/03/losing-deep-sea-science-in-the-united-states/)//gingE

Goodwin is PhD Marine Biologist and Science Writer at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (“Why Do We Explore” [] ) zabd Why Ocean Exploration … __explore to survive__.
 * Greater ocean exploration is vital to understanding deep-ocean thermohaline circulation which determines our ability to adapt to climate change**
 * Goodwin, 9** – The Harmon Project, NOAA

The misconceptions that … __is too late__.
 * Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience**
 * Young, 14 –** thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT **(**Grace, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, []

__Scientists__ __are warning …__ York this week.
 * It will end all life on the planet**
 * Dingle 11 ** – Sarah Dingle is a reporter for ABC Radio Current Affairs. (“Ocean heading for mass extinction, scientists warn”, ABC News, [], June 21, 2011, Quay)

The importance of __…__ **__around the globe__**.
 * Stable federal exploration funding is the __bellwether__ for catalyzing investment in __adaptation technologies__ and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem management**
 * Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH

__The major drawback …__ be appropriate alternatives.
 * A dedicated federal funding stream through NOPP is __perceived__ as restoring the U.S. __reputation__ within the marine science community – that’s vital to attracting scientists into research collaboration**
 * NRC 3 ** – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, [] )

__The rebirth of …__ largest ocean preserve.
 * US oceans leadership creates the political will for protection– change is empirically possible**
 * Sielen, 14 -** ALAN B. SIELEN is Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (“Sea Change: How to Save the Oceans” 4/16, []

Justification for a … changes __must increase__.
 * Exploration is vital to biodiscovery and developing new cures for diseases**
 * NRC, ’03**(Committee on Exploration of the Seas, National Research Council “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown” National Academies Press [] ) //GY

__Antimicrobial resistance__ (AMR) __…__ and health-care expenditures.
 * Global antibiotic resistance is increasing rapidly - the ability to treat diseases at all is close to collapsing – ending modern medicine**
 * Fukuda, 14 -** Assistant Director-General Health Security, World Health Organization, 14 (Keiji**,** “Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014” April, []


 * That risks extinction**
 * Greger 8** **–** M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger,, Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, [] )

Senate Majority Leader … passing a graveyard.”3154

__The successes of … haste and vigor__.
 * A dedicated NOPP funding stream will maximize ocean science partnerships and lead to __applied solutions__ for ocean ecosystem management**
 * Watkins et al, 9** - Watkins chaired the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, served as the President of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, and founding President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (James, How the Oceanographic Community Created a National Oceanographic Partnership Program” Oceanography Vol. 22, Iss. 2. Published by the NOPP. https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2982/22.2_watkins.pdf?sequence=1) zabd

1ac – maritime conflicts
__Incorporating a__ **__new …__**__groups of scientists__.
 * Contention 2 is maritime conflicts—**
 * Establishing a new ocean exploration is vital to both __inter-agency__ and __international__ coordination in marine science**
 * NRC 3 ** – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, [] )

The oceans cover … __of shared interest.__ Fishing for Peace? … the South China Sea.
 * The plan establishes a __global model__ and builds __international marine research collaboration__**
 * Pages, 4** – Media Relations Officer at National Academies (Patrice, “Exploration of the Deep Blue Sea” National Academies In Focus Magazine, Winter/Spring, [] )//DH
 * Maritime conflicts are likely in the South China Sea over unsustainable fishing – transnational marine science collaboration is vital to creating trust necessary for __durable peace__**
 * Leutert, et al, 13** - third-year PhD student in the government department at Cornell University, currently based in Beijing from 2013-2014 as a visiting scholar at PekingUniversity and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Also authored by Dr. C. Sachi GERBIN, the 2013-2014 US resident Sasakawa Peace Foundation fellow, and Jennifer MCARDLE, program associate at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Center for Science, Technology and Security Policy at Pacific Forum CSIS. (Wendy, "Forging Cooperation over Competition: Opportunities for Practical Security Collaboration in the Asia-Pacific” Issues & Insights Vol. 14 – No. 6 Beijing, People’s Republic of China December 2013, [] **DOC = Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea**

While **__nuclear weapons__** …chaos and __destruction__.
 * Risks extinction**
 * Wittner 11** - Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany (Lawrence S. Wittner, 11/28, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", [|www.huntingtonnews.net/14446] )//emchen

There are a …of different nations. =1AC - Fear of the Ocean=
 * Stronger marine science partnerships act as confidence building measures that dampen conflict incentives and bolster inter-state relations**
 * Crosby, 7 –** executive director, National Science Board (Michael, “Improving International Relations Through Marine Science Partnerships”, __Law, Science and Ocean Management__, p. 275-276

Hence the plan: the United States Federal Government should explore the Great Cthulhu’s sunken city of R’lyeh.
==== Enlightenment philosophy is founded on a fear of the ocean. We seek predictability and limits because we fear the inevitability of chaos and death. Attempts to circumscribe our voyage only represses what we fear and guarantees that it will be expressed in another place and at another time time. The project of our affirmative is to explore this ocean without refuge, to give up on the myth of a safe harbor. ==== __Of the ‘terrain…comes to rule__. ==== Fascism, too, is founded on a fear of the ocean. Mass exterminations are the result of a desire to cleanse and purify our community, to resist the unknown by drawing limits and isolating us from the real of blood and death. The obsession with policy will lead us nowhere—only a focus on poetry, language without an instrumental purpose, as a resistance to literal, limiting thought undermines the conditions of possibility for misery and atrocity ==== However great the … **__through the wall__**. ====Modern science has created a myth of infinite knowledge which stifles creativity and represses excess with the quest for literal truth. Our philosophical investigation of the ocean resists this completion and provides an outlet for scientific inquiry and resists the dominant form of scholarship as accumulation and work, which demands predictability, order, and stasis. Exploration resists both scientific certainty and mystical obscurantism—thought without restriction is important in and of itself==== __One consequence of…__ is the sting.
 * Land 1992** (Nick Land is a lecturer in Continental Philosophy at Warwick University, The Thirst for Annihilation: Georges Bataille and Virulent Nihilism) 75-9 IMPORTANT NOTE: parts in italics are quotations in the text from Kant. Kant is the bad guy. He’s going for framework against Bataille. You probably want to preserve that formatting.)
 * Land 1992** (Nick Land is a lecturer in Continental Philosophy at Warwick University, The Thirst for Annihilation: Georges Bataille and Virulent Nihilism, 138-140)
 * Land 1992** (Nick Land is a lecturer in Continental Philosophy at Warwick University, The Thirst for Annihilation: Georges Bataille and Virulent Nihilism, 24-5)

In the fiction of H.P. Lovecraft, Cthulhu and his lost city of R’lyeh beneath the ocean stand in for the horror of the Real, that which exceeds the power of language to literally assimilate
H.P. __Lovecraft__ once __…__ the object a. ====The Cthulhu Mythos is the foundation of cosmic horror. The point is not just fear, but a dislocation of humanity’s central place in the universe. Revealing that the sublime powers of the universe are indifferent towards and untroubled by humanity fascinates and terrifies us, shattering the frame of terrestrial philosophy==== __To appreciate the …that sublime unknown.__
 * Laliberte 2013** (Chris, “The Real in R’lyeh: On Lacan and Lovecraft,” With Caffeine & Careful Thought, Vol 1. Iss 1., November, http://142.150.190.119/index.php/wcct/article/view/20138) THIS EVIDENCE IS GENDER MODIFIED
 * Mariani 2014** (Mike, Terror Incognita: The Paradoxical History of Cosmic Horror, from Lovecraft to Ligotti, Los Angeles Review of Books, April 10, https://lareviewofbooks.org/essay/terror-incognita-paradoxical-history-cosmic-horror-lovecraft-ligotti)

====The aff’s exploration of the unknown through cosmic horror reveals the gaps and fissures of the Planet and decenters human subjectivity—this is the necessary prerequisite to an encounter with political and ecological crises==== __The world is …__ mud, and dirt.”
 * Thacker 2010** (Eugene, associate professor at The New School, In the Dust of this Planet, kindle)

=1AC - Queer Anarchy (Dheidt asked me to make it clear that this will not be read against classic teams or hybrids including a classic debater)=

The Queer nation begins…
Queer Nation, 90 (Text of a manifesto originally passed out by people marching with the ACT UP contingent in the New York Gay Pride Day parade, 1990. “Queer Nation Manifesto” http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/queernation.html)//gingE When anyone assaults … save your life!

Nature is posited in opposition to the queer—it represents the natural, the reproductive, and the normal
Merrick, 8 - PhD History (UWA), Senior lecturer at Curtin University (Helen, “Queering nature: close encounters with the alien in feminist science fiction,” 2008 Queer Universes: Sexualities in Science Fiction http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au/R?func=dbin-jump-full&local_base=gen01-era02&object_id=20732)//gingE One of the … its other, nature ? ====Specifically, our orientation towards the ocean is one that confronts the unnatural and the alien. The space of the ocean is a conflation of the natural and the unnatural, because it is seen as part of nature but we also view it as fluid and unnatural because it is alien to us==== Weinstone, ‘94 (Ann “Resisting Monsters: Notes on "Solaris"” Science Fiction Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 173-190 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4240332) //GY Solaris begins, like … own rough representations.

That mindset causes omnicide
Sedgwick, 8 (Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, 2008 The Epistemology of the Closet)//gingE From at least … opened and opened?

Queer anarchy is the best method for rejecting the ascription of “abnormal”
Daring, 12 (C. B. Daring, J. Rogue, Deric Shannon, and Abbey Volcano “Queering Anarchism: Essays on Gender, Power, and Desire” 2012)//gingE This article discusses … // into the state. // ==== Heteronormative assimilation strategies such as “GAY MARRIAGE” are merely attempts to make those bodies “more normal.” Instead of integration into the “natural order,” we need a total conflict with the totality. The Mary Nardini Gang explains… ==== Mary Nardini gang 2009 (criminal queers from Milwaukee, Wisconsin “toward the queerest insurrection” 2009)//gingE In the discourse … // is our history //.

The Mary Nardini gang explains what the anti-queer world looks like and how queer bodies are forced to encounter violence in every part of their lives …
Mary Nardini gang 2009 (criminal queers from Milwaukee, Wisconsin “toward the queerest insurrection” 2009)//gingE A fag is …for ¶ the Totality.

Any alternative needs to be radical. Simply being passive isn’t enough anymore. We must enter into the position of the “unnatural” to wage a war against the social order
Mary Nardini gang 2009 (criminal queers from Milwaukee, Wisconsin “toward the queerest insurrection” 2009)//gingE Some will read “… queerest of insurrections.

Perpetual silencing shrouds issues of queerness—the Queer nation explains…
Queer Nation, 90 (Text of a manifesto originally passed out by people marching with the ACT UP contingent in the New York Gay Pride Day parade, 1990. “Queer Nation Manifesto” http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/queernation.html)//gingE They've taught us … // up and listen. //

Anarchism disrupts hierarchies and creates a better orientation towards the natural world
Daring, 12 (C. B. Daring, J. Rogue, Deric Shannon, and Abbey Volcano “Queering Anarchism: Essays on Gender, Power, and Desire” 2012)//gingE Anarchist politics are … held by them.

The queer nation explains the façade of integration into society that silences queer anger…
Queer Nation, 90 (Text of a manifesto originally passed out by people marching with the ACT UP contingent in the New York Gay Pride Day parade, 1990. “Queer Nation Manifesto” http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/queernation.html)//gingE I have friends. …"Boy, you're bitter."

Community is destroyed by sameness. A successful community ought to be defined to its relationship to difference not a neutral playing field.
Secomb 2k - a lecturer in Gender Studies at the University of Sydney (Linnell, “Fractured Community” Hypatia – Volume 15 Number 2 Spring 2000 pg. 138-139.)//gingE This reformulated universalist …homogeneity and transparency.