Colin+&+Michael

why is my picture here?


 * Aff Dredging**


 * Plan - The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its investment in expedited port deepening projects in the United States**

__** CONTENTION 1 IS INHERENCY **__


 * Obama has expedited approval for projects, but hasn’t allocated funds – this means the AFF is still inherent, but you don’t have any disads **
 * Morgan and Rabin 7/19 ** – Miami Herald reporter, environment reporter (Curtis and Charles, “White House Speeds Up Permits, Offers No New Cash For Port Miami Dredge Project”, The Miami Herald, July 21 2012, [|http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/07/19/2902727/white-house-speeds-up-permits.html) // CB]

The White House … all remaining federal reviews.”


 * Allocation of money is critical – but none is forthcoming until 2019 **
 * Smith 7/20 ** – Bruce, Posted: Friday, July 20, 2012 3:30 am-“Harbor deepening gets boost, but needs money”-the Times and Democrat ([]) MK

Designating the Charleston … council for six months.


 * Status quo prioritization starves out smaller ports – they are key**
 * Frittelli, 11** - Specialist in Transportation Policy at the Congressional Research Service (John, “Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Expenditures,” 1/10/2011, [])HK

Because the HMTF … and Harbor in Oregon.


 * __ CONTENTION 2 IS ECONOMY __**


 * US is in trouble – panama expansion will bring a new era of seaborne commerce – lack of dredging will undermine the US’s ability to compete **
 * Bridges 11 ** – Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority (Jerry A., “Testimony of Jerry A. Bridges Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority before the United States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee Hearing: the Economic importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?”, October 26, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Bridges.pdf)//MM]

Since the birth of our nation, … We cannot wait.


 * Two internal links **


 * 1. Seaport competitiveness – current ports force light loading which kills it **
 * Weakley 8 ** – Realize America’s Maritime promise, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, testimony of James Weakley the president of the Lake Carriers’ Association (James, “Realize America’s Maritime Promise”, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, 4/30/08, [])MM

Port-related jobs are … for deficit reduction.


 * Only the affirmative sustains growth – seaport competitiveness represents a quarter of US GDP and contributes over 3 trillion to the economy **
 * Nagle 11 ** – president and chief executive officer of the American Association of Port Authorities (December 2011, Kurt, Industry Today, “Association: American Association of Port Authorities; Port-Related Infrastructure Investments Can Reap Dividends,” vol. 14, no. 3, @http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view.asp?ArticleID=F370)

It seems the United … is utilized to maintain federal navigation channels.


 * Only exports solve the trade deficit which is key to sustainable growth **
 * Istrate et al 10 ** – senior research analyst and associate fellow with the Metropolitan Infrastructure Initiative (Emilia, "Export Nation: How U.S. Metros Lead National Export Growth and Boost Competitiveness", July, Brookings, [] ) NK

Exports Could Contribute … long-standing difficulties.


 * Slow growth makes the US uncooperative and desperate – leads to hegemonic wars **
 * Goldstein 7 **- Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania, Avery Goldstein, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” [|Journal of Strategic Studies], Volume[|30], Issue [|4 & 5]August 2007, pages 639 – 682

Two closely related, … to the possible crossover.19 pg. 647-650


 * Second is trade leadership, expanding port infrastructure is vital to US global trade leadership **
 * Kiefer et al 2k **– principal investigator for Planning and Management Consultants– study authorized by Section 401 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1999, report to the US Army Corps of Engineers (Jack, Planning and Management Consultants, “The National Dredging Needs Study of Ports and Harbors Implications to Cost-Sharing of Federal Deep Draft Navigation Projects Due to Changes in the Maritime Industry”, May 2000, []) CB

2.2.2 Other Tangible Benefits Indirect benefits … limited to a handful of coastal states.


 * The impact is reverse casual – failure to dredge collapse trade leadership **
 * Kiefer et al, 2k ** – principal investigator for Planning and Management Consultants– study authorized by Section 401 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1999, report to the US Army Corps of Engineers (Jack, Planning and Management Consultants, “The National Dredging Needs Study of Ports and Harbors Implications to Cost-Sharing of Federal Deep Draft Navigation Projects Due to Changes in the Maritime Industry”, May 2000, []) CB

5.6 Direct Costs of Not Deepening … expanded as a matter of national policy.


 * Spills over worldwide – only dredging retains foreign customers **
 * Calhoun 11 -**- President of Cargo Carriers (Cargill) and Chairman of Waterways Council, Inc (Rick, “DREDGING FOR PROSPERITY”, Marine Log, August, ProQuest, []”) EL

Just like the nation itself, …waterways transportation system.


 * Collapse of US trade leadership causes trade blocs creating multiple scenarios for global conflict **
 * Bergsten 97 ** – Peterson Institute for International Economics (Fred C., “Global Trade and American Politics”, September 27, 1997, The Economist, [])

Second, the trade policy credibility … staying power in other respects.

Our more globalized … by civil conflict and war.
 * Free trade creates structural disincentives for inter- and intra- state war and deters terrorism **
 * Griswold, 11 ** Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization. “Free Trade and the Global Middle Class,” Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9 [|http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf Accessed 6/30/12] BJM

__** CONTENTION 3 IS NAVY **__


 * Multiple internal links **

(1973), Burroughs: professor, Department of Marine Affairs, University of Rhode Island, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1975) (Lawrence Juda and Richard Burroughs, “Dredging Navigational Channels in a Changing Scientific and Regulatory Environment” 34 Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce 174-179) CB
 * 1 . Dredging accommodates our shift to larger ships**
 * Juda and Burroughs 04 **– Juda: professor, Department of Marine Affairs, University of Rhode Island, Ph.D., Columbia University

But port facilities … have not existed before.


 * That’s key to wartime shipments **
 * AAPA Seaports Magazine 03 ** – ("The Impact of War and Terrorism", Fall, [|www.aapaseaports.com/pdf_issues/AAPASeaports_Fall2003.pdf]) NK

Vital national efforts such …Operation Desert Storm in 1991.


 * 2. Steel Industry**


 * Great lake ports are in trouble**
 * GLSN, 3/1** - Great Lakes-Seaway News (The Daily Journal of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway System, “Great Lakes Port Communities Hit By Obama Administration Dredging Proposal,” 3/1/2012, [])HK

As regular readers of …, Manitowoc, Port Washington Minnesota Duluth


 * Great Lakes port dredging is key to the national steel industry**
 * Transportation Institute, 09** - national group of experts that monitors and contributes to maritime policy (“Great Lakes Dredging Crisis,” 8/15/09, [])HK

The nation’s Great Lakes … bureaucratic smoke and mirrors.

[])//SS
 * Steel is key to military tech**
 * AISI, 7** – AISI’s goal is to educate about the U.S. and North American steel industry (American Iron and Steel Institute, “Steel and the National Defense,” Specialty Steel Industry of North America, January 2007,

The U.S. carbon/alloy … shipbuilding or other military uses.


 * 3. Competitiveness**


 * Boosting economic competitiveness is vital to preventing military retrenchmen**
 * Khalilzad, ’11** – Bush’s ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the UN and former director policy planning at the DOD (Zalmay, “The Economy and National Security”, National Review, 2-8-11, [])

Today, economic and …dangerous era of multi-polarity.


 * Hegemony solves all great power conflict**
 * Kagan 12** – (Robert Kagan is a senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution. Adapted from "The World America Made," A version of this article appeared February 11, 2012, on page C1 in some U.S. editions of The WallStreet Journal, with the headline: “Why the World Needs America.” []

History shows that world …American order came into being.


 * Social science proves that the alternative to hegemony is great power war—no peaceful transition **
 * Wohlforth 09 ** – professor of government at Dartmouth (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War,” World Affairs, January, project muse)

The upshot is a near … competitions for status tend to be zero sum.9


 * Even anti-hegemonic authors agree that the US will never accept anything less than total domination **
 * Mearsheimer 11 ** – John J. Mearsheimer, the “R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago” Jan/Feb 2011 “Imperial By Design” http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0059.pdf

The downward spiral … hegemon serving their own interests.


 * __ CONTENTION 4 SOLVENCY __**


 * Increased investment is key – the federal government’s uncertain commitment prevents new projects. **
 * Szakonyi 12 ** — associate editor of the Journal of Commerce (Mark, “The Hill Ramping Up Dredging Efforts”, Journal of Commerce, 5/7, ProQuest) EL

The push by U.S. … long-term decisions.


 * Federal government is key – constitution prevents other actors from acting **
 * AAPA, 11 ** - AAPA represents 160 of the leading seaport authorities in the United States, Canada, Latin America and the Caribbean and more than 300 sustaining and associate members, firms and individuals with an interest in seaports (American Association of Port Authorities, “The U.S. Government’s Historic Role in Developing and Maintaining Landside and Waterside Connections to Seaports”, March 2011, [|http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/Transportation%20and%20the%20Constitution1.pdf)//GP]

Over time these …, be recognized and prioritized.

**Nagle, 2012**- President and CEO of the American Association of Port Authorities (Kurt J., “Testimony of Kurt J. Nagle President and CEO of the American Association of Port Authorities Before the United States House of Representatives Appropriations Committee Energy and Water Development, and Related Agencies Subommittee”, Budget Hearing- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Assistant Secretary, Chief of Engineers, March 7, 2012, [|http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/EWTestimony%20Mar2012%20Final.pdf)//MM]
 * Federal regulations mean any new projects will take decades unless the federal government expedites construct. **

First, the funding … urge your subcommittee to serve as advocates for waterside port infrastructure so that we can meet the challenges of today and tomorrow.


 * Federal funding is key – other mechanisms are overruled by the courts and destroy the private sector. **
 * AAPA 09**—American Association of Port Authorities (“Questions and Answers about America's Ports and the Harbor Maintenance Tax”, 2009, []

Q. Why should the Federal … if shippers’ options are limited.


 * Constitution prevents other actors from solving – only federal action can streamline the process. **
 * Anderson, 11 ** **–Chief Executive Officer of the Jacksonville Port Authority (JAXPORT) (A. Paul, “testimony of A. Paul Anderson Chief Executive Officer of the Jacksonville Port Authority (JAXPORT) for the Record of the united States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Subcommittee on Water Resources and the Environment Hearing: “The Economic Importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?””, October 26, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Anderson.pdf)//MM]**


 * With increasingly larger …infrastructure projects is fundamentally broken.**

Round 1 - Bering Strait - CDT CM
 * T Federal Funding**
 * States CP + Federalism**
 * JV Politics DA**


 * Case**
 * China Steel DA (Bioweapons)**
 * Fiscal Discipline DA**
 * Warming Good (Paki Cotton, Ag)**
 * No War**

Round 3 - Port Dredging - Hybrid KK** Advantage CP (Deforestation + RAF) JV Politics DA Devolution CP

Case Food Prices (North Korea, Biotech, Brazil Econ, Investment) Stimulus Bad (Bond Market, Competitiveness, Data Cooking, Inflation, Delay)

2NR Jackson Vanik (v. NIB) Fiscal Discipline DA (v.BS) T Transportation Infrastructure (v.NIB) Dredging DA, Fiscal Discipline DA, Lost CP (v. Title Xi) Sunshades + RAF CP, Warming Good (v.CCS) T Substantial, T Federal Investment, T Should = Immediate, Effects T, Extra T, ASPEC (v.Title XI) Framework, Sci Fi DA (v. BS) RAF CP, North Korea Food Prices Turn (v. Dredging) RAF + Deforestation CP, JV Politics (v. Dredging) Wipeout (v. MOT)