Jake+&+Andy


 * Zizek 1ac (changes will happen, update asap)**

**We begin with the introduction to our affirmative from** //Imagine a bus stop in a typical working AND // //And yeah, you have a good point.” (del Barco, 1997, p. 1) //
 * Grengs ’04** – Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Michigan ( Joe, CITY, VOL. 9, NO. 1, APRIL, “The abandoned social goals of public transit in the neoliberal city of the USA”, http://communitylearningpartnership.org/share/docs/Grengs.Abandoned_Social_Goals_of_Public_Transit.pdf//JC)//

// **The drive for capitalist gain has seen a shift in the goal of transit, from assisting those who can’t afford cars, to helping to promote white sprawl and segregate urban communities** // //**Grengs ’04** – Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Michigan ( Joe, CITY, VOL. 9, NO. 1, APRIL, “The abandoned social goals of public transit in the neoliberal city of the USA”, [|http://communitylearningpartnership.org/share/docs/Grengs.Abandoned_Social_Goals_of_Public_Transit.pdf//JC]) // //Hidden behind the surge of national headlines about sprawl AND // //causing planners to lose sight of the public purpose of mass transit. //

// **Capitalism is applying its stranglehold to public transportation, that worsens inequality, devalues lives and creates continuous war** // //**Grengs ’04** – Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Michigan ( Joe, CITY, VOL. 9, NO. 1, APRIL, “The abandoned social goals of public transit in the neoliberal city of the USA”, [|http://communitylearningpartnership.org/share/docs/Grengs.Abandoned_Social_Goals_of_Public_Transit.pdf//JC]) // //In an emerging world order where capitalism spreads AND // //a shift that is likely to harm those who depend most on good transit. //

//**This creates slums, filled with an urban underclass – The system uses racism and classism to legitimize its failures**// //**Wilson 10** (Carter, professor of political science at the University of Toledo, The Dominant Class and the Construction of Racial Oppression: A Neo-Marxist/Gramscian Approach to Race in the United States, Google Scholars) // //In the final analysis, several additional points need to be made AND // //__This approach offers a deeper and richer analysis of contemporary racism.__//

//**And, Capitalism builds transportation systems that promote consumerism, thus causing massive environmental catastrophe – We must advocate a mass expansion of public transit **//

//**Townsend Managing Editor 2008 ** (Terry, managing editor, Individual Versus Social Solutions to Global Warming) // //We have to convince millions of people and build a mass movement for emission-reductions AND// //in ways that capitalism is inherently incapable of doing **. **//

//**These excluding and homogenizing practices prevent coalition and organization of the masses and causes extinction – We must allow the spector of Communism to reemerge**// // **Zizek 09** // // (Slavoj, Professor of Sociology at the Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana University, “Censorship Today: Violence, or Ecology as a New Opium for the Masses” [] //HH)jc Last but not least __, new forms of apartheid, new Walls __ AND __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">is to help a new mode of existence of the hypothesis to deploy itself __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">.


 * The communism we speak of is not an ideal, but a movement that reacts to contradictions in the capitalist system – This vision of communism is thwarted by a perceived lack of revolutionary subject**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">So where are we today, after the désastre obscur of 1989? As in 1922, AND __Why insist on the communist hypothesis, against all odds__ ?
 * Žižek****09** --Slavoj Žižek is a researcher at the institute for sociology at Ljubljana (New Left Review 57, May-June 2009, “How to Begin at the Beginning” []

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">It is not enough to remain faithful to the communist hypothesis __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">: one has to locate antagonisms within historical __ AND <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">Today __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">, we are all potentially homo sacer, and the only way to avoid actually becoming so is to act preventively __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">.
 * Transportation infrastructure is the bastion of global capitalism’s abuses – it creates zones of inclusion and exclusion – Only by accepting the mantel of the revolutionary subject and the excluded can we engage in universalized antagonism where we can recapture value to life and stave off human extinction**
 * Žižek****09** --Slavoj Žižek is a researcher at the institute for sociology at Ljubljana (New Left Review 57, May-June 2009, “How to Begin at the Beginning” []


 * We must engage the state as planners – Using a universalized particular demand to provide transportation for urban populations acts as a counter-methodology to that of neoliberal planning**

__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Federal policy encourages local transit officials to __ AND a process that has yet to tap the potential of meaningful citizen participation.
 * Grengs ’04** – Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Michigan ( Joe, CITY, VOL. 9, NO. 1, APRIL, “The abandoned social goals of public transit in the neoliberal city of the USA”, [|http://communitylearningpartnership.org/share/docs/Grengs.Abandoned_Social_Goals_of_Public_Transit.pdf//JC])

** Žižek and Daly, 04 ** – *Slavoj Žižek is a researcher at the institute for sociology at Ljubljana and **Glyn Daly: Having taught at Essex and Manchester Universities, Glyn joined the Politics course team in 1999. Glyn is responsible for the Level 2 core module in International Studies, Global Imaginations: Ideas and Identities. He is also active in the area of Political Theory, and teaches and co-ordinates SOC1001 Introduction to Political Theory, SOC3006 Making of Modern Political Thought, and offers a specialist option on SOC3028 Ideology, Fantasy and Film in the final year. He has published a range of articles on Political Theory, Marxism and Post-Marxism and the Politics of Ideology and Fantasy and is currently writing a book on the work of the Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Zizek for Sage. Glyn has recently completed a training course for supervising PhD students.(“Risking the Impossible”, 2004, [|http://www.lacan.com/zizek-daly.htm)//MP]**
 * Resisting capitalism’s reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current social order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">For Zizek <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">it is imperative that **we cut through**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">this AND **
 * __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">of a "glitch" in an otherwise sound matrix. __**

Inadequate public transit systems restrict racial minorities ability to get jobs –city-suburban public transit collaboration solves Briggs 05 [Xavier de Souza Briggs: Associate Professor of Sociology and Urban Planning in the Department of Urban Studies & Planning, senior policy official in the Clinton Administration from 1998 to 1999, Acting Assistant Secretary for Policy Development and Research at the US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Brookings Institution Press: The Geography of Opportunity: Race and Housing Choice in Metropolitan America, [|http://site.ebrary.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/lib/umich//docDetail.action?docID=10120586] // Accessed: July 16th 2012 // BP] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Among the problems shared by <span class="underline" style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;"> many <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">metropolises is a weak public transit system AND <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">and more pollution and destruction of natural resources occur.

The affirmative represents an ethical shift that embraces contingency in the face of certainty – This represents a dramatic shift from existing, unquestioned institutions Žižek and Daly 2004 ** (Slavoj, professor of philosophy at the Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana, and Glyn, Senior Lecturer in Politics in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at University College, Northampton, Conversations with Zizek, page 18-19)//MP// **
 * //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">For Zizek, a confrontation with the obscenities AND //**
 * //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">own thought, exhorts us to risk the impossible. //**

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">**Demands are key to the 1ac’s ethic** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">**Dean ’06** - Prof. of Political Science @ Hobart and William Smith Colleges (Jodi, __Zizek’s Politics__, p. 187)//JC

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Ž <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">ižek appeals to the act in order to respond to these problems of agency. AND __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">the revolutionary act is not a matter of obligation or choice. It is simply what one must do __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">.

//Re-entrenchment of capitalism solidifies its flaws—Any link to a disad or net benefit means the counterplan/alternative solvency is moot//

// Zizek 2004 ** - Slavoj < Thinkin’ Person, Professor at the University of Ljubljana > Revolution at the Gates pgs.169 - 171 **//

//**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Indeed, <span class="Underline" style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">since the " <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">normal <span class="Underline" style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">" functioning of <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">capitalism AND **//

//**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">, in the way the political space and state apparatuses work **//

//Thus We demand in the face of neoliberalism that://

//The United States federal government will increase mass transit for urban areas.//

//Contention 2 is framing://

//Psychoanalytic discourse comes first in the context of transportation policy// //Gunder 5// //**(Michael Gunder, Senior planning lecturer in the School of [|Architecture] and [|Planning] at the [|University of Auckland], previous president of the [|New Zealand Planning Institute] 2005, “Lacan, Planning and Urban Policy Formation”, Urban Policy and Research, [])**// **ZA**
 * __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">The theoretical and practical understanding of language __ AND **
 * __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">that induce community or societal defiance, revolt and change. __**

Utilitarianism and calculative justifies torture and reduces the Other to Bare Life - must be rejected in every instance Zizek, 2002 **- senior researcher at the Institute of Sociology University of Ljubljana (Slavoj, “Are we in a war? Do we have an enemy?”, London Book Review, [], CH)**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">This concept of __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">homo sacer allows us to understand __ AND **
 * __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">barbarism and disrespect for human rights that would cause. __**

Traditional Policy making in any level of democratic society is necessarily incomplete and doomed to fail – only through exposing the Real through psychoanalysis can solve – is a prerequisite to solvency Butler 2k –** Judith Butler, an American post-structuralist philosopher, who has contributed to the fields of feminism, queer theory, political philosophy, and ethics, EDITED BY: Slavoj Zizek, a Slovenian philosopher and cultural critic working in the traditions of Hegelianism, Marxism and Lacanian psychoanalysis. He has made contributions to political theory, film theory and theoretical psychoanalysis, Ernesto Laclau, an Argentine political theorist often described as post-Marxist. He studied History in Buenos Aires, graduating from the Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires in 1964, and received a PhD from Essex University in 1977 (“Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues of the Left”, Published by Verso in 2000, Restaging the Universal: Hegemony and the limits of Formalism by Judith Butler, page 11-12)//AL// **


 * //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">My understanding of the view of hegemony established by Ernesto Laclau AND //**
 * //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">from the conditions of its own traumatic emergence <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">. //**

//Accepting the definition of the political without question destroys policy education and prevents a true understanding of the political.// // Gorham, ‘03 ** – Professor of Political Science, Loyola University (Eric, “A Political Argument for Service-Learning in Higher Education,” November 2003) **//**AMG**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">We need to accommodate these aspects of political thinking if service-learning AND **


 * teaching of political science, then, actually frustrates learning politics. **

Representation and identity cannot be divorced from policymaking and international relations Doty, ‘96 ** – Associate Professor of Political Science at the School of Politics and Global Studies, Arizona State University, Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota (Roxanne Lynn, Imperial Encounters: The Politics of Representation in North-South Relations, University of Minnesota Press, pg1-2)//AMG **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">To suggest that these issues exhaust the content of AND **


 * the proliferation and circulation of various representations . **

Resolved before the colon means reserved – we don’t need to be certain about its truth – this is key to analyzing performativity Evans, 01** Texas Debate (Nathan Kirk, CEDA Debate, “A2: Jeff P--Is the resolution a question?”) __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">The resolution is not a question __ AND __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Debaters __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">, however, __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11pt;">have that opportunity. __