Andrew+Kaplan+and+Aden+Barton

2A-Aden Barton (aden.barton20@montgomerybell.edu) 2N- Andrew Kaplan (andrew.kaplan17@montgomerybell.edu)

__2NRs__ -- I haven't been a 2N during camp, but Ben Rosenthal, my partner for most of camp, gave the following 2NRs:


 * Elections DA, T Military, Spanos K, Framework, Ballot DA, Appeasement DA, Human Rights QPQ CP**


 * Nuclear Energy** Coop 1AC -- //Version One//

====Advantage 1: **Proliferation**====

====China is planning a massive expansion of nuclear reprocessing capabilities – that causes other Asian countries to follow suit and undermines non-prolif==== Green 16 [Jim Green ‒ Nuclear Monitor editor, "Reprocessing and plutonium stockpiling in East Asia," Nuclear Monitor, Issue: #82145510, June 4, 2016, https://wiseinternational.org/nuclear-monitor/821/reprocessing-and-plutonium-stockpiling-east-asia] China's reprocessing plans At an October 2015 session of the First Committee session of the AND comment on Moniz's remarks and CNNC said its press officers weren't available.19

====East Asian reprocessing catalyzes a race to stockpile plutonium —- that provides a cover for weapons development ==== Sokolski 16 [Henry, executive director of The Nonproliferation Policy Education Center in Arlington, Virginia; an adjunct professor at Georgetown Univ, "Can East Asia avoid a nuclear explosive materials arms race?," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March 26, 2016, http://thebulletin.org/can-east-asia-avoid-nuclear-explosive-materials-arms-race9295] Later this week, from March 31 to April 1, Washington will host the AND and China to follow America's example of deferring the commercializing of plutonium fuels.

====Reprocessing arms races cause an atmosphere of paranoia and instability that escalates to nuclear acquisition and causes global prolif==== Armstrong 16 [Ian Armstrong is a Supervisor and Researcher at Wikistrat, he previously assisted in research at Temple University, the University of Pennsylvania, Scottish Parliament, and Hudson Institute's Center for Political-Military Analysis, where he has focused on non-proliferation and international energy, his research has been presented at conferences at Tufts University and University of Edinburgh, and his analysis has been featured at prominent outlets such as Business Insider, Foreign Policy Association, CBS News, and RealClearEnergy, "East Asian plutonium policies risk regional stability," Global Risk Insight, April 25, 2016, http://globalriskinsights.com/2016/04/east-asian-plutonium-policies] In contrast, China's plutonium reprocessing ambitions are only now beginning to materialize into concrete AND interest in nuclear reprocessing far outweigh any benefit achieved in nuclear waste management.

====Unmanaged tech breakout causes nuclear war —- commercial reprocessing triggers the link==== Sokolski 9 [Henry Sokolski, Executive Director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, 6/1/2009, Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/5534] Fissile for peace and war Compounding this worrisome prospect are large amounts of weapons- AND , would ever want. None of this, however, is inevitable.

====Prolif causes extinction —- only impact capable of breaching mutually assured deterrence ==== Kroenig 15 [Matthew, Associate Professor and International Relations Field Chair in the Department of Government and School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, "The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have a Future?," Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 38, Issue 1-2, 2015] The spread of nuclear weapons poses at least six severe threats to international peace and AND , any one of those crises could result in a catastrophic nuclear exchange.

====Engagement with global markets gives the US leverage to shape reprocessing norms – the alternative is proliferation ==== **Wallace et al, 13** – CSIS Senior Advisor [Michael, John Kotek, Sarah Williams, Paul Nadeau, Thomas Hundertmark, George David Banks, June, CSIS, Restoring Us Leadership in Nuclear Energy, https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3f public/legacy_files/files/publication/130614_ RestoringUSLeadershipNuclearEnergy_ WEB.pdf, accessed 7/17/16, ge] CONTROLLING THE SPREAD OF ENRICHMENT AND REPROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES Growth in nuclear electricity production outside AND a loss of leverage in persuading aspiring nuclear nations to refrain from reprocessing.

====China abandoning reprocessing now is key —- encourages a shift to safer tech —- delay ensures bureaucratic momentum locks-in long-term reprocessing ==== Nature 16 [Nature editorial, Nature is "the weekly, international, interdisciplinary journal of science", Editor-in-Chief: Philip Campbell, BSc, aeronautical engineering, University of Bristol; MSc, astrophysics, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London; PhD and postdoctoral fellowship, upper atmospheric physics, University of Leicester, "The nuclear option: China is vigorously promoting nuclear energy, but its pursuit of reprocessing is misguided," Nature, May 4, 2016, http://www.nature.com/news/the-nuclear-option-1.19844 If there's one country that could disprove the old joke among engineers about nuclear power AND and developing technologies that might enable nuclear energy to play a larger part.

====Advantage 2: **Nuclear Power**====

====U.S. nuclear leadership will collapse in the status quo – expanding access to global markets ensures the US continues to shape global nuclear norms ==== **Wallace et al, 13** – CSIS Senior Advisor [Michael, John Kotek, Sarah Williams, Paul Nadeau, Thomas Hundertmark, George David Banks, June, CSIS, Restoring Us Leadership in Nuclear Energy, https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3f public/legacy_files/files/publication/130614_ RestoringUSLeadershipNuclearEnergy_ WEB.pdf, accessed 7/17/16, ge] EXECUTIVE SUMMARY America's nuclear energy industry is in decline. Low natural gas prices, AND to become irrelevant in a new nuclear age. This brief outlines why.

====US-China nuclear power cooperation increases domestic nuclear innovation==== Hansen 14 [James, adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, elected to the National Academy of Sciences, has won several awards for his climate change research, "Renewable Energy, Nuclear Power and Galileo: Do Scientists Have a Duty to Expose Popular Misconceptions?", 2/21/14, http://www.columbia.edu/jeh1/mailings/2014/20140221_DraftOpinion.pdf]//DBI// // Second, China and the United States should embark on an intensive cooperative program to // // AND // // large number of engineers required for power plant development and operation in China. //

// ====The US nuclear sector is key to US naval power—nuclear propulsion and recruitment ==== // // Wallace et al 13 [Michael, Senior Adviser, CSIS, co-chair of the CSIS Commission on Nuclear Energy Policy in the United States, John Kotek, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, Office of Nuclear Energy, US Department of Energy, Sarah Williams, Program Coordinator and Research Associate for the U.S. Nuclear Energy Project at CSIS, Paul Nadeau, Private Secretary, Office of Tsuyoshi Hoshino (Kanagawa 12th District) at Diet of Japan, Adjunct Fellow, William M. Scholl Chair in International Business, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Thomas Hundertmark, Senior Partner at McKinsey & Company, PhD chemistry w/ distinction, George David Banks, Executive Vice President at American Council for Capital Formation, former Senior Fellow, Nuclear Energy Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Restoring U.S. Leadership in Nuclear Energy: A National Security Imperative", The CSIS Commission on Nuclear Energy Policy in the United States, June 2013, https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/130614_RestoringUSLeadershipNuclearEnergy_WEB.pdf] //DBI SUPPORT FOR OUR NATIONAL DEFENSE CAPABILITIES∂ As discussed in Chapter 1, the U AND in the context of a contracting nuclear power industry with diminishing employment opportunities.

====Collapse of US naval capabilities causes major wars, Iranian strikes on Israel, NATO collapse, and ME war **Eaglen and McGrath 11 -** research fellow for national security (Eaglen) and former naval officer and director (McGrath) (Mackenzie Eaglen and Bryan McGrath, "Thinking About a Day Without Sea Power: Implications for U.S. Defense Policy", Heritage Foundation, 5/16/2011, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/05/thinking-about-a-day-without-sea-power-implications-for-us-defense-policy)//MBB// // Global Implications. Under a scenario of dramatically reduced naval power, the United States // // AND // // the international supply chain with impacts in the billions of dollars.[16] //

// ====Iranian strikes cause nuke war ==== // // **Hobson 15** (Art, Professor, Physics, University of Arkansas, "Commentary: Absent Agreement, Iran, U.S., Israel on Path to War," NORTHWEST ARKANSAS DEMOCRAT GAZETTE, 3/31/15, www.nwaonline.com/news/2015/mar/31/commentary-absent-agreement-iran-u-s-is/?opinion) // // One of history's greatest tragedies was the nuclear bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, // // AND // // and Israel are on the road to war, possibly a nuclear war. //

// ====Middle east war goes nuclear==== // // Russell 9 - Russell, Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School // // (James A., "Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East" IFRI, Proliferation Papers, #26, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf) // // Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1) // // AND // // needs of poorer countries, as well as those emerging from crises and disaster //

// ===1ac – **plan**=== //

// ====**The United States federal government should offer to lift restrictions on foreign ownership of nuclear power reactors for investors from the People's Republic of China in exchange for the People's Republic of China suspending nuclear spent fuel reprocessing development programs, expanding anti-proliferation outreach efforts targeted at the domestic nuclear industry, and establishing high-level intelligence exchanges between China National Nuclear Corp. and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission**.==== //

// ===1ac – **solvency**=== //

// ====China is leapfrogging America's nuclear industry —- refusing to open domestic plants up to foreign investment means the U.S. gets left behind==== // // Desai and Schroeder 16 [Sachin Desai is a law clerk for the Atomic Safety & Licensing Board Panel at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Kathleen Schroeder is an attorney with the Department of Energy General Counsel's Office for Civilian Nuclear Programs, "U.S. Nuclear Foreign Ownership Policy Ready for a Refreshed Interpretation," Energy Law Journal Vol. 37, No. 1, 2016] // // A. Increasing Globalization of the Nuclear Energy Industry With ninety-nine reactors producing // // AND // // taken foreign funding and may even be majority-foreign-owned. n37 //

// ====The plan revitalizes the US nuclear industry through opening up US nuclear plants to Chinese investment in exchange for approving their nuclear tech. China says yes- they agreed to a similar QPQ with Britain and they're trying to expand to the U.S. now ==== // // Desai and Schroeder 16 [Sachin Desai is a law clerk for the Atomic Safety & Licensing Board Panel at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Kathleen Schroeder is an attorney with the Department of Energy General Counsel's Office for Civilian Nuclear Programs, "U.S. Nuclear Foreign Ownership Policy Ready for a Refreshed Interpretation," Energy Law Journal Vol. 37, No. 1, 2016] // // B. The Need to Revisit Restrictions on Foreign Ownership of U.S. // // AND // // Staff to reach diverging views with applicants on the meaning of the term. //

// ====The NRC can approve foreign ownership —- opening up nuclear plants to Chinese investment infuses the American nuclear industry with cash and improves America's nuclear competitiveness==== // // Desai and Schroeder 16 [Sachin Desai is a law clerk for the Atomic Safety & Licensing Board Panel at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Kathleen Schroeder is an attorney with the Department of Energy General Counsel's Office for Civilian Nuclear Programs, "U.S. Nuclear Foreign Ownership Policy Ready for a Refreshed Interpretation," Energy Law Journal Vol. 37, No. 1, 2016] // // As the global energy economy becomes increasingly fluid, foreign ownership of U.S // // AND // // licensed facility remain in the hands of U.S. citizens." n363 //

// ====China says yes – they're desperate to find any market for nuclear exports ==== // // Thomas 16 [Steve Thomas, professor of energy studies at the University of Greenwich, in London, "Why China's Nuclear Exports May Struggle to Find a Market," May 13, 2016, China File, https://www.chinafile.com/environment/why-chinas-nuclear-exports-may-struggle-find-market] // // China's nuclear power industry has eyed up a big push to export its technologies as // // AND // // be needed to fulfil its order book, must be in serious doubt. //

// ====Chinese nuclear industry growth is the single greatest risk to global nonprolif —- inducing Chinese nuclear sector transparency and government-to-government information exchange ensures effective safety measures ==== // // Bowen 13 [Wyn Q. Bowen, professor of nonproliferation and international security and the director of the Centre for Science and Security Studies in the Department of War Studies at King's College in London, his expertise is in nonproliferation, terrorism, and US security policy, from 1997 to 1998, he served as a weapons inspector on several missile teams in Iraq with the UN Special Commission; he has also worked as a consultant to the International Atomic Energy Agency, more recently, he was a specialist adviser to the House of Commons' Foreign Affairs Committee for inquiries into Britain's decision to enter the Iraq War, also written with Ian J. Stewart and Daniel Salisbury, "Engaging China in proliferation prevention," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 29, 2013, http://thebulletin.org/engaging-china-proliferation-prevention] // // China continues to be the key source of goods and technology for the prohibited nuclear // // AND // // waning, but it could also undermine broader nonproliferation efforts around the world. //

// **Nuclear Energy Coop 1AC** -- //Version Two

// ====Advantage 1: **Nuclear Power**==== //

// ====China's rapidly investing in nuclear power, both domestically and internationally —- they've already agreed to build a plant in the UK, and they want to establish export markets —- bolstering transparency is crucial to ensure safe tech expansion ==== // // Wübbeke and Ting 16 [Jost Wübbeke is head of the economy and technology program at the Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS) in Berlin. Guan Ting is a visiting academic fellow at MERICS, "China's Nuclear Industry Goes Global," The Diplomat, February 11, 2016, http://thediplomat.com/2016/02/chinas-nuclear-industry-goes-global/] // // A European nuclear plant built and operated by China? Unimaginable, one might say // // AND // // technology is a more transparent nuclear industry and safety regime within China itself. //

// ====Chinese designs are key to rapid global nuclear energy transitions —- their capital flows and labor costs make Chinese exports more cost-effective than any other country ==== // // Spegele 16 [Brian, graduate degrees in Mandarin and Chinese Studies from Nanjing University, WSJ China correspondent, "China Inc.'s Nuclear-Power Push," Wall Street Journal, February 23, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/china-inc-s-nuclear-power-push-1456251331] // // SHENZHEN, China—China wants to shift from customer to competitor in the global // // AND // // hurdles, though these may be overcome through jointly investing with local partners. //

// ====Multifaceted nuclear industry engagement between the US and China establishes a culture of safety cooperation that establishes effective global safeguards ==== // // **Nakano 14 [Jane, Fellow, Energy and National Security Program, The Center for Strategic and International Studies, "U.S.-CHINA CLEAN ENERGY COOPERATION", Statement before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission,** http: // uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Testimony_Nakano_USCC_4%2025%202014_revised.pdf**]** Nuclear energy has become central to energy planning for China, the world's most populous AND between the two countries in enhancing regulatory and safety standards around the world.

====Current energy supplies are collapsing—increased investment in US nuclear power advances is key to prevent warming and ensure sustainable energy production==== Robock 16 [Zachary, JD, associate at Jones Day, where his practice focuses on corporate and energy matters, "Economic Solutions to Nuclear Energy's Financial Challenges", 2016, http://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1053&context=mjeal]//DBI// // I. THE NEED FOR NUCLEARENERGY∂ Next-generation nuclear power should be a // // AND // // consumption of nuclear waste, as discussed below in Section II.A. //

// ====US-China cooperation over safe nuclear power development in China is key to prevent warming—now is key==== // // Hansen 14 [James, adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, elected to the National Academy of Sciences, has won several awards for his climate change research, "Renewable Energy, Nuclear Power and Galileo: Do Scientists Have a Duty to Expose Popular Misconceptions?", 2/21/14, http://www.columbia.edu/jeh1/mailings/2014/20140221_DraftOpinion.pdf] //DBI China – U.S. cooperation & planetary resurgence∂ There are many reasons AND United States, but the repercussions of success would ring throughout the planet.

====Warming is real, anthropogenic, and threatens extinction —- prefer new evidence that represents consensus==== **Griffin 15** (David, Claremont philosophy professor, "The climate is ruined. So can civilization even survive?", 4-14, http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/14/opinion/co2-crisis-griffin/) Although most of us worry about other things, climate scientists have become increasingly worried AND the whole world to replace dirty energy with clean as soon as possible.

====U.S. nuclear leadership will collapse in the status quo – expanding access to global markets ensures the US continues to shape global nuclear norms ==== **Wallace et al, 13** – CSIS Senior Advisor [Michael, John Kotek, Sarah Williams, Paul Nadeau, Thomas Hundertmark, George David Banks, June, CSIS, Restoring Us Leadership in Nuclear Energy, https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3f public/legacy_files/files/publication/130614_ RestoringUSLeadershipNuclearEnergy_ WEB.pdf, accessed 7/17/16, ge] EXECUTIVE SUMMARY America's nuclear energy industry is in decline. Low natural gas prices, AND to become irrelevant in a new nuclear age. This brief outlines why.

===1ac – **plan**===

====**The United States federal government should offer to lift restrictions on foreign ownership of nuclear power reactors for investors from the People's Republic of China in exchange for the People's Republic of China suspending nuclear spent fuel reprocessing development programs, expanding anti-proliferation outreach efforts targeted at the domestic nuclear industry, and establishing high-level intelligence exchanges between China National Nuclear Corp. and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission**.====

===1ac – **solvency**===

====China is leapfrogging America's nuclear industry —- refusing to open domestic plants up to foreign investment means the U.S. gets left behind==== Desai and Schroeder 16 [Sachin Desai is a law clerk for the Atomic Safety & Licensing Board Panel at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Kathleen Schroeder is an attorney with the Department of Energy General Counsel's Office for Civilian Nuclear Programs, "U.S. Nuclear Foreign Ownership Policy Ready for a Refreshed Interpretation," Energy Law Journal Vol. 37, No. 1, 2016] A. Increasing Globalization of the Nuclear Energy Industry With ninety-nine reactors producing AND taken foreign funding and may even be majority-foreign-owned. n37

====The plan revitalizes the US nuclear industry through opening up US nuclear plants to Chinese investment in exchange for approving their nuclear tech. China says yes- they agreed to a similar QPQ with Britain and they're trying to expand to the U.S. now ==== Desai and Schroeder 16 [Sachin Desai is a law clerk for the Atomic Safety & Licensing Board Panel at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Kathleen Schroeder is an attorney with the Department of Energy General Counsel's Office for Civilian Nuclear Programs, "U.S. Nuclear Foreign Ownership Policy Ready for a Refreshed Interpretation," Energy Law Journal Vol. 37, No. 1, 2016] B. The Need to Revisit Restrictions on Foreign Ownership of U.S. AND Staff to reach diverging views with applicants on the meaning of the term.

====The NRC can approve foreign ownership —- opening up nuclear plants to Chinese investment infuses the American nuclear industry with cash and improves America's nuclear competitiveness==== Desai and Schroeder 16 [Sachin Desai is a law clerk for the Atomic Safety & Licensing Board Panel at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Kathleen Schroeder is an attorney with the Department of Energy General Counsel's Office for Civilian Nuclear Programs, "U.S. Nuclear Foreign Ownership Policy Ready for a Refreshed Interpretation," Energy Law Journal Vol. 37, No. 1, 2016] As the global energy economy becomes increasingly fluid, foreign ownership of U.S AND licensed facility remain in the hands of U.S. citizens." n363

====China says yes – they're desperate to find any market for nuclear exports ==== Thomas 16 [Steve Thomas, professor of energy studies at the University of Greenwich, in London, "Why China's Nuclear Exports May Struggle to Find a Market," May 13, 2016, China File, https://www.chinafile.com/environment/why-chinas-nuclear-exports-may-struggle-find-market] China's nuclear power industry has eyed up a big push to export its technologies as AND be needed to fulfil its order book, must be in serious doubt.

====Chinese nuclear industry growth is the single greatest risk to global nonprolif —- inducing Chinese nuclear sector transparency and government-to-government information exchange ensures effective safety measures ==== Bowen 13 [Wyn Q. Bowen, professor of nonproliferation and international security and the director of the Centre for Science and Security Studies in the Department of War Studies at King's College in London, his expertise is in nonproliferation, terrorism, and US security policy, from 1997 to 1998, he served as a weapons inspector on several missile teams in Iraq with the UN Special Commission; he has also worked as a consultant to the International Atomic Energy Agency, more recently, he was a specialist adviser to the House of Commons' Foreign Affairs Committee for inquiries into Britain's decision to enter the Iraq War, also written with Ian J. Stewart and Daniel Salisbury, "Engaging China in proliferation prevention," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 29, 2013, http://thebulletin.org/engaging-china-proliferation-prevention] China continues to be the key source of goods and technology for the prohibited nuclear AND waning, but it could also undermine broader nonproliferation efforts around the world.

====Apocalyptic rhetoric motivates action on climate change – it causes emancipation, not climate fatigue==== Beck 10 (Ulrich, Professor of Sociology at University of Munich, the British Journal of Sociology Visiting Centennial Professor at the London School of Economics and Political Sciences, and, since 2009, Senior Loeb Fellow at the Harvard Design School, "Climate for Change, or How to Create a Green Modernity?", Theory Culture Society 2010 27: 254) Sixth thesis: The political explosiveness of global risks is largely a function of their AND powerful as this hunger for modernization or it is condemned to repeated failure.

====Maximizing all lives is the only way to affirm equality ==== **Cummiskey 90**—David, Professor of Philosophy, Bates [Kantian Consequentialism, Ethics 100.3, p 601-2, p 606, JSTOR] We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice AND consideration of conduct, one's own subjective concerns do not have overriding importance.

====Extinction should be prioritized ==== **Bostrom 12** - Professor of Philosophy at Oxford (Nick, directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, "We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction", http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/)//BB// // Bostrom, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course // // AND // // eliminating poverty or curing malaria, which would be tremendous under ordinary standards. //

// ====Policymaking first—there's no prior questions==== // // **Owen 2** (David, Reader of Political Theory at the University of Southampton, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton, Millennium Vol 31 No 3 p. 655-657) // // Commenting on the 'philosophical turn' in IR, Wæver remarks that '[a] // // AND // // the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises. //

// ====Death is a prereq to having any value to life==== // // Paterson 3 - Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics, Sage) //trepka If the above arguments are sound, (1) that we can have enough AND the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82

====World Getting Better==== **Wyne, 3/16/15** [Ali, researcher at Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ali-wyne/the-world-is-becoming-saf_b_6878664.html] There are plenty of reasons to despair about the state of the world: ISIL's AND state of the world and more time supporting those who're making it better.

BIT 1AC
==**Solvency**==

====Security review reforms actualize a Bilateral Investment Treaty –Chinese complaints center on the transparency of the CFIUS process. ====

Moran '15 – Prof. of international business, foreign affairs and public policy @ Georgetown (Theodore, "TOWARD A US-CHINA INVESTMENT TREATY", https://piie.com/publications/briefings/piieb15-1.pdf)

The United States and China have continually sparred in the area of national security reviews

AND

but they might be satisfied by other actions taken by the United States.

====It's now or never for the BIT. US can't keep pushing China for QPQ's. A US concession on security reviews is key to solving. ====

**Hu 6/7/16** – Global Times Reporter (Weijia, "US must meet China halfway to reach agreement in investment treaty negotiations", http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/987281.shtml//JC)//

// It is a source of concern to see pessimistic views on the China-US //

// AND //

// domestic investment environments, and should avoid a diplomatic war over the BIT is //

// ====Senate says yes – multiple sources and business pressure proves==== //

// New China '15 ("China-U.S. bilateral investment treaty could be finalized before Obama leaves office", http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-06/21/c_134344015.htm //JC)

Once the investment treaty is struck, it would require a two- thirds vote

AND

Li Keqiang said of the BIT talks at a press conference in March.

====China says yes to greater CFIUS transparency and equal criteria for evaluating investment====

GARY CLYDE HUFBAUER ET AL, SEAN MINER, AND THEODORE MORAN, Feb 2015, (Hufbauer is the Reginald Jones Senior Fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, Miner is a research associate at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, Moran is a nonresident senior fellow at the PIIE) " COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE US-CHINA BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATY: CHALLENGES IN MEETING CHINA'S DEMANDS", https://piie.com/publications/briefings/piieb15-1.pdf//ALB//

// Foreign direct investment (FDI) from China to the United States has long been //

// AND //

// This shows up in the positive correlation between inward FDI and domestic productivity. //

// ==**Plan**== //

//** CFIUS reviews of investment projects from China should enhance transparency and fulfill a standard of most favored nation, non-discriminatory treatment. **//

// ==**Warming**== //

// ====Lack of U.S. China cooperation over green financing is preventing emission reductions – Only a Bilateral investment strategy can meet investment demands==== //

// **Hart et al '16 - Senior Fellow and Director of China Policy at the Center for American Progress, professor of energy and environmental policy at Tufts, Senior Fellow at the Center, Research Associate on China and Asia Policy,** **Research Assistant on the Energy Policy team, (Melanie, Kelly Sims Gallagher, Pete Ogden, Blaine Johnson, Ben Bovarnick, "Green Finance: The Next Frontier for U.S.-China Climate Cooperation,"** https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/report/2016/06/13/139276/green-finance-the-next-frontier-for-u-s-china-climate-cooperation/**, DS)** //

// When it comes to the climate arena, the United States and China are enjoying //

// AND //

// goals. Building out a new clean energy economy requires significant investment capital. //

// ====A BIT is necessary to facilitate a global transition to renewable energy sources – BIT creates bilateral cooperation and open, demanding markets==== //

// **Winglee 15 — Winglee is a former Research Assistant at a DC think tank where she worked on U.S.-China economic relations. Her current research focus is on the intersection of sustainable and economic development (Michelle, "A Bright Spot in US-China Relations: Renewable Energy", http://thediplomat.com/2015/08/a-bright-spot-in-us-china-relations-renewable-energy** //**bj)**

Rather than letting clean energy fall victim to another trade dispute, the U.

AND

future that better aligns economic incentives with environmental ones under a green BIT.

====Specifically, BIT creates a broader green financing framework that spills over globally ====

**Schwartz '16 - vice chairman of the Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and the Beijing-based chairman of Goldman Sachs in the Asia-Pacific region, (Mark, "China gears up for "green finance" to fight environmental crisis," http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2016/02/24/china-gears-up-for-green-finance-to-fight-environmental-crisis/, DS)**

In the 1990s, trade was the defining issue of the US-China economic

AND

sustainable future — an outcome that China's population and investors worldwide would welcome.

====Studies show a BIT would cause widespread renewables shift====

**Luh '15 – staff writer for Prospect Journal of International Affairs, (Angela, "LOOKING FORWARD IN U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS,"** https://prospectjournal.org/2015/05/08/looking-forward-in-u-s-china-relations-opportunities-and-risks/**, DS)**

3. Trade and investment A US-China Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT),

AND

and encourage U.S.-China cooperation in the development of renewables.

====Development of a competitive green tech industry is the ONLY chance to stave off extinction from warming====

**Hood '15** — (Marlowe Hood, "Renewables key in race against climate change clock," http://phys.org/news/2015-11-renewables-key-climate-clock.html /KentDenver-NK)

Any plausible game plan for capping the rise of Earth's surface temperature depends on replacing

AND

relevant to investors," said Martin Kaiser, a climate analyst from Greenpeace.

====Warming causes extinction====

Sharp and Kennedy, 14 – is an associate professor on the faculty of the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA). A former British Army Colonel he retired in 2006 and emigrated to the U.S. Since joining NESA in 2010, he has focused on Yemen and Lebanon, and also supported NESA events into Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, Israel, Palestine and Qatar. He is the faculty lead for NESA's work supporting theUAE National Defense College through an ongoing Foreign Military Sales (FMS) case. He also directs the Network of Defense and Staff Colleges (NDSC) which aims to provide best practice support to regional professional military and security sector education development and reform. Prior to joining NESA, he served for 4 years as an assistant professor at the College of International Security Affairs (CISA) at National Defense University where he wrote and taught a Masters' Degree syllabus for a program concentration in Conflict Management of Stability Operations and also taught strategy, counterterrorism, counterinsurgency, and also created an International Homeland Defense Fellowship program. At CISA he also designed, wrote and taught courses supporting the State Department's Civilian Response Corps utilizing conflict management approaches. Bob served 25 years in the British Army and was personally decorated by Her Majesty the Queen twice. Aftergraduating from the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst in 1981, he served in command and staff roles on operations in Northern Ireland, Kosovo, Gulf War 1, Afghanistan, and Cyprus. He has worked in policy and technical staff appointments in the UK Ministry of Defense and also UK Defense Intelligence plus several multi-national organizations including the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). In his later career, he specialized in intelligence. He is a 2004 distinguished graduate of the National War College and holds a masters degree in National Security Strategy from National Defense University, Washington, D.C. AND is a renewable energy and climate change specialist who has worked for the World Bank and the Spanish Electric Utility ENDESA on carbon policy and markets (Robert and Edward, 8-22, "Climate Change and Implications for National Security" http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2014/08/22/climate-change-implications-national-security/)djm

Our planet is 4.5 billion years old. If that whole time was

AND

investment patterns, and political decisions; it will be hard to fix!

==**Relations**==

====US-China relations are tense now – U.S. reversal and support in speeding up the treaty will ease tensions over all security issues ====

**Gordon '14 – foreign affairs expert and journalist for Reuters, former Policy Planning Director at the U.S. State Department, (David, "A missed opportunity to ease tensions with China,"** http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/07/11/a-missed-opportunity-to-ease-tensions-with-china/**, DS)**

Secretary of State John Kerry and Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew traveled to Beijing this week

AND

territorial assertiveness than holding back on an agreement that would benefit both countries.

====Only by stressing economic engagement through the BIT can an interdependent relationship continue.====

**Zhang '15** – M.A. candidate for International Trade and Investment Policy @ George Washington U. ( Chin Chin, "Simple Ingredients for the Sino-American Partnership, VOLUME XXIII, NUMBER 3 · SUMMER 2015, https://issuu.com/internationalaffairsreview/docs/china_special_issue_doc_bx//JC)//

// Whenever interests between states get convoluted, scholars seize the opportunity to march ambitiously toward //

// AND //

// with the exact set of rules and protections agreed upon in the BIT. //

// ====Independently, US-China relations solve multiple existential threats, SCS conflict and Taiwanese Tension – BIT is the best opportunity for bilateral cooperation.==== //

// **Shambaugh '15** (David; 6/12/15; Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University, and a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institute; South China Morning Post, "In a fundamental shift, China and the US are now engaged in all-out competition," http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1819980/fundamental-shift-china-and-us-are-now-engaged-all-out?page=all) //

// The relationship between the United States and China has rightly been described as the most //

// AND //

// a marriage in which divorce is not an option. Divorce means war. //

// ====South China Sea conflict goes nuclear. ==== //

// Christensen '15 – 6/15 Thomas J., Boswell professor of world politics and director of the China and the World Program at Princeton University, is a former U.S. deputy assistant secretary of state for East Asian and Pacific affairs, "China's Rising Military: Now for the Hard Part" http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-06-05/china-s-rising-military-now-for-the-hard-part //

// One reason for this is that no consensus exists in East Asia on the territorial //

// AND //

// conditions in which a technologically superior foe attacks crucial targets with conventional weapons. //

// ====Increased Tensions with Taiwan cause nuclear war==== //

// Glaser '11 – Prof of political science @ George Washington (Charles,"Will China's Rise Lead to War? Why Realism Does Not Mean Pessimism", Foreign Affairs March/April 2011http: //www.viet-studies.info/kinhte/FA_%20China_rise_to_War.htm//JC)//

// The prospects for avoiding intense military competition and war may be good, but growth //

// AND //

// rather to satisfaction with the new status quo and a reduction of tension. //

// ====Better US china relations allow effective Middle East cooperation==== //

// Alterman 11 (Jon B. Alterman is a senior vice president, holds the Zbigniew Brzezinski Chair in Global Security and Geostrategy, and is director of the Middle East Program at CSIS., "U.S.-China Relations: Cooperating and Contending Over the Middle East" Center for Strategic and International Studies, Middle east program, 2011, https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/110617_Alterman_ChinaExecSummary.pdf) //wm

China, the United States, and the Middle East form a triangle. All

AND

lessons from its own economic growth, which regional governments would likely welcome.

====Unchecked Middle East conflict causes nuclear war====

Russell 9 - Russell, Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School

(James A., "Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East" IFRI, Proliferation Papers, #26, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf)

Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)

AND

the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.

====Relations are key to stopping nuclear modernization – solves global nuclear war====

Gross, 13 - adjunct fellow of Pacific Forum CSIS, former Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for International Security Affairs in the Department of State, former Counselor of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (Donald, The China Fallacy: How the U.S. Can Benefit from China's Rise and Avoid Another Cold War, p. 62

Shaping China's military development Improved relations with China would allow the U.S.

AND

an arms control regime that considerably lowers the risk of nuclear war.44

====Chinese nuclear modernization means they can't be deterred and causes war ====

Christensen, 15 – William P. Boswell Professor of World Politics of Peace and War and Director of the China and the World Program at Princeton (Thomas, The China Challenge: Shaping the Choices of a Rising Power, p. 85-86)

Even against a conventionally armed weaker power, such an early escalation of conflict would

AND

gain by the nuclear modernization might give them added resolve in a crisis.

==**Economy**==

====Other countries have national security clauses – US conduct is key to reversing a trend towards global protectionism.====

**Zucker & Hari '13**

Jeremy Zucker – lead author - is a Partner in the International Trade and Government Regulation practice at the law firm of Dechert LLP in Washington. DC. Hrishikesh Hari is an associate with the same firm. Hari holds a J.D. from Harvard Law School, where he served as the Editor in Chief of Harvard Human Rights Journal. Hari also holds a B.A., in Political Science & History from Rice University "Gone With the Wind: The Ralls Transaction and Implications for Foreign Investment in the United States" - Global Trade and Customs Journal – available at: https://www.dechert.com/Gone_With_the_Wind_The_Ralls_Transaction_and_Implications_for_Foreign_Investment_in_the_United_States_07-22-2013/

The United States has a strong interest in clear and speedy review processes when American

AND

such a manner that it might not reasonably be accused of doing so.

====Narrowing CFIUS criteria solves for perceptions of abuse and avoids spiraling protectionism. ====

**Tipler '14**

Christopher M. Tipler was – at the time of this writing – completing his JD from the University of Pennsylvania - During law school, Chris drafted petitions for writ of certiorari and merits briefs and prepared cases for argument before the United States Supreme Court. Prior to law school, he worked for a global advisory firm focused on national security and risk management. "Defining 'National Security': Resolving Ambiguity in the CFIUS Regulations"- 35 J. Int'l L. 1223 (2014). Available at: http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/vol35/iss4/12

Foreign governments are also likely to take retaliatory measures to prevent FDI by U.

AND

and create more opportunities for U.S. businesses to invest abroad.

====US enforcement patterns towards China are key to the global signal – Chinese mergers hold the international spotlight. ====

**Stanley '15**

Mary Ellen Stanley - Fellow, Dennis J. Block Center for the Study of International Business Law. B.A., University of Richmond (2011); M.A., Baylor University (2013); J.D., Brooklyn Law School (Expected 2016); Editor-in-Chief, Brooklyn Journal of International Law (2015-2016); "FROM CHINA WITH LOVE: ESPIONAGE IN THE AGE OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT" - Brooklyn Journal of International Law - 40 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 1033 – lexis, lawrev

In recent years, there has been a global "proliferation of merger control regimes

AND

, the integrity of the CFIUS review process continues to be debated.199

====Interdependence solves great power-wars====

**Drezner 16** – professor of international politics @ Tufts (Daniel, "Five Known Unknowns about the Next Generation Global Political Economy," http://www.brookings.edu//media/research/files/papers/2016/05/future-global-political-economy-drezner/ios-drezner-web.pdf)

Multiple scholars have observed a secular decline in interstate violence in recent decades.105

AND

Cold War trends and choose to allocate more scarce resources towards their militaries.

====Protectionism causes global econ decline====

**Brodwin '16** —- cofounder and board member of American Sustainable Business Council [David, "Nobody Wins a Trade War," US News, March 14^^th^^, 2016, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/economic-intelligence/articles/2016-03-14/the-economic-danger-of-trumps-and-sanders-trade-proctectionism]//Mnush

As different as Donald Trump and independent Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders are, they

AND

boosts consumer prices even faster, so most workers are no better off.

====Economic decline causes global nuclear war ====

**Tønnesson 15** - Stein Tønnesson 15, Research Professor, Peace Research Institute Oslo; Leader of East Asia Peace program, Uppsala University, 2015, "Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace," International Area Studies Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 297-311

Several recent works on China and Sino–US relations have made substantial contributions to

AND

each other, with a view to obliging Washington or Beijing to intervene.