Andrew+and%20Nate

=South Korea Aff= 1. Prostitution Advantage: Patriarchy and Orientalism 2. Solvency 3. Realism Pre-empts


 * Plan: The United States federal government should substantially reduce its military presence in South Korea.**

__1AC__

 * Contention one: Prostitution**

"Where there are soldiers, there... transit center, Ho Chi Minh City, 1992."
 * US military presence in Korea sustains prostitution and violence—Americans project Orientalist and gendered notions of culture onto Korean women to maintain a permanent underclass in Korea**
 * Moon 09** - Wellesley College professor (Katharine H.S. “Military Prostitution and the U.S. Military in Asia” in The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Posted on January 17, 2009. [])

"Many governments have long... colonialism and cultural domination."
 * Prostitution in South Korea stems from an Orientalist idea of dominance that sees Asians as weak, feminine and submissive, reliant on American military protection**
 * Wu 04** (Nadine, James Madison University, “The Dynamics of Orientalism and Globalization in the International Sex Industry and Human Trafficking,” 2004, [])

"Conquerors' mistresses, wartime rape victims... militias as the most analytically interesting."
 * Military violence is neither natural nor inevitable—war is sustained by gendered systems of identity like military prostitution**
 * Enloe 93** – Professor in the Department of International Development, Community, and Environment at Clark University, Ph.D in Political Science from UC Berkeley (Cynthia Enloe, “The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War” p. 245-248)

"The filmmakers weren't able to... American side of the rising Cold War wall."
 * Representations of a dangerous world solidify the gendered order of international relations. The war in Korea will never end until military masculinity is challenged**
 * Enloe** **93** – Professor in the Department of International Development, Community, and Environment at Clark University, Ph.D in Political Science from UC Berkeley (Cynthia Enloe, “The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War” p. 12- 16)

"The notion of patriarchy as a socially... peace connections in regional, national, and global."
 * Patriarchal militarism will end life on Earth**
 * Warren and Cady 94** (Karen and Duane, Professors of Philosophy at Malacaster College and Hamline University, Hypatia, Spring)

"A clearly visible element... pressure for standing armies to be used."
 * Specifically, the idea of military dominance makes nuclear war inevitable**
 * Reardon, 93** (Betty, Women and peace: feminist visions of global security, p.31

"Since its publication, Said’s classic text... involve a few outnumbered Americans."
 * The Orientalist notion that Korea must be defended is wrong and makes war inevitable**
 * Barkawi 08** (Tarak, lecturer in international security at the Centre of International Studies, University of Cambridge, specializes in the study of war, “Orientalism at War in Korea,” [])

"In Olongapo and Angeles... for work in massage parlors and brothels."
 * Military prostitution in Korea is sustained by racist depictions of Asian women—the legacy of US occupation exacerbates racism in both Asia and the United States**
 * Moon** **97** – Professor of Political Science at Wellesley College, Department of Political Science and Edith Stix Wasserman Chair of Asian Studies (Katherine, “Sex among Allies” 1997, p. 33-35)

The struggle against racism will be... __the stakes are irresistible.__"
 * Racism is evil and must be resisted for humanity to survive**
 * Memmi 2k** (Albert, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ U of Paris, Naiteire, Racism, Translated by Steve Martinot, p. 163-165)

"War has always been... these other incidents of warfare go on unabated."
 * Invisible conflicts create more violence than publicized militaristic violence**
 * Reardon 93** (Betty, Women and peace: feminist visions of global security, p.39-40)


 * Plan text is read here *


 * Contention Two: Solvency**

"It's true that in international politics... scarcely begun to fathom."
 * Intervening at the site of military prostitution allows us to challenge the masculine international order as a whole**
 * Enloe 93** – Professor in the Department of International Development, Community, and Environment at Clark University, Ph.D in Political Science from UC Berkeley (Cynthia Enloe, “Bananas, Beaches and Bases” p. 16-18)

"Making women invisible hides... machinery depends on notions of wifely duty."
 * The notion that America must protect its vulnerable allies maintains partriarchy—the reasons for the plan are significant because they cast it as a challenge to patriarchy rather than a cosmetic change in the patriarchal system**
 * Enloe 93** – Professor in the Department of International Development, Community, and Environment at Clark University, Ph.D in Political Science from UC Berkeley (Cynthia Enloe, “Bananas, Beaches and Bases” p. 11-15)

"It is a misplaced hope. For the significant... partners in a postCold War dance."
 * Reducing Military presence alone doesn’t solve—we must prioritize an understanding of masculinity and femininity to truly demilitarize and break the cycle of militarization and patriarchal attitudes.**
 * Enloe 93** – Professor in the Department of International Development, Community, and Environment at Clark University, Ph.D in Political Science from UC Berkeley (Cynthia Enloe, “The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War” p. 21-31)

"In a similar vein, Paula Smithka... breeds violence."
 * Our challenge to patriarchy can fundamentally transform the international system—all types of destruction and violence are inevitable until this is done**
 * Warren 94.** Professor of philosophy at Macalester College. (Ecological Feminism, p. 193-194)


 * Contention Three: Realism**

Bleiker, 2005 (Roland, Professor of International Relations, pHD from the Australian National University, “Divided Korea: Toward A Culture of Reconciliation,” p. xxix-xxx) "One can argue about who is to blame for... a vicious cycle of actions and reactions."
 * Violence on the peninsula is a structural problem, not mini-tactical instances. Staying within current realist thought and not engaging the question of reconciliation causes error replication.**

Bleiker, 2005 (Roland, Professor of International Relations, pHD from the Australian National University, “Divided Korea: Toward A Culture of Reconciliation,” p. xxvii-xxviii) "One of the key features of politics in... lasting security to the region."
 * Realism has been failing in korea for 50 years**

Bleiker, 2005 (Roland, Professor of International Relations, pHD from the Australian National University, “Divided Korea: Toward A Culture of Reconciliation,” p. xlviii-xlix) "Can a book that favors a critical and... primarily on two strategies."
 * Ignoring critical theory is not neutral – accepts realism as objective when it’s not. Means you aren’t actually getting rid of theory, but just making assumptions about what is given.**

"A large literature exists on... other at home, for elites and publics."
 * Orientalism corrupts rational decisionmaking – an examination of identity constructs is key**
 * Barkawi 08** (Tarak, lecturer in international security at the Centre of International Studies, University of Cambridge, specializes in the study of war, “Orientalism at War in Korea,” [])