Aaron+&+Daniel

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Obama has expedited approval for projects, but not allocated funds – aff is still inherent, but you don’t have any DA’s.
__The White House on Thursday put__ __//........on expediting all remaining federal reviews//.”__
 * Morgan and Rabin 7/19** – Miami Herald reporter, environment reporter (Curtis and Charles, “White House Speeds Up Permits, Offers No New Cash For PortMiami Dredge Project”, The Miami Herald, July 21 2012, [] )//CB

Panama Canal expansion will disrupt American trade routes - Other nations are investing in port deepening to accommodate tankers, but the United States is not increasing its investment in its ports.

 * Bridges, 11 **** – ** Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority (Jerry A., “Testimony of Jerry A. Bridges Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority before the United States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee Hearing: the Economic importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?”, 10/26/11, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Bridges.pdf)]

Since the birth of our nation, U.S. ......Program or environmental programs that benefit ports.

Lack of U.S. adaptation will devastate trade and the economic competitiveness

 * Weakley, 8 ** – Realize America’s Maritime promise, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, testimony of James Weakley the president of the Lake Carriers’ Association (James, “Realize America’s Maritime Promise”, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, 4/30/08, [] ) // EK

Introduction/ Summary of Testimony My name is Jim Weakley. I am President of...... airplane that is required to set aside seats with no passengers would quickly lose its efficiencies.

First is international trade: it’s key to the economy and accounts for 27% of GDP

 * Kiefer et al., 2k** – principal investigator for Planning and Management Consultants– study authorized by Section 401 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1999, report to the US Army Corps of Engineers (Jack, Planning and Management Consultants, “The National Dredging Needs Study of Ports and Harbors Implications to Cost-Sharing of Federal Deep Draft Navigation Projects Due to Changes in the Maritime Industry”, 5/2000, [] ) // EK

__The value of international trade after__........ of U.S. international maritime trade based on value, but only about eight percent in terms of tonnage (see Figure 2-4).

Economic collapse now causes a nuclear World War III

 * Hamer, 10** – Professor and doctor, writes for Current Concerns (Eberhard, “Increasing Indications for a Third World War”, 3/6/10, [] ) // AJ

Due to the fact that the US has assumed the ban__......__ __The next few months will decide if we will be drawn into a Third World War__ or if we can escape this danger.

Econ collapse tanks heg

 * FPRI, 9** – Founded in 1955, FPRI is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization devoted to ** bringing the insights of scholarship to bear on the development of policies that advance U.S. national interests. ** ** (“Security Challenges Arising from the Global Economic Crisis,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, March 11, 2009, ** [] )//SS

Economists have long debated whether measuring ........ from the most up-to-date education and training will be lost to the Nation’s vital defense industrial base.

Heg is sustainable and prevents conflict

 * Brown et al. 8 – ***** Michael E. Brown is Dean of the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University. ***OWEN R. COTÉ, JR** . ** is the associate director of the MIT Security Studies Program. ***Sean M. Lynn-Jones is a Belfer Center researcher at Harvard University and Editor of //International Security.// *** Steven E. Miller is Director of the International Security Program (“Primacy and its Discontents,” MIT Press, 2008, [] ))//SS

Several scholars have argued that unipolarity ........ implicitly or explicitly with the U nited S tates.

American economic leadership prevents mercantilism – solves protectionism

 * Posen, 9** – Deputy director and senior fellow of the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Adam, “Economic leadership beyond the crisis,” [] ) // EK

In the postwar period, US power and prestige, ...... it should concentrate on the following priority measures.

Protectionism leads to global nuclear war

 * Panzner, 8** – faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” p. 136-138) // EK

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and __.......__ __conflicts between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.__

Collapse of US trade leadership causes trade blocs creating multiple scenarios for global conflict
Bergsten 97 – Peterson Institute for International Economics (Fred C., “Global Trade and American Politics”, September 27, 1997, The Economist, [] ) // DG

First, the United States remains the only plausible ....... now places at the top of the international agenda.

Port dredging is key to international trade and competitiveness – increased exports, trade, manufacturing jobs, and trillions in revenue

 * Nagle, 11 ** – President and CEO of the American Association of Port Authorities (December 2011, Kurt, Industry Today, “Association: American Association of Port Authorities; Port-Related Infrastructure Investments Can Reap Dividends,” vol. 14, no. 3, [] ) // EK

It seems the United States willingly allows .........Maintenance Tax (HMT) is utilized to maintain federal navigation channels.

U.S. agricultural competitiveness decreasing now. Exports are critical to maintain competitiveness.
Kagochi, 2007 – doctor of philosophy, A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University (“EVALUATING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF US AGRICULTURAL MARKET COMMODITIES”, 8/04/07, [])//MK

__The United States (US) has incurred .......__ as a tool for measuring US agricultural export commodities competitiveness.

US agricultural competitiveness key to prevent starvation, war, fanaticism, proliferation, and terrorism
Lugar, 4 – U.S. Senator – Indiana, (Richard, “Plant Power” Our Planet v. 14 n. 3, http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html MK)

In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the ....... . Agriculture and the wider sphere of plants represent a resource not only for food, but also for the fuel, energy and materials essential to modern society__.__

Starvation triggers genocidal war—comparatively worse than nuclear war

 * Trudell 5** - Trudell, J.D. Candidate 2006, 05 (Robert H., Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277, Lexis)

2. But, Is It Really an Emergency? In his study on ........ put that fuse out before it is too late.
 * Food shortage leads to riots, poverty, political instability **
 * Blas 08 ** -- Commodities correspondent for the Financial Times, Javier, 07/02, National Interest Online, “Feeding Frenzy,” http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_96/ai_n28074563/?tag=content;col1 MK
 * __FOOD__** . MAN'S most-essential resource. And now **__............__** had not yet called on him to explain the crisis.

Even minor food shortages trigger famine and starvation-grain reserves low

 * Helfand, 7 ** -- North American vice president of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. (Ira, "An Assessment of the Extent of Projected Global FamineResulting From Limited, Regional Nuclear War", __ www.psr.org/assets/pdfs/helfandpaper.pdf __ ) MK

__At this point in time, we are ill prepared to .........__ more severe than the actual shortfall in production.

Dredging critical to maintain US agricultural competitiveness.
IWR 6/20 – Institute for Water Resources (“U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Modernization: Preparing for Post-Panamax Vessels”, Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 20, 2012, [|http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/docs/portswaterways/rpt/June_20_U.S._Port_and_Inland_Waterways_Preparing_for_Post_Panamax_Vessels.pdf)//MM]

The Panama Canal expansion is scheduled to be ........ for a competitive navigation system.

First, coordinated and adequate funding requires federal action on port dredging.

 * Calhoun, 11 ** – President of Cargo Carriers (Cargill) and Chairman of Waterways Council, Inc (Rick, “DREDGING FOR PROSPERITY”, Marine Log, 8/2011, ProQuest, [] ”) // EK

At press time, the debate over raising our nation's __.......__ __of our ports and waterways in keeping America strong__ and keep her moving.

USACE regulation and permits require federal oversight.

 * IWR 6/20** – Institute for Water Resources (“U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Modernization: Preparing for Post-Panamax Vessels”, Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 20, 2012, [|http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/docs/portswaterways/rpt/June_20_U.S._Port_and_Inland_Waterways_Preparing_for_Post_Panamax_Vessels.pdf)//BL]


 * __Regardless of the Federal governm......__** with harbor ¶ deepening projects **__then USACE would need to provide permits for any proposed action.__** ¶
 * Federal coordination key- Constitutional Commerce Clause **
 * Gibbs, 2011 ** – Subcommittee Chairman (Bob, “Memorandum on the Hearing on “The Economic Importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?” U.S. House of Representatives ¶ Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, October 21, 2011 [|__http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/112th/Water/Water%20Briefing%20Memo%20%20%2010-26-11.pdf__] )//BL


 * __ Maritime shipping remains __****__ the __****__ preferred __****__ method __****__ of .... __****__ maritime infrastructure __** . One of the greatest responsibilities to support commerce is the maintenance and development of the nation's water resources.


 * Federal coordination key – State aviation proves **
 * Reid, 8 ** - Senior Editor, Civil Engineering Magazine, American Civil Society of Engineers (Robert, “The Infrastructure Crisis”, Civil Engineering Magazine, January 2008, http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=25562)//BL

What **__ the aviation system __** itself **__ needs is a national ... __** l additional infrastructure is available,” he explains.

**__ USACE KEY: Process __**


 * USACE Key- USACE in charge of dredging all ports **
 * Cohen and Monaco 8 ** – *associate professor of Economics at the University of Hartford and ** Professor of Economics at California State University, Long Beach. She is a recognized expert in the economics of the trucking industry and has published extensively on the wages, characteristics, and working conditions of port truck drivers, port labor issues, port infrastructure, and the effects of port deregulation. (Jeffrey and Kristen, “Ports and Highways Infrastructure Investment and Inter-state Spatial Spillovers”, International Regional Science Review, July 2008, [] )//BL


 * __ The bulk of U.S. ports are government-...... __****__ Army Corps of Engineers which is primarily responsible for dredging __** the access to ¶ **__ ports. __**

Congress in essential in port dredging creates jobs and enables supertankers to enter American ports

 * Anderson, 11 ** – Chief Executive Officer of the Jacksonville Port Authority (JAXPORT) (A. Paul, “testimony of A. Paul Anderson Chief Executive Officer of the Jacksonville Port Authority (JAXPORT) for the Record of the united States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Subcommittee on Water Resources and the Environment Hearing: “The Economic Importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?””, October 26, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Anderson.pdf) // EK]

With increasingly larger ships calling the..approving and funding critical infrastructure projects is fundamentally broken.