Alex+and+Kevin

For all questions: Jeong.Debate@Gmail.com

=//**Affirmatives**//:=

Plan
====The United States federal government should substantially curtail its surveillance of information in the custody of American corporations by exclusively limiting surveillance to investigations carried out under section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act, subject to additional use restrictions in Presidential Policy Directive 28.====

Executive Order 12333 authorizes foreign surveillance, but the NSA is using it to exploit loopholes to create backdoor access for wholly domestic communications
Legal Loopholes. In Section 2 we start by describing the current U.S AND . soil (e.g., from Harvard University to Boston University).
 * Arnbak and Goldberg 14-** cybersecurity and information law research at the Institute for Information Law, LL.M degree from Leiden University, A Competitive Strategy and Game Theory degree from London School of Economics University of Amsterdam; Associate professor in the Computer Science Department at Boston University, phD from Princeton University, B.A.S.c from University of Toronto (Axel and Sharon, "Loopholes for Circumventing the Constitution: Warrantless Bulk Surveillance on Americans by Collecting the Network Traffic Abroad", Working Paper, June 27, 2014)//TT

The perception that the NSA is using Executive Order 12333 to circumvent section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act is causing a backlash against US tech companies and driving global data localization
Beyond 215 and FAA, media reports have suggested that there have been collection programs AND to provide their customers with some sense of how many requests are made.
 * Eoyang, 14** - Mieke Eoyang is the Director of the National Security Program at Third Way, a center-left think tank. She previously served as Defense Policy Advisor to Senator Edward M. Kennedy, and a subcommittee staff director on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, as well as as Chief of Staff to Rep. Anna Eshoo (D-Palo Alto) ("A Modest Proposal: FAA Exclusivity for Collection Involving U.S. Technology Companies" Lawfare, 11/24, http://www.lawfareblog.com/modest-proposal-faa-exclusivity-collection-involving-us-technology-companies

That will destroy global economic growth and trade
C. Economic Development Many governments believe that by forcing companies to localize data within AND aggregating data across borders. We discuss the impacts on these trends below.
 * Chandler and Le, 15** - * Director, California International Law Center, Professor of Law and Martin Luther King, Jr. Hall Research Scholar, University of California, Davis; A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Yale Law School AND **Free Speech and Technology Fellow, California International Law Center; A.B., Yale College; J.D., University of California, Davis School of Law (Anupam and Uyen, "DATA NATIONALISM" 64 Emory L.J. 677, lexis)

Economic decline causes nuclear war – statistics prove
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
 * Royal 10** [Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215]

Independently, decline triggers Asian war and global hotspots
What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression AND result may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang
 * Auslin 9 -** (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, "The Global Economy Unravels", Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)

Trade prevents war and checks escalation—solves all other impacts
Our more globalized world has also yielded a "peace dividend." It may not AND and less likely those gains will be destroyed by civil conflict and war.
 * Griswold 11** (Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization. "Free Trade and the Global Middle Class," Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9 http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf)

Applying the restrictions of PPD-28 to section 702 eliminates all negative perceptions of overbreadth
Nojeim, 14 - Director, Project on Freedom, Security & Technology at the Center for Democracy & Technology (Greg, "COMMENTS TO THE PRIVACY AND CIVIL LIBERTIES OVERSIGHT BOARD REGARDING REFORMS TO SURVEILLANCE CONDUCTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 702 OF FISA" 4/11) To address the problem of overbreadth in Section 702 collection, PCLOB should recommend that AND disclosure of communications content absent judicial review as a means of doing so.

NSA surveillance is crushing U.S. cloud-computing – decks competitiveness and spills over to the entire tech sector
by U.S. firms, gaining market share in the process.
 * Donohue 15 – Professor of Law, Georgetown Law and Director, Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown Law (Lauren, HIGH TECHNOLOGY, CONSUMER PRIVACY, AND U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY, Symposium Articles, 4 Am. U. Bus. L. Rev. 11 p.15-18, 2015, Hein Online)//JJ**
 * I. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NSA PROGRAMS**
 * The NSA programs, and public awareness**
 * AND**

The best and newest research confirms the link
This study is the first to provide substantial empirical documentation of a chilling effect, AND potential for effects of government surveillance practices on commercial outcomes and international competitiveness.
 * Marthews and Tucker, 15** – * National Chair at Restore the Fourth AND **PhD in economics and professor of Marketing at MIT (Alex and Catherine, "Government Surveillance and Internet Search Behavior", 29 April 2015, file:///C:/Users/17GGonzalez/Downloads/SSRN-id2412564%20(2).pdf)//gg

That undermines US global technological leadership
CONCLUSION When historians write about this period in U.S. history it could AND . government enable its tech industry to effectively compete in the global market.
 * Castro and McQuinn 15,** Daniel Castro works at the Center for Data Innovation, Government Technology, The Information Technology & Innovation Foundation, worked at the U.S. Government Accountability Office, went to Carnegie Mellon. Alan McQuinn works at the Federal Communications Commission, previously had the Bill Archer Fellowship at the University of Texas, (June 2015, "Beyond the USA Freedom Act: How U.S. Surveillance Still Subverts U.S. Competitiveness", file:///C:/Users/Mark/Downloads/2015-beyond-usa-freedom-act.pdf)//AK

Tech leadership is the primary driver of hegemony –
So what accounts for America’s transformative capacity? AND primarily) a commercial matter—even when the NSS "goes commercial.
 * Weiss 14 –** Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, Professor Emeritus in Government and International Relations at the University of Sydney, Honorary Professor of Political Science at Aarhus University. (Linda, America Inc.?: Innovation and Enterprise in the National Security State, Cornell University Press, 4/1/14, p. 1-3)//JJ
 * NSS=National Security State

Curtailing the use of surveillance on US-based servers to national security interests and increasing transparency regarding surveillance is vital to restoring trust and US credibility
The NSA mass surveillance programs described in the introduction, conducted domestically pursuant to USA AND a leadership role in the promotion of better international standards around surveillance practices.
 * Kehl, 14** – Policy Analyst at New America’s Open Technology Institute (Danielle, "Surveillance Costs: The NSA’s Impact on the Economy, Internet Freedom & Cybersecurity" July, https://www.newamerica.org/oti/surveillance-costs-the-nsas-impact-on-the-economy-internet-freedom-cybersecurity/

Hegemonic decline causes great power wars
Zhang et al., Carnegie Endowment researcher, 2011 (Yuhan, "America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry", 1-22, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/, ldg) This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it AND forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

The pursuit of hegemony is inevitable, sustainable, and prevents transition wars
American leadership need not mean involvement in endless wars. Past history gives us examples AND to slip into the shadows world politics, the danger of war increases.
 * Bresler, 6-24** –[ Robert J. Bresler, Penn State Harrisburg professor emeritus of public policy, 6-24-2015, Obama-led US withdrawal has destabilized the world, Lancaster Online, http://lancasteronline.com/opinion/columnists/obama-led-us-withdrawal-has-destabilized-the-world/article'1c73c828-19d4-11e5-ab00-d32898937e9a.html] Jeong

Cloud computing is also critical to space situational awareness – solves asteroids and debris
Abstract¶ In this paper we demonstrate how a cloud-based computing architecture can AND NEO trajectory and impact analysis to help improve planetary defencs capability for all.
 * Johnston et al 9** [Steven, PhD in computer engineering and MEng degree in software engineering, specializes in cloud-based architecture, Kenji Takeda, Solutions Architect and Technical Manager for the Microsoft Research Connections EMEA team, has extensive experience in Cloud Computing, Hugh Lewis, professor at University of Southampton, specialist in space situational awareness, Simon Cox, professor of Computational Methods and Director of the Microsoft Institute for High Performance Computing at University of Southampton, Graham Swinerd, professor at University of Southampton, specializes in space situational awareness, "Cloud Computing for Planetary Defense", http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/71883/1/John'09.pdf, October 2009, 3/31/15]

Debris collisions decks satellites – that leads to resource wars
AND
 * Moore 9 – Professor of Economics and International Affairs, M.S. and Ph.D. in economics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Mike, Space Debris: From Nuisance to Nightmare, Foreign Policy, 2/12/9,** http://foreignpolicy.com/2009/02/12/space-debris-from-nuisance-to-nightmare/)//JJ
 * When satellites collide in space, should ordinary people be worried?** Here's a scenario
 * If not, the space-is-ruined scenario could become reality.**

Asteroid Strikes cause extinction
Once upon a time there was a Big Bang... Cause/Effect - Cause AND " in favor of rational random inevitable expectation... and its attendant fear.
 * Brownfield 4** (Roger, Gaishiled Project, "A Million Miles a Day", Presentation at the Planetary Defense Conference: Protecting Earth From Asteroids, 2-26, http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=406&gTable= Paper&g ID=17092//cc)

The Drug Enforcement Administration is creating a massive database of license plate tracking information—this will be used for political targeting and other kinds of violence
License plate surveillance may invite political targeting By Alice Salles / February 4, 2015 AND detailed pictures of the private lives of citizens and visitors to this country.
 * Salles, 15** (Alice, journalist specializing in civil liberties, "License plate surveillance may invite political targeting," Watchdog Arena, Feb 4, http://watchdog.org/197745/license-plate-surveillance-political-targeting/)

License plate monitoring has pushed the US to the edge of full-scale totalitarianism - resistance now is necessary
Today, massive and unsustainable debts are maintaining the US standard of living. Freedom AND one of many ominous signs regarding where this centralization of power is heading.
 * Suarez, 13** (John, human rights activist who has spoken before the United Nations Human Rights Council on several occasions, PanAm Post, Oct 18, http://panampost.com/john-suarez/2013/10/18/the-us-surveillance-state-and-the-totalitarian-tipping-point/)

Freedom from surveillance is an a priori value: it’s the key liberty that defines the value of our lives and our capacities for agency
Now, there's a reason why privacy is so craved universally and instinctively. It AND the constraints that it imposes on us do not become any less potent.
 * Greenwald, 14** (Glenn, Snowden’s lawyer, "Why Privacy Matters," http://www.ted.com/talks/glenn'greenwald'why'privacy'matters/transcript?language=en) we do not endorse this author’s intent of ableist language and apologize for it, we have left it intact to preserve the article’s completeness

Surveillance violates our basic ethical imperative to treat people with dignity and protect freedom, but even if utilitarianism is good, you should still vote aff
Under utilitarian, duty-based, and rights-based ethical theories the act AND freedom of speech and the power of the people will be lost forever.
 * Burkhart et al, 07** (Laurie Burkhart, Michael Haubert, and Damon Thorley, undergraduate editors who published a book on surveillance under the supervision of Dr. Dirk S. Hovorka, "The Efect [sic] of Government Surveillance on Social Progress," in Confronting Information Ethics in the New Millennium" http://www.ethicapublishing.com/5CH1.htm)

Actions determine morality, not results—consequentialism might be good, but moral side constraints exist that we cannot violate
Many people feel, without being able to say much more about it, that AND ease the consciences of those responsible for a certain number of charred babies.
 * Nagel, 79** (Thomas, Philosopher, Mortal Questions, p 58-59)

Our advantage is one of those side constraints—the injustices we have described should not be tolerated at any cost
Rawls, 71 (John, philosopher, A Theory of Justice, p. 3-4) Justice is the first virtue of social institutions as truth is of systems of thought AND . Being first virtues of human activities, truth and justice are uncompromising.

====No consequence justifies voting neg—either rights are absolute and we win, or they’re not, and the neg’s moral calculus is incoherent. The question of this debate is whether the plan is a moral action or not. The judge as a moral agent is not responsible for intervening actors no matter how bad the consequences sound. The decisions of other agents are outside your power to determine and you should therefore say that you support the aff even if we should perhaps also stop bad consequences that stem from it because consequentialism with no limit results in constantly escalating evils which make it self-defeating and also undermines the value of life==== It is a widely held opinion that there are no absolute rights. Consider what AND of the valid principle of morality in its equal application to all persons.
 * Gewirth, 81** (Alan, prof of philosophy at U Chicago, "Are There Any Absolute Rights?," Philosophical Quarterly, January)

Dead bodies aren’t the key metric for decision-making—surveillance might not be dramatic, but the failure to confront it now adds up to a worse harm over time as abuses accumulate
Investigating the nothing-to-hide argument a little more deeply, we find AND to-hide argument, in the end, has nothing to say.
 * Solove, 11** (Daniel, professor of law at George Washington University, Why Privacy Matters Even if You Have 'Nothing to Hide', May 15, http://chronicle.com/article/Why-Privacy-Matters-Even-if/127461/)

"Life key to rights" is backwards—life and death are not inherently good except for the things we enjoy about them which the status quo erodes and the plan protects
If death is the unequivocal and permanent end of our existence, the question arises AND disadvantage, it is not easy to say when a man suffers it.
 * Nagel, 12** [Thomas, University Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University, "Mortal Questions", Cambridge University Press, Mar 26, 2012, Pg.1-3]

The obsession with human survival is self-defeating—the tyranny of survival paradoxically destroys more people in the long run and diminishes the value of life
The value of survival could not be so readily abused were it not for its AND survival. It would be the Pyrrhic victory to end all Pyrrhic victories.
 * Callahan, 73** (Daniel, institute of Society and Ethics, The Tyranny of Survival, p. 91-3)

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should curtail its use of Automatic License Plate Recognition in the United States.
or Thus the plan: The Drug Enforcement Agency should curtail its use of Automatic License Plate Recognition in the United States.

The plan is a necessary response to violations of liberty—federal action is key
But if the program was allowed to be carried out unchecked for so long, AND aren’t even asking questions about civil liberties and privacy when approving this technology."
 * Salles, 15** (Alice, journalist specializing in civil liberties, "License plate surveillance may invite political targeting," Watchdog Arena, Feb 4, http://watchdog.org/197745/license-plate-surveillance-political-targeting/)

We must resist license plate tracking as an infringement of liberty—this form of surveillance will constantly expand to new abuses with no security rationale
Another day, and another of Leviathan’s tentacles is exposed for all the world to AND consumptive child in a hospital incubator, is nowhere included within its brief.
 * Cooke, 15** (Charles, writer at the National Review, "As You Drive, So Are You Watched," National Review, Jan 25, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/397303/you-drive-so-you-are-watched-charles-c-w-cooke)

There are no alternative methods - the ability of another actor to address the harm doesn’t absolve you of your obligation to do so as well
Some have maintained that there is a fourth minimal condition which a potential helper of AND resort is too strong; it is not a minimal condition for obligation.
 * Aitken, 77** (William, teaches philosophy at Chatham College, World Hunger and Moral Obligation, p 93-94)

We can’t make policy based on linear predictions—the complexity of government and the chaos of unpredictable events means that as a judge you should simply ignore disads based on future impacts
Ward, 96 (Brian, "The Chaos of History: Notes Towards a Postmodernist Historiography," Limina, Vol 2, http://www.limina.arts.uwa.edu.au/previous/volumes'15/volume'2?f=73934) Porush establishes the link between narrative-as-history and chaos theory by recognising AND a historical event recorded in a text or a series of texts.41

This is particularly true for war—it’s too chaotic to be controlled or avoided through policymaking
Font and Regis, 06 (Joan Pere Plaza i Font UAB – Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona – Spain Dandoy Régis UCL – University of Louvain – Belgium "Chaos Theory and its Application in Political Science" IPSA – AISP Congress Fukuoka, 9 – 13 July 2006 http://www.sciencespo.site.ulb.ac.be/dossiers'membres/dandoy-regis/fichiers/dandoy-regis-publication18.pdf) Betts (2000) observed a useful application of chaos to strategy and international security AND , the transition from predictability to chaos in deterministic mathematical system is possible.

====Various world systems exist in a critical state where sudden and unpredictable collapse is possible at any time—it is literally impossible to learn from history or identify a cause of war even minutes before it breaks out==== Buchanan, 02 (Mark, Ubiquity: Why Catastrophes Happen, p. 62) This book is not only about earthquakes. It is about ubiquitous patterns of change AND for explanation may be terribly misplaced, and doomed always to go unsatisfied.

=//Negative://= 2NR's: Psychoanalysis; T: Domestic; T: Curtail; Terror DA and Case; Ex Post CP and Terror DA; Cyber Deterrence DA and Case, Framework. 1NC's: There was a lot.