Ellie+&+Mikayla

=**1AC - Aquaculture**=


 * Plan text: The United States federal government should create a National Offshore Aquaculture Framework that requires the NOAA to issue legally binding national standards and regulations to prevent or minimize impacts on the marine ecosystem and fisheries**

= 1ac – solvency = IV. DEVELOPING A NEW FRAMEWORK A. Congress Should Enact New Legislation Creating a National Offshore Aquaculture Framework. A AND our domestic economy, but not at the expense of a healthy ocean. (2/15/2010, Rosamond L. Naylor and George H. Leonard, “Aquaculture made safe,” [], JMP) While Americans' appetite for seafood continues to grow, most of us know little about AND , if the U.S. government wishes to keep its domestic offshore
 * The plan, based on the National Sustainable Offshore Aquaculture Act, is the best way to develop environmentally sustainable offshore aquaculture. It is a product of systemic research from relevant stakeholders.**
 * Johns, 13** --- J.D. Candidate, USC Law 2013 (March 23013, Kristen L., Southern California Law Review, FARM FISHING HOLES: GAPS IN FEDERAL REGULATION OF OFFSHORE AQUACULTURE,” 86 S. Cal. L. Rev. 681, JMP)
 * The plan creates a __national standard__ for sustainable aquaculture --- protects marine environments and prevents collapse of seafood industries**
 * Naylor & Leonard, 10** --- *director of the program on food security and the environment at Stanford, AND **director of the aquaculture program at the Ocean Conservancy in Santa Cruz

=1ac – food security=

Warming’s decimating global fisheries and aquaculture production – decline of these sectors alone creates massive food insecurity
The threats of climate change to human society and natural ecosystems have been elevated to AND and poverty reduction issues in the face of climate change and energy security.
 * Cochrane et. al. 9 –** Chief Fisheries Management and Conservation Service @ Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division @ FAO, Fishery Policy Analyst @ Fisheries and Aquaculture Economics and Policy Division @ FAO, Senior Fisheries Resources Officer (Aquaculture) @ Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division @ FAO, Fishery Resources Officer @ Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division @ FAO (Kevern Cochrane, Cassandra De Young, Doris Soto, Tarub Bahri, 2009, “Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture,” []) //twontwon

Scientific consensus proves – we’ll have less food for more people
The latest revelation from climate scientists is that they now believe global climate change as AND so far as to proclaim that "denial of the science is malpractice."
 * Connolly 14,** (Marshall Connolly, staff writer for Catholic Online citing Japan science conference report, 4/1/14, “Global warming is inevitable: It’s time for a new ecology,” https://www.catholic.org/news/green/story.php?id=54780)//twontwon

We access the biggest internal link to global instability – the time frame is now
The US corn crop has failed due to the severe drought and extreme temperatures experienced AND arable land around world, including Africa, and, yes, Australia.
 * Duarte 12,** director of the Oceans Institute at University of Western Australia (Carlos Duarte, 8/10/12, “Food Crisis: The Development of Modern Aquaculture in Australia is an Imperative,” [])//twontwon

Escalation to resource wars is fast and global – sustainable alternatives are key to prevent widespread resource conflicts
Climate change and an increasing population could trigger a global food crisis in the next AND has pledged to meet 10% of its vehicle fuel needs with biofuels.
 * Sample 7** [EK1] **–** PhD in biomedical materials from Queen Mary's(Ian Sample, University of London, Science Corresondent at The Guaradian, 8/30/7, “Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertile land,” http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/aug/31/climatechange.food)//twontwon

Aquaculture development solves – it’s uniquely resilient to climate change and facilitates adaptation
It is still worthwhile to note that the control of the production process that has AND will make the world’s food production systems more diversified and thereby more resilient.
 * Asche 11 –** Prof.Department of Industrial Economics, University of Stavenger (Frank Asche, 2011, “Green Growth in Fisheries and Aquaculture Production and Trade,” http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/sustainable-agriculture/48258799.pdf)//twontwon

But, investment is key – it facilitates a transition to species integration and herbivore cultivation and increases targeted research
This policy brief, compiled by 16 international agencies, considers what policymakers can do AND be improved if we are to build sustainable and resilient fisheries and aquaculture.
 * SDN** **9** – development recommendation and analysis group (SciDevNet, 9/12/9, “Adapting fisheries and aquaculture to climate change,” []

The plan’s development of sustainable systems spills over globally – this mitigates food collapses and builds resilience
A focus on anticipation of potential climate and scarcity risks leads on naturally to a AND should take scarcity issues into account, particularly in post-conflict contexts.
 * Evans 10** – Head of the Program on Resource Scarcity, Climate Change and Multilateralism @ Center on International Cooperation, NYU (Alex Evans, 9/9/10, “Resource Scarcity, Climate Change and the Risk of Violent Conflict,” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTWDR2011/Resources/6406082-1283882418764/WDR_Background_Paper_Evans.pdf)//twontwon

The plan’s initial boost solves investor confidence – this magnifies our modeling claims
Of particular interest from the point of view of changing investor perceptions of aquaculture were AND and too few large profitable ones that could be shown to potential investors.
 * Love 3 –** (Graham, writer for the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resources Economics, October 2003, "Australian Aquaculture information requirements for investors", eReport, data.daff.gov.au/brs/data/warehouse/pe_abarebrs99000981/PC12573.pdf)//twontwon

Aquaculture is both sufficient and necessary to guarantee long term food security – no other sources can increase production fast enough
Hishamunda et al 9 - Fishery Planning Officer at the Fishery and Aquaculture Economics and Policy Division of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (Nathanael, Junning Cai – Assistant Professor at Central University of Finance and Economics, PingSun Leung – professor at College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, “Commercial aquaculture and economic growth, poverty alleviation and food security, FAO, [], JZG) Aquaculture’s contribution to food security The existing and potential contributions of aquaculture to food security AND and static fishery production make aquaculture an important supply source for fish products.

First is food prices – it’s logistically cheaper and has a lower production cost
International trade has increased much faster than total seafood production. From 1976 to 2006 AND production technologies, and lower distribution and logistics costs (Asche, 2008). This, however, is just the beginning of the likely consequences: if history AND continues to fuel the insurgency of the Maoist-inspired Naxalites of India.
 * Asche 11,** (Frank Asche, Department of Industrial Economics, University of Stavenger, 2011 (it doesn’t say what the date is but it cites studies from 2011 – it could be more recent), “Green Growth in Fisheries and Aquaculture Production and Trade,” http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/sustainable-agriculture/48258799.pdf)//twontwon
 * High food prices cause __extinction__**
 * Klare 12** (Michael T., Professor of Peace and World Security Studies – Hampshire College, “Michael T. Klare: The Hunger Wars in Our Future”, 8-8, http://www.guernicamag.com/daily/michael-t-klare-the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/)

The plan solves water scarcity – it’s more efficient than squo production systems – this solves water conflicts
Understanding how fisheries interact with other economic sectors and how fisherfolk have adapted to variability AND reuse water from aquaculture compare very favorably with terrestrial crop and livestock production.
 * WFC 5** [EK2] – World Fish Center (Allison EH, Adger NW, Badjeck M-C, Brown Kritik, Conway D, Dulvy NK, Halls A, Perry A, and Reynolds JD, 2005, “The threat to fisheries and aquaculture from climate change,” http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/ClimateChange2.pdf) //twontwon

Water wars draw in great powers and go nuclear
If we do not destroy ourselves with the A-bomb and the H- AND at the 60.000 nuclear warheads the world has stockpiled since Trinity.
 * Weiner 90** (Professor – Princeton, “The Next 100 Years”, pg. 270)

=1ac – sustainability=

IMTA solves – it’s __uniquely sustainable__
Salmon farming is renowned for its local environmental pollution, but now some fish farmers AND allows the dialogue [between industry and environmentalists] to take place.' The jig, however, is nearly up. In 1950, the newly constituted AND seeing now may be only the first scene in a watery horror show. The apocalypse has a new date: 2048.¶ That's when the world's oceans will AND and colleagues report their findings in the Nov. 3 issue of Science. Don Kent, President of the Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, was standing AND One of the effects of this is that agriculture is driving massive deforestation.¶ Human activity is causing the extinction of animal, plant and microbial species at rates AND demand that efforts to preserve species and ecosystems be given the highest priority. Feeding 7 billion people is no small challenge. As it has from time immemorial AND from food snobs who favor the more robust taste of wild caught fish. The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries AND states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself. The need for national environmental standards¶ Whether environmentalists like it or not, marine AND constraints, but only if it develops under clear and enforceable environmental mandates.
 * Bocking 9** – freelance journalist writing for the Ecologist (Emma Bocking, 10/20/9, “Can salmon farming be sustainable?” http://theecologist-test.net-genie.co.uk/news/newsanalysis/464767/can_salmon_farming_be_sustainable.html)//twontwon
 * The decline of fisheries destroys marine ecosystems and risks starvation of hundreds of millions**
 * Pauly 9** --- professor at the Fisheries Centre of the University of British Columbia (9/28/2009, Daniel, “Aquacalypse Now,” [], JMP)
 * Undermines the overall ocean environment --- causes extinction**
 * Denoon 6** (11/2/2006, Daniel, “Salt-Water Fish Extinction Seen By 2048,” [] )
 * Independently, global food production will inevitably breakdown --- a shift to ocean aquaculture key to sustainably feed the growing population and prevent massive deforestation**
 * Strasser 14** --- Senior Editor of ThinkProgress (4/21/2014, Annie-Rose, “The New, Innovative And More Efficient Way Of Feeding People,” [], JMP)
 * Deforestation will cause extinction**
 * Chivian 11**,Dr. Eric S. Chivian is the founder and Director of the Center for Health and the Global Environment (CHGE) at Harvard Medical School and directs the Biodiversity and Human Health Progam. He is also an Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. Chivian works with the United Nations on how to address the pressing environmental problems the world is facing. (“Species Extinction, Biodiversity Loss and Human Health”, http://www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-vii/environmental-health-hazards/item/505-species-extinction-biodiversity-loss-and-human-health, 2011) Kerwin
 * Also, ensuring supply of fish is critical to prevent a Malthusian collapse**
 * Frezza 12** --- fellow at the Competitive Enterprise Institute and a Boston-based venture capitalist (11/26/2012, Bill, “Regulatory Uncertainty Drives Fish Farmer to Foreign Waters,” [], JMP)
 * This will __collapse civilization__ – causes disease spread, terrorism, and economic collapse**
 * Brown 9** --- founder of both the WorldWatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute (May 2009, Lester R., Scientific American, “Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Ebsco)
 * The plan sets a __global model__ that saves marine ecosystems**
 * Naylor 6** --- Fellow at the Center for Environmental Science and Policy, Stanford University (Spring 2006, Rosamond L., “Environmental Safeguards for Open-Ocean Aquaculture,” [], JMP)

[EK1] Deforestration, degrade fertility [EK2] People, esp. farmers will not have to worry about water. We will give them protein to supplement.