Max+and+Roland 

=Affirmative (mwang6361@gmail.com):=

The Advantage is Desegregation
====School segregation is still rampant —- tolerating this, whether in the name of "educational quality" or "school choice" just lets racism win —- the constitution demands that public institutions comply with the law==== https://theconversation.com/why-schools-still-cant-put AND will our base fears and racial biases begin to fade into the background.
 * Black, 6/6/17** —- Professor of Law, University of South Carolina (Derek, "Education in America Has Deep Flaws—and That's Why Racial Segregation Is on the Rise,"

Desegregation is best way to narrow the achievement gap – any risk of a solvency deficit is a reason to vote affirmative
(George, 10/23/15, "'Forced busing' didn't fail. Desegregation is the best way to improve our schools.", https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/10/23/forced-busing-didnt-fail-desegregation-is-the-best-way-to-improve-our-schools/?utm_term=.99e5c334fa60, MW) Studies/research proves integration solves achievement gaps Since the Reagan administration's "A AND the back of the education bus, it will always be the back.
 * Theoharis 15** – PHD and a chair in the School of Education at Syracuse

Closing the academic achievement gap directly challenges social inequality and boosts health outcomes
Racism hurts V2L + higher incomes – breaks cycle of poverty Our nation is AND and ethnic achievement gaps could amply pay for themselves in the long run.
 * Lynch & Oakford, 14** —- *professor of economics in the Department of Economics at Washington, AND **Policy Analyst at the Center for American Progress (Robert & Patrick, "The Economic Benefits of Closing Educational Achievement Gaps; Promoting Growth and Strengthening the Nation by Improving the Educational Outcomes of Children of Color," https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/reports/2014/11/10/100577/the-economic-benefits-of-closing-educational-achievement-gaps/, accessed on 7/1/16, funk+JMP)

Inequality kills tens of thousands each year
Harvard study proves 1/3 of people die from inequality Everyone in a AND simply produces a lethally large social and economic gap between rich and poor.
 * Bezruchka, '14** — Senior Lecturer in Health Services and Global Health at the School of Public Health at the University of Washington, holds a Master of Public Health from Johns Hopkins University and an M.D. from Stanford University ("Inequality Kills," Divided: The Perils of Our Growing Inequality, Edited by David Cay Johnston, p.194-195)

Integration lessens bias and increases culture acceptance.
Colleges and psychological studies prove (Amy, Lauren Fox, Diana Cordova-cobo, 2/9/16, "How Racially Diverse Schools and Classrooms Can Benefit All Students", https://tcf.org/content/report/how-racially-diverse-schools-and-classrooms-can-benefit-all-students/, MW) Buttressing these arguments on the part of the universities is a growing body of evidence AND time, far more central to policy debates in elementary and secondary education.
 * Wells et al 16** – Amy Wells: PHD in Education at Columbia, Lauren: PHD in sociology and education, Diana: PHD candidate in Education at Columbia

Racism is perpetuated by myths and furthered by isolation.
(John Halstead, 6-22-2017, "Our Fear Of Black Men Is Racist, And It Killed Philando Castile", http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/our-fear-of-black-men-is-racist-and-it-killed-philando_us_594aeb77e4b092ed90588b75, MW) I was raised to be afraid of Black men. This was communicated in many AND that killed Philando Castile. And that means that we are responsible too.
 * Halstead 6/22**

====Enforcing desegregation in public education will serve as a bridge to link ongoing racial disparities with historic racial discrimination and challenge white supremacy —- advances equality in prisons, mental health facilities, housing authorities, and police departments==== - Spillover because histories of seg used to spillover [*443] III AND discrimination and to refocus our education reform on equality as a core value.
 * Holley-Walker, 12** —- Associate Professor of Law, University of South Carolina School of Law, J.D. from Harvard (Winter 2012, Danielle, Georgia State University Law Review, "A NEW ERA FOR DESEGREGATION," 28 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 423, Lexis-Nexis Academic, JMP)

Desegregation promotes cross-racial understanding that removes racial biases and stereotypes and breaks out of the vicious cycle
B. Inclusion and Diversity — Why (Proper) Desegregation Can Still Matter In AND which may in turn provide desegregated educational opportunities for their own children. n149
 * Hilbert, 17** —- Associate Professor of Law at Mitchell Hamline School of Law, one of the plaintiffs' attorneys for the Minneapolis NAACP in the 1995 desegregation case (Winter 2017, Jim, Journal of Law & Education, "Restoring the Promise of Brown: Using State Constitutional Law to Challenge School Segregation," 46 J.L. & Educ. 1, Lexis-Nexis Academic, JMP)

Challenging institutional racism is a prior ethical question— it makes violence structurally inevitable and foundationally negates morality making defenses of utilitarianism incoherent
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission AND . True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.
 * Memmi, 2k** —- Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ U of Paris, Naiteire (Albert, Racism, Translated by Steve Martinot, p. 163-165)

Only the federal government gives the correct signal to remove local opposition and can regulate the quality of education effectively.
Enforce argument, regulate quality of education – perception between doe and doj coming down to your school and forcing you to do something vs local police officer or texas state AND as with the federal promotion of equal educational opportunity in other respects today.
 * Kleven 10**—Professor of Law, Thurgood Marshall School of Law (Thomas,

USFG is key to foster and cultivate grassroots movements
(Michael, 10-22-2014, "Washington Must Redress State Injustice", https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/07/16/state-politics-vs-the-federal-government/washington-must-redress-state-injustice, MW) Since the nation's founding, "states rights" has been the rallying cry and AND national government to bear in the name of decency, dignity and justice.
 * Dawson 14** – PHD in pol sci and director of the Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture at UChicago

DOJ is critical to advance, monitor and enforce desegregation cases, including those addressing imbalances within schools
- Federal government has DOJ, necessary to take leading role because data, enforcement AND districts do not actively seek to have the cases terminated. n84
 * Holley-Walker, 12** —- Associate Professor of Law, University of South Carolina School of Law, J.D. from Harvard (Winter 2012, Danielle, Georgia State University Law Review, "A NEW ERA FOR DESEGREGATION," 28 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 423, Lexis-Nexis Academic, JMP)

One-shot policies won't produce lasting change —- federal equal protection is superior —- has an inherently larger enforcement capacity to ensure continued implementation
Long term commitment – states can't keep it up in the long term For AND . This Article provides a viable strategy to make this federal enforcement possible.
 * Black, 10** —- Associate Professor of Law and Director, Education Rights Center, Howard University School of Law (March 2010, Derek, William and Mary Law Review, "UNLOCKING THE POWER OF STATE CONSTITUTIONS WITH EQUAL PROTECTION: THE FIRST STEP TOWARD EDUCATION AS A FEDERALLY PROTECTED RIGHT," 51 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1343, Lexis-Nexis Academic, JMP)

Government based education reforms can transform society —- defeatist attitudes ensure the world stays the same
But Goldwater failed to realize that governmental indifference can harden hearts, and government action AND disproportionately locking up black men and women constitutes an answer to social ills.
 * Glaude 16**—Professor of African American Studies and Religion at Princeton and a PhD in Religion from Princeton [Eddie S., Jr., Democracy in Black: How Race Still Enslaves, p. 185-197]

Explicitly includes a private right of action for parties to sue for equitable relief if states fail to take measures to affirmatively reduce racial isolation in schools
====Creates clear statutory language that confers rulemaking and regulatory authority to the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights or an independent agency directed by a career employee, rather than a political appointee, to provide federal oversight and enforcement====

Authorizes and requires action by the Department of Justice for states that refuse compliance
====Funds deliberations that both document the current racial inequities in educational opportunity and provide useful data that may assist states and localities in fostering racially inclusive educational opportunities====

The plan is a comprehensive mechanism to address racial segregation in public education —- congressional action is critical
III. CURRENT JUDICIAL CONSTRAINTS AND LEGISLATIVE IMPERATIVES In its examination of Section 5 power AND Amendment to consciously create a remedy for twenty-first century structural ills.
 * Epperson, 12** —- Associate Professor of Law, American University Washington College of Law (Winter 2012, Lia, Harvard Law & Policy Review, "SYMPOSIUM: EDUCATION: EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY: Legislating Inclusion," 6 Harv. L. & Pol'y Rev. 91, Lexis-Nexis Academic, JMP)

====DOJ and DOE enforcement are significantly better than any alternative. They have more expertise, data, and resources for key court cases and the application of disparate impact regulations checks back against forms of racism within the school system.==== - Lee v Macon DOJ was better than NAACP legal defense lawyers - DOE AND one black, one white - separate and un-equal.'"
 * Landsberg, 16** —- Professor Emeritus, Pacific McGeorge School of Law (Brian K., Fall 2016, Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy, "LEE V. MACON COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION: THE POSSIBILITIES OF FEDERAL ENFORCEMENT OF EQUAL EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY," 12 Duke J. Const. Law & Pub. Pol'y 1, Lexis-Nexis Academic, JMP) ***Note – HEW = United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare

=Negative (rolandhkim@gmail.com):=

Counterplans:
Bailout Counterplan Civics Advantage Counterplan (2NR) Educational Equality Counterplan Funding PIC (2NR) Portability Counterplan (2NR) Reg-Neg Counterplan States Counterplan (2NR) Withold Funding Counterplan (2NR)

Disadvantages:
Base Disadvantage (2NR) Court Clog Disadvantage Federalism Disadvantage Interest Rates Disadvantage (2NR) Trump Bad Disadvantage (2NR) Trumpism Disadvantage (2NR)

Impact/Case Turn:
Antiblackness Turn Competitiveness Bad Desegregation Bad Hegemony Bad

Kritik:
Neoliberalism Kritik

Topicality:
T-Agencies T-Classrooms T-Secondary