Ike+and+Katie

Aff: =**NSA 1AC**=

Plan

 * The United States federal government should limit domestic surveillance for foreign intelligence purposes of American corporations exclusively to authority under section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act, subject to additional use restrictions in Presidential Policy Directive 28.**

Applying the restrictions of PPD-28 to section 702 eliminates all negative perceptions of overbreadth
Nojeim, 14 - Director, Project on Freedom, Security & Technology at the Center for Democracy & Technology (Greg, "COMMENTS TO THE PRIVACY AND CIVIL LIBERTIES OVERSIGHT BOARD REGARDING REFORMS TO SURVEILLANCE CONDUCTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 702 OF FISA" 4/11) To address the problem of overbreadth in Section 702 collection, PCLOB should recommend that AND disclosure of communications content absent judicial review as a means of doing so.

Surveillance overreach spills over to gut overall US global legitimacy
Kehl, 14 – Policy Analyst at New America's Open Technology Institute (Danielle, "Surveillance Costs: The NSA's Impact on the Economy, Internet Freedom & Cybersecurity" July, https://www.newamerica.org/oti/surveillance-costs-the-nsas-impact-on-the-economy-internet-freedom-cybersecurity/ Broader Foreign Policy Costs Beyond Internet Freedom, the NSA disclosures "have badly undermined AND some cases, completely undermine—U.S. foreign policy goals.

Multinational corporate surveillance wrecks EU relations and has legal alternative
Chandler and Le, 15 - * Director, California International Law Center, Professor of Law and Martin Luther King, Jr. Hall Research Scholar, University of California, Davis; A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Yale Law School AND **Free Speech and Technology Fellow, California International Law Center; A.B., Yale College; J.D., University of California, Davis School of Law (Anupam and Uyen, "DATA NATIONALISM" 64 Emory L.J. 677, lexis) Law enforcement is, without doubt, a laudable goal, so long as the AND support government information gathering efforts than efforts to confine information within national borders.

Specifically back-door access wrecks US relations
Wheeler, 14 - Marcy Wheeler is an independent journalist and PhD from the University of Michigan. She specializes in civil liberties, technology, and national security. (Marcy, "The Drama Ahead: Google versus America" 6/16, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2014/06/16/marcy-wheeler/drama-ahead-google-versus-america This leaves one central drama to play out, in which Google and other tech AND that would impose real controls on the surveillance system that undergirds raw power.

Heg decline is inevitable, strong EU Relations is the only way to ensure gradual transition
Stokes '14 (Doug Stokes, Professor in International Security and Strategy @ University of Exeter, "Achille's Deal: Dollar Decline and US grand strategy after the crisis", 2014, wcp) THE DECLINE OF US HEGEMONY Whilst there was a general agreement that the interregnum between AND fund it – a very shaky foundation indeed for continued US hegemonic leadership.

Transition to western multilat key to prevent Great power wars
In order to advance understanding of the normative dimensions of hegemony, this article has AND order; they wish to gain more authority and leadership within it."^^82^^
 * Kupchan 14**< Security Studies Volume 23, Issue 2, 2014 The Normative Foundations of Hegemony and The Coming Challenge to Pax Americana Charles A. Kupchan Dr. Kupchan is Professor of International Affairs in the School of Foreign Service and Government Department at Georgetown University pages 219-257 Publishing models and article dates explained Published online: 16 May 2014>

SQUO German spying destroys trust and makes communication impossible
Young 14 – Senior VP and Chief Strategy Officer of National Security Parnters, LLC, served as the Executive Director for the Directorate of Plans and Policya t the United States Cyber Command, and as a senior leader at the NSA (Mark Young, Summer 2014, "National Insecurity: The Impacts of Illegal Disclosures of Classified Information," 10 ISJLP 367, Lexis)//twemchen B. European Union. Traditionally, strong diplomatic and intelligence sharing relationships with members AND transatlantic relationship. Restrictions or legislation that shifts standards of privacy and data protection

Germany coop solves warming
Sivaram and Livingston 6/23 – staff writers at Foreign Affairs (Varun Sivaram and David Livingston, 6/23/15, "Leading From Between," https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2015-06-23/leading-between)//twemchen For the last two decades, climate talks, and their top-down multinational AND Union, respectively—and exemplify how subnational action can elevate national ambition.

Warming is real, anthropogenic and causes extinction
In the Online Journal of Space Communication, Dr. Feng Hsu, a NASA scientist at Goddard Space Flight Center, a research center in the forefront of science of space and Earth, writes, "The evidence of global warming is alarming," noting the potential for a catastrophic planetary climate change is real and troubling (Hsu 2010 ). AND "This," he writes, "is because the risks of a catastrophic anthropogenic climate change can be potentially the extinction of human species, a risk that is simply too high for us to take any chances" (Hsu 2010 )
 * Flournoy 12** — Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space Flight Center. Don Flournoy is a PhD and MA from the University of Texas, Former Dean of the University College @ Ohio University, Former Associate Dean @ State University of New York and Case Institute of Technology, Project Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, Currently Professor of Telecommunications @ Scripps College of Communications @ Ohio University (Don, "Solar Power Satellites," January, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Book, p. 10-11

France is crucial to SSA – the only European country with necessary optics
Collet-Billon 9 (Laurent. heads the DGA, France's armaments agency. "New trends in defence aerospace". 2009. http://www.diploweb.com/New-trends-in-defence-aerospace.html)//JuneC// Observation The domain of observation plays a key role in our capability of autonomous evaluation AND several countries, itself based on real confidence between each of the partners.

SQUO can't solve SSA- international coop key
Brian C. Weeden and Paul J. Cefola, *Technical Advisor, Secure World Foundation, **Consultant in Aerospace Systems, Spaceflight Mechanics, and Astrodynamics; Adjunct Professor, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo "COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND ALGORITHMS FOR SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS: HISTORY AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT," 2010, http://swfound.org/media/15742/computer%20systems%20and%20algorithms%20for%20space%20situational%20awareness%20-%20history%20and%20future%20development.pdf // IS Although all the currently existing SSA systems have algorithmic and computer systems limitations, the AND strict acquisition and operational requirements resulting from the NORAD ITW/AA certification process
 * Weeden and Cefola, 10**

Detection solves asteroids
Ana Swanson, reporter for Wonkblog specializing in business, economics, data visualization and China, citing 2 professors of economics at George Mason University, "The greatest threat of planetary extinction that we're all not talking about," The Washington Post, 6/30/15, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2015/06/30/the-greatest-threat-of-planetary-extinction-that-were-all-not-talking-about/ // IS Asteroid defense is a particularly pernicious example of a public good, since neither the AND million asteroids that could strike the Earth, or less than 1 percent.
 * Swanson, 15**

Asteroids coming
Brownfield 4 (Roger, Gaishiled Project, "A Million Miles a Day", Presentation at the Planetary Defense Conference: Protecting Earth From Asteroids, 2-26, http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=406&gTable= Paper&g ID=17092//cc) Once upon a time there was a Big Bang... Cause/Effect - Cause AND " in favor of rational random inevitable expectation... and its attendant fear.

The perception of NSA overreaching wrecks global trust in the US tech sector – that wrecks the US economy and competitiveness
Kehl, 14 – Policy Analyst at New America's Open Technology Institute (Danielle, "Surveillance Costs: The NSA's Impact on the Economy, Internet Freedom & Cybersecurity" July, https://www.newamerica.org/oti/surveillance-costs-the-nsas-impact-on-the-economy-internet-freedom-cybersecurity/ "It is becoming clear that the post-9/11 surveillance apparatus may AND companies hoping to chip away at U.S. tech competiveness.58

The plan restores US cred as a global leader on privacy by limiting the FAA
Edgar, 4/13/15 - visiting fellow at the Institute and adjunct professor of law at the Georgetown University Law Center (Timothy, "The Good News About Spying" https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2015-04-13/good-news-about-spying NEXT STEPS Has surveillance reform gone far enough? AND Congress could start by limiting such orders to the same six specific serious security threats that are included in Obama's policy directive for bulk signals intelligence collection.

Tech sector key to mars colonization
Vittorio Hernandez, reporter for the International Business Times, citing NASA officials, "Drone Technology Makes Trip to Mars Possible," 7/3/15, http://www.ibtimes.com.au/drone-technology-makes-trip-mars-possible-1454207 // IS A flight to Mars may be possible as NASA is building a drone airplane to send to the Red Planet by 2024, NBC reported AND NASA's project to send unmanned aerial vehicle, or UAV, to the planet can help further research and determine suitable landing sites for the mission.
 * Hernandez, 15**

Short-term colonization is key to avert extinction
Dirk Schulze-Makuch and Paul Davies, *Ph.D., School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University, **Ph.D., Beyond Center, Arizona State University; "To Boldly Go: A One-Way Human Mission to Mars," Journal of Cosmology, vol.12, October-November, 2010, http://journalofcosmology.com/Mars108.html // IS The exploration of Mars has been a priority for the space programs of several nations for decades, yet the prospect of a manned [staffed] expedition continually recedes in the face of daunting and well-recognized challenges. AND Mars is our second closest planetary neighbor (after Venus) and a trip to Mars at the most favorable launch option takes about six months with current chemical rocket technology.
 * Schulze-Makuch & Davies 10**

Technological innovation and leadership are key to economic leadership
Gallagher 12, Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and NIST Director, (Patrick, Innovation as a Key Driver of Economic Growth & Competitiveness, Remarks at FedScoop's U.S. Innovation Summit, http://www.nist.gov/director/speeches/innovation-summit.cfm)//AK I'm going to just give you some final parting thoughts on why we're here, AND small businesses. These are all traditional roles, long-term roles.

Econ decline causes wars- Robust studies prove
(Jedidiah, "Economic Integration, Economic Signalling and the Problem of Economic Crises", chapter in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)//BB First, on the systemic level, Pollins (2008) advances Modelski and Thompson's (1996) work on leadership cycle theory, finding that rhythms in the global economy are associated with the rise and fall of a pre-eminent power and the often bloody transition from one pre-eminent leader to the next. AND DeRouen (2000) has provided evidence showing that periods of weak economic performance in the United States, and thus weak Presidential popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.
 * Royal 10** – Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the US Department of Defense

Economic decline causes great power instability
Green and Schrage 09 - Senior Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University, CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative's Office, State Department and Ways & Means Committee (Michael and Steven, "It's not just the economy", Asia Times Online, 03/26/09, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html) Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank and the US Central Intelligence Agency are just beginning to contemplate the ramifications for international stability if there is not a recovery in the next year. AND So far, there is little evidence to suggest either and much evidence to suggest these dangerous states see an opportunity to advance their asymmetrical advantages against the international system.

Tech solves all environmental problem
Harvard emeritus professor E.O. Wilson, one of ecology's patriarchs, reckoned that only if we all turned vegetarian could the world's farms grow enough food to support 10 billion people. AND I would pose them this simple question and not let them leave the room until they had answered it: How can innovation improve the environment?
 * Ridley 14** [April 25, 2014, Matt Ridley, "The World's Resources Aren't Running Out," WSJ, http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304279904579517862612287156, online, RaMan]

Environmental collapse condemns billions – only tech can solve
The second reason why greens should give thanks for shale is that environmentalism is a luxury good. AND A prosperous world facing climate change will be able to ameliorate the consequences and take thought for the future in ways that a world overwhelmed by energy insecurity and gripped in a permanent economic crisis of scarcity simply can't and won't do. Greens should also be glad that the new energy is where it is.
 * Mead 12** [February 4, 2009, Walter Russell Mead (James Clarke Chace Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard College and Professor of American foreign policy at Yale University), "The Energy Revolution 4: Hot Planet?", online, http://www.the-american-interest.com/2012/07/28/the-energy-revolution-4-hot-planet/, RaMan]

=**Agamben 1AC**=

=**1ac=

====After 9/11 the discourse surrounding American security switched from defense to prevention —- this produces bare life globally —- terrorists abroad are criminalised to justify paradoxical attempts to both utterly destroy them and act as a humanitarian figure —- we drop bombs labeled food —- secondly it has created a surveillance state domestically —- the logic of risk management in combination with surveillance functions to assign us all the status of enemy —- everyone is bombed with data collection under the mantra of guilty until proven innocent —- we are no longer reduced to bare life —- all life has become bare life==== Van Munster, 5/28/2014 – Senior Researcher at the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) and teaches security studies at the Department of Political Science, University of Southern Denmark (Rens, "The War on Terrorism: When the Exception Becomes the Rule", Danish Institute for International Studies, p. 146-152)//roetlin A direct parallel, then, can be drawn between Agamben's notion of the camp AND elevation from homo sacer to an autonomous subject is only a secondary move.

This universal state of exception becomes normalized through surveillance and exposes us all to the constant potentiality of violence
This type of structure, which allows for an unseen seer to watch over individuals AND the population – these biopolitical tactics are what primarily distinguish governmentality from sovereignty.
 * Douglas**, independent scholar, **2009** – (Jeremy, "Disappearing Citizenship: surveillance and the state of exception", published in Surveillance & Society Vol 6, No 1, p. 33-34 http://library.queensu.ca/ojs/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/3402/3365)//roetlin

Those forms of biopolitical control generate the groundwork for racism and eugenics —- these invisible violences outweigh any purported benefits
Van Munster, 5/28/2014 – Senior Researcher at the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) and teaches security studies at the Department of Political Science, University of Southern Denmark (Rens, "The War on Terrorism: When the Exception Becomes the Rule", Danish Institute for International Studies, p. 144-146)//roetlin Taking his cue from Michel Foucault, Agamben maintains that the sovereign right to take AND one hand and reduce political subjects to the naked life of homo sacer.

====Racism is not external to biopolitics, it is a necessary component of today's hypocritical order —- biopower is the enabling precondition that allows for racism to be inscribed and codified in the law —- this saturates civil society with violence, making war structurally inevitable —- peace is impossible until the enemy is annihilated==== Mendieta, 4/25/2002 – associate professor of Philosophy at Stony Brook University (Eduardo, "'To make live and to let die' –Foucault on Racism", American Psychological Association Central Division Meeting, p. 7-8)//roetlin This is where racism intervenes, not from without, exogenously, but from within AND of the living, then these threat and foes are biological in nature.

Surveillance occurs at the intersection of bare life and the state of exception, creating totalitarianism
Douglas, independent scholar, 2009 – (Jeremy, "Disappearing Citizenship: surveillance and the state of exception", published in Surveillance & Society Vol 6, No 1, p. 35-36 http://library.queensu.ca/ojs/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/3402/3365)//roetlin Bare Life and the State of Exception This conception of biopolitics as an ancient and AND seen is how this triad can be applied to our current political milieu.

Incremental reform is key. Agamben's theories point out problems but not solutions
Colatrella, 09 Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol.9. no.1 Nothing Exceptional: Against Agamben, Steven Colatrella University of Maryland University College, Europe, http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/09-1-05.pdf♥ Tina Conclusion: State Transformation without State of Exception In failing to take into account the AND Agamben has only interpreted for us. The point remains to change them.

Abstract movements won't produce political results besides violence – embrace the hard work of pragmatic reform
Condit 15 [Celeste, Distinguished Research Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Georgia, "Multi-Layered Trajectories for Academic Contributions to Social Change," Feb 4, 2015, Quarterly Journal of Speech, Volume 101, Issue 1, 2015] Thus, when Žižek and others urge us to "Act" with violence to AND now include the hard labor to produce alternative visions that appear materially feasible.

The system is self-correcting. Using the law solves.
Cinneide, 08 Colm O'Cinneide, Senior Lecturer in Law, Faculty of Laws, University College London Controlling the 'Gorgon' of state power in the state of exception: a reply to Professor Tushnet Colm Cambridge journals♥ Tina Are constitutional democracies therefore doomed to repeat a cycle of panic, overreaction, error AND the 'state of exception' opened up by the invocation of emergency powers.

Even if DA threats are real, unintended consequences and corrupt scholarship means we can't solve them
Brinkmanship and producing instability carry several meanings. The American military spends 48% of AND the need for postwar planning (Packer, 2005; Lang, 2004).
 * Pieterse 7** [Jan Nederveen, professor of sociology at the University of Illinois, Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 14, No. 3, Aug., "Political and Economic Brinkmanship," p. 473-4]

Capitalism is not a root cause
John Larrivee '10, Economist at Mount St. Mary's University, Masters from the Harvard Kennedy school, PhD in economics from Wisconsin, 10 [John, "A Framework For The Moral Analysis Of Markets," 10/1, http://www.teacheconomicfreedom.org/files/larrivee-paper-1.pdf]

The Second Focal Point: Moral, Social, and Cultural Issues of Capitalism Logical errors abound in critical commentary on capitalism. Some critics observe a problem and conclude: "I see X in our society. We have a capitalist economy. Therefore capitalism causes X." They draw their conclusion by looking at a phenomenon as it appears only in one system. Others merely follow a host of popular theories according to which capitalism is particularly bad. 6 The solution to such flawed reasoning is to be comprehensive, to look at the good and bad, in market and non-market systems. Thus the following section considers a number of issues—greed, selfishness and human relationships, honesty and truth, alienation and work satisfaction, moral decay, and religious participation—that have often been associated with capitalism, but have also been problematic in other systems and usually in more extreme form. I conclude with some evidence for the view that markets foster (at least some) virtues rather than undermining them. My purpose is not to smear communism or to make the simplistic argument that "capitalism isn't so bad because other systems have problems too." The critical point is that certain people thought various social ills resulted from capitalism, and on this basis they took action to establish alternative economic systems to solve the problems they had identified. That they failed to solve the problems, and in fact exacerbated them while also creating new problems, implies that capitalism itself wasn't the cause of the problems in the first place, at least not to the degree theorized.

Surveillance is intrinsically tied to Capitalism- case is pre-requisite to its reform
David The new surveillance normal, pg 1https://monthlyreview.org/2014/07/01/the-new-surveillance-normal/ This is an age of converging state and corporate surveillance. Like other features of AND companies operating in poor countries can continue enjoying the rip-off."1
 * Price 14,** professor of anthropology at st.martins university

Hold a very high bar for them to show that the aff is conclusively racist- wholesale rejection of reform makes change impossible, every movement is just not good enough
(Richard Delgado 9, self-appointed Minority scholar, Chair of Law at the University of Alabama Law School, J.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, his books have won eight national book prizes, including six Gustavus Myers awards for outstanding book on human rights in North America, the American Library Association's Outstanding Academic Book, and a Pulitzer Prize nomination. Professor Delgado's teaching and writing focus on race, the legal profession, and social change, 2009, "Does Critical Legal Studies Have What Minorities Want, Arguing about Law", p. 588-590) 2. The CLS critique of piecemeal reform Critical scholars reject the idea of piecemeal AND whether total change, when it comes, will be what we want.
 * Delgado 9**

Wilderson is wrong, reductionist, and essentialist- prefer experts over a film critic
Ellison 11 Mary, PhD, Fellow, African American and Indian American history and culture, Keele University, ("Review of: Red, White and Black: cinema and the structure of US antagonisms"http://rac.sagepub.com/content/53/2/100.full.pdf+html?rss=1, Acc: 8/5/12) These are two illuminating, but frustratingly flawed books. Their approaches are different, AND 'red' that is part of his title in any truly meaningful way.

Social death is not inevitable —- their totalizing depictions make resistance impossible and is self-defeating
Vincent Brown 09, Prof. of History and African and African-American Studies @ Harvard Univ., December 2009, "Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery," American Historical Review, p. 1231-1249 Specters of the Atlantic is a compellingly sophisticated study of the relation be- tween AND That is precisely what the women on the Hudibras fought to accomplish.31

=Neg:= Practice Debate 1: Aff: PRISM (starter pack) 1nc: ExPost CP, T domestic = persons, Terror DA, TPA Politics 2nc: T, case 1nr: Politics 2nr: Politics

Practice Debate 4: Aff: NSA 702 version 1nc: Offsets CP, T domestic = persons, Terror DA, overload K, circumvention, case defense 2nc: Terror DA, CP 1nr: Circumvention + case defense 2nr: Offsets CP + terror DA

Practice Debate 6: Aff: Religious Surveillance Courts Version 1nc: State Bar CP, State Secrets DA, T non-public, Terror DA, terror talk turn on case, circumvention 2nc: CP, State Secrets DA 1nr: Terror Talk turn, circumvention 2nr: State Secrets DA + terror talk turn

Practice Debate 8: Aff: NSA FCC Oversight Version 1nc: Terror DA, whistleblowers CP, T curtail, Foucault, circumvention, case defense 2nc: Foucault 1nr: T + circumvention + case defense 2nr: Foucault

Intralab 4: Aff: CIA 1nc: Cuba Politics, Terror DA, T substantial = real, Supreme Court CP, war powers turn on case, case defense 2nc: War powers turn, case defense 1nr: T + politics 2nr: war powers turn

Interlab v CFFP 2: Aff: ICE 1nc: Iran Politics, T Its, T domestic = US persons, Foucault, Supreme Court CP, war powers turn on case, case defense 2nc: T domestic, war powers turn 1nr: politics 2nr: politics

Interlab v CFFP 3: Aff: Queerness 1nc: T/FW, Cap K, state good on case, case defense 2nc: T 1nr: state good + case defense 2nr: T

Challenge Debate 1: Aff: Islamophobia without a plan 1nc: T/FW, Agamben K, state good on case, case defense 2nc: T 1nr: K, case 2nr: T

Challenge Debate 3: Aff: Islamophobia with a plan 1nc: T surveillance = technical means, Legalism K, Cuba Politics, circumvention, case defense 2nc: Legalism K 1nr: circumvention + case defense 2nr: K

Tournament Round 2: Aff: Zero Days -- IP Theft + Critical Infrastructure 1nc: Legalism K, Inspector General CP, Iran Politics, Circumvention, Case Defense 2nc: K + Case 1nr: Politics 2nr: K + Case

Tournament Round 4: Aff: Zero Days -- Russia IP Theft + Cyber Attacks 1nc: Inspector General CP, Iran Politics, T -- Domestic Surveillance, Case Defense, DDev 2nc: T + Politics 1nr: Case 2nr: Politics + Case

Email: ktwimsatt@gmail.com