Elyse+-+Affirmative

The Sino-US relationship is defined by superficial friendship that pretends to cooperate despite divergent interests. This risks dangerous instability in relations
Yan, 10 - Professor and Dean of Institute of Modern International Relations, Tsinghua University (Xuetong, "The Instability of China–US Relations" The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 3, 2010, 263–292, doi:10.1093/cjip/poq009 The Instability of Superficial Friendship Certain people might argue that the mutual delusion of friendship AND support and mutual expectations thus maintains the stability of the countries' bilateral relations.

Relations are on the verge of collapse due to unmet expectations.
Heath, 15 - Timothy R. Heath is a senior defense and international research analyst at the nonprofit, nonpartisan Rand Corporation ("Xi's Visit Exposes Mismatch in U.S and Chinese Expectations" World Politics Review, 9/23, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/16748/xi-s-visit-exposes-mismatch-in-u-s-and-chinese-expectations Since U.S. President Barack Obama and his Chinese counterpart, Xi Jinping AND It can also help promote needed stability in an increasingly fragmented international order.

Strong relations prevent nuclear war and foster multilateral cooperation on every existential threat
Gross, 13 - adjunct fellow of Pacific Forum CSIS, former Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for International Security Affairs in the Department of State, former Counselor of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (Donald, The China Fallacy: How the U.S. Can Benefit from China's Rise and Avoid Another Cold War, p. 62 The foremost near-term security benefit to the United States of developing improved relations AND China could work alongside the United States in maintaining regional security ad stability.

Strong relations are vital to cooperation over North Korea. New crises are likely and only US and China can defuse escalation
China and the United States share the same short-term interests on the Korean AND Sino-US diplomatic effort. Indeed, it is a political necessity.
 * Gady 16** (Franz-Stefan Gady is an Associate Editor with The Diplomat, a Senior Fellow with the EastWest Institute, and has worked previously as an adjunct research assistant at the Institute for National Strategies Studies of the National Defense University in Washington, D.C., an analyst for the Project on National Security Reform, a congressionally funded nonprofit organization founded to reform the national security structure of the United States. He holds an M.A. in Strategic Studies/International Economics. "Sino-US Cooperation Over North Korea Is Now More Important Than Ever," The Diplomat, March 19, 2016, http://thediplomat.com/2016/03/sino-us-cooperation-over-north-korea-is-now-more-important-than-ever/)//wm

That triggers nuclear winter and extinction
The consequences of failing to address the proliferation threat posed by the North Korea developments AND threat but a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community.
 * Hayes and Hamel-Green 9** - Professor of International Relations – RMIT University AND Michael; Dean and Professor of Arts, Education and Human Development – Victoria University(Peter, "The Path Not Taken, The Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia," http://www.nautilus.org/projects/A-J-disarm/research-workshop/drafts/hayes-hamel-green.pdf)

Strong relations are vital to cooperation over the Middle East Alterman 11 (Jon B. Alterman is a senior vice president, holds the Zbigniew Brzezinski Chair in Global Security and Geostrategy, and is director of the Middle East Program at CSIS., "U.S.-China Relations: Cooperating and Contending Over the Middle East" Center for Strategic and International Studies, Middle east program, 2011, https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy'files/files/publication/110617'Alterman'ChinaExecSummary.pdf)//wm China, the United States, and the Middle East form a triangle. AND which regional governments would likely welcome.

That solves nuclear war Russell 9 - Russell, Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School (James A., "Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East" IFRI, Proliferation Papers, #26, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26'Russell'2009.pdf) Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors AND disaster for the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.

Establishing a clean energy trade promotion organization promotes shared commercial interests that bridge the gap over divergent interests and transform superficial friendship into actual friendship
Valentine, 11 - Scott Victor Valentine is an Associate Professor and Associate Director of the MPPIP Program, Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo ("Towards the Sino-American Trade Organization for the Prevention of Climate Change (STOP-CC)" Chinese Journal of International Politics (Winter 2011) 4 (4): 447-474. doi: 10.1093/cjip/por020 Facilitating Collaboration The 'no regret' climate change mitigation strategies, which the two nations AND of GDP by 40–45% of 2005 levels by 2020.96

Plan spills over despite overall divergent interests in the rest of the relationship
Valentine, 11 - Scott Victor Valentine is an Associate Professor and Associate Director of the MPPIP Program, Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo ("Towards the Sino-American Trade Organization for the Prevention of Climate Change (STOP-CC)" Chinese Journal of International Politics (Winter 2011) 4 (4): 447-474. doi: 10.1093/cjip/por020 Furthermore, a Sino-American collaboration of the type presented by STOP-CC AND Sino-American relations, in the context of climate change mitigation efforts.

Paris commitments were voluntary and will fall short without follow through. Trade cooperation is a vital starting point for global trust by satisfying economic interests
Roberts, 16 - writer on energy and climate change for Vox; cites Keohane, a professor at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton (David, Vox, "The argument for incrementalism in international climate negotiations" 5/26, http://www.vox.com/2016/5/26/11766252/international-climate-incrementalism The international community has been talking about climate change since the 1980s, with a AND organized hypocrisy," a too-frequent state of affairs in international relations.

US-China clean energy engagement is increasing, but it fails to cover joint investment strategies
All told, the United States and China are making significant efforts to reduce domestic AND forward, both nations will try out different approaches to catalyze those investments.
 * Hart et al 16** Melanie Hart is a Senior Fellow and Director of China Policy at American Progress, Ph.D. in political science from the University of California, Peter Ogden is a Senior Fellow at American Progress, served on the White House Domestic Policy Council as senior director for energy and climate change and at the State Department as chief of staff to the special envoy for climate change, Kelly Sims Gallagher is a Professor of Energy and Environmental Policy at The Fletcher School, Tufts University (Melanie, Pete, and Kelly Sims, "Green Finance: The Next Frontier for U.S.-China Climate Cooperation," Center for American Progress, 6/13/16, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/report/2016/06/13/139276/green-finance-the-next-frontier-for-u-s-china-climate-cooperation/)\\BPS

The gap in existing cooperation makes it impossible to meet Paris targets – joint coordination on clean energy investment is vital to ensure global sustainability standards
International finance: Going green or brown? In the post-Paris era, AND benefits for developing countries while minimizing environmental, social, and climate risks.
 * Hart et al 16** Melanie Hart is a Senior Fellow and Director of China Policy at American Progress, Ph.D. in political science from the University of California, Peter Ogden is a Senior Fellow at American Progress, served on the White House Domestic Policy Council as senior director for energy and climate change and at the State Department as chief of staff to the special envoy for climate change, Kelly Sims Gallagher is a Professor of Energy and Environmental Policy at The Fletcher School, Tufts University (Melanie, Pete, and Kelly Sims, "Green Finance: The Next Frontier for U.S.-China Climate Cooperation," Center for American Progress, 6/13/16, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/report/2016/06/13/139276/green-finance-the-next-frontier-for-u-s-china-climate-cooperation/)\\BPS

Warming collapses civilization – outweighs and turns every impact
Sharp and Kennedy, 14 – is an associate professor on the faculty of the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA). A former British Army Colonel he retired in 2006 and emigrated to the U.S. Since joining NESA in 2010, he has focused on Yemen and Lebanon, and also supported NESA events into Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, Israel, Palestine and Qatar. He is the faculty lead for NESA's work supporting theUAE National Defense College through an ongoing Foreign Military Sales (FMS) case. He also directs the Network of Defense and Staff Colleges (NDSC) which aims to provide best practice support to regional professional military and security sector education development and reform. Prior to joining NESA, he served for 4 years as an assistant professor at the College of International Security Affairs (CISA) at National Defense University where he wrote and taught a Masters' Degree syllabus for a program concentration in Conflict Management of Stability Operations and also taught strategy, counterterrorism, counterinsurgency, and also created an International Homeland Defense Fellowship program. At CISA he also designed, wrote and taught courses supporting the State Department's Civilian Response Corps utilizing conflict management approaches. Bob served 25 years in the British Army and was personally decorated by Her Majesty the Queen twice. Aftergraduating from the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst in 1981, he served in command and staff roles on operations in Northern Ireland, Kosovo, Gulf War 1, Afghanistan, and Cyprus. He has worked in policy and technical staff appointments in the UK Ministry of Defense and also UK Defense Intelligence plus several multi-national organizations including the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). In his later career, he specialized in intelligence. He is a 2004 distinguished graduate of the National War College and holds a masters degree in National Security Strategy from National Defense University, Washington, D.C. AND is a renewable energy and climate change specialist who has worked for the World Bank and the Spanish Electric Utility ENDESA on carbon policy and markets (Robert and Edward, 8-22, "Climate Change and Implications for National Security" http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2014/08/22/climate-change-implications-national-security/)djm Our planet is 4.5 billion years old. If that whole time was AND investment patterns, and political decisions; it will be hard to fix!

The plan creates joint ventures that facilitate the global diffusion of emissions-reducing technology.
Valentine, 11 - Scott Victor Valentine is an Associate Professor and Associate Director of the MPPIP Program, Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo ("Towards the Sino-American Trade Organization for the Prevention of Climate Change (STOP-CC)" Chinese Journal of International Politics (Winter 2011) 4 (4): 447-474. doi: 10.1093/cjip/por020 Areas for Collaboration One of the drivers behind China's economic resurgence has been the Chinese AND United States and China, we can help unlock a clean energy revolution.

It spurs price reductions and technological innovation, as well as global modeling
Valentine, 13 – Scott Victor Valentine is an Associate Professor and Associate Director of the MPPIP Program, Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo ("Enhancing Climate Change Mitigation Efforts through Sino-American Collaboration" The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2012, 1 of 24 doi:10.1093/cjip/pos021 The USA and China share a high degree of ideological common ground in regard to AND as heightened competition between firms gives rise to greater innovation and consumer surplus.

=**1ac -- Warming + No War**=

US-China clean energy engagement is increasing, but it fails to cover joint investment strategies
Hart et al 16 Melanie Hart is a Senior Fellow and Director of China Policy at American Progress, Ph.D. in political science from the University of California, Peter Ogden is a Senior Fellow at American Progress, served on the White House Domestic Policy Council as senior director for energy and climate change and at the State Department as chief of staff to the special envoy for climate change, Kelly Sims Gallagher is a Professor of Energy and Environmental Policy at The Fletcher School, Tufts University (Melanie, Pete, and Kelly Sims, "Green Finance: The Next Frontier for U.S.-China Climate Cooperation," Center for American Progress, 6/13/16, [|https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/report/2016/06/13/139276/green-finance-the-next-frontier-for-u-s-china-climate-cooperation/)\\BPS] All told, the United States and China are making significant efforts to reduce domestic AND forward, both nations will try out different approaches to catalyze those investments.

The plan creates joint ventures that facilitate the global diffusion of emissions-reducing technology.
Areas for Collaboration One of the drivers behind China's economic resurgence has been the Chinese AND weakness, while American strengths complement the financial shortcomings that Chinese firms face.
 * Valentine, 11 -** Scott Victor Valentine is an Associate Professor and Associate Director of the MPPIP Program, Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo (“Towards the Sino-American Trade Organization for the Prevention of Climate Change (STOP-CC)” Chinese Journal of International Politics (Winter 2011) 4 (4): 447-474. doi: 10.1093/cjip/por020

It spurs __price reductions__ and __technological innovation__, as well as __global modeling__
The USA and China share a high degree of ideological common ground in regard to AND as heightened competition between firms gives rise to greater innovation and consumer surplus.
 * Valentine, 13 –** Scott Victor Valentine is an Associate Professor and Associate Director of the MPPIP Program, Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo (“Enhancing Climate Change Mitigation Efforts through Sino-American Collaboration” The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2012, 1 of 24 doi:10.1093/cjip/pos021

Warming is real, anthropogenic, and threatens extinction

 * Griffin, 15 – ** Professor of Philosophy at Claremont, David, "The climate is ruined. So can civilization even survive?", 4-14, []

Although most of us worry about other things, climate scientists have become increasingly worried

AND

the whole world to replace dirty energy with clean as soon as possible.

Warming collapses civilization and turns every impact
Sharp and Kennedy, 14 – is an associate professor on the faculty of the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA). A former British Army Colonel he retired in 2006 and emigrated to the U.S. Since joining NESA in 2010, he has focused on Yemen and Lebanon, and also supported NESA events into Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, Israel, Palestine and Qatar. He is the faculty lead for NESA’s work supporting theUAE National Defense College through an ongoing Foreign Military Sales (FMS) case. He also directs the Network of Defense and Staff Colleges (NDSC) which aims to provide best practice support to regional professional military and security sector education development and reform. Prior to joining NESA, he served for 4 years as an assistant professor at the College of International Security Affairs (CISA) at National Defense University where he wrote and taught a Masters' Degree syllabus for a program concentration in Conflict Management of Stability Operations and also taught strategy, counterterrorism, counterinsurgency, and also created an International Homeland Defense Fellowship program. At CISA he also designed, wrote and taught courses supporting the State Department's Civilian Response Corps utilizing conflict management approaches. Bob served 25 years in the British Army and was personally decorated by Her Majesty the Queen twice. Aftergraduating from the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst in 1981, he served in command and staff roles on operations in Northern Ireland, Kosovo, Gulf War 1, Afghanistan, and Cyprus. He has worked in policy and technical staff appointments in the UK Ministry of Defense and also UK Defense Intelligence plus several multi-national organizations including the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). In his later career, he specialized in intelligence. He is a 2004 distinguished graduate of the National War College and holds a masters degree in National Security Strategy from National Defense University, Washington, D.C. AND is a renewable energy and climate change specialist who has worked for the World Bank and the Spanish Electric Utility ENDESA on carbon policy and markets (Robert and Edward, 8-22, “Climate Change and Implications for National Security” [] Our planet is 4.5 billion years old. If that whole time was AND investment patterns, and political decisions; it will be hard to fix!

Independently Climate change perpetrates “slow violence” – hurts the most vulnerable populations and discounts those who can`t prove their worth in economic terms
Nelson 16 – Sara Nelson is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Geography, Environment, and Society at the University of Minnesota. Her research explores the political economy of conservation and environmental management (Sara Nelson, 2/17/16, “The Slow Violence of Climate Change”, JacobIn, [|https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/02/cop-21-united-nations-paris-climate-change/)//A-Sharma]

The Paris Agreement, achieved December 12 at the twenty-first Conference of AND should attend to the COP as an instance of slow violence in action.

Climate change produces massive human injustices on improvised nations, communities, and populations—crosses lines of race and gender—policy response key
Quipu 13 Project Quipu, examining the manner in which financial news is reported in the popular media, The Hot Spring Network proposes to create a system whereby live-update, rss-technology, and financial and editorial expertise, come together to produce a reliable up-to-the-minute resource for evaluating broad economic trends and engagements, without limiting analysis to single-parameter references like GDP or individual stock indices, “Climate Justice is About Preventing Structural Violence”, March 11, [|https://web.archive.org/web/20130311092246/http://www.casavaria.com/cafesentido/2013/03/11/9120/climate-justice-is-about-preventing-structural-violence/] When we discuss climate change, global warming or the human-caused destabilization of AND without which we will not achieve the best possible outcome for real people.

Warming exacerbates various forms of structural violence
AND
 * Hoerner 8 ** ( J. Andrew, Former director of Research at the Center for a Sustainable Economy, Director of Tax Policy at the Center for Global Change at the University of Maryland College Park, and editor of Natural Resources Tax Review. He has done research on environmental economics and policy on behalf of the governments of Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. Andrew received his B.A. in Economics from Cornell University and a J.D. from Case Western Reserve School of Law—AND—Nia Robins—former inaugural Climate Justice Corps Fellow in 2003, director of Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative “A Climate of Change African Americans, Global Warming, and a Just Climate Policy for the U.S.” July 2008, http://www.ejcc.org/climateofchange.pdf)
 * __Everywhere we turn, the issues and impacts of climate change confront us__**. One
 * __expected to experience more intense storms resembling Katrina__** and Rita in the future.

Prioritize solutions to warming-its impacts are underrepresented in decision calculus
Nixon 11 (Rob Nixon is the Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, NY Times Contributor and former is an affiliate of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies the Harvard University Press 2011 “Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor” Pg 2-3 http://www.elimeyerhoff.com/books/nixon-rob--slow-violence-and-the-environmentalism-of-the-poor.pdf) Underlying his plan is an overlooked but crucial subsidiary benefit that he outlined: offloading AND are scientifically convoluted cataclysms in which casualties are postponed, often for generations.

No war---deterrence, interdependence, social changes, and political and business elites
__Next year will be the seventieth anniversary of the end of the last global conflict__ __AND__ __countries are less desperate to go to war to seize other people's stuff.__
 * Aziz 14 ** (John Aziz is the former economics and business editor at TheWeek.com, Don't worry: World War III will almost certainly never happen, 3/6/14, http://theweek.com/article/index/257517/dont-worry-world-war-iii-will-almost-certainly-never-happen)

Impossible to predict what causes wars
Bernstein et al 00 [Steven Bernstein et al., Richard Ned Lebow, Janice Gross Stein and Steven Weber, University of Toronto, The Ohio State University, University of Toronto and University of California at Berkeley. God Gave Physics the Easy Problems: Adapting Social Science to an Unpredictable World, European Journal of International Relations 2000; 6; 43.] Wars — to continue with the same example — are similar to chemical and nuclear AND outcomes of single cases are often much more important than any statistical regularities.

Frame impact calc through the presumption of zero risk
Nate **Cohn 13**, cov ers elections, polling and demographics for The Upshot, a Times politics and policy site. Previously, he was a staff writer for The New Republic. Before entering journalism, he was a research assistant and Scoville Fellow at the Stimson Center “Improving the Norms and Practices of Policy Debate,” Nov 24, @http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php/topic,5416.0.html So let me offer another possibility: the problem isn’t the topic, but __ modern __ __ AND __ of evidence, since they can’t really address the probability of nuclear war.

Structural violence locks in social and environmental tension---culminates in extinction and makes war inevitable
Tamás Szentes 8, Professor Emeritus at the Corvinus University of Budapest. “Globalisation and prospects of the world society” 4/22/08 http://www.eadi.org/fileadmin/Documents/Events/exco/Glob.___prospects_-_jav..pdf It’ s a common place that human society can survive and develop only in a AND mass destructive weapons, and also due to irreversible changes in natural environment.

Slow violence is invisible and exponential – prefer it over flashpoint explanations of violence
Nixon 11 (Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-3) Three primary concerns animate this book, chief among them my conviction that we urgently AND in situations where the conditions for sustaining life become increasingly but gradually degraded.

Climate Change is a threat magnifier—policy making must focus on finding the best avenue to avert disaster
Climate change is arguably the greatest challenge facing the human race. It poses profound AND , and ongoing evolution of the ways in which we live our lives.
 * Pascual and Elkind 2010 ** Carlos [US Ambassador to Mexico, Served as VP of foreign policy @ Brookings]; Jonathan [principal dep ass sec for policy and int energy @ DOE]; Energy Security; p 5

Nuclear war doesn’t cause extinction
Müller 12 ( Müller, Jonatas [Jonatas Müller was a brilliant mind, an author and publisher of utilitarian ethics, the importance and necessity of human enhancement, and individualism. He was a rationalist who dedicated his life to the dissemination of ideas and a style of utilitarian life.]. “Analysis of Existential Risks.” //Jonatas Müller,// 2012. http://webcache.googleuserco ntent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.jonatasmuller.com/x-risks.html [accessed July 29th, 2014])//ALepow __ Direct damage from nuclear blasts with current arsenals could reach at most a very small __ __ AND __ __ a substantial number of people would be possible under any of these conditions. __ = = =1ac -- Warming + Framing=

US-China clean energy engagement is increasing, but it fails to cover joint investment strategies
Hart et al 16 Melanie Hart is a Senior Fellow and Director of China Policy at American Progress, Ph.D. in political science from the University of California, Peter Ogden is a Senior Fellow at American Progress, served on the White House Domestic Policy Council as senior director for energy and climate change and at the State Department as chief of staff to the special envoy for climate change, Kelly Sims Gallagher is a Professor of Energy and Environmental Policy at The Fletcher School, Tufts University (Melanie, Pete, and Kelly Sims, "Green Finance: The Next Frontier for U.S.-China Climate Cooperation," Center for American Progress, 6/13/16, [|https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/report/2016/06/13/139276/green-finance-the-next-frontier-for-u-s-china-climate-cooperation/)\\BPS] All told, the United States and China are making significant efforts to reduce domestic AND forward, both nations will try out different approaches to catalyze those investments.

The plan creates joint ventures that facilitate the global diffusion of emissions-reducing technology.
Areas for Collaboration One of the drivers behind China's economic resurgence has been the Chinese AND weakness, while American strengths complement the financial shortcomings that Chinese firms face.
 * Valentine, 11 -** Scott Victor Valentine is an Associate Professor and Associate Director of the MPPIP Program, Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo (“Towards the Sino-American Trade Organization for the Prevention of Climate Change (STOP-CC)” Chinese Journal of International Politics (Winter 2011) 4 (4): 447-474. doi: 10.1093/cjip/por020

It spurs __price reductions__ and __technological innovation__, as well as __global modeling__
The USA and China share a high degree of ideological common ground in regard to AND as heightened competition between firms gives rise to greater innovation and consumer surplus.
 * Valentine, 13 –** Scott Victor Valentine is an Associate Professor and Associate Director of the MPPIP Program, Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo (“Enhancing Climate Change Mitigation Efforts through Sino-American Collaboration” The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2012, 1 of 24 doi:10.1093/cjip/pos021

Warming collapses civilization and turns every impact
Sharp and Kennedy, 14 – is an associate professor on the faculty of the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA). A former British Army Colonel he retired in 2006 and emigrated to the U.S. Since joining NESA in 2010, he has focused on Yemen and Lebanon, and also supported NESA events into Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, Israel, Palestine and Qatar. He is the faculty lead for NESA’s work supporting theUAE National Defense College through an ongoing Foreign Military Sales (FMS) case. He also directs the Network of Defense and Staff Colleges (NDSC) which aims to provide best practice support to regional professional military and security sector education development and reform. Prior to joining NESA, he served for 4 years as an assistant professor at the College of International Security Affairs (CISA) at National Defense University where he wrote and taught a Masters' Degree syllabus for a program concentration in Conflict Management of Stability Operations and also taught strategy, counterterrorism, counterinsurgency, and also created an International Homeland Defense Fellowship program. At CISA he also designed, wrote and taught courses supporting the State Department's Civilian Response Corps utilizing conflict management approaches. Bob served 25 years in the British Army and was personally decorated by Her Majesty the Queen twice. Aftergraduating from the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst in 1981, he served in command and staff roles on operations in Northern Ireland, Kosovo, Gulf War 1, Afghanistan, and Cyprus. He has worked in policy and technical staff appointments in the UK Ministry of Defense and also UK Defense Intelligence plus several multi-national organizations including the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). In his later career, he specialized in intelligence. He is a 2004 distinguished graduate of the National War College and holds a masters degree in National Security Strategy from National Defense University, Washington, D.C. AND is a renewable energy and climate change specialist who has worked for the World Bank and the Spanish Electric Utility ENDESA on carbon policy and markets (Robert and Edward, 8-22, “Climate Change and Implications for National Security” [] Our planet is 4.5 billion years old. If that whole time was AND investment patterns, and political decisions; it will be hard to fix!

Independently Climate change perpetrates “slow violence” – hurts the most vulnerable populations and discounts those who can`t prove their worth in economic terms
Nelson 16 – Sara Nelson is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Geography, Environment, and Society at the University of Minnesota. Her research explores the political economy of conservation and environmental management (Sara Nelson, 2/17/16, “The Slow Violence of Climate Change”, JacobIn, [|https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/02/cop-21-united-nations-paris-climate-change/)//A-Sharma]

The Paris Agreement, achieved December 12 at the twenty-first Conference of AND should attend to the COP as an instance of slow violence in action.

Climate change produces massive human injustices on improvised nations, communities, and populations—crosses lines of race and gender—policy response key
Quipu 13 Project Quipu, examining the manner in which financial news is reported in the popular media, The Hot Spring Network proposes to create a system whereby live-update, rss-technology, and financial and editorial expertise, come together to produce a reliable up-to-the-minute resource for evaluating broad economic trends and engagements, without limiting analysis to single-parameter references like GDP or individual stock indices, “Climate Justice is About Preventing Structural Violence”, March 11, [|https://web.archive.org/web/20130311092246/http://www.casavaria.com/cafesentido/2013/03/11/9120/climate-justice-is-about-preventing-structural-violence/] When we discuss climate change, global warming or the human-caused destabilization of AND without which we will not achieve the best possible outcome for real people.

Warming exacerbates various forms of structural violence
AND
 * Hoerner 8 ** ( J. Andrew, Former director of Research at the Center for a Sustainable Economy, Director of Tax Policy at the Center for Global Change at the University of Maryland College Park, and editor of Natural Resources Tax Review. He has done research on environmental economics and policy on behalf of the governments of Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. Andrew received his B.A. in Economics from Cornell University and a J.D. from Case Western Reserve School of Law—AND—Nia Robins—former inaugural Climate Justice Corps Fellow in 2003, director of Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative “A Climate of Change African Americans, Global Warming, and a Just Climate Policy for the U.S.” July 2008, http://www.ejcc.org/climateofchange.pdf)
 * __Everywhere we turn, the issues and impacts of climate change confront us__**. One
 * __expected to experience more intense storms resembling Katrina__** and Rita in the future.

(Robin- National Foundation Fellow at the Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship, Spring, “Narrating the Environmental Apocalypse: How Imagining the End Facilitates Moral Reasoning Among Environmental Activists” Ethics and the Environment, Vol 17 No 1, ProjectMuse) Environmental Apocalypticism and Activism As we saw in the introduction, critics often argue that AND apocalypticism and moral reasoning looks like in practice. [End Page 12]
 * Representations of warming is motivating and spurs individual activism **
 * Veldman 12 ** – PhD Candidate Religion and Nature at U of Florida

Framing
====Criticisms of the United States must take into account its contribution to the existential crisis of climate change. The impact is both systemic and predictive. Strategies that do not acknowledge the complexity of climate change are ethically irresponsible and preclude effective solutions.==== Hall 20 14 – Professor of Philosophy and Faculty Affiliate of Women's Studies and Sustainable Development, Appalachian State University(Kim Q., “No Failure: Climate Change, Radical Hope, and Queer Crip Feminist Eco-Futures,” Radical Philosophy Review, Vol. 17, No. 1, p. 203-225) While it is true that queer is, as Alexander Doty pointed out, best AND //experienced by women, people of color, and disabled and poor people.//

Institutional action is the only way to stop warming –criticism must take this into account.
Stavins, Harvard Environmental Economics Program Director, 10 [Robert N., The Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government, 4/8/2010, “What’s the Proper Role of Individuals and Institutions in Addressing Climate Change?”, [], 7/11/14, TYBG] Decisions affecting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, for example, are made primarily AND , as well as enlightened political leadership at the national and international levels.

Institutions aren’t perfect but they are malleable- using them as a locus point to facilitate grassroot activism makes them more effective- plan focus is key
Dryzek 14 (John S. Dryzek, BA (hons) (Lancaster), MSc (Strathclyde), PhD (Maryland) Professor John Dryzek is Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow and Centenary Professor in the Centre for Deliberative Democracy and Global Governance, Institute for Governance and Policy Analysis, University of Canberra. He was previously Distinguished Professor of Political Science and ARC Federation Fellow at the Australian National University. Research and teaching interests include, Cambridge University Press, Published online, 28 November 2014) Existing dominant institutions are, then, highly problematic in the terms I have established AND instructive initiatives from which to learn and ways to think about their connection.

Simulation and institutional deliberation motivate effective responses to climate risks
Marx et al. 7 (Sabine M, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED) @ Columbia University, Elke U. Weber, Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Benjamin S. Orlovea, Department of Environmental Science and Policy @ University of California Davis, Anthony Leiserowitz, Decision Research, David H. Krantz, Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Carla Roncolia, South East Climate Consortium (SECC), Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering @ University of Georgia and Jennifer Phillips, Bard Centre for Environmental Policy @ Bard College, “Communication and mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information”, 2007, http://climate.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/Marx_GEC_2007.pdf) Based on the observation that experiential and analytic processing systems compete and that personal experience AND engage both systems in the process of individual and group decision-making.

Absolute legal pessimism is unproductive- legal change is still possible and desirable
Kennedy 12 (Randall, Harvard Law Professor, //Race, Crime, and the Law//, 2012, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, pp. 388-389) True, it is sometimes genuinely difficult to determine an appropriate remedial response. The AND on the grounds that they fundamentally misperceive the racial realities of American life. Contact

elyse.d.pham@gmail.com