ACHM+Dastrup+Lim

=Contact= Aff Ship -- Sarah Lim (me@sarahlim.com) Neg Shenanigans -- Jeron Dastrup (jerond65@gmail.com) = ✧･ﾟ :* \( ◕‿◕✿ )/ *: ･ﾟ✧ =

In accordance with popular belief, Sarah and I never stop winning. toc =Aff=

Contention 1

 * Contention 1 is the status quo**

Inter Press Service 12 (Tierramérica, “MEXICO: Scientists Call For Regulation of Nanotechnology,” 03/12/2012, http://www.tierramerica.info/nota.php?lang=eng&idnews=3920&olt=568, AC) MEXICO CITY, Mar 12 (Tierramérica).- Nanotechnology, which is currently unregulated in AND is used in electronic components, cosmetics and packaging, among other products.
 * Unregulated nanotech development now – risks spinning out of control**

Foladori and Lau 7 (ReLANS coordinators, Doctoral Program in Development Studies Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Zacatecas, México, “Nanotechnologies in Latin America,” pg online @ http://www.rosalux.de/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/Manuskripte_81.pdf //um-ef)// //At the beginning of 2002, all nanotechnology-related research became an area of// //AND// //but it is worth mentioning some of the efforts made in this regard.//
 * And, haphazard development spills over in Latin America – lack of control risks disaster**

//**Toxic nanoparticles devastate the environment**// // Vandermolen 6 (LCDR Thomas D. Vandermolen, USN (BS, Louisiana Tech University; MA, Naval War College), is officer in charge, Maritime Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan. He was previously assigned as a student at the Naval War College, Newport Naval Station, Rhode Island. He has also served as intelligence officer for Carrier Wing Five, Naval Air Facility, Atsugi, Japan, and in similar assignments with US Special Operations Command, US Forces Korea, and Sea Control Squadron THIRTY-FIVE, Naval Air Station, North Island, California. AIR & SPACE POWER JOUNRAL, Fall, 2006, “Molecular nanotechnology and national security,” pg online @ [] //um-ef) Environmental Damage. MNT was originally perceived as a potential cure-all for a AND from the nanolitter itself or from toxic elements attached to those nanoparticles.26

CRN 4 (Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, 4/19/04, “Disaster Scenarios”, http://crnano.typepad.com/crnblog/2004/07/disaster_scenar.html //nz) Subquestion F: Environmental devastation by overproduction? Preliminary answer: It would be easy AND Several plausible disaster scenarios appear to pose existential threats to the human race.
 * Extinction**

Plan Text

 * Thus the plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its nanotechnology assistance to Mexico.**

Contention 2

 * __Contention 2 is Mexico__**

Wilson Center 7 (Woodrow Wilson Internatonal Center for scholars “The promise of Nanotechnology” may 2007 pg online @ [] //um-ef)// //The market opportunity is substantial. Nanotechnology has been incorporated into billions of dollars worth// //AND// //for people in both rich and poor nations and at relatively low cost."//
 * Nanotech is critical to effective healthcare, but status quo market dynamics disregard poor nations**

//**This is specifically true in Latin America**// // Foladori and Lau 7 (ReLANS coordinators, Doctoral Program in Development Studies Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Zacatecas, México, “Nanotechnologies in Latin America,” pg online @ http://www.rosalux.de/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/Manuskripte_81.pdf //um-ef) There has been little coverage in the international media about the development of nanotechnologies in AND nanotechnology programs and is completely ignored in the policy rationale behind their implementation.

Lodwick et al. 7 (T. Lodwick*, R. Rodrigues**, R. Sandler***, W.D. Kay * Nanotechnology and Society Research Group (NSRG), Northeastern University **Santa Clara University, School of Law,** *NSRG, Department of Philosophy and Religion, Northeastern University, NSRG, Deapartment of Political Science, Northeastern University, “nanotechnology and the global poor: the united states policy and international collaborations” pg online @ [], AC) Perhaps the most basic barrier to conducting nanotechnology research is equipment costs. One way AND address the social problems facing the developing world (pro-poor research).
 * Only collaboration ensures pro-poor research**

VOA News 9 (“Nanotechnology Could Improve Health Care in Developing Countries,” pg online @ http://www.voanews.com/articleprintview/347615.html //um-ef)// //Scientists say nanotechnology, which involves some of the smallest things on earth, could// //AND// //as well as consumers, such as those taking nano-based medicines.//
 * Latin America nanotech is key – best laboratories for disease prevention development**

//**Disease spread causes extinction**// // Yu 09 [Victoria, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, May 22, @http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate]// //In the past, humans have indeed fallen victim to viruses. Perhaps the best// //AND// //could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).//

//**Nanotech solves disease – reject generic defense – quantum dots sidestep conventional disease prevention**// // Court et. al 4 (E. Court*, A. Daar**, E. Martin***, T. Acharya, P. Singer* *University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada **McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine and Departments of Public Health Sciences and Surgery, University of Toronto; University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada** *University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada * University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada, “Will Prince Charles et al diminish the opportunities of developing countries in nanotechnology?”, 01/28/2004, http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/indepth/18909 //VS) Nanotechnology offers a range of potential benefits for developing countries. Nanometre-sized quantum AND of these activities, of course, also hold promise for economic development.

Lau 8 Researcher of the Latin American Nanotechnology & Society Network ** (ReLANS); PhD. Candidate in Development Studies at the Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas (Edgar Zayago, “Nanotechnology may be more useful for Mexican society”, 2008, ** []//VS) As one of the handful of countries pursuing nanotechnology development in Latin America, and AND augment existing analytical capacity to implement appropriate reflexive and above all social assessments.
 * And, Mexico is key – provides a model for developing countries**

Contention 3

 * __Contention 3 is the United States__**

Hummell et al. 12 (Robert Hummel, PhD1,*, Policy Research Division, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies,, Patrick Cheetham1, Justin Rossi1, Synesis: A Journal of Science, Technology, Ethics, and Policy 2012 “US Science and Technology Leadership, and Technology Grand Challenges,” pg online @ http://www.synesisjournal.com/vol3_g/Hummel_2012_G14-39.pdf //um-ef)// //Taken together, there is no direct evidence that the US has been overtaken in// //AND// //US technical leadership will require a dedicated and coordinated effort throughout the society.//
 * US tech leadership collapsing – that’s an existential risk**

//**Locking-in tech leadership reduces conflict**// //Goldstein 7 Avery Goldstein, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International// //AND// //Subscribing Institutions via Taylor & Francis Online, p. 647-648)// //Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments focus explicitly on the consequences for// //AND// //realize the transition to a new international order whose contours it will define.//

//**Cutbacks hamper USAID tech assistance – funding is key to leadership**// // Miotke 8 – subcommittee on research and science education, committee on science and technology, House of Representatives, 110 Congress, Foreign Service Officer, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Science, Space, and Health (Jeff, “International Science and Technology Cooperation,” Government Printing Office, 4/2/2008, []) //RH USAID USAID plays a significant role in integrating the products of S&T to AND under the auspices of an S&T cooperation agreement negotiated by OES.

Mendis 4 (Dr. Patrick Mendis adjunct associate professor of economics and management at the UMUC Graduate School of Management and Technology at the University of Maryland “Science, Technology, And Intellectual Property Rights In American Foreign Policy”. Journal of Technology Law & Policy.Vol 9 June 2004 Issue 1.http://grove.ufl.edu/~techlaw/vol9/issue1/mendis.html) In coming years, global S&T cooperation will open a wide range of AND other criminal activities that threaten our national security and domestic peace and prosperity.
 * Nanotech coop assistance enhances US tech leadership**

Lodwick et al. 7 (T. Lodwick*, R. Rodrigues**, R. Sandler***, W.D. Kay * Nanotechnology and Society Research Group (NSRG), Northeastern University **Santa Clara University, School of Law,** *NSRG, Department of Philosophy and Religion, Northeastern University, NSRG, Deapartment of Political Science, Northeastern University, “nanotechnology and the global poor: the united states policy and international collaborations” pg online @ http://www.nsti.org/procs/Nanotech2007v1/8/T81.501 //um-ef)// //However, the greatest potential for a broad initiative rests with the main foreign aid// //AND// //, USAID’s biotechnology experience provides a sound model for infusing nanotechnology into development.//
 * Nanotech development assistance paves the way for regulatory frameworks and commerce**

//**US nanotech leadership ensures international regulation and arms control**// // Vandermolen 6 (LCDR Thomas D. Vandermolen, USN (BS, Louisiana Tech University; MA, Naval War College), is officer in charge, Maritime Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan. He was previously assigned as a student at the Naval War College, Newport Naval Station, Rhode Island. He has also served as intelligence officer for Carrier Wing Five, Naval Air Facility, Atsugi, Japan, and in similar assignments with US Special Operations Command, US Forces Korea, and Sea Control Squadron THIRTY-FIVE, Air & Space Power Jounral, “Molecular nanotechnology and national security, pg online @ [] //um-ef) MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY (MNT), when fully developed, will provide the basis for the AND encountered; the control strategy must therefore be ready before that day arrives.

Gubrud 97 (Mark Avrum Gubrud, a research associate, Center for Superconductivity Research (University of Maryland, College Park), is ''a physicist, writer and social activist, November 1997, http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gubrud/, “Nanotechnology and International Security”) The greatest danger coincides with the emergence of these powerful technologies: A quickening succession AND through strength" puts us on a course toward the next world war.
 * Unregulated development of nanotech risks arms race – increases the probability of miscalc**

Altmann 4 (Jurgen, Phd. physics doctoral dissertation on laser radar (University of Hamburg, Germany, since 1985 he has studied scientific-technical problems of disarmament, first concerning high-energy laser weapons, founded the Bochum Verification Project (Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany) that does research into the potential of automatic sensor systems for co-operative verification of disarmament and peace agreements. In recent years, he has studied military uses of, first, microsystems technologies and then nanotechnology, with a view towards preventive arms control (both at University of Dortmund, Germany). University of Dortmund). cofounder of the German Research Association Science, Disarmament and International Security FONAS, and currently is a deputy speaker of the Committee Physics and Disarmament of the German Physical Society, military uses of nanotechnology: perspectives and concerns, security dialogue, vol 35, pg online @ []) It is predicted that nanotechnology (NT) will bring revolutionary changes in many areas AND NT activities provide an important precedent, they will be briefly described here.
 * US action and model is key to cooperation and transparency**

Altmann, 4 (Jurgen, Phd. physics doctoral dissertation on laser radar (University of Hamburg, Germany, since 1985 he has studied scientific-technical problems of disarmament, first concerning high-energy laser weapons, founded the Bochum Verification Project (Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany) that does research into the potential of automatic sensor systems for co-operative verification of disarmament and peace agreements. In recent years, he has studied military uses of, first, microsystems technologies and then nanotechnology, with a view towards preventive arms control (both at University of Dortmund, Germany). University of Dortmund). cofounder of the German Research Association Science, Disarmament and International Security FONAS, and currently is a deputy speaker of the Committee Physics and Disarmament of the German Physical Society, military uses of nanotechnology: perspectives and concerns, security dialogue, vol 35, pg online @ http://scx.sagepub.com/content/34/1/115.full.pdf+html) The potential for mistrust is expected to be particularly high in areas where revolutionary changes AND without legally binding agreement with stringent verification covering military NT R&D.
 * Independently transparency is key to avert miscalc**

Dolan, 12 (Bridget M. Dolan, “Science and Technology Agreements as Tools for Science Diplomacy: A U.S. Case Study,” Science & Diplomacy, Vol. 1, No. 4 (December 2012), pg online @ http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/files/science_and_technology_agreements_as_tools_for_science_diplomacy_science__diplomacy.pdf //um-ef)// //As this paper has elaborated, U.S. decisions to enter into S// //AND// //realities of limited resources—are ambitious enough to foster meaningful international partnerships.//
 * And, the plan is a long-term engagement strategy that provides a platform for science leadership**

//**That solves every disad impact**// // Fedoroff, 8 – subcommittee on research and science education, committee on science and technology, House of Representatives, 110 Congress, administrator of USAID, science and technology advisor to the Secretary of State and US Department of State (Nina, “International Science and Technology Cooperation,” Government Printing Office, 4/2/2008, []) //RH Chairman Baird, Ranking Member Ehlers, and distinguished members of the Subcommittee, thank AND a means to enhance security, increase global partnerships, and create sustainability.

Contention 1

 * __Contention 1 is disposability:__**

Shahinian, 4/26/ **13** – Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, United Nations (Gulnara, April 26, 2013, “Slavery must be recognised in all its guises,” The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/apr/26/slavery-recognised-all-guises, Hensel) ¶ Five years ago, I became the UN's first special rapporteur on contemporary forms AND individuals, companies and governments accountable. Complacency is no longer an option.
 * Human trafficking is a modern form of slavery that oppresses millions worldwide – legislative and discursive action is key**

Todres ’09 (Jonathan, Professor of Law at Georgia State University, “Law, Otherness, and Human Trafficking”, July 2009, Accessed via Project MUSE, [SG]) The recent surge in interest in ending human trafficking has led even Hollywood to take AND in fostering or tolerating the conditions under which the Other can be exploited.
 * Trafficking operates through a dominant conception of Otherness that frames victims as unimportant, perpetuating exploitation. Rejecting this understanding is a prerequisite to effective politics that combat this violence.**

We have all heard the catchy song lyrics about "what happens in Mexico" AND processes create a society where peace and prosperity are possible for all citizens.
 * Trafficking perpetuates the worst forms of dehumanization – this undermines freedom and objectifies individuals**
 * Crouse ’07** (Janice, PhD, Senior Fellow at the Beverly LaHaye Institute, the think tank for Concerned Women for America, “Sex Trafficking Victims: Disposable or Human”, July 12, 2007, [], [SG])

Domination through the new forms of cultural expression of desire, be it in sex AND the modes of cognition and re-cognition of what constitutes humanity today.
 * Human trafficking is a cultural expression that sees bodies as expendable. This is new age slavery that not only attempts to profit off of the body, but also break it down, which is the worst form of dehumanization. This must be rejected**
 * Truong ’01** (Thahn-Dam, PhD in International Studios, Associate Professor at the International Institute of Social Studies, “HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND ORGANISED CRIME”, July 2001, [], pgs. 13-14, [SG])

The process by which some people become enslaved is understood as human trafficking, which AND exploitation,” and the requirement that all three parts must take place together.
 * Human trafficking is the modern-day slave trade, and the U.S.-Mexico border is the new middle passage. (We don’t affirm the gendered language in this card)**
 * Hathaway ’12 ** (Dana, Masters in Interdisciplinary Studies at Portland State University, “Human Trafficking and Slavery: Towards a New Framework for Prevention and Responsibility”, 2012, accessed via ProQuest, [SG])

//We as Americans know that the South kept slaves and// //AND// //are trafficked into this country, from at least 35 other countries, every year and enslaved here.//
 * This renders** **bodies to bare life – humans are transformed into disposable property**
 * Soodalter, 9** (interview with Ron Soodalter, 6/18/9, “The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today”, https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/multimedia/20090701b/0179.html/_res/id=sa_File1/Bales_Soodalter.pdf)//EM//

//**Dehumanization makes every impact inevitable—****it is the equivalent of nuclear war, environmental collapse, and genocide**// //**Berube,** **97** (David, professor of speech communication, Nanotechnology Magazine, June/July 1997, http://www.cla.sc.edu/ENGL/faculty/berube/prolong.htm)// //Assuming we are able to predict who or what are optimized humans, this entire// //AND// //inevitable for every epoch has evil and dehumanization is evil's most powerful weapon.//

//**Structural violence outweighs all of their magnitude claims**// //Hintjens 7 [Helen Hintjens is Lecturer in the Centre for Development Studies, University of Wales, “MDF Understanding Development Better”] // //From Johan Galtung, famous Norwegian peace ‘guru’, still alive and heads up// //AND// //violence…is neither natural nor inevitable”, p. 301 (Prontzos).//

//**The politics of disposability leaves entire populations open to eradication- this ignorance of human dignity has become politicized, and will ultimately be the death of politics**// //** Giroux ’10 ** (Henry, Professor of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, previous professors at BU, Miami U, and Penn State “Memories of Hope in the Age of Disposability”, published 9/28/2010, [] [SG]) // //The new culture of cruelty combines with the arrogance of the rich as morally bankrupt// //AND// //march aimed at destroying every public sphere essential to a vibrant democratic state.//

//**Affirmation of political hope is necessary to reinvigorate democracy. Democracy is militarized in the status quo, parallel with disposability. To educate and advocate for hope is to evoke the political power of resistance.**// // Giroux ‘ 10 (Henry, Professor of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, previous professors at BU, Miami U, and Penn State “Memories of Hope in the Age of Disposability”, published 9/28/2010, accessed online 7/2, http://archive.truthout.org/memories-hope-age-disposability63631) //BZ The working-class neighborhood of my youth never gave up on democracy as an AND young people waiting for adults to prove the courage of their democratic convictions.

Plan

 * Thus the plan: The United States federal government should establish a bilateral partnership with the government of Mexico against human trafficking.**

Contention 2

 * __Contention 2 is conditions for solvency:__**

**Cuomo 96** – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30) In "Gender and `Postmodern' War," Robin Schott introduces some of the ways AND the face of what appears to be the inevitability of war and militarism. Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about AND structural violence, can also be used to empower citizens to reduce it. //The editors may regret that short shelf-life some years, but surely not// //AND// //mindless competition: simple extrapolation algorithms that automatically predicted more of the same.//
 * A crisis-focused ethic is wrong – attention to isolated instances of warfare ignores the daily horrors of structural violence – that’s the precondition for any war to occur**
 * Failure to address structural violence results in serial policy failure**
 * Winter and Leighton 99** (Deerfforah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter: Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century. Pg 4-5)
 * International relations predictions fail**
 * Tetlock and Gardner, 11** professor of organizational behavior at the Haas Business School at the University of California-Berkeley and columnist and senior writer (Dan Gardner and Philip Tetlock, 7/11/11, “Overcoming Our Aversion to Acknowledging Our Ignorance”, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/07/11/dan-gardner-philip-tetlock/overcoming-our-aversion-acknowledging-our-ignorance)//EM//

//**Even if wars occur, they will never involve great powers**// //**Tepperman 9** Deputy Editor of Newsweek, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, now Managing Editor of Foreign Affairs, holds a B.A. in English Literature from Yale University, an M.A. in Jurisprudence from Oxford University, and an LL.M. in International Law from New York University (Jonathan, "Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb," 8/28/09, [])//AM These efforts are all grounded in the same proposition: that, as Obama has AND each instance, very different leaders all came to the same safe conclusion.

How should we understand human behavior in cases of this sort? My principal answer AND attuned, as ordinary people are not, to the issue of probability.
 * Neglecting probability paralyzes and causes serial policy failure**
 * Sunstein, 2** Distinguished Service Professor, University of Chicago, Law School and Department of Political Science (Cass R. Sunstein, 9/23/2, “Probability Neglect: Emotions, Worst Cases, and Law”, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/112-1/SunsteinFINAL.pdf)//EM

Contention 3

 * __Contention 3 is solvency:__**

Garza 11 (Rocio, Candidate for Juris Doctor, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, May 2011; A.B. (2005) Harvard University, CARDOZO J. OF INT’L & COMP. LAW, March, www.cjicl.com/uploads/2/9/5/9/2959791/cjicl_19.2_garza_note.pdf ‎ ) One obstacle that would be faced in creating a bilateral partnership is the amount of AND Mexico could minimize start-up costs and resources by utilizing this model.
 * Bilateral trafficking agreements are empirically a starting point**

In this dissertation, I carry out a genealogical discourse analysis. Genealogy in the AND key texts and basic discourses began to reappear without major changes or additions.
 * Only engaging trafficking through a discursive lens can effectively transform the social conditions that create the possibility for violence**
 * Lobasz 12 ** (Jennifer, Professor of International Relations at the University of Minnesota, “Victims, Villains, and the Virtuous Constructing the Problems of ‘Human Trafficking’”, June 2012, http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/131822/1/Lobasz_umn_0130E_12756.pdf, pgs. 80-82, [SG])

The central political task of the intellectuals is to aid in the construction of a AND should act as both an inspiration and a challenge to critical security studies.
 * We ought to use the debate space as a site to formulate counter-hegemonic strategies of knowledge production- violence has manifested itself in scholarship, and combatting that is a necessary precondition to breaking it down in reality**
 * Jones ** ’**99** (Richard, Professor International Politics @ Aberystwyth University, “Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, p. 155-162, [SG])

=Neg=

Rd 1
Mexican Renewables- Mulitlateralism and Econ Proliferation not so bad and China DA

Rd 3
Cuba Embargo- Latin Diplomacy and Econ Schopenhauer

Rd 5
Mexican Renewables- Warming and Relations Case and China DA

**Greatest Hits**
- T - Inherency - Shunning - 1nr CPs good (at the same time)
 * 2nr vs renewables**

- Inherency - some other strategy
 * 2nr vs Cuba**

- reject the outfit, not the team
 * 2nr vs Orientalism**

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHg5SJYRHA0