Bwang+and+Amar

=1ac the plan = =1ac economy =
 * The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in the United States Maritime Administration Title XI for short sea transportation in the United States. **
 * Advantage one is the ****__Economy __**** – **


 * That recovery is fragile now – the risk of catastrophic economic failure is high **
 * Xinhua News, 5/23/12 **[OECD: Global Economy Recovery Fragile, reprinted, []]

__The **global economy** ... __ inequality."


 * Two Internal Links – **


 * 1. __Stimulus__ **


 * The plan generates a massive economic stimulus and reduces oil dependence – Title 11 the most effective catalyst for widespread investment **
 * Margaronis, 08 ** [Marine highway would ride wave of economic benefits, Stas, Guest Columnist Seattle Pi, [|http://www.seattlepi.com/local/opinion/article/Marine-highway-would-ride-wave-of-economic-1293286.php#ixzz1yY1CGarw]]

__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Currently __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">, __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">the U __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">n... __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> shippers and consumers. __

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Mark **Rosen** (Deputy General Counsel at the Center for Naval Analyses & Professor of Homeland Security Law and Policy at George Washington University) **2010** “Energy Independence and Climate Change: The Economic and National Security Consequences of Failing to Act” University of Richmond Law Review, Lexis <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">There is a ... held hostage. 110
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Oil dependence causes extinction **


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, a __federal program__ is a vital internal link to US global competitiveness – current funding is insufficient **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Zimmer, 11 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> [Nancy, August, “Progress on America’s Marine Highway” graduated from Smith College (B.A., cum laude, 1998), and City University of New York School of Law, (J.D., 2001). She is admitted to the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and the First Circuit Court of Appeals, and is a trained mediator. She is also a former commercial fisherman and commercial fishing boat owner. She is a member of the Maritime Law Association of the United States. Nancy can be contacted on +1 508 432-2121 or by email at zimmer@sealaw.org, []]

__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">For the U __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">nited __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">S __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">tates... __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">disheartening at best. __

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Adam, Foreign Affairs, “Is America Losing Its Edge?” November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html) // JMP
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Competitiveness is key to hegemony **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Segal, 4 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations

__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The ____<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">U __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 7pt;">nited States' __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">global primacy... ____<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">entrepreneurship at home. __


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Hegemony solves conflict—your defense doesn’t apply **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Kagan 12 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt;">2/11, *Robert Kagan: Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe for The New Republic, “Why the World Needs America,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213262856669448.html, AJ

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">History shows that ... __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> order came into being __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Second, is __congestion__ - **


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Congestion underlies a multibillion dollar drag on the economy – chokes any possible recovery **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Needham, 11 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> [Report: Traffic congestion costs billions, weighs on the economic recovery, Vicki, The Hill, []]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">Traffic __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">congestion ____<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> ... ____<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> not a productive option __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">.”


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, robust study proves our argument – the economic impact is widespread **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Wagner, 11 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> [The Economic Impact of Traffic Congestion on Truck-borne Freight, Steve Wagner, Communications Manager CFIRE a transportation think tank, extensively citing a 2010 Urban Mobility Report, []]

__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The 2010 __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;"> Urban Mobility... <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> __travel time information.__


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, the externalities act as a multiplier – decreases the underlying foundation of US economic leadership **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Lewis, 08 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[David, Senior Vice President with HDR where he serves as the firm’s Chief Economist and Direc­tor for Economics and Financial Services, He served previously as President and CEO of HLB Decision Economics, prior to which he was a Principal Economist of the U.S. Congressional Budget Office. Brookings Institution, America’s Traffic Congestion Problem: Toward a Framework for Nationwide Reform, []]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">Apart from a... __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">fifty-five thousand jobs. __

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">3. Mitigating highway congestion...end of the transportation chain.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The internal link is __linear__ – the plan is necessary and sufficient to relieve congestion **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Perakis and Denisis,08 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> [A survey of short sea shipping and its prospects in the USA, ANASTASSIOS N. PERAKIS* and ATHANASIOS DENISIS Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, 213 NAME Building, 2600 Draper Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2145, USA, []]


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, independently an effective MTS is vital to growth – capacity limitations act as a deadly stranglehold **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Lobiondo, et al 11 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> [Congressional Testimony, Frank A. LoBiondo is the U.S. Representative for New Jersey's 2nd congressional district, serving since 1995. He is a member of the Republican Party, CREATING JOBS AND INCREASING U.S. EXPORTS BY ENHANCING THE MARINE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TUESDAY, JUNE 14, 2011 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION, COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE, []]

__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">In order to remain **...** __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">Conversely, global policymakers ... **__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">a big bang __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, the impact is great power nuclear war **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Austin ‘09 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">(Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman, Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)

__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The importance... ____<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">maintain this status __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">.5
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, an ineffective MTS kills power projection - separate internal link to hegemony **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Jackson, 07 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us]

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1ac shipbuilding = <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">http://www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/article/short-sea-shipping-long-on-benefits/
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Advantage Two is the __shipbuilding industry__ – **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Increased support for short sea shipping sustains the shipbuilding industry **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Raymond, 05 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[Charles, President and CEO Horizon Inc. “Short Sea Shipping: Long On Benefits”,

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">To help meet the.... __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> U.S. political leaders. __

__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">A __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;"> less well recognized <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">__...__ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">, __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">put __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;"> more __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">money behind the MHI. __
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, expansion of title XI funding ensures __increased naval capacity__ **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Goure, 11 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> [Lexington Institute, Obama Could Create Jobs And Support Defense, Daniel, PhD, []]


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, the plan reverses tidal waves of shipyard closings which decimate the industry **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Munoz, 11 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> [January 11, The Obama Infrastructure Plan, and Another Shipyard Closes, OP-ED by Tony Munoz, Editor-in-Chief of the Maritime ExecutiveMagazine and the MarEx Newsletter, []]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">As President Obama ... for the poor. Imagine….


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, inland water ways are functionally limitless – the plan is the easiest means of infrastructure expansion and revitalizes the maritime sector **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Perakis and Denisis,08 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> [A survey of short sea shipping and its prospects in the USA, ANASTASSIOS N. PERAKIS* and ATHANASIOS DENISIS Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, 213 NAME Building, 2600 Draper Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2145, USA, []]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">In addition to the above ... public as well [46].


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, a strong maritime and shipbuilding industry is a vital pre requisite to credible naval capabilities **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Alberto, et al., 5 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> (Lieutenant Colonel Ronald P., U.S. Army, Colonel Michael G. Archuleta, U.S. Air Force, Lieutenant Colonel Steven H. Bills, U.S. Air Force, Commander William A. Bransom, U.S. Navy, Mr. Kenneth Cohen, Department of State, Commander William A. Ebbs, U.S. Navy, George Manjgaladze, Ministry of Defense, Republic of Georgia, Commander Elizabeth B. Myhre, U.S. Navy, Audrea M. Nelson, DA, Robert L. Riddick, Department of Defense, Colonel Christopher M. Ross, U.S. Army, Julia N. Ruhnke, DA, Lieutenant Colonel Gregory M. Ryan, U.S. Marine Corps, Colonel David D. Thompson, U.S. Air Force, Commander Hugh D. Wetherald, U.S. Navy, Dr. Mark Montroll, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Dr. Michael Farbman, USAID, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Captain David B. Hill, U.S. Coast Guard, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, “SHIPBUILDING”, The Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, 2005, http://www.ndu.edu/icaf/programs/academic/industry/reports/2005/pdf/icaf-is-report-shipbuilding-2005.pdf, Deech)

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">In conclusion, __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">o.... __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">e nation of the vessel.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Great power war **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Conway et al 7 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> [James T., General, U.S. Marine Corps, Gary Roughead, Admiral, U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower,” October, http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">Deter major power war**...** __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> extended campaigns ashore __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, causes and escalation of every transnational threat – the ship building industry is key **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">NLUS, 12 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> – a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating our citizens about the importance of sea power to U.S. national security and supporting the men and women of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and U.S.-flag Merchant Marine and their families (Navy League of the United States, “Maritime Primacy & Economic Prosperity: Maritime Policy 2012-13”, Navy League of the United States, 1/21/12, [] | AK)

__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Global engagement is ... __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;"> warriors is fundamental.

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1ac solvency =
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Contention Two is __Solvency__ **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">***Note: SST = short sea transportation, CCF = capital construction fund**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">A comprehensive federal expansion of Title XI mitigates congestion and creates conditions favorable for private investment – the plan reverse the only barrier to short sea transportation **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Cook, 11 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> — former General Counsel of the Maritime Administration, Counsel to Seward and Kissel LLP (H. Clayton, “Dead in the Water”, Maritime Executive, 7/8/2012, http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/dead-in-the-water, Deech)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">For more than a decade, ...ncluded as a transaction cost. **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, solely private sector action is insufficient – high startup costs make external incentives critical <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">McCormick, 10 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> [Strengthening US Government US Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood addressed the recent National Port Summit in San Diego. Wayne McCormick, of America’s Marine Highways, conducted the following interviewSupport of Marine Highways, []] **


 * __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The private sector __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;"> ... <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9pt;"> of the Marine Highway **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, the plan reduces risk and creates the financial backing necessary for short sea shipping <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Margaronis, 08 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[Green Ships Can Fight Global Warming, president of California-based Santa Maria Shipowning & Trading Inc, p. online document retrieved via a google download, full text email alexanderdpappas@gmail.com] **


 * __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">A loan guarantee .... __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">hope to build ships. **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, that heightens the resiliency of the transportation network – a secure federal funding stream ensures adequate coordination <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Lombardo, 04 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> [Short Sea Shipping: Practices, Opportunities and Challenges[|[1]] Written by Gary A. Lombardo, Ph.D.[|[2]] Prepared by TransportGistics, Inc, []] **


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">Opportunities __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">A __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;"> successful **__...__**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;"> categories were identified. **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, marine infrastructure is key – other networks have reached maximum capacity – ineffective coordination precipitates wider congestion <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Jackson, 07 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us] **


 * __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">As our road and rail .... __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;"> develop future capabilities.24 **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">And, put away your process and funding counterplans – consistent funding and a net increase are required to generate new capacity <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Jackson, 07 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us] **


 * __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">In order to be ____<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> an __**__effective ....__**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">North Atlantic ports.77 **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">No link uniqueness – modest federal assistance key <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Cook, 12 **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> [H. Clayton Cook, Esq. has been involved with Jones Act issues for more than 40 years and served as General Counsel of the Maritime Administration from 1970-1973. He is currently Counsel to Seward & Kissel LLP in Washington, DC. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The Dual-Use Vessel Program and Americas Marine Highway Next Steps, []] **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">“Short Sea Shipping” and AMH **

=NEG STRATS=
 * __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">A MarAd ____<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">and __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">Department of .... **__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> start-up assistance ____<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">. __**

2nrs

 * 1) 1. Elections (Obama Good) and Case Defense
 * 2) 2. Politics – Jackson vanik and case defense
 * 3) 3. Dedev
 * 4) 4. Co2 Good, Oil Dependency Good, Stimulus $ Bad.
 * 5) 5. I think I went for fifty states and ptx one time too.