Ada+&+Utsa

=1AC Plan=

The United States federal government should facilitate regulated pipeline transportation of captured carbon in the United States.
=1AC Solvency=

**Carbon regulation is coming and CCS technology is advancing – facilitating regulated transportation infrastructure is key to jump-starting the commercial industry**
Zarraby 12 - //chemical engineer for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, JD expected from GWU in 2012// //Cyrus, “Note: Regulating Carbon Capture and Sequestration: A Federal Regulatory Regime to Promote the Construction of a National Carbon Dioxide Pipeline Network,” 80 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 950, Lexis// Rising food prices ... promotes the construction of new CO<2> pipelines.

**The //entire project// depends on a national network for pipeline infrastructure**
IRGC 8 - //International Risk Governance Council, “Regulation of Carbon Capture and Storage,” http://www.irgc.org/IMG/pdf/Policy_Brief_CCS.pdf// Large-scale CCS deployment ... organisational structure of the CCS industry.

**The federal government is key**
Horne 10 – J//D @ U of Utah (////Jennifer, “Getting from Here to There: Devising an Optimal Regulatory Model for CO<2> Transport in a New Carbon Capture and Sequestration Industry,” 30 J. Land Resources & Envtl. L. 357, Lexis)// Siting regulations affect companies' ability ... for access will be far more workable.
 * -eminent domain, single regulator, encourages broader CCS investment and //guarantees// uniformity**

**It’s reverse causal – federal //inaction// creates uncertainty that deters private investment in CCS**
Zarraby 12 - //chemical engineer for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, JD expected from GWU in 2012// //Cyrus, “Note: Regulating Carbon Capture and Sequestration: A Federal Regulatory Regime to Promote the Construction of a National Carbon Dioxide Pipeline Network,” 80 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 950, Lexis// C. Carbon Capture and Sequestration - Lowering Emissions While Still Utilizing ... creates the very // uncertainty // that would // limit // private investment.

**There is a tangible impact to any delay**
Zarraby 12 - //chemical engineer for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, JD expected from GWU in 2012// //Cyrus, “Note: Regulating Carbon Capture and Sequestration: A Federal Regulatory Regime to Promote the Construction of a National Carbon Dioxide Pipeline Network,” 80 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 950, Lexis// In order to mitigate the most drastic effects of climate change ... environmental harms caused by climate change.

**Coal use is inevitable – can’t wish it away – a pragmatic approach to emissions is key to avoid the worst impacts**
Reisinger 9 – //JD, Attorney @ Ohio Environmental Council// //Will, “RECONCILING KING COAL AND CLIMATE CHANGE: A REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE,” Vermont Journal of Environmental Law, http://vjel.org/journal/pdf/VJEL10107.pdf// In the United States and around the world, coal-generated electricity ... to flourish in the United States and ultimately enable CCS to reduce GHG emissions worldwide.

**No leakage from pipelines or storage**
CTA 11 //Carbon Tech Alliance, “Frequently Asked Questions,” http://www.carbontechalliance.org/welcome/frequently-asked-questions// What safety measures are in place if something goes wrong, is it a case of once it happens it's too late? There are over 3,600 miles of existing CO2 pipelines in the United States. There are existing ** rigorous ** safety requirements ... ever migrate to the surface.

No new damage from coal mining- laundry list of legal checks on environmental impacts
Shortino 11 – //journalist at the Philadelphia Inquirer (John, “Types of Coal Mining Restrictions” eHow.com, June 29 2011 [] ) MLR// Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 ... could harm an endangered animal population.

=1AC Economy=

**Carbon sequestration is key to averting negative economic consequences of carbon regulations**
EPA 10 – //US Environmental Protection Agency// //“Report of the Interagency Task Force on Carbon Capture and Storage,” http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/downloads/CCS-Task-Force-Report-2010.pdf// While CCS can be applied to a variety of stationary sources of CO2 ... and assist in the creation of new technologies for export.

**Limiting coal consumption collapses the economy**
Sullivan 10 – //Professor of Economics @ National Defense University// //Paul, “CCT is a medium term global solution,” http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2010/08/how-viable-is-clean-coal.php#1616515// Given the importance of coal to electricity, steel, cement ... connections that can be found with energy sources such as coal.

**Having coal as a utility option is key – any alternative drastically increases consumer energy costs**
Zarraby 12 - //chemical engineer for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, JD expected from GWU in 2012// //Cyrus, “Note: Regulating Carbon Capture and Sequestration: A Federal Regulatory Regime to Promote the Construction of a National Carbon Dioxide Pipeline Network,” 80 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 950, Lexis// In the United States, coal-fired power generation accounts for approximately ... // increase the costs // associated with electricity generation.

**This collapses all major sectors of the economy**
Rose and Wei 6 - * //Professor of Energy, Environmental and Regional Economics, **Graduate Assistant in the Department of Geography at the Pennsylvania State University -// //Adam and Dan, “The Economic Impacts of Coal Utilization and Displacement in the Continental United States, 2015,” http://www.americaspower.org/sites/all/themes/americaspower/images/pdf/penn-state-study.pdf// We performed our analysis with the aid of an interindustry ... " // multiplier // " effects throughout the U.S. economy.

**Nuclear war**
Harris and Burrows 9 //Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer is a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” [] // //Increased Potential for Global Conflict// Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future ... increasingly difficult both within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

**Independently, the plan is a key fiscal stimulus**
ACCCE 11 //American Coalition for Clean Coal Energy, “American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity,” http://www.compasscoal.com/blog/// The United States continues to be a world leader in advanced coal technologies ...// dollar // the government invests.

**That’s key to faster growth**
Applebaum 12 //- *PhD, Professor @ Rutgers, senior economist at the Center for Economic and Policy Research// //Eileen, 4-27, “Blame Budget Austerity for Poor GDP Growth,” http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/economic-intelligence/2012/04/27/blame-budget-austerity-for-poor-gdp-growth// As the Obama administration's 2009 stimulus continues to wind down ... economic policies. It // should not choose // austerity.

**Even absent a recession, slow growth leads to global wars**
Khalilzad 11 – //PhD, Former Professor of Political Science @ Columbia, Former ambassador to Iraq and Afghanistan// //Zalmay Khalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. "The Economy and National Security" Feb 8 www.nationalreview.com/blogs/print/259024// Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe ... would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

[Association of American Railroads, “Railroads and Coal,” June 2012, http://www.aar.org/~/media/aar/Background-Papers/Railroads-and-Coal.ashx]//SH __No__ single __commodity is more important to America’s railroads__ __than coal. Coal accounted for 43.3 percent of rail tonnage__ __and 24.7 percent of rail__ gross __revenue in 2011. Most coal__ in the United States __is consumed at coal-fueled power plants. Historically, coal has dominated U.S. electricity generation because it is such a cost-effective fuel choice__, and freight rail is a big reason for that. __More than 70 percent of the coal delivered to coal-fueled power plants is delivered by rail. Electricity is also generated using other fuels, including nuclear power, wind, solar power, hydroelectric__ __power, and natural gas. Recently, the price of natural gas has fallen sharply, increasing the competitiveness of electricity generated from natural gas vis-à-vis electricity generated from coal. In addition, increasingly stringent environmental regulations have targeted coal-fueled generation. Consequently, electricity generated from coal__ — and associated rail coal volumes — __have fallen__. Whether this is a short- or a long-term phenomenon remains to be seen. [John, one of the world's leading experts on defense, space and intelligence policy, directed the Space Policy, Cyberstrategy, Military Analysis, Nuclear Resource and Intelligence Resource projects, He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations " Strategic Rail Corridor Network (STRACNET)," 10/1/12, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/stracnet.htm] __The military places heavy__ and direct __reliance on railroads to integrate bases and connect__ installations to predominantly __maritime ports__ of embarkation. __Mainlines, connectors, and clearance lines must all combine to support movement of heavy and/or oversized equipment__. To ensure that military needs are factored into railroad industry decisions that may impact on national defense, the Department of Defense relies on the Military Traffic Management Command (MTMC). In this capacity, **__MTMC identifies facilities of the__** __railroad infrastructure important to national defense, informs the commercial and civil sectors of Defense needs, and encourages the retention and upkeep of railroad assets vital to support military movements__. To ensure this continuity and coordination, MTMC has created the Strategic Rail Corridor Network (STRACNET). STRACNET has identified __32,500 miles of rail line critical for movement of essential military equipment to ports located around the country as well as another 5,000 miles of track essential to connect one facility to another.__ To ensure this continuity and coordination, MTMC has created the Strategic Rail Corridor Network (STRACNET). STRACNET has identified 32,500 miles of rail line critical for movement of essential military equipment to ports located around the country as well as another 5,000 miles of track essential to connect one facility to another. In addition to identifying key lines and facilities, MTMC also conducts analysis of potential railroad industry construction, mergers, bankruptcies, and abandonments to determine how any of these actions may affect DOD mobility capabilities. Since 1976, MTMC has reviewed more than 2,100 abandonments affecting 33,000 miles of track, as well as eight bankruptcies affecting more 1/3 of the nation's railroad network. MTMC analysis and reviews are the main source of DOD input to the railroad industry in attempts to preclude the loss of a critical section of track or facility that is essential to effective movement of heavy military lift requirements. The __Railroads__ for National Defense Program (RND) __ensures the readiness capability of the national__ railroad network to support __defense deployment and peacetime needs__. The Program works to integrate defense rail needs into civil sector planning affecting the Nation's railroad system. __Rail transportation is extremely important to DOD since the predominance of our heavy and tracked vehicles will deploy by rail to seaports of embarkation__. The RND Program in conjunction with the US Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), established the Strategic Rail Corridor Network (STRACNET) to ensure DOD's minimum rail needs are identified and coordinated with appropriate transportation authorities. __STRACNET is an interconnected and continuous rail line network consisting of over 38,000 miles of track serving over 170 defense installations__.
 * Coal is key to the Railroad industry but its use is decreasing **
 * AAR 12**
 * Railroads key to military readiness and deployment **
 * Pike 12**

[Center for a New American Security, “Strengthening the Readiness of the U.S. Military”, 2/14/8 Prepared Statement of Michèle A. Flournoy, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNASTestimony_FlournoyHASCFeb1408.pdf] At the same time, __the United States must prepare for a broad range of future contingencies, from sustained, small-unit irregular warfare missions to military-to-military training and advising missions to high-end warfare against regional powers armed with weapons of mass destruction and other asymmetric means__. Yet compressed training times between deployments mean that many of our enlisted personnel and officers have the time to train only for the missions immediately before them—in Iraq and Afghanistan—and not for the missions over the horizon. These just-in-time training conditions have created a degree of strategic risk, which the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff noted in his recent posture statement. As we at the Center for a New American Security wrote in our June, 2007 report on the ground forces__, the United States is a global power with global interests, and we need our armed forces to be ready to respond whenever and wherever our strategic interests might be threatened. The absence of an adequate strategic reserve of ready ground forces must be addressed__ on an urgent basis. __Readiness is the winning combination of personnel, equipment, and training in adequate quantity and quality for each unit.__ Each of these components of readiness has been under sustained and increasing stress over the past several years. For the ground forces, the readiness picture is largely—although not solely—centered on personnel while the Navy and the Air Force’s readiness challenges derive primarily from aging equipment. The Army continues to experience the greatest strain and the greatest recruitment challenges.
 * Readiness solves conflict **
 * CNAS 8**

=1ac Warming=

**Global warming is real and human induced – top climate scientists agree**
Anderegg et al 10 – //PhD Candidate @ Stanford in Biology// //William, “Expert credibility in climate change,” National Academy of Sciences, p. 12107-12109// Preliminary reviews of scientific literature and surveys of cli- mate scientists ... discussions in media, policy, and public forums regarding anthropogenic climate change.

**Warming is an existential risk – //__quickening__// reductions is key to avoiding extinction**
Mazo 10 – //PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA// //Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122// The best estimates for global warming to the end ... would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

**Carbon sequestration is key**
Mack and Endemann 10 - //*partner in the Houston office and global Chair of the Environmental Transactional Support Practice, provides over 25 years of experience advising on the transactional, environmental and regulatory issues associated with all sectors of the oil and gas industry, power (including both fossil and renewable energy), mining and chemical industries in the United States and abroad, in addition to the development, financing and entitlements for telecommunications and other industrial and public infrastructure facilities in the United States and offshore, **JD, Faculty @ USD Law, provides comprehensive environmental counseling on energy and infrastructure projects, and represents clients in related litigation// //Joel and Buck, “Making carbon dioxide sequestration feasible: Toward federal regulation of CO2 sequestration pipelines,” Energy Policy, http://lw.com/upload/pubContent/_pdf/pub3385_1.pdf// At present, approximately 50% of the United States’ base load ... coincident with reducing near- to medium-term // impacts // from global climate change.

**CCS solves and immediate action is necessary**
Rogers 7 - *//CEO of Duke Energy// //James, “SENATE ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS COMMITTEE,” http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=96b0a903-32fc-47f8-9a36-b4ddd9805e2b// Carbon capture and storage ( CCS ) for coal-fired power plants is a // critical technology ... // obsession, and receive a // great deal // more attention and resources.

**CCS is a //__critical bridge__// to a broader portfolio of sustainable energy**
Forbes et al 8 - s//enior associate at the World Resources Institute, former member of the National Energy Technology Laboratory// //Sarah, CCS Guidelines: Guidelines for Carbon Dioxide Capture, Transport, and Storage, World Resources Institute, http://pdf.wri.org/ccs_guidelines.pdf// Scenarios for stabilizing climate-forcing emissions suggest atmospheric CO2 stabilization ... // bridge // to a sustainable energy future.

**Even if regulations aren’t likely now, the plan is key to convincing the world that emissions can be cut without economic cost**
MIT 7 //Interdisciplinary Study, The Future of Coal, http://web.mit.edu/coal/// Washington, DC – Leading academics from an interdisciplinary Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT) panel ... performance of integrated technology systems should be greatly enhanced.

**Only the plan is modeled – BRIC countries won’t cut emissions unless they can avoid economic cost**
Apt et al 7 – //PhD in Physics @ MIT, Professor of Technology, Tepper School of Business and Engineering and Public Policy// //Jay, “Incentives for Near-Term Carbon Dioxide Geological Sequestration,” Carnegie Mellon, http://wpweb2.tepper.cmu.edu/ceic/pdfs_other/Incentives_for_Near-Term_Carbon_Dioxide_Geological_Sequestration.pdf// The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fourth Assessment Report ... greenhouse gases in the 2005 U.S. economy are shown in figure 28 below.

**Only plan can solve warming- developing countries won’t limit consumption**
Fallows 10 - //national correspondent for The Atlantic// //James, “Dirty Coal, Clean Future,” The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/12/dirty-coal-clean-future/8307/// Mohler’s point was less about abstract equity than practical reality. People in rural China ... they would produce power roughly equivalent to half of what Britons expend merely by driving each day.