Ryan+&+Sean

toc =Neg=

Previous 2NRs
States and politics (Jackson Vanik) Elections and case Case and politics (Jackson Vanik) T Investment =/= Loans Virilio Cap EIS CP State PIC (against Russia K aff) Cap Good (against the cap bad aff)

Stuff We've Read
DAs: Oil DA, Inflation Bad, Coercion, Jackson Vanik Politics DA CPs: EIS, TIFIA, States + Federalism Ks: Virilio, Cap A variety of T arguments Framework Probably some other stuff I've forgotten - if you have questions ask.

=Aff=

Important note:
We will read either dredging with an ag advantage and an econ advantage or the mass transit cap aff. I've included both the 1ACs we've read before, but both will change a little bit before the tournament. I'll update this when I know exactly what it will be.

Ports 1AC

 * The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in expedited port deepening projects in the United States.**


 * Contention 1 – seaport competitiveness**

//__The White House on Thursday …….__// remaining federal reviews//__.”__//
 * Obama has expedited approval for projects, but not allocated funds – aff is still inherent, but you don’t have any DA’s.**
 * Morgan and Rabin 7/19** – Miami Herald reporter, environment reporter (Curtis and Charles, “White House Speeds Up Permits, Offers No New Cash For PortMiami Dredge Project”, The Miami Herald, July 21 2012, [])//CB//

//** And, federal funding is key **// //** Business Wire, 7/24/12 ** ("Research and Markets: United States Freight Transport Report Q2 2012: US Railroads May Face a Dip in Volumes in 2012 as Coal Shipments Fall", Fall Business Wire, Lexis) // // It's believed that US private consumption ….. Southern Corporation (Norfolk Southern) - UPS - YRC Worldwide //

//**The Panama Canal expansion will fundamentally change seaborne commerce – US ports require new deepening or they won’t be able to compete** **Bridges 2011 –** Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority (Jerry A., “Testimony of Jerry A. Bridges Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority before the United States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee Hearing: the Economic importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?”, October 26, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Bridges.pdf)//MM] //

Since the birth of our … to seaports. We cannot wait. //**The perception of a federal commitment is vital to retain foreign customers – key to economic recovery**// //**Calhoun 11** -- President of Cargo Carriers (Cargill) and Chairman of Waterways Council, Inc (Rick, “DREDGING FOR PROSPERITY”, Marine Log, August, ProQuest, []”) EL //

Just like the nation itself… our inland waterways transportation system. //**Federal port infrastructure funding is increasing but not for substantial new harbor deepening – uncertain commitment prevents new projects**// // Szakonyi 12 — associate editor of the Journal of Commerce (Mark, “The Hill Ramping Up Dredging Efforts”, Journal of Commerce, 5/7, ProQuest) EL //

__The push__ by U.S. ports __…__ harder, more meaningful long-term decisions. //**Federal regulations prevent other actors from solving – federal action is key**// //**Anderson, 11** –Chief Executive Officer of the Jacksonville Port Authority (JAXPORT) (A. Paul, “testimony of A. Paul Anderson Chief Executive Officer of the Jacksonville Port Authority (JAXPORT) for the Record of the united States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Subcommittee on Water Resources and the Environment Hearing: “The Economic Importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?””, October 26, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Anderson.pdf)//MM] //

With increasingly larger ships calling …  infrastructure projects is fundamentally broken //. //

//**Federal regulations mean any new projects will take decades unless the federal government expedites construction**// //**Nagle, 2012** - President and CEO of the American Association of Port Authorities (Kurt J., “Testimony of Kurt J. Nagle President and CEO of the American Association of Port Authorities Before the United States House of Representatives Appropriations Committee Energy and Water Development, and Related Agencies Subommittee”, Budget Hearing- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Assistant Secretary, Chief of Engineers, March 7, 2012, [|http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/EWTestimony%20Mar2012%20Final.pdf)//MM] //

First, the funding level of … challenges of today and tomorrow. //**Seaport competitiveness is vital to economic growth – they represent a quarter of GDP**// //**Nagle, 11** --- president and chief executive officer of the American Association of Port Authorities (December 2011, Kurt, Industry Today, “Association: American Association of Port Authorities; Port-Related Infrastructure Investments Can Reap Dividends,” vol. 14, no. 3, @http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view.asp?ArticleID=F370) //

It seems the U nited S tates … utilized to maintain federal navigation channels. //**Lack of port deepening will break the US shipping industry**// //**Weakley 8** – Realize America’s Maritime promise, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, testimony of James Weakley the president of the Lake Carriers’ Association (James, “Realize America’s Maritime Promise”, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Fairness Coalition, 4/30/08, []) //MM

//Port-related jobs are critical to// … and not merely for deficit reduction.


 * Competitiveness is vital to preventing great power wars**
 * Khalilzad, US Ambassador, in 11** - Zalmay Khalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992 (“The Economy and National Security,” National Review, 2/8, [] SW)

Today, __economic__ and fiscal __trends____…__dangerous era of multi-polarity.
 * Heg is good**
 * Kagan 12**, Robert, senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution [“Why the World Needs America,” February 11th, []]

With the outbreak of World … American order came into being.


 * Strong growth is key to the American economic model – the alternative is mercantilism, which destroys cooperation and risks protectionism**
 * Posen 9** – Deputy director and senior fellow of the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Adam, “Economic leadership beyond the crisis,” http://clients.squareeye.com/uploads/foresight/documents/PN%20USA_FINAL_LR_1.pdf)

In the postwar period, US … on the following priority measures.
 * Protectionism will cause global wars – risks extinction**
 * Panzner 8** – faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” p. 136-138)

Continuing calls for curbs on … beginnings of a new world war.
 * Contention 2 – agriculture**


 * U.S. agriculture exports are facing a crisis of competitiveness**
 * AgriMoney, 2/20** - investors' link to the food chain. The increasing numbers of mouths to feed, the demand for ever-more sophisticated diets, and the potential for turning food into fuel has turned the growing business into big business. Agriculture, to which financial markets owe a debt of history, is back at the forefront of investment thinking.(“US crop exports face 'crisis of competitiveness'”, Agrimoney.Com, 2/20/12, [|http://www.agrimoney.com/news/us-crop-exports-face-crisis-of-competitiveness--4179.html)//GP]

US grain exporters face a … including those which produce vomitoxin.
 * Sustaining agricultural exports depends on port capacity upgrades**
 * Khachatryan and Casavant 11** —Research Associate and Director/Professor at the Freight Policy Transportation Institute at the School of Economic Sciences at Washington State Unviersity (Hayk and Ken, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN U.S. TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE, [], EL)

The __efficient and affordable freight__ … world through the 16 ports.
 * The Panama expansion will shift global trade away from the Gulf Coast without upgrades – this cuts off US grain exports**
 * Stallman, 2012** – President of the American Farm Bureau (Bob, “Update Our Ports or Miss the Boat”, American Farm Bureau, April 2012, http://www.fb.org/index.php?action=newsroom.agendas&year=2012&file=ag04-2012.html) //MGD//

Someone once said that it’s … will literally miss the boat. //**US food exports prevent price volatility – other exporters will implement export bans, only the US can fill in**// //**Pinstrup-Anderson, 11** - H.E. Babcock Professor of Food, Nutrition and Public Policy Professor of Applied Economics and Management, and J. Thomas Clark Professor of Entrepreneurship Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (Per, “ The Global Food and Nutrition Situation: Implications for the 2012 Farm Bill”, 5/26, Senate Testimony, [] //

Second, large fluctuations in food … “doing well by doing good.” //**Volatile Food prices cause global instability**// //**Lagi and Bar-Yam, 2011** —Postdoctoral Researcher at New England Complex Systems Institute, American physicist, systems scientist, and founding president of the New England Complex Systems Institute. (Marco, Yaneer, and Karla Bertrand. “The Food Crises and Political Instability in North Africa and the Middle East”, September 28, 2011, New England Complex Systems Institute, http://necsi.edu/research/social/food_crises.pdf) //chm Note: figures removed

Social unrest may reflect a … the public and special interests.
 * Specifically in the middle east**
 * Thier 11** —Contributor to AOL World News (4 February 2011, “Are Record Food Prices Fueling Global Instability?” [], DA: 7/1/2012 //JLENART)//

Food prices are rising, warns … "It could get grim pretty fast." //**Goes global**// //**Reuters 7** (August, “Middle East turmoil could cause world war: U.S. envoy,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/08/27/us-mideast-khalilzad-idUSL2719552620070827 //MGD)//

(Reuters) - __Upheaval in the Middle East__ … he was quoted as saying.
 * Collapse of U.S. agricultural competitiveness makes extinction inevitable**
 * Lugar, 4** – U.S. Senator – Indiana, (Richard, “Plant Power” Our Planet v. 14 n. 3, http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html

In a world confronted by … the __ health of our planet __.

Cap 1AC

 * Contention 1 is mass transit**


 * Status quo mass transit policy attempts to separate the social from the economic – the result is the privileging of rich, white communities**
 * Grengs ’04** – Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Michigan ( Joe, CITY, VOL. 9, NO. 1, APRIL, “The abandoned social goals of public transit in the neoliberal city of the USA”, [])

Hidden behind the surge of national …. purpose of mass transit.

(James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 277)
 * This split is problematic –it turns consciousness into a means for profit**
 * Marsh 95**, Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University

Ideally, nature, __workers' own bodies, …. is the source of their value.__

** Žižek and Daly, 04 ** – *Slavoj Žižek is a researcher at the institute for sociology at Ljubljana and **Glyn Daly: Having taught at Essex and Manchester Universities, Glyn joined the Politics course team in 1999. Glyn is responsible for the Level 2 core module in International Studies, Global Imaginations: Ideas and Identities. He is also active in the area of Political Theory, and teaches and co-ordinates SOC1001 Introduction to Political Theory, SOC3006 Making of Modern Political Thought, and offers a specialist option on SOC3028 Ideology, Fantasy and Film in the final year. He has published a range of articles on Political Theory, Marxism and Post-Marxism and the Politics of Ideology and Fantasy and is currently writing a book on the work of the Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Zizek for Sage. Glyn has recently completed a training course for supervising PhD students.(“Risking the Impossible”, 2004, http://www.lacan.com/zizek-daly.htm)//MP//**
 * Resisting capitalism’s reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current social order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale**

For Zizek it is imperative that we cut …. in an otherwise sound matrix. //And, this separation prevents concern for the environment – that puts all life on earth in a precarious position// //Foster, 02 **(John Bellamy, Professor of environmental sociology, Marxism, and political economy at the University of Oregon,**// **Ecology Against Capitalism, //p 66-67)//**

//And, separation of the social and the economic makes endless war inevitable – it becomes a business// //Rajiva 6 **– Masters in Economics, Doctoral work in international relations and political philosophy**// //**(Lila, The New Centennial Review 6.1 (2006) 133-169, “Prometheus The Emergence of the Police State in America“)**//
 * //__The consequences of such…..__ – and must be superseded. //**

//** Indeed, to act with impunity, __the state …… be the logical outcome?__**//

//Moreover, focus on profit over people creates an urban underclass – this is justified with racism// //Wilson 10** (Carter, professor of political science at the University of Toledo, The Dominant Class and the Construction of Racial Oppression: A Neo-Marxist/Gramscian Approach to Race in the United States, Google Scholars) **//

In the final analysis, several …. analysis of contemporary racism. //And, crisis become inevitable in a world where we prioritize the economic over everything// //Harvey 10 **(David, Professor at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY) and Director at the Center for Place, Culture, and Politics,**// //**paper prepared for the American Sociological Association Meetings in Atlanta, August 16th, 2010, “The Enigma of Capital and the Crisis this Time”, Google Books)**//

//** There are abundant signs, however, that __….. flow__. Let us consider each of these. **//

//Separating the economic from the social undermines true democracy – it allows the elite to dominate society// //Reich, 07 **(Robert B., former Harvard University professor, “How capitalism is killing democracy,”**// **Foreign Policy//, September-October, accessed online using General OneFile, 07-17-08)//**


 * // Why has capitalism succeeded ….. __common concerns____.__//**

//Contention 2 is the solution//

//In the face of neoliberalism Sean and I demand that:// //The United States federal government will ensure funding for all its mass transit transportation infrastructure needs.//

//Privatizing mass transit causes social exclusion and extinction – we need the spectre of communism to re-emerge// //Zizek 09// //** (Slavoj, Professor of Sociology at the Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana University, “Censorship Today: Violence, or Ecology as a New Opium for the Masses” [] **//**HH)jc** Last but not least, new forms of ….. __a new mode of__ existence of __the hypothesis__ to __deploy itself__. The affirmative represents an ethical shift that embraces contingency in the face of certainty – This represents a dramatic shift from existing, unquestioned institutions Žižek and Daly 2004 ** (Slavoj, professor of philosophy at the Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana, and Glyn, Senior Lecturer in Politics in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at University College, Northampton, Conversations with Zizek, page 18-19) //MP//**

For Zizek, a confrontation …. to risk the impossible. //Locating a single contradiction may seem trivial, but the key is to tie it to universal struggles – fighting these struggles is vital to survival// //Žižek09 ** --Slavoj Žižek is a researcher at the institute for sociology at Ljubljana (New Left Review 57, May-June 2009, “How to Begin at the Beginning” http://www.newleftreview.org/II/57/slavoj-zizek-how-to-begin-from-the-beginning)JC **// It is not enough to remain faithful …. becoming so is to act preventively. //Our affirmative overcomes the fear of finding a revolutionary subject– This allows reaction to the system’s contradictions// //Žižek09 ** --Slavoj Žižek is a researcher at the institute for sociology at Ljubljana (New Left Review 57, May-June 2009, “How to Begin at the Beginning” http://www.newleftreview.org/II/57/slavoj-zizek-how-to-begin-from-the-beginning)JC **//

So where are we today, after the désastre obscur of ….. hypothesis, against all odds? //The dialectic is good – all knowledge is part of a larger process// // Robinson 06 ** Professor of Sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara (William I., Critical Globalization Studies, Chapter 2, “Critical Globalization Studies”, ed by R Richard P Appelbaum, http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/robinson/Assets/pdf/crit_glob.pdf SW) **// //** CGS = critical globalization studies **//

//**__A CGS__ therefore __requires dialectical…. to the larger social whole.__**//

//Our particular demand can have a subversive effect. Our 1AC politicizes the contradictions of capitalism to make a better system possible.// //Dean, 05** - teaches political theory. Her research and writing focus on the contemporary space and possibility of politics. Books include: Solidarity of Strangers (1996), Aliens in America (1998), Publicity's Secret (2002), Zizek's Politics (2006), Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies (2009), Blog Theory: Feedback and Capture in the Circuits of Drive (2010) (*Jodi, “Žižek Against Democrocy”, 2005, http://tinyurl.com/llnbtt) **//**MP**

I’ve argued thus far that Zizek ….. is no ‘itself’ absent this ‘beyond’) Planning for specific scenarios is impossible – ethics should be a prior question Kessler 08 **[Oliver professor of Sociology at University of Bielefeld, “From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics” Alternatives 33 (08), 211-232 LO]**


 * The problem of the second …. __assessed with relative certainty.__**

Demand is key Dean ’06 **- Prof. of Political Science @ Hobart and William Smith Colleges (Jodi, __Zizek’s Politics__, p. 187)//JC**


 * Žižek appeals to the … __or choice. It is simply what one must do__.**

Status quo decision-making hurts minorities Odell 2004** (University of Illinois is an Associate Professor of Philosophy (Jack, Ph.D., “On Consequentialist Ethics,” Wadsworth, Thomson Learning, Inc., pp. 98-103) Herm

__A classic objection …__ welfare of the group.