Rachel+Pang+and+Ashley+Bendl

toc = = =1. Plan:= The United States federal government should substantially increase space transparency and confidence-building measures with the People’s Republic of China, including information exchange for space activities, advanced notification for space policies, and enhanced space situational awareness capabilities and data exchange.

=2. Evidence=

adv 1- miscalculation
Official US space posture demonstrates Sinophobic suspicions—rendezvous and proximity operations are seen as a cover for ASAT testing, destroying any support for Chinese space security proposals U.S. perceptions of China’s development of space capabilities can best be described AND significant efforts at bilateral civil space cooperation between the U nited S tates and China.
 * Weeden and He 16. ** (Brian, former U.S. Air Force space and missile operations officer and currently technical adviser for Secure World Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the long-term sustainable use of outer space. Xiao, Assistant Research Fellow, Division of International Strategy, U.S. Diplomacy and Politics @ Chinese Academy of Social Science, Institute of World Economic and Politics. “U.S.-China Strategic Relations in Space,” US-China Relations in Strategic Domains. The National Bureau of Asian Research, Report #57, April 2016 [|http://www.nbr.org/publications/specialreport/pdf/Free/06192016/SR57_US-China_April2016.pdf)//CB]

Tensions are mounting --- the dual-use nature of space technology produces first-strike incentives and risks rapid escalation and miscalculation //The development, testing, and employment of dual-use capabilities. One of // //AND// //space assets,// which could cause the situation to escalate out of control.
 * Weeden and He 16. ** (Brian, former U.S. Air Force space and missile operations officer and currently technical adviser for Secure World Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the long-term sustainable use of outer space. Xiao, Assistant Research Fellow, Division of International Strategy, U.S. Diplomacy and Politics @ Chinese Academy of Social Science, Institute of World Economic and Politics. “U.S.-China Strategic Relations in Space,” US-China Relations in Strategic Domains. The National Bureau of Asian Research, Report #57, April 2016. http://www.nbr.org/publications/specialreport/pdf/Free/06192016/SR57_US-China_April2016.pdf)//CB//

//Better SSA will resolve the inevitable space arms race between the US and China -- co-operation is key// //**Moore 11** (Gregory J. Moore is associate professor in the Political Science Department of Zhejiang University's College of Public Administration, Hangzhou, China. He is the editor of (and author of chapters in) North Korean Nuclear Operationality: Implications for Northeast Asian Regional Security and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime (forthcoming), and numerous articles and chapters on Chinese foreign policy, “East Asian security, and international relations theory, An International Relations Perspective on the Science, Politics, and Potential of an Extraterrestrial Sino-US Arms Race”, available online via ProQuest, TMP)// //A space arms race is somewhat// different than a terrestrial one for several reasons//, // // AND // // would help address some of China's concerns about India's space aspirations as well. //

//Now is key – tensions are simmering to a boiling point// //**Billings 15** – editor of Scientific American, featured in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Scientific American, Popular Mechanics and many other publications. From 2006 to 2011, he was an editor at Seed Magazine, where he covered science and technology topics including astrophysics, space exploration, paleontology and robotics. He graduated in 2003 from the University of Minnesota with a degree in journalism. (Lee, “War in Space May Be Closer Than Ever”, Scientific American, August 10, 2015, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/war-in-space-may-be-closer-than-ever//dmeth) The world’s most worrisome military flashpoint is arguably not in the Strait of Taiwan, AND a series of Chinese anti-satellite missile tests that began in 2007.

High risk of space war – space debris – goes nuclear The prospect of war in space is not new. Fearing Soviet nuclear weapons launched AND Weeden says, though they could also be meant for more sinister intentions.
 * Billings 15** – editor of Scientific American, featured in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Scientific American, Popular Mechanics and many other publications. From 2006 to 2011, he was an editor at Seed Magazine, where he covered science and technology topics including astrophysics, space exploration, paleontology and robotics. He graduated in 2003 from the University of Minnesota with a degree in journalism. (Lee, “War in Space May Be Closer Than Ever”, Scientific American, August 10, 2015, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/war-in-space-may-be-closer-than-ever//dmeth)

Adv 2- cooperation
US-China cooperation is key to effective space debris mitigation measures It is common to equate Space Situational Awareness (SSA) only with U. AND //be naïve, just responsible behavior for the U.S. too.//
 * Pekkanen 15** - Lob and Gertrud Tamaki professor at the Jackson School of International Studies, in the University of Washington Seattle, works on the international relations of Japan and Asia, with a special interest in outer space governance, security, and policy, co-chairs the U.S.-Japan Space Forum (Saadia, “Frenemies In Space; China Needs To Protect Its Assets, Too”, Forbes, August 26, 2015, [|http://www.forbes.com/sites/saadiampekkanen/2015/08/26/frenemies-in-space-china-needs-to-protect-its-assets-too/#727d36512959//dmeth])

Cooperation over SSA leads to more effective space weather predictions SSA can broadly be defined as characterizing the space environment and its effects on activities AND can make more efficient use of limited budgets and long spacecraft design times.
 * Weeden, Cefola, and Sankaran 2010- **Brian, Technical Advisor for Secure World Foundation and a former U.S. Air Force Officer, Paul, PhD in engineering, Jaganath, Research Scholar at the Center for International and Security Studies, GLOBAL SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS SENSORS, ([]) JB

Increased cooperation between the US and China avoids miscalculation and reduces the possibility of space accidents Prevent Crisis Escalation. Communication between the U.S. and China on space AND //number of accidents and increase the safety of operating in the space environment//.
 * Hayes 09 **- Tracey, former commander of the 90th Missile Wing and former member of the Headquarters Air Force Space Command staff, PROPOSAL FOR A COOPERATIVE SPACE STRATEGY WITH CHINA, ([[file:///C:\Users\Josh%20Baime\Downloads\ADA530117.pdf|file:///C:/Users/Josh%20Baime/Downloads/ADA530117.pdf]]) JB

Hazardous space weather coming now – causes grid blackouts, satellite collapse, trillion dollars in damages and – extinction // LONDON — __Last time it happened__, in 1859, __the world’s telegraph machines sparked__// //__AND__// //**__to $2 trillion, and the effects could be felt for years.”__**//
 * Hines, 15** (Nico, London editor of The Daily Beast; 07/29/15; “You’ll Have 12 Hours to Get Ready for the Solar Storm That Could Paralyze the World”; [] )//JPM//

//Current space weather predictions only give 12 hours of warning// //** Khomani and Watt 15 **- Nadia, staff writer, Holly, investigations correspondent, Earth could get just 12 hours' warning of damaging solar storm, ([]) JB// Humanity would only have a 12-hour warning //about the arrival of a “// //AND// // worst case scenario would only allow us 12 hours from observation to impact.” //

//Space Weather events wreck global GPS// //**Met Office 16,**// //(Met Office (Meteorological Office) is the United Kingdom's official national weather service. It is an executive agency and trading fund of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills and a member of the Public Data Group, [], TMP)// //Low level// space weather events occur on a regular basis// and whilst they can be // // AND // // weather. Access to this service can be requested - Request Space Weather Account //

//GPS is CRITICAL to the economy – disruption wrecks every sector// //**Leveson 2015,**// //(Irv Leveson is a Ph.D. in economics from Columbia University and economic and strategy consultant and founder of Leveson Consulting. He has done extensive work on GNSS markets and issues for more than 10 years. He is a member of the Institute of Navigation, and the American Economic Association and the National Association for Business Economics, “The Economic Benefits of GPS”, [], TMP)// // Critical to many civilian applications and innovations, GPS brings great economic benefits.These // //AND// // and assistance. Responsibility for the content and findings rests with the author. //

//Econ collapse causes global conflict - Current geo-political climate creates multiple scenarios// // Duncan 12 // //Richard Duncan, former World Bank specialist and chief economist in Blackhorse Asset Management, in 2012 (Richard, chief economist at Singapore-based Blackhorse Asset Management, former financial sector specialist at the World Bank and global head of investment strategy at ABN AMRO Asset Management, studied literature and economics at Vanderbilt University (1983) and international finance at Babson College (1986), “The New Depression: The Breakdown of the Paper Money Economy”, http://www.amazon.com/The-New-Depression-Breakdown-ebook/dp/B007GZOYI6, 2/24/12)// // The consequences of a New Great Depression would extend far beyond the realm of economics // // AND // //__ that killed approximately 60 million people. __// // killed approximately 60 million people. //

//SSA solves asteroids – the impact is extinction// //**Pelton 13,** (Dr. Joseph N. Pelton is emeritus Director of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute (SACRI) at George Washington University, “Space Debris and Other Threats from Outer Space”, Available online via SpringerLink, TMP)// // What is often not mentioned is that these// natural debris and natural phenomena could actually AND can presumably be applied to help protect people here on Earth as well.//

solvency
TCBMs solve—info sharing clarifies benign intentions of both parties in space and unseats the culture of secrecy embedded within both national space programs --- this posture shift underpins eventual political agreements that produce restraint and produce international SSA collaboration Transparency and confidence-building mechanisms for managing tensions and crises. The prospects of AND and improving them will result in positive externalities that will benefit all countries.
 * Weeden and He 16. ** (Brian, former U.S. Air Force space and missile operations officer and currently technical adviser for Secure World Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the long-term sustainable use of outer space. Xiao, Assistant Research Fellow, Division of International Strategy, U.S. Diplomacy and Politics @ Chinese Academy of Social Science, Institute of World Economic and Politics. “U.S.-China Strategic Relations in Space,” US-China Relations in Strategic Domains. The National Bureau of Asian Research, Report #57, April 2016. [|http://www.nbr.org/publications/specialreport/pdf/Free/06192016/SR57_US-China_April2016.pdf)//CB]

SSA collaboration is key to fill data gaps and prevent offensive behavior in space. In any CPR the ability of resource appropriators to determine whether or not others are AND or rules of behavior without requiring traditional arms control measures or formal treaties.
 * Weeden and Chow 12. ** (Brian, Secure World Foundation. Tiffany, Co-Lead @ Space Safety and Sustainability Working Group. “Taking a common-pool resources approach to space sustainability: A framework and potential policies,” Space Policy. Accessed via ScienceDirect. July 2012.)//CB

=3. Neg=

Neg vs. S&ED
1NC: Elections DA, Appeasement DA, T-QPQ 2NR: Elections DA and Appeasement DA

Neg vs. ISS
1NC: Elections DA, Espionage DA, T-QPQ 2NR: Elections DA and Espionage DA

Neg vs. Korea
1NC: Unification CP, Elections DA, Allied Prolif, T-military 2NR: Allied Prolif DA

Neg vs. Climate Coop
1NC: Xi Bad DA, Elections DA, and Russia DA 2NR: Elections DA