Sarah+&+Emily

=Aff - Arctic Mapping=

A. Economy—Status quo shipping is dangerous and unprofitable due to outdated maps and data—the plan is key to sustain development and incentivizes greater investment
Kendrick 6/28/14 —writer for the Barents Observer, graduate of the University of Maryland’s master’s program in journalism (Lyle, “Map Shortcomings Could Hinder Northern Sea Route Growth,” Barents Observer, 6/28/14, http://barentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2014/06/map-shortcomings-could-hinder-northern-sea-route-growth-28-06)//JG **Sea ice and depth mapping deficits still exist** near the Northern Sea Route **that could** **AND** Suez Canal, which had more than 17,000 vessels last year.

The plan massively increases shipper and navigational confidence
Davison 12 —writer for Alaska Dispatch (Janet, “Arctic mapping to make navigating Northwest Passage safer,” Alaska Dispatch, 10/14/12, http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/arctic-mapping-make-navigating-northwest-passage-safer)//JG Arctic explorers may have come up empty-handed in the search for Sir John AND protect the environment, but also to make marine safety our top priority."

Arctic shipping not cost effective absent the plan—multiple barriers key to effective global shipping, but effective shipping lanes in the Arctic could reap huge potential benefits
Humpert and Raspotnik 12 (Malte Humpert- Executive Director of The Arctic Institute, graduate studies at Georgetown University included regime change in the Arctic, energy and security issues, and economic potential of Arctic shipping routes, and Andreas Raspotnik, Research Fellow at the University of Cologne, double PhD, “The Future of Arctic Shipping” October, 11, 2012, http://www.thearcticinstitute.org/2012/10/the-future-of-arctic-shipping.html)//HA Arctic sea ice is melting rapidly, and within the next decade the effects of AND foreseeable future, only be cost effective for a limited number of operators.

Shipping key to stable food prices, trade, and world economic stability
We hoped to kick-start moves towards creating a far broader awareness that __a__ __AND__ __international shipping half the world would starve and the other half would freeze__.
 * Mitropolous 5** (Efthimios, Secretary-General of the International Maritime Organization of the United Nations, World Maritime Day Parallel Event, 11/15, International Maritime Organization, http://www.imo.org/Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1028&doc_id=5415)

Trade prevents war, contains war, and checks escalation—solves all other impacts
Griswold 2011 (Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization. “Free Trade and the Global Middle Class,” Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9 http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf) __Our__ more __globalized world has__ also __yielded a “peace dividend__.” It may not AND __and less likely those gains will be destroyed by civil conflict and war.__

Economic decline causes war
Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215) Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

B. Environment— attempts at Arctic shipping are inevitable in the squo
National Geographic 13 National Geographic Staff, NOVEMBER 8, 2013, http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/energy/great-energy-challenge/big-energy-question/arctic-what-do-we-need-to-know/)//HA The Arctic is currently changing in ways we are still trying to grasp, but  AND  , geopolitical boundaries, and many other effects of a changing northern climate.

But absent effective charts, current shipping risks environmental catastrophe—navigation capabilities are key to cooperation and disaster response
ICS 14 (INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF SHIPPING (ICS), “Arctic Shipping Position Paper” 2014, http://www.ics-shipping.org/docs/default-source/resources/policy-tools/ics-position-paper-on-arctic-shipping.pdf?sfvrsn=12)//HA 2. Development of Arctic maritime infrastructure to support safety and environmental protection While the AND (SAR) capability, salvage capacity, and emergency pollution response. 6

Biodiversity hotspots key to global biodiversity
Johnsen et. al 10 (Kathrine I. Johnsen (Editor in Chief), Björn Alfthan, Lawrence Hislop, Janet F. Skaalvik, “Protecting Arctic Biodiversity” UNEP, 2010, http://www.unep.org/pdf/arcticMEAreport_screen.pdf)//HA// The Arctic contribution to global biodiversity is significant//. Although the Arctic has relatively few AND year in order to take advantage of the short but productive Arctic summers2.

Marine hotspots are key—the impact is extinction
// Extinction is the gravest consequence of the biodiversity crisis, since //it is irreversible.// AND % of original vegetation remaining” criterion to a genuine hotspot.
 * Mittermeier ’11** (et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations. He is the President of Conservation International and he is considered an expert on biological diversity. Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots—F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011. This evidence also internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity. available at: http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots)//HA//
 * AND**

C. No disads—shipping is __inevitable__ and competitive but charts prevent accidents
Arctic aspirations While innovative designs and alternative fuels can help improve profitability, potential **new** **AND** incidents, higher than the average elsewhere, reflecting the harsher operating environment.
 * AGCS 14**—Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty (German multinational financial services company Safety and Shipping Review 2014 Shipping Losses An annual review of trends and developments in shipping losses and safety https://www.allianz.com/v_1394634022000/media/press/document/AGCS_Shipping_Review_2014_5mb.pdf//cc)

Militaristic Russia expansionism into the Arctic now—US policy and support from other Arctic nations key to prevent escalatory conflict
Mitchell 14 (Jon Mitchell, pursuing Masters degree in public policy, with a concentration in international affairs “Russia’s Territorial Ambition and Increased Military Presence in the Arctic” April 23, 2014, Foreign Policy Journal, http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2014/04/23/russias-territorial-ambition-and-increased-military-presence-in-the-arctic/)//HA As the U.S. and E.U. keep a very close AND by entering into a military buildup simply to dominate Russia in the Arctic.

First is civilian presence—Arctic maritime transport and infrastructure policies are key to prevent competition from escalating by encouraging cooperation
Higginbotham **and** Grosu **14** (JOHN HIGGINBOTHAM a senior fellow at CIGI and Carleton University, MARINA GROSU master’s graduate in international public policy of Wilfrid Laurier University’s School of International Policy and Governance junior research fellowship at CIGI. “THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES AND ARCTIC MARITIME DEVELOPMENT IN THE BEAUFORT AREA” MAY 2014, CIGI, http://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/cigi_pb_40.pdf)//HA The Arctic is facing remarkable climatic and oceanic change that is triggering unprecedented opportunities and AND remains startlingly underdeveloped when compared with southern Canadian provinces and other Arctic regions.

Second is Maritime Domain Awareness—it’s collapsing now due to outdated maps and charts, the plan solves
__One **key capability gap** that will__ likely __continue to **hamper** Arctic operations__ in the coming AND of multi-year ice, well beyond the ship’s icebreaking capabilities.333
 * Perry and Andersen 12** —vice president and director of studies at the IFPA, research analyst at IFPA (Charles and Bobby, The Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, Inc. (IFPA), now in its thirty-sixth year, develops innovative strategies for new security challenges. IFPA conducts studies, workshops, and conferences on nation¬al security and foreign policy issues and produces innovative reports, briefings, and publications, //NEW STRATEGIC DYNAMICS in the ARCTIC REGION, Implications for National Security and International Collaboration//, http://www.ifpa.org/pdf/StrategicDynamicsArcticRegion.pdf/cc)

High tensions in the arctic will escalate due to competition, but the plan incentivizes cooperation
Aerandir 12 (Mate Wesley Aerandir Lieutenant United States Navy B.A., “BREAKING THE ICE: POTENTIAL U.S.-RUSSIAN MARITIME CONFLICT IN THE ARCTIC” December 2012, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a573497.pdf)//HA There is ample reason and precedent suggesting that countries will resort to armed conflict to AND to encroach on, or overlap with, the legitimate claims of neighbors.

MDA solves the economy and disaster preparedness
White House 13 (The National Maritime Domain Awareness Plan for the National Strategy for Maritime Security, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/national_maritime_domain_awareness_plan.pdf//cc) The Strategic Environment—The World As It Is Covering more than 70 percent of AND **preparing, responding, and increasing resilience in the face of future catastrophes** **. **

Effective MDA regulates Arctic stability and international security
Regehr 14 —Senior Fellow in Arctic Security at the Simons Foundation, Research Fellow at the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, O.C. (Ernie, “Arctic Maritime Domain Awareness: A domestic and strategic imperative,” The Simons Foundation, 2-3-14, [] ) Cooperative domain awareness as a strategic imperative The need for full time and reliable awareness AND . As such, it represents a core strategic interest of Arctic states.

Development of arctic policy and shipping lanes solves for conflicts with Russia
O’Sullivan 14 (Conor O’Sullivan, 2015 M.S. Candidate at NYU’s Center for Global Affairs, “Opinion: Arctic Development Could Ignite Next Great-Game Competition” Breaking Energy, April 28, 2014, http://breakingenergy.com/2014/04/28/opinion-arctic-development-could-ignite-next-great-game-competition/)//HA// International law and conventions can only be implemented if supported by U.S. AND// , increasing the risk of energy security competition and Great Power military conflict.

Methodological analysis proves our impact
Aerandir 12 (Mate Wesley Aerandir Lieutenant United States Navy B.A., “BREAKING THE ICE: POTENTIAL U.S.-RUSSIAN MARITIME CONFLICT IN THE ARCTIC” December 2012, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a573497.pdf)//HA 1. Potential for Maritime Conflict in the Arctic Based on the methodology established for AND international institutions and economic incentives in restraining actors’ behavior in an anarchic system.

US-Russia war causes extinction
Helfand 14 (Ira Helfand, M.D, past president of Physicians for Social Responsibility, co-president of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. “Another View: Ukraine crisis puts focus on danger of nuclear war” May 3, 2014, http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/opinion/columnists/2014/05/04/another-view-ukraine-crisis-danger-nuclear-war/8665185/)//HA The ongoing crisis in Ukraine has made it clear that the danger of nuclear war AND of nuclear weapons, there is the danger of an accidental nuclear war.

1AC—Solvency
====Navigational capabilities are key to a successful arctic strategy—federal mapping guidelines, standard operating procedures, and vessel of opportunity protocol is vital to navigation services in Arctic waters—NOAA mapping is key, but funding is necessary==== Foxx 13 — U.S. Secretary of Transportation (Anthony, CMTS Chair, J.D. from New York University School of Law, U.S. Arctic Marine Transportation System: Overview and Priorities for Action http://www.cmts.gov/downloads/CMTS%20U%20S%20%20Arctic%20MTS%20Report%20%2007-30-13.pdf//cc) __Arctic transits and access to Arctic resources become more feasible__, **__national security and commercial__** __research vessel to survey, or contract for hydrographic data in the region__.
 * __AND__**

** Only US national investment and a regulatory strategy solves **
**Slayton 5/21**/14—Research Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University and Co-Chair and Executive Director, Arctic Security Initiative (David M, House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Hearing // Using New Ocean Technologies: Promoting Efficient Maritime Transportation and Improving Maritime Domain Awareness and Response Capability // Written Statement for the Record to the United States House of Representatives Transport, Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Sub-Committee//cc) With regard to Arctic shipping, the United States should continue to be proactive at AND maritime and Arctic interests and responsibilities urgently and as a national strategic priority.

The aff is a prerequisite to any Arctic development
GAO 14, (“Maritime Infrastructure: Key Issues Related to Commercial Activity in the U.S. Arctic Over the Next Decade,” March 2014, [] , pp. 24-26) The USCG is conducting a Waterway Analysis and Management System assessment along the western and AND necessary to improve weather and sea ice forecasts in the challenging Arctic environment.

Mapping is key to effective use of the Arctic—US action is key
Increased global interest in Arctic resources and shipping routes will directly affect local communities and AND though more creative public and private finance that ties education to development.29
 * Kraska and Baker, 14—** Mary Derrickson McCurdy visiting scholar at Duke University Marine Laboratory and senior fellow at the Center for Oceans Law and Policy, University of Virginia School of Law AND associate professor of law and senior fellow for Oceans and Energy at the Institute for Energy and the Environment at Vermont Law School (James and Betsy, “Emerging Arctic Security Challenges,” Center for a New American Security, March, http://www.cnas.org/sites/default/files/publications-pdf/CNAS_EmergingArcticSecurityChallenges_policybrief.pdf)//VIVIENNE

US leadership is key—the Arctic is a unique region – __means only the plan can solve__
Largely because of the pace of environmental change, the Arctic region is moving headlong AND , rather than be shaped by, the circumstances of rapid Arctic change.
 * Kraska and Baker, 14—** Mary Derrickson McCurdy visiting scholar at Duke University Marine Laboratory and senior fellow at the Center for Oceans Law and Policy, University of Virginia School of Law AND associate professor of law and senior fellow for Oceans and Energy at the Institute for Energy and the Environment at Vermont Law School (James and Betsy, “Emerging Arctic Security Challenges,” Center for a New American Security, March, http://www.cnas.org/sites/default/files/publications-pdf/CNAS_EmergingArcticSecurityChallenges_policybrief.pdf)//VIVIENNE