Mark+and+Michael

The war on terror has been brought to America in the form of aerial surveillance, making Orwell's dystopia a reality
Imagine for a moment. A scenic drive along a picturesque highway, it is AND , may present a strong rationale for rejecting drones introduction at this time.
 * Gohoshray 2013** (Saby [President, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies Director, Research, and Compliance WorldCompliance Company]; Domestic Surveillance Via Drones: Looking Through the Lens of the Fourth Amendment; 33 N. Ill. U. L. Rev. 579)

As police forces become increasing paramilitarized, drones will be a critical tool to stifle and kill dissidents
Law enforcement agencies have begun deploying drones for routine domestic surveillance operations, unrestrained by AND and the use of force up to and including the authority to kill."
 * Talai 14 -** University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (Andrew, "The Fourth Amendment and Police Discretion in the Digital Age," 102 Cal. L. Rev. 729, Lexis/SEP)

Police drones will be weaponized
The use of drones by domestic US law enforcement agencies is growing rapidly, both AND a domestic drone regime is the key first step in constructing that coalition.
 * Greenwald 2013** (Glenn [former columnist on civil liberties and US national security issues for the Guardian. An ex-constitutional lawyer]; The US Needs To Wake Up To Threat Of Domestic Drones; Mar 30; http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/29/domestic-drones-unique-dangers; kdf)

This will disproportionately effect communities of color
Bernd 2015 (Candice; Proposed Rules Regulating Domestic Drone Use Lack Police Warrant Requirement; Feb 24; www.truth-out.org/news/item/29250-proposed-rules-regulating-domestic-drone-use-lack-police-warrant-requirement; kdf) "You're not just talking about the physical border, you're talking about an area AND kind of having the privacy debate after the fact with very little information."

That exasperates structural racism
Today, media reporting on government surveillance is laser-focused on the revelations by AND failed to tell the story of surveillance in the context of structural racism.
 * Cyril 2015** (Malkia Amala [under and executive director of the Center for Media Justice (CMJ) and co-founder of the Media Action Grassroots Network]; Black America's State of Surveillance; Mar 30; www.progressive.org/news/2015/03/188074/black-americas-state-surveillance; kdf)

Challenging institutional racism is a prior ethical question— it makes violence structurally inevitable and foundationally negates morality
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission AND . True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.
 * Memmi 2000** (Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris, Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165)

Plan
====The United States federal government should curtail it aerial surveillance by ruling that such searches constitute a search within the Fourth Amendment and is unreasonable without a warrant, barring exigent circumstances.====

A Supreme Court ruling on aerial surveillance is uniquely key to revitalizing 4th Amendment's ability to protect privacy and to stop the onslaught of advancing technologies
[*493] The Katz reasonable expectation of privacy test has been criticized for its AND even the widespread use of UAS will not erode society's legitimate privacy expectations.
 * Celso 2014** (Joel [JD Candidate U of Baltimore Law]; DRONING ON ABOUT THE FOURTH AMENDMENT: ADOPTING A REASONABLE FOURTH AMENDMENT JURISPRUDENCE TO PREVENT UNREASONABLE SEARCHES BY UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS; 43 U. Balt. L. Rev. 461; kdf)

First, requiring warrants on drones acts as a catalyst to jolt privacy law forward
Simultaneously, the IHSS survey respondents indicated apprehensiveness over any domestic drone operations: two AND to civil liberties is profound. The law must catch up with technology.
 * Ahsanuddin et al 2014** (Sadia - principal investigator for the report and MPAC research fellow; Domestic Drones: Implications for Privacy and Due Process in the United States; Sep 8; www.mpac.org/publications/policy-papers/domestic-drones.php; kdf)

Second, the plan grants adversarial standing, making it possible to challenge the constitutionality of all surveillance programs
Looking back at the events of 2013, in light of the extensive legislative history AND creates the proper balance between national security and the protection of individual privacy.
 * Correia 2014** (Evan RC [JD Candidate, 2015 @ Temple]; PULLING BACK THE VEIL OF SECRECY: STANDING TO CHALLENGE THE GOVERNMENT'S ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES; 24 Temp. Pol. & Civ. Rts. L. Rev. 185; kdf)

Third, our precedent of the plan sets a constitutional floor for states & municipalities, and empirically will be modeled internationally
To begin with, skeptics allege that legislations can more carefully analyze a problem, AND of the courts exercising their proper role as a limited but effective policymakers.
 * Rushin 2011** (Stephen [PhD student at the University of California, Berkeley, Jurisprudence and Social Policy Program; J.D., University of California, Berkeley]; THE JUDICIAL RESPONSE TO MASS POLICE SURVEILLANCE; 2011 U. Ill. J.L. Tech. & Pol'y 281; kdf)

The judicial observer effect provides a counterweight that shifts executive decision-making towards more careful procedures as well as rights-sensitive policies
The observer effect provides an important counterweight to the executive's instinct to prioritize national security AND judicial oversight will shift the substantive policy in a more rightssensitive direction.156
 * Deeks 13 – Assistant Professor of Law, University of Virginia Law School, Attorney-Adviser in the Office of the Legal Adviser at the U.S. Department of State** (Ashley S., "The Observer Effect: National Security Litigation, Executive Policy Changes, and Judicial Deference," 82 Fordham Law Review 2, SEP)

Reject their magnitude first claims – can't calculate effects with low probability and not real world
(associate professor at Department of Historical, Philosophical and Religious Studies at Umeå University AND Professor of Philosophy and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities at University College London [Madeleine and Jonathan, "The Moral Problem of Risk Impositions: A Survey of the Literature," European Journal of Philosophy, pp. e35-e37, 2011, Wiley, Accessed 6/27/15]//schnall) 6.2. Assessing the Probability for Harm Ultimately the issue of probability is AND in such cases cost-beneﬁt analysis appears little help (Hansson 2009).
 * Hayenhjelm and Wolff 11**

Err on the side of probability to check psychological bias toward long link chains
cofounder of Machine Intelligence Research Institute [Eliezer, research fellow at MIRI, "Cognitive Biases Potentially Affecting Judgment of Global Risks," Machine Intelligence Research Institute, pp. 7-8, 2008, https://intelligence.org/files/CognitiveBiases.pdf, Accessed 6/29/15] The conjunction fallacy similarly applies to futurological forecasts. Two independent sets of professional analysts AND a futurist, disjunctions make for an awkward and unpoetic-sounding prophecy.
 * Yudkowsky 8**

Intervening actors mean that our responsibility does not extend to the effects of the plan
(Alan, philosopher, 1983, Human Rights: Essays on Justification and Applications, p 230-231) A third distinction is between respecting other persons and avoiding bad consequences. Respect for AND rights cannot justifiably be secured at the price of the rights of blacks.
 * Gewirth 83**

[Rupert, Reader in Philosophy at the University of East Anglia, "The difference principle is not action-guiding", http://www.rupertread.fastmail.co.uk/The%20difference%20principle%20is%20not%20action%20guiding.doc] There is a flaw in Utilitarianism that is one step beyond the problem mentioned above AND people's reactions to those? Gigantic, impenetrable co-ordination problems result.
 * ====Utilitarianism can't coherently guide action – too many competing risks. ====**
 * Read 9**

Consequentialism fail in the context of the surveillance-terrorism dilemma
Leopoldo A. Moscoso is a professor of political philosophy at the University of Madrid, "Citizens, Aliens and Suspects in an Age of the War on Terror: The Question of Emergency Powers in Western Post-Democracies," ITALIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC LAW - VOL. 3 ISSUE 2/2011 ♥Tina Concerning the effects now, the study of the new manifestations of political violence requires AND might remain for the party of violence to resort to the same scheme.
 * Moscoso 11**

There must be moral side-constrains - some actions must never be allowed no matter the consequences
(Thomas, 1979, Philosopher, Mortal Questions, p 58-59) Many people feel, without being able to say much more about it, that AND ease the consciences of those responsible for a certain number of charred babies.
 * Nagel 79**

No great power war—domestic preoccupations and independence—at worst it will be proxy wars
In sum, power is now more evenly distributed in the international system. As AND powers are unable to impose their will or even agree on desirable outcomes.
 * Menon 15** [Shivshankar, fellow at the Foreign Policy program at Brookings Institute, "How great power competition has changed", Brookings, May 4 2015, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/order-from-chaos/posts/2015/05/04-great-power-competition-menon] AW

No nuke war – rational actors and mutually assured destruction
Aziz 14 (John Aziz is staff writer at The Week. "Don't worry: World War III will almost certainly never happen," The Week, March 6, 2014. theweek.com/articles/449783/dont-worry-world-war-iii-almost-certainly-never-happen) jsk Next year will be the seventieth anniversary of the end of the last global conflict AND More importantly, nobody in power wants to be the cause of Armageddon.

The State is inevitable - the only choice is to strive and make it ethical
(Enrique Domingo Dussel Ambrosini (born December 24, 1934) is an Argentine-Mexican writer and philosopher; The sphere of feasibility: Empire and the "dissolution of the particular state" ; 2011 ; From Critical Theory to the Philosophy of Liberation: Some Themes for Dialogue, page 29; AWEY) All institutions, responding in their founding moment to demands for the permanence and extension AND -posit79 their own mediations is negated, and who are thereby repressed.
 * Dussel 11**

Public advocacies for anti-surveillance are necessary to create the motivation for congressional action
(Rebecca, University of Montana, "Resisting NSA Surveillance: Glenn Greenwald and the public sphere debate about privacy," pg online @ http://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5439&context=etd //um-ef) Public Sphere Resistance Based on these critiques, Greenwald identifies several actors who can change AND public pressure. Greenwald's summoned public addresses politicians as well as average citizens.
 * Rice '15**

Reject 'hotspot' impacts in favor of working against the ongoing extinctions of people of color
[1989, Barbara Omolade is a historian of black women for the past twenty years and an organizer in both the women's and civil rights/black power movements, "We Speak for the Planet" in "Rocking the ship of state : toward a feminist peace politics", pp. 172-176] Recent efforts by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and President Ronald Reagan to limit nuclear testing AND is a threat to world peace as pervasive and thorough as nuclear war.
 * Omolade 89**

Past 2NRs: T - Domestic = borders Psychoanalysis Iran DA Terrorist PIK Foucault K