Rikki+&+Sam

Plan


 * The United States federal government should substantially increase its ocean exploration through the National Oceanographic Partnership Program.**


 * Contention 1 - Marine Science Leadership**


 * Cuts to US ocean exploration now **
 * Mclain, 12 ** - Assistant Director of Science for the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (Craig, March 15, 2012 “Losing Deep-Sea Science in the United States” http://deepseanews.com/2012/03/losing-deep-sea-science-in-the-united-states/)//gingE//

// As the case in 1962, our nation’s scientific numbers have never been greater or // // AND // // to the NOAA Director Jane Lubchenco. Their contact information is listed below. //

//** Greater ocean exploration is vital to understanding deep-ocean thermohaline circulation which determines our ability to adapt to climate change **// //**Goodwin, 9** – The Harmon Project, NOAA// //Goodwin is PhD Marine Biologist and Science Writer at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (“Why Do We Explore” [] ) zabd// //Why Ocean Exploration Is Important Today Curiosity, desire for knowledge, and quest for// //AND// //**__the reasons we explore Earth’s ocean; but we also explore to survive__**.//

//** Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience **// //**Young, 14 –** thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT **(**Grace, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, [|http://mseas.mit.edu/publications/Theses/Grace_C_Young_BS_Thesis_MIT2014.pdf)//DH] // //The misconceptions that drove spending on space were mirrored in our lack of knowledge about// //AND// //will be presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York this week.//

//** Climate Change is unavoidable – adaptation is the only way to solve **// //** Jacobs et al ** ** 10 ** - Works at University of Arizona, and other members of the Panel on Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change (Katharine, “Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change”) National Academy of Sciences. [] ] (LT)// //**__Adaptation__** **__to climate change requires attention now because impacts are__** already being felt across the// //AND// //we may face limits on our ability to avoid painful impacts by adapting.//

//** Stable federal exploration funding is the __bellwether__ for catalyzing investment in __adaptation technologies__ and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem management **// //**Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH

The importance of **__the ocean__** in daily life, whether you live on the East AND
 * __that U.S. ocean science research will have__** **__around the globe__**.


 * A dedicated federal funding stream through NOPP is __perceived__ as restoring the U.S. __reputation__ within the marine science community – that’s vital to attracting scientists into research collaboration **
 * NRC 3 ** – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, [] )

with consideration to the comments above) or NSF would be appropriate alternatives.
 * __The major drawback of a NOPP-sponsored ocean exploration program is that NOPP itself__**
 * __AND__**


 * Research-driven adaptation strategies build in __resilience__ to prevent total ecosystem collapse **
 * Doney, 8 -** Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, **“**The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174” Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives6/5, []


 * __Major gaps exist in our current scientific understanding, limiting our ability to forecast the__**
 * __AND__**
 * __) to__** **__increase ecosystem resiliency__**as well as local-scale mitigation efforts.


 * A dedicated NOPP funding stream will maximize ocean science partnerships and lead to __applied solutions__ for ocean ecosystem management **
 * Watkins et al, 9** - Watkins chaired the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, served as the President of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, and founding President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (James, How the Oceanographic Community Created a National Oceanographic Partnership Program” Oceanography Vol. 22, Iss. 2. Published by the NOPP. https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2982/22.2_watkins.pdf?sequence=1) zabd


 * __The successes of the ocean partnership effort started more than ten years ago have been__**
 * __AND__**
 * __partnering and apply them to society’s most exigent needs__** **__with haste and vigor__**.


 * US oceans leadership creates the political will for protection– change is empirically possible **
 * Sielen, 14 -** ALAN B. SIELEN is Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (“Sea Change: How to Save the Oceans” 4/16, []

the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, the world’s largest ocean preserve.
 * __The rebirth of the seas will require large doses of education to dispel the myth__**
 * __AND__**

Ocean exploration necessary to change perception of climate change and ecosystems with policymakers and to spur **action** – current measures aren’t sufficient and the window is closing //**On January 23, 1960, two men, diving in a small deep-**// //**AND**// //**__decades of science and understanding under our belts before we get to exploitation__****.”**//
 * Terdiman, ’10 – senior writer for CNET **(David, **April 20th, 2010** “**Oceans’ Salvation May Lie in Exploration” Consortium for Ocean Leadership,** [] **) //GY//**

//**Contention 2 - Impact Framing**//

//** Adopting a mindset of scientific inquiry for climate change makes sense because it’s a phenomenon uniquely suited to an empiricist methodology **//

//Jean **__ Bricmont 1 __**, professor of theoretical physics at the University of Louvain, “Defense of a Modest Scientific Realism”, September 23, [] // //Given that instrumentalism is not defensible when it is formulated as a rigid doctrine,// //AND// //**__but we would like to offer a few ideas that might prove useful__**.//

//** We are not science, we __use__ science – our method is the same one everyone inevitably uses on a day-to-day basis, just more rigorous **//

//Jean **__ Bricmont 1 __**, professor of theoretical physics at the University of Louvain, “Defense of a Modest Scientific Realism”, September 23, [] // //So, **__how does one obtain evidence concerning the truth or falsity of scientific assertions__**// //**__AND__**// //**__between the alternative theories if indeed they should be regarded as different theories__**.//

//No risk of war// //** a. interdependence – Even if it generates conflicts, interdependence provides the safest ways to resolve them **// //** Pevehouse 4 **Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin (Jon, “// //AND// //**__that do not escalate, the number of hostile interactions will remain limited__**.//

//** b. First-strike capabilities deter global conflicts **//

//** Lieber and Press 6 **Assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame and International Affairs Fellow at the Council of Foreign Relations, and Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania (Keir and Daryl, “The End of MAD? The Nuclear Dimension of U.S. Primacy”,// International Security//, Spring 2006, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 7-44, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/isec.2006.30.4.7)// //The **__debates over nuclear forces during the Cold War suggest that a consensus on the__**// //**__AND__**// //reconsider the wisdom of making thinly veiled nuclear threats against the United States.// //** c. Ideological repulsion not only prevents but transforms war – modern conflict aims to reduce casualties and prevent large scale conflict **// //** Miller 12 **Students Editor at E-International and Relations Research Assistant at Pacific Resolutions (Sarah, “The Transformation of War”, E-International Relations Students, 8/16/12, http://www.e-ir.info/2012/08/16/the-transformation-of-war/)//BZ Although **__war__** may create a strong sense of emotional and spiritual satisfaction, it also ability and willingness of states to go to war for classical national interests.
 * __AND__**

__large arsenal such as Russia’s is a stunning change i____n the strategic nuclear balance__
 * Even if war, No escalation, pre-emptive strikes __even against Russia__ succeed – no risk of retaliation even if accuracy is poor **
 * Lieber and Press 6 **Assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame and International Affairs Fellow at the Council of Foreign Relations, and Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania (Keir and Daryl, “The End of MAD? The Nuclear Dimension of U.S. Primacy”, //International Security//, Spring 2006, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 7-44, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/isec.2006.30.4.7)//BZ
 * __A critical issue for the outcome of a US. attack is the ability of__**
 * __AND__**

I patiently reply to these correspondents that __nuclear war would not be the end of__ __AND__ mode, __these weapons would produce few (if any) fallout casualties__.
 * Nuclear war won’t cause extinction and nuclear winter is wrong**
 * NYQUIST 1999** (J.R., Defense Analyst, Worldnetdaily.com, May 20, 1999)

We do not conduct detailed new studies of the smoke and dust emissions from nuclear AND emitted by the use of 1/3 of the current nuclear arsenal.
 * The Robock et al studies assume 5,000 megatons are used and produce 150 teragrams of smoke—that’s 95% of the total world arsenal which means it’s only credible with a US-Russian war using 100% of current arsenals**
 * ROBOCK et al 2007** (Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA Luke Oman Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA Now at Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Georgiy L. Stenchikov Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA, “Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arsenals: Still catastrophic consequences,” JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, July 6, American Geophysical Union via University of North Carolina Libraries)

__ 2NRs __ Japan CP + NOAA Tradeoff Atlantic PIC