Steven+&+Greg

= = =Zizek=
 * Zizek ||  ||
 * HTF ||  ||

**We begin with the introduction to our affirmative from**
 * Contention One is the Slums**
 * Grengs ’04** – Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Michigan ( Joe, CITY, VOL. 9, NO. 1, APRIL, “The abandoned social goals of public transit in the neoliberal city of the USA”, http://communitylearningpartnership.org/share/docs/Grengs.Abandoned_Social_Goals_of_Public_Transit.pdf//JC)//

//Imagine a bus stop...you have a good point.”//

// **The drive for capitalist gain has seen a shift in the goal of transit, from assisting those who can’t afford cars, to helping to promote white sprawl and segregate urban communities** // //**Grengs ’04** – Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Michigan ( Joe, CITY, VOL. 9, NO. 1, APRIL, “The abandoned social goals of public transit in the neoliberal city of the USA”, http://communitylearningpartnership.org/share/docs/Grengs.Abandoned_Social_Goals_of_Public_Transit.pdf //JC)

Hidden behind the surge... public purpose of mass transit

**Capitalism is applying its stranglehold to public transportation, that worsens inequality, devalues lives and creates continuous war**
 * Grengs ’04** – Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Michigan ( Joe, CITY, VOL. 9, NO. 1, APRIL, “The abandoned social goals of public transit in the neoliberal city of the USA”, http://communitylearningpartnership.org/share/docs/Grengs.Abandoned_Social_Goals_of_Public_Transit.pdf//JC)//

// In an emerging world... most on good transit.//

//**This creates slums, filled with an urban underclass – The system uses racism and classism to legitimize its failures**// //**Wilson 10** (Carter, professor of political science at the University of Toledo, The Dominant Class and the Construction of Racial Oppression: A Neo-Marxist/Gramscian Approach to Race in the United States, Google Scholars) //

// In the final analysis... __analysis of contemporary racism.__//

//** And, Capitalism builds transportation systems that promote consumerism, thus causing massive environmental catastrophe – We must advocate a mass expansion of public transit **// //** Townsend Managing Editor 2008 ** (Terry, managing editor, Individual Versus Social Solutions to Global Warming) //

// We have to convince... inherently incapable of doing **.**//

//**These excluding and homogenizing practices prevent coalition and organization of the masses and causes extinction – We must allow the spector of Communism to reemerge**// // **Zizek 09** // // (Slavoj, Professor of Sociology at the Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana University, “Censorship Today: Violence, or Ecology as a New Opium for the Masses” [] //HH)jc

Last but not least __,..____hypothesis to deploy itself__.


 * The communism we speak of is not an ideal, but a movement that reacts to contradictions in the capitalist system – This vision of communism is thwarted by a perceived lack of revolutionary subject**


 * Žižek****09** --Slavoj Žižek is a researcher at the institute for sociology at Ljubljana (New Left Review 57, May-June 2009, “How to Begin at the Beginning” http://www.newleftreview.org/II/57/slavoj-zizek-how-to-begin-from-the-beginning)JC

So where are we today... __communist hypothesis, against all odds__ ?


 * Transportation infrastructure is the bastion of global capitalism’s abuses – it creates zones of inclusion and exclusion – Only by accepting the mantel of the revolutionary subject and the excluded can we engage in universalized antagonism where we can recapture value to life and stave off human extinction**


 * Žižek****09** --Slavoj Žižek is a researcher at the institute for sociology at Ljubljana (New Left Review 57, May-June 2009, “How to Begin at the Beginning” http://www.newleftreview.org/II/57/slavoj-zizek-how-to-begin-from-the-beginning)JC

It is not enough... __is to act preventively__.


 * We must engage the state as planners – Using a universalized particular demand to provide transportation for urban populations acts as a counter-methodology to that of neoliberal planning**


 * Grengs ’04** – Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Michigan ( Joe, CITY, VOL. 9, NO. 1, APRIL, “The abandoned social goals of public transit in the neoliberal city of the USA”, http://communitylearningpartnership.org/share/docs/Grengs.Abandoned_Social_Goals_of_Public_Transit.pdf//JC)//

//__Federal policy encourages__... meaningful citizen participation. //

//**Resisting capitalism’s reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current social order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale**//

// ** Žižek and Daly, 04 ** – *Slavoj Žižek is a researcher at the institute for sociology at Ljubljana and **Glyn Daly: Having taught at Essex and Manchester Universities, Glyn joined the Politics course team in 1999. Glyn is responsible for the Level 2 core module in International Studies, Global Imaginations: Ideas and Identities. He is also active in the area of Political Theory, and teaches and co-ordinates SOC1001 Introduction to Political Theory, SOC3006 Making of Modern Political Thought, and offers a specialist option on SOC3028 Ideology, Fantasy and Film in the final year. He has published a range of articles on Political Theory, Marxism and Post-Marxism and the Politics of Ideology and Fantasy and is currently writing a book on the work of the Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Zizek for Sage. Glyn has recently completed a training course for supervising PhD students.(“Risking the Impossible”, 2004, http://www.lacan.com/zizek-daly.htm)** //**MP**


 * For Zizek it... __otherwise sound matrix.__**

The affirmative represents an ethical shift that embraces contingency in the face of certainty – This represents a dramatic shift from existing, unquestioned institutions Žižek and Daly 2004 ** (Slavoj, professor of philosophy at the Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana, and Glyn, Senior Lecturer in Politics in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at University College, Northampton, Conversations with Zizek, page 18-19)//MP **


 * For Zizek, a...risk the impossible . **

Thus We demand in the face of neoliberalism that: The United States federal government will increase mass transit for urban areas**

=HTF=

(American Road and Transportation Builders Association to the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform “The Contribution of the Federal Transportation Investment Programs to Fiscal Responsibility and Deficit Reduction,” pg online @ [] //um-ef)// //**__ Transportation Investment __** and ...transportation improvements. //
 * First, transportation infrastructure is financed in one of two ways – through the general fund, or through increased revenue – Stimulus Programs finance through the general fund while failing to repair the Highway Trust Fund **
 * ARTBA 2k10 **

//**Second, Congress just passed a MASSIVE transportation bill – it should have triggered your disads, but didn’t fix the Highway Trust Fund**// //**Snyder 6/26**// //(Tanya Snyder became Streetsblog's Capitol Hill editor in September 2010 after covering Congress for Pacifica and public radio. She lives car-free in a transit-oriented and bike-friendly neighborhood of Washington, DC., pg online @ []// um-ef)

__ Congress ____ ional leaders... ____ raising the gas tax __.

**Thus the Plan:**

 * Text: The United States federal government should increase the federal excise tax rate and phase-in a price floor and variable tax on gasoline for transportation infrastructure in the United States.**

(Evan N. Turgeon, Legal Associate at the Cato Institute; J.D.University of Virginia School of Law 2009; B.A. Tufts University 2004, “Triple-Dividends: Toward Pigovian Gasoline Taxation,” Journal of Land, Resources, & Envir onmental Law 2010, pg lexis//um-ef)//
 * First, current Federal Energy Strategies fail – they impose market distortions, and ineffective constraints on private industry**
 * Turgeon 2k10**

//__ The U __ nited __ S __ tates __ ' current energy... __**__ on the private sector __**//

**Greene 6/28**
(Michael, “34.1 MPG CAFE Standards for 2016 Upheld by U.S. Court of Appeals” http://www.treehugger.com/cars/341-mpg-cafe-standards-2016-upheld-us-court-appeals.html//HH)

__ The 2012-2016 Corporat... __ __ 54.5 mpg by 2025 __

**Brownfield 11**
(Mike, “How Will Obama’s EPA Regulations Affect the Auto Industry?”, http://www.askheritage.org/how-will-obamas-epa-regulations-affect-the-auto-industry//HH)//

// __ Say goodbye to cars... __ __ destroy 220,000 jobs __//

//**And, Auto Recovery is essential to U.S. Economic recovery – the auto industry will drive other sectors and ensure job growth**// //**U.S. News 2k12**// //(“Is the U.S. Auto Industry on Track for a Comeback?,” pg online @ []// um-ef)

__ More than three years... __**__ competitiveness of U.S. brands __**

**And, a weak economy causes conflict – all emprirical analysis goes our way**

 * Royal 10** – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, (Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

__ periods of economic decline... ____ and national levels __

====(Evan N. Turgeon, Legal Associate at the Cato Institute; J.D.University of Virginia School of Law 2009; B.A. Tufts University 2004, “Triple-Dividends: Toward Pigovian Gasoline Taxation,” Journal of Land, Resources, & Envir onmental Law 2010, pg lexis//um-ef)//==== //**__ Significantly increasing... __****__ American-made technologies __**//
 * Finally, an increased gas tax is the transition method – it transforms U.S. foreign policy and re-energizes U.S. Diplomacy**
 * Turgeon 2k10**

//**First, the deficit is on an unsustainable path – now is the CRITICAL time to re-orient policies to stave-off a new debt tragedy**// //**Council on Foreign Relations 3/2/12**// //(“U.S. Deficits and the National Debt,” pg online @ []// um-ef)

__ in the not-too-distant future...**U** __**__ .S. foreign policy __**

(American Road and Transportation Builders Association to the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform “The Contribution of the Federal Transportation Investment Programs to Fiscal Responsibility and Deficit Reduction,” pg online @ [] //um-ef)//
 * And, Congress has two options for the future – increased revenue generation, or deficit spending – only NEW REVENUE ensures Fiscal Responsibility**
 * ARTBA 2k10**

//__ For more than 50 years... __**__ budget deficit __**//

//**And, the plan is a KEY TEST for future budget debates – increasing revenue ensures a sustainable fiscal path**// //**Washington Post 3/7**// //(“A fiscal test for Congress,” pg lexis//um-ef)

__ Over the past year... __**__ agreement to cut the deficit __**

(Eswar, Eswar Prasad holds the New Century Chair in International Economics. He is the Tolani Senior Professor of Trade Policy at Cornell University and a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. He was previously head of the Financial Studies Division and the China Division at the IMF, “The U.S.-China Economic Relationship: Shifts and Twists in the Balance of Power,” pg online @ [] //um-ef)
 * And, Failure to Reign-In Deficits and Establish Fiscal Discipline Guts U.S.-China Relations they’ll be over-aggressive, gutting cooperation**
 * Prasad 2/25**

__ The lopsided nature... ____ and tackling climate change __.

**Multiple Scenarios for Extinction**
====**Wenzhong,** PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2-7-4 (Zhou, “Vigorously Pushing Forward the Constructive and Cooperative Relationship Between China and the United States,” [])====

__China and the US...____areas with the US__

**Nash-Hoff 3/28/12**
(“American Manufacturing Has Declined More Than Most Experts Have Thought,” pg online @ [] //um-ef) __A new report...____significantly overstated__

(Andrew Herrmann, P.E. SECB, F.ASCE President American Society of Civil Engineers, Impact Of Infrastructure Investment On The Manufacturing Sector, pg lexis//um-ef)
__surface transportation...____the U.S. economy__

**AISI 2k12**
==== (American Iron and Steel Institute, “AISI Public Policy Priorities – Promoting a Pro-Manufacturing Agenda,” pg online @ [] //um-ef) ==== A globally competitive... highways and specifically bridges


 * And, manufacturing capabilities key to technology necessary for U.S. **

**O’Hanlon et al 2k12**
==== (Mackenzie Eaglen, American Enterprise Institute Rebecca Grant, IRIS Research Robert P. Haffa, Haffa Defense Consulting Michael O'Hanlon, The Brookings Institution Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution Martin Sullivan, Commonwealth Consulting Barry Watts, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments “The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy January 2012,” pg online @ [] //um-ef) ====
 * __the U.S. defense...__**__globalized marketplace__.

**Watts 2k8**
====(Senior Fellow @ The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Barry D, “The US Defense Industrial Base, Past, Present and Future,” CBA, __http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In.pdf__)==== __the US defense...____been since the 1950s__.

[ Dr. Nick, Dept. Phil @ yale, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html/]
A much greater... encounter in the 21st century.

**Lind 2k12**
====(Michael Lind is policy director of New America’s Economic Growth Program and a co-founder of the New America Foundation. Joshua Freedman is a program associate in New America’s Economic Growth Program. “Value Added: America’s Manufacturing Future,” pg online @ http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Lind,%20Michael%20and%20Freedman,%20Joshua%20-%20NAF%20-%20Value%20Added%20America%27s%20Manufacturing%20Future.pdf //um-ef)==== __Perhaps the greatest...__ 2007 to 50 percent by 2020.33

**Taylor 2k4**
====(Mark, Professor of Political Science – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “The Politics of Technological Change: International Relations versus Domestic Institutions”, 4-1, http://www.scribd.com/doc/46554792/Taylor)==== __Tech__ nological __innovation...__ systems would not exist in the first place

(Chuck, 66th Air Base Wing Public Affairs for the US Air Force, 8-10-09, “Technology convergence could prevent war, futurist says,” http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123162500)
__The convergence of "exponentially...__ he says, even if people don't know it.

**Abelkop 2k9**
(Adam, J.D., University of Iowa College of Law, 2010; B.A., Wake Forest University, PHd Student @ Univ of Indiana, “Why the Government Should Drink Your Milkshake: The Case for Restructuring the Federal Gas Tax,” The Journal of Corporation Law Winter, 2009, 35 Iowa J. Corp. L. 393 pg lexis//um-ef) __ Congress should enact... __ issue and beyond the scope of this Note. Ultimately,

Krauthammer 2k9
(Charles, American Pulitzer Prize–winning syndicated columnist, political commentator, and physician, McGill University degree in political science and economics, Commonwealth Scholar in politics at Balliol College, Oxford, Doctor of Medicine from Harvard Medical School “The Net-Zero Gas Tax; A once-in-a-generation chance,” pg lexis//um-ef) __ the virtues of a gas __ __ support __. And if we find this transition going too quickly or too slowly, we can alter it with the simple expedient of altering the gas tax, rather than undertaking the enormously complicated review and rewriting of fuel-efficiency regulations.