Ben+&+Brendan

**The United States federal government should substantially increase its non-military ocean exploration through the National Oceanographic Partnership Program.**

Cuts to ocean exploration are destroying US marine science leadership
 Mclain, 12 - Assistant Director of Science for the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (Craig, March 15, 2012 “Losing Deep-Sea Science in the United States” @http://deepseanews.com/2012/03/losing-deep-sea-science-in-the-united-states/)//gingE  As the case in 1962, our nation’s scientific numbers have never been greater or  AND  to the NOAA Director Jane Lubchenco. Their contact information is listed below. ====Greater ocean exploration is vital to understanding deep-ocean thermohaline circulation which determines our ability to adapt to climate change ==== **Goodwin, 9** – The Harmon Project, NOAA Goodwin is PhD Marine Biologist and Science Writer at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (“Why Do We Explore” @http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/edu/leadersguide/media/09whydoweexplore.pdf ) zabd  Why Ocean Exploration Is Important Today Curiosity, desire for knowledge, and quest for  AND the reasons we explore Earth’s ocean; but we also explore to survive.

Global warming is inevitable
 Bastasch 14 a forestry professor at Auburn University Michael “US, UK scientists: Cutting all CO2 emissions would not stop global warming” news article @http://dailycaller.com/2014/02/27/us-uk-scientists-cutting-all-co2-emissions-would-not-stop-global-warming/  ¶ Calls from environmentalists and lawmakers to cut carbon dioxide emissions to fight global warming <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">//AND// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> expected to hash out an international climate agreement to replace the Kyoto Protocol. ====<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">**Young, 14 –** thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT **(**Grace, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, http://mseas.mit.edu/publications/Theses/Grace_C_Young_BS_Thesis_MIT2014.pdf)//DH <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> The misconceptions that drove spending on space were mirrored in our lack of knowledge about <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> AND  <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">the importance of aggressive ocean research and management before it is too late.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">It will end all life on the planet
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> Dingle 11 – Sarah Dingle is a reporter for ABC Radio Current Affairs. (“Ocean heading for mass extinction, scientists warn”, ABC News, @http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-06-21/ocean-heading-for-mass-extinction-scientists-warn/2766340, June 21, 2011, Quay) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">Scientists are warning of a potential marine massacre with a mass extinction of sea life <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> will be presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York this week. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">** Independently, Biodiversity loss causes extinction. ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">**Coyne and Hoekstra 07** (Jerry, professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago, Hopi, Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, both are with The New Republic, “The Greatest Dying", September 24th, 2007, @http://www.truthout.org/article/jerry-coyne-and-hopi-e-hoekstra-the-greatest-dying ) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> But it isn't just the destruction of the rainforests that should trouble us. __Healthy__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">__AND__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">__just another Great Dying, but perhaps the greatest dying of them all.__ ====<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">Stable federal exploration funding is the __bellwether__ for catalyzing investment in __adaptation technologies__ and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem management ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">**Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov )//DH <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> The importance of the ocean in daily life, whether you live on the East <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">that U.S. ocean science research will have //around the globe//. ====<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">A dedicated federal funding stream through NOPP is __perceived__ as restoring the U.S. __reputation__ within the marine science community – that’s vital to attracting scientists into research collaboration ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, @http://explore.noaa.gov/sites/OER/Documents/national-research-council-voyage.pdf ) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">The major drawback of a NOPP-sponsored ocean exploration program is that NOPP itself <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> with consideration to the comments above) or NSF would be appropriate alternatives. ====<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">Research-driven adaptation strategies build in __resilience__ to prevent total ecosystem collapse ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">**Doney, 8 -** Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, **“**The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174” Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives 6/5, @http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=8916&tid=282&cid=43766 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">Major gaps exist in our current scientific understanding, limiting our ability to forecast the <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">) to //increase ecosystem resiliency// as well as local-scale mitigation efforts. ====<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">A dedicated NOPP funding stream will maximize ocean science partnerships and lead to __applied solutions__ for ocean ecosystem management ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">**Watkins et al, 9** - Watkins chaired the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, served as the President of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, and founding President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (James, How the Oceanographic Community Created a National Oceanographic Partnership Program” Oceanography Vol. 22, Iss. 2. Published by the NOPP. @https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2982/22.2_watkins.pdf?sequence=1 ) zabd <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">The successes of the ocean partnership effort started more than ten years ago have been <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">partnering and apply them to society’s most exigent needs with haste and vigor.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; text-align: start;">1ac – disease
====<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">Establishing a new ocean exploration within the NOPP is vital to both __inter-agency__ and __international__ coordination in marine science ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, @http://explore.noaa.gov/sites/OER/Documents/national-research-council-voyage.pdf ) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">Incorporating a //new ocean exploration program// into the //U.S. marine science// field <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> force to plan for collaborative exploration programs proposed by international groups of scientists. ====<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">The plan establishes a __global model__ and builds __international marine research collaboration__ ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">**Pages, 4** – Media Relations Officer at National Academies (Patrice, “Exploration of the Deep Blue Sea” National Academies In Focus Magazine, Winter/Spring, @http://www.infocusmagazine.org/4.1/env_ocean.html )//DH <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> The oceans cover nearly three-quarters of the Earth's surface, regulate our weather <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">common global bond, highlighting their importance in our lives," Orcutt said. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">** Exploration is vital to biodiscovery and developing new cures for diseases ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">** NRC, ’03 ** (Committee on Exploration of the Seas, National Research Council “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown” National Academies Press @http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10844 ) //GY <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> Justification for a New Ocean Exploration Program The ocean supports us—whether we live <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> the oceans respond to chemical, biological, and physical changes __must increase__. ====<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">Global antibiotic resistance is increasing rapidly - the ability to treat diseases at all is close to collapsing – ending modern medicine ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">**Fukuda, 14 -** Assistant Director-General Health Security, World Health Organization, 14 (Keiji**,** “Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014” April, @http://www.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112642/1/9789241564748_eng.pdf?ua=1)//DH <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within a wide range of infectious agents is a growing <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> has a negative impact on outcomes for patients and health-care expenditures. ====<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">Exploration can specifically prevent the spread of antibiotic resistant diseases ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">**Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov )//DH <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> Answer. Scientists at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution explores microbial chemical ecology and the interplay <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">marine habitats produce diverse molecules that //inhibit these multidrug transporters// of various types. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">**Mutating diseases cause extinction** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">**Greger 8** **–** M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger,, Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, @http://birdflubook.com/a.php?id=111 ) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent slew of emerging diseases in almost biblical terms <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> “might easily transmute into a tune whistled whilst passing a graveyard.”3154

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">Multiple factors check war
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> Robb 12 —Lieutenant, US Navy (Doug, Why the Age of Great Power War is Over, www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over, JZG) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">Whereas in years past, when nations allied with their neighbors in ephemeral bonds of <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">a war is equal parts costly, counterproductive, archaic, and improbable.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">No war – economic interdependence and nuclear deterrence
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> Deudney and Ikenberry, 09 — MA and PhD in Political Science, Professor, Political Science, Johns Hopkins University; PhD, Professor, International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> (Daniel and G. John, January/February 2009, "The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail," Foreign Affairs Volume 88, Issue 1, JZG) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent developments and ignores powerful countervailing <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">international system is far more primed for peace than the autocratic revivalists acknowledge.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">New science proves that extinction won’t occur from nuclear winter
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> Robock 2010 (Alan, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, "Nuclear Winter," WIREs Climate Change, May/June, @http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/WiresClimateChangeNW.pdf, JZG) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">While it is important to point out the consequences of nuclear winter, it is <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> consequences of nuclear winter are extreme enough without these additional effects, however. ====<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">No scenario for escalation — inevitable incentives for conflict minimization ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">*No escalation – empirics prove the risk of miscalc is miniscule – rational actors check accidental launch – means there is no terminal impact to their offense – that’s Quinlan <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> Quinlan 9 - distinguished former British defence strategist, former Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the British Ministry of Defence, Prof. @ Wimbledon College and Merton College, Oxford. Director of the Ditchley Foundation <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> (Sir Michael, Thinking About Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects, 2009, @http://f3.tiera.ru/1/genesis/570-574/571000/17bd00bd730178f675c2b945f0716cd4, JZG) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">It was occasionally conjectured that nuclear war might be triggered by the real but accidental <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> action at short notice should be abandoned. Chapter 13 returns to this.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">Nuclear winter can’t be proven—their studies are politically biased
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> American Institute of Physics August 2011 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> ("Wintry Doom," August, @http://www.aip.org/history/climate/Winter.htm, JZG) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">Atmospheric scientists were well-placed to take up the question of smoke from a <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> more people through starvation than would die directly under the bombs.)(10) ====<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">No war – no benefits, high costs, and international institutions mitigate risks ==== <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;"> Miller 12 Students Editor at E-International and Relations Research Assistant at Pacific Resolutions (Sarah, “The Transformation of War”, E-International Relations Students, 8/16/12, @http://www.e-ir.info/2012/08/16/the-transformation-of-war/)//BZ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">Many scholars who argue that the worst of war is behind us, that war <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">AND <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: start;">so that war no longer recommends itself as a useful instrument (1990).