Joseph+&+Steve


 * *AFF* **


 * 1AC Plan Text **


 * Plan: The United States federal government should expand United States Maritime Administration Title XI loan guarantee funding for short sea transportation in the United States. **


 * 1AC Shipbuilding Advantage **


 * __ Advantage 1 is Shipbuilding __**


 * Fed investment now, but dosen't take out the aff **
 * Matsuda 12 ** [ STATEMENT OF DAVID T. MATSUDA MARITIME ADMINISTRATOR MARITIME ADMINISTRATION BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION The Maritime Administration’s Fiscal Year 2013 Budget Request March 7, 2012, http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyCGMT/2012-03-07-Matsuda.pdf]


 * AND the shipbuilding industry will collapse in the status quo – the wave of shipyard closings are decimating the industry **
 * Munoz 11 ** [January 11, The Obama Infrastructure Plan, and Another Shipyard Closes, OP-ED by Tony Munoz, Editor-in-Chief of the Maritime ExecutiveMagazine and the MarEx Newsletter, http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/obama-infrastructure-plan-and-another-shipyard-closes]


 * AND shipbuilding collapse would devastate US naval power and heg **
 * Alberto et al 5 ** [Lieutenant Colonel Ronald P., U.S. Army, Colonel Michael G. Archuleta, U.S. Air Force, Lieutenant Colonel Steven H. Bills, U.S. Air Force, Commander William A. Bransom, U.S. Navy, Mr. Kenneth Cohen, Department of State, Commander William A. Ebbs, U.S. Navy, George Manjgaladze, Ministry of Defense, Republic of Georgia, Commander Elizabeth B. Myhre, U.S. Navy, Audrea M. Nelson, DA, Robert L. Riddick, Department of Defense, Colonel Christopher M. Ross, U.S. Army, Julia N. Ruhnke, DA, Lieutenant Colonel Gregory M. Ryan, U.S. Marine Corps, Colonel David D. Thompson, U.S. Air Force, Commander Hugh D. Wetherald, U.S. Navy, Dr. Mark Montroll, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Dr. Michael Farbman, USAID, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Captain David B. Hill, U.S. Coast Guard, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, “SHIPBUILDING”, The Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, 2005, http://www.ndu.edu/icaf/programs/academic/industry/reports/2005/pdf/icaf-is-report-shipbuilding-2005.pdf, Deech]


 * AND the plan revitalizes the maritime industry – federal action makes sea lanes functionally limitless, expandable and efficient which is key **
 * Perakis and Denisis 08 ** [A survey of short sea shipping and its prospects in the USA, ANASTASSIOS N. PERAKIS* and ATHANASIOS DENISIS Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, 213 NAME Building, 2600 Draper Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2145, USA, http://intermodalmarine.com/pdfs/Survey%20of%20SSS%20Prospects%20in%20the%20U.S..pdf]


 * AND Try or die - key to solve every other impact **
 * NLUS 12 ** [nonprofit organization dedicated to educating our citizens about the importance of sea power to U.S. national security and supporting the men and women of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and U.S.-flag Merchant Marine and their families (Navy League of the United States, “Maritime Primacy & Economic Prosperity: Maritime Policy 2012-13”, Navy League of the United States, 1/21/12, http://www.navyleague.org/files/legislative_affairs/maritime_policy20122013.pdf]


 * AND naval power solves impact escalation through diplomacy and peacekeeping - it's an impact filter **
 * Vego 8 ** [Professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/jfq-50/JFQ-50.pdf, Deech]


 * AND naval power key to effective BMD **
 * Vego 8 ** [Professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/jfq-50/JFQ-50.pdf]


 * 1AC Warming Advantage**

__**Advantage 2 is Warming**__


 * Warming is real, anthropogenic, and happening now – multiple warrants. **
 * Braganza 11 ** [Karl, Manager, Climate Monitor at the Bureau of Meteorology in Australia, The Bureau presently operates under the authority of the Meteorology Act 1955, which requires it to report on the state of the atmosphere and oceans in support of Australia's social, economic, cultural and environmental goals. His salary is not funded from any external sources or dependent on specially funded government climate change projects. Karl Braganza does not consult to, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has no relevant affiliations “The greenhouse effect is real: here’s why,” 6/14 http://theconversation.edu.au/the-greenhouse-effect-is-real-heres-why-1515, AM]

** Kelly 6/19 **[Conor “NASA’s Antarctic Study Casts Doubt on Global Warming” ForexTV.com 6/19/12 http://www.forextv.com/forex-news-story/nasa-s-antarctic-study-casts-doubt-on-global-warming]
 * AND its' fast – action now is key to prevent the tipping point - the arctic proves **


 * Plan solves warming – 3 internals: **


 * SSS introduces aerosols into the air – increases brightening and reflectivity to combat warming **
 * Cattermole 10 ** [Tannith Cattermole Brighter, whiter clouds could fight global warming By 14:55 February 22, 2010 http://www.gizmag.com/brighter-whiter-clouds-fight-global-warming/14282/]

Estimation of Externalities with Fuzzy Logic,” The University of Michigan, 2009, http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62275/1/adenisis_1.pdf ]
 * AND freight transportation is the biggest emitter of CO2 emissions – the plan causes a shift to sustainable and efficient means of transportation through SSS **** Denisis 09 ** [PhD Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering (Athanasios, “An Economic Feasibility Study of Short Sea Shipping Including the


 * AND the plan independently acts as an international signal to switch to efficient means of transportation **
 * Burwell, 10 ** – Director of the Energy and Climate Program at Carnegie (David, “Transportation—The Leading Cause of Global Warming,” 4/15, http://carnegieendowment.org/2010/04/15/transportation-leading-cause-of-global-warming/2fr2]


 * AND warming is a threat multiplier – leads to global instability, famine, failed states and poverty **
 * Broder 11 ** [John, Writer for Green from the New York Times, “Climate Change Drives Instability, U.N. Official Warns,” 2/15/11, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/15/climate-change-drives-instability-u-n-official-warns/]


 * AND warming independently causes extinction **
 * Sify 10 ** [Sydney newspaper citing Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science at UNC Sify News, “Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?”, http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html, WEA]


 * 1AC Economy Advantage **


 * __ Advantage 3 is the Economy __**


 * The plan generates a massive economic stimulus through jobs and reduces oil dependence – loan guarantees are the most effective catalyst for widespread investment **
 * Margaronis 08 ** [Marine highway would ride wave of economic benefits, Stas, Guest Columnist Seattle Pi, http://www.seattlepi.com/local/opinion/article/Marine-highway-would-ride-wave-of-economic-1293286.php#ixzz1yY1CGarw]


 * AND that’s key to faster growth **
 * Applebaum 12 ** [*PhD, Professor @ Rutgers, senior economist at the Center for Economic and Policy Research, Eileen, 4-27, “Blame Budget Austerity for Poor GDP Growth,” http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/economic-intelligence/2012/04/27/blame-budget-austerity-for-poor-gdp-growth]


 * AND even absent a recession, slow growth leads to global wars **
 * Khalilzad 11 ** [PhD, Former Professor of Political Science @ Columbia, Former ambassador to Iraq and Afghanistan, Zalmay Khalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. "The Economy and National Security" Feb 8 www.nationalreview.com/blogs/print/259024]


 * AND independently, oil dependence causes extinction **
 * Rosen 10 ** [Mark Rosen (Deputy General Counsel at the Center for Naval Analyses & Professor of Homeland Security Law and Policy at George Washington University) 2010 “Energy Independence and Climate Change: The Economic and National Security Consequences of Failing to Act” University of Richmond Law Review, Lexis]


 * __ 1AC Solvency __**

Jackson 07 [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us]
 * Process and Funding CP's fail **


 * A comprehensive federal expansion of Title XI loan guarantees mitigates congestion and creates conditions favorable for private investment **
 * Cook 11 ** [Former General Counsel of the Maritime Administration, Counsel to Seward and Kissel LLP (H. Clayton, “Dead in the Water”, Maritime Executive, 7/8/2012, http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/dead-in-the-water]


 * And, solely private sector action is insufficient **
 * McCormick 10 ** [Strengthening US Government US Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood addressed the recent National Port Summit in San Diego. Wayne McCormick, of America’s Marine Highways, conducted the following interviewSupport of Marine Highways, http://americasmarinehighways.com/userfiles/Inland%20Port%20Mag%20-%20LaHood%20%282%29.pdf]


 * And, the plan reduces risk and creates the financial backing necessary for short sea shipping **
 * Margaronis 08 ** [Green Ships Can Fight Global Warming, president of California-based Santa Maria Shipowning & Trading Inc, p. online document retrieved via a google download, full text email alexanderdpappas@gmail.com]


 * And, that heightens the resiliency of the transportation network **
 * Lombardo 04 ** [Short Sea Shipping: Practices, Opportunities and Challenges[|[1]] Written by Gary A. Lombardo, Ph.D.[|[2]] Prepared by TransportGistics, Inc, []]


 * And, marine infrastructure is key – other networks have reached maximum capacity – ineffective coordination precipitates wider congestion **
 * Jackson, 07 ** [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us]


 * NEG***


 * Past 2NR's:**
 * T- Infrastructure**
 * Privatization Counterplan + Coercion K**
 * Politics [Jackson Vanik]**
 * Capitalism K**