Ken+&+Aron

toc =West Coast G’s = =1AC =

**Advantage one is culture:**
__Surface transportation in ...____Native economies stronger__.
 * Roads on Native land are falling apart—federal investment is critical to Native economies and cultural survival**
 * NCAI 2012** (National Congress of American Indians, “Indian Country Budget Request FY 13,” http://www.ncai.org/resources/ncai-publications/indian-country-budget-request/fy2013/FY2013_Budget_Transportation.pdf)

Currently, there are ... __and employment centers__.
 * Poor infrastructure is the key barrier to Native economic growth**
 * NCAI 2011** (National Congress of American Indians, “SENATE COMMITTEE ON INDIAN AFFAIRS HEARING: Oversight hearing on tribal transportation: Paving the way for Jobs, Infrastructure, and Safety in Native Communities,” Sep 15, http://www.indian.senate.gov/hearings/upload/Jefferson-Keel-FINAL-testimony.pdf)

Oklahoma's __tribal nations ...__ continues through Wednesday.
 * Strong economies are key to Native cultural survival—it’s the only way to safeguard rights and identity**
 * CARTER 6-12-2012** Writer for the Journal Record (M. Scott, “Former chief: Economic development crucial to tribes' future, sovereignty in Oklahoma”, 2012, Journal Record, Proquest)

Only in the past fifty... __parts of the planet__.
 * American policy towards Indians is key to worldwide protection for indigenous peoples**
 * MORRIS 1992** (Glenn, The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization, and Resistance, ed. M. Annette Jaimes, p. 55-57)

Today we have ... __why we disappeared__. = =
 * Survival of Native culture solves human extinction—it’s key to every other impact**
 * WEATHERFORD 1994** (Jack, Anthropologist, Savages and Civilization: Who Will Survive?, pp. 287-291)

**Advantage two is bison:**
__Since bison ranching ...____credibility of bison restoration__.
 * Now is the key time to influence the bison market—changing policies now can alter the debate over bison restoration**
 * LULKA 2008** (David Lulka, Dept of Geography, San Diego State University, Journal of Cultural Geography, February)

Thus, __while__ __certain ...__ the industry's stand on YNP. [NOTE: NBA = National Bison Association; YNP = Yellowstone National Park—Calum] In many respects,... commercial production in feedlots.
 * Unfortunately, corporate bison interests are altering the nature and perception of bison—this will destroy their cultural and environmental uniqueness and undermine support for wild bison restoration**
 * LULKA 2008** (David Lulka, Dept of Geography, San Diego State University, Journal of Cultural Geography, February)
 * Infrastructure improvements are critical to expand the Native bison economy by allowing producers to meet broader Indian demand**
 * LULKA 2006** (David, San Diego State University, Great Plains Research, Spring, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1804&context=greatplainsresearch)

Fifty-two __Indian tribes__ ... __to Indian traditions.__
 * Tribes will raise bison in a traditional fashion, but a sustainable market is key**
 * SUNDAY GAZETTE-MAIL 2002** [Judith Graham, “Buffalo farming is a labor of love for tribes”, 11/10/02, http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-14735254.html]

The northern Great Plains... prairie soils and plant communities.
 * Bison are key North American prairie biodiversity –It’s a keystone species**
 * BUFFALO FIELD CAMPAIGN 2008** (“The ecological importance of bison in mixed-grass prairie ecosystems,” June 10, www.buffalofieldcampaign.org/legal/tribalbriefing/Bisonecosystemfactsheet.doc)

__While globally grasslands ...__ __regions depend upon__.
 * Prairies are key to overall biodiversity**
 * WWF 2005** (World Wildlife Fund, “Agriculture and Environment: Wheat,” Nov 13, http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/policy/agriculture_environment/commodities/wheat/environmental_impacts/habitat_conversion/index.cfm)

__America First____.__ This timeworn phrase,... might easily be doubled.
 * The US is key to global biodiversity**
 * WILSON 2000** (E.O., Harvard University Museum of Comparative Biology and possibly the greatest living biologist, Precious Heritage, ix-x)

The facts are clear. ... __massive human destruction__.
 * The impact is extinction**
 * WATSON 2006** (Captain Paul, Founder and President of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, has a show on Animal Planet, Last Mod 9-17, http://www.eco-action.org/dt/beerswil.html)

1AC Plan

 * Plan: The United States Congress should establish a tribal infrastructure bank, support tribal public transportation, extend the Indian Self Determination Act and Educational Assistance Act to the Department of Transportation and streamline rights-of-way requirements for tribal transportation infrastructure projects.**

1AC Solvency
__After years of little...____transportation infrastructure development__.
 * The plan solves infrastructure development**
 * NCAI 2011** (National Congress of American Indians, “SENATE COMMITTEE ON INDIAN AFFAIRS HEARING: Oversight hearing on tribal transportation: Paving the way for Jobs, Infrastructure, and Safety in Native Communities,” Sep 15, http://www.indian.senate.gov/hearings/upload/Jefferson-Keel-FINAL-testimony.pdf)

These FY 2013 budget recommendations represent necessary elements for a strong economic foundation in Indian Country. For instance, education is fundamental to long-term economic opportunities. __Investments in tribal ...__ the appropriations process.
 * Congress is key—failure to do the plan is a breach of the Trust Doctrine**
 * NCAI 2012** (National Congress of American Indians, Fiscal Year 2013 Indian Country Budget Request: Our Trust. Our People. Our America. Executive Summary, http://www.ncai.org/resources/ncai-publications/indian-country-budget-request/FY2013_Budget_Exec_Summary.pdf)

We turn our attention first to ... __peace and friendship with them__ " (1 St. 50,52).
 * Failure to support the Trust Doctrine crushes Native culture and leaves only unlimited federal power**
 * WILKINS AND LOMAWAIMA 2002** (David E. Wilkins, a member of the Lumbee Tribe, is associate professor of American Indian studies, political science, and law at the University of Minnesota and coauthor, with Vine Deloria, Jr., of Tribes, Treaties, and Constitutional Tribulations. K. Tsianina Lomawaima is an associate professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Arizona and the daughter of a former Chilocco student., Uneven Ground: American Indian Sovereignty and Federal Law, p. 69-72)

__As Congress continues...__ indigenous vision of trust. __The implications of Indian ...__ in a separate tribal legal system.
 * There’s no alternative to the Trust Doctrine and legal system—Native groups won’t give up on them**
 * WILKINS AND LOMAWAIMA 2002** (David E. Wilkins, a member of the Lumbee Tribe, is associate professor of American Indian studies, political science, and law at the University of Minnesota and coauthor, with Vine Deloria, Jr., of Tribes, Treaties, and Constitutional Tribulations. K. Tsianina Lomawaima is an associate professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Arizona and the daughter of a former Chilocco student., Uneven Ground: American Indian Sovereignty and Federal Law, p. 97)
 * Reforms through the legal system can enhance tribal power while Indians resist bad policy**
 * GOLDBERG 2000** (Carol, Prof of Law at UCLA and Director of the Joint Degree Program in Law & American Indian Studies, Law & Social Inquiry, Winter)

My argument says... __against an attack on a king__ .”
 * No great power war**
 * MANDELBAUM 99** (Michael, Professor of American Foreign Policy, Johns Hopkins University; Director, Project on East-West Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, “Transcript: is Major War Obsolete?” Transcript of debate with John Mearsheimer, CFR, Feb 25, http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/cfr10/)

**War doesn’t happen – interdependence checks** Evan E. **Hillebrand 10** (Professor of Diplomacy at University of Kentucky and a Senior Economist for the Central Intelligence Agency) 2010 “Deglobalization Scenarios: Who Wins? Who Loses?” Global Economy Journal, Volume 10, Issue 2 A long line of writers from Cruce (1623) to Kant (1797) to Angell (1907) to Gartzke (2003) have theorized that ... probability for interstate war rises.

For almost half a century... primacy for many years to come.
 * And, US first strike prevents escalation**
 * Lieber and Press, 6** (Keir A. Lieber, the author of War and the Engineers: The Primacy of Politics Over Technology, is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame.Daryl G. Press, the author of Calculating Credibility: How Leaders Assess Military Threats, is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, “The Rise of US Nuclear Primacy,” Foreign Affairs, March/April, http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dpress/docs/Press_Rise_US_Nuclear_Primacy_FA.pdf)

__While it is important...__ these additional effects, however.
 * And, nuclear war doesn’t cause extinction**
 * Robock 10** (Alan, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, “Nuclear Winter,” WIREs Climate Change, May/June, Wiley Online Library via University of Michigan Libraries)