Ragul+&+Abhi

=1NC for Tracy and Dorothy=
 * DRILL BABY DRILL!**

**Magnoliazz, 10** a writer living on a tree farm in Wisconsin. She has 5 dogs, a flock of sheep, and operates a cat, guinea pig and rabbit rescue. (“America Has More Oil Than Saudi Arabia,” HubPages.com, [] **We Need To Start Drlling NOW!** The United States has plenty of oil within AND **prosper** in the end! **We can do it! God Bless America!**
 * There’s oil in the oceans – let’s drill! It will boost our AMERICA!**

**Connors-Maloney, 12** – Oklahoma 1st Congressional District Coordinator – Oklahoma’s 1st District Coordinator (Annie, 02/16/12 “I Resist Our Dependence on Foreign Oil - Drill Here, Drill Now,” http://patriotaction.net/group/iresistourdependenceonforeignoildrillheredrillnow)//IS This group was developed to help dispel the myth created by many of our government AND ), and working hard to make our country less dependent on foreign oil.
 * Without oil civilization collapses! We need security!**

**Powers, 10** – some person who wrote for CNN (Jonathan, “Independence from Dependence (on oil),” CNN, http://www.beliefnet.com/columnists/jesuscreed/2010/07/independence-from-dependence-o.html)//IS **Oil poses a clear threat to America’s economic and national security**. This spring we AND pledged to free our nation from a long and damaging cycle of dependence.
 * We need oil independence – it’s key to SECURITY, HEGEMONY, and MUH FREEDOMS!**

**Petro**, Wake Forest Professor in Toledo Law Review, 19 **74** (Sylvester, Spring, page 480) However, one may still insist, echoing Ernest Hemingway - "I believe in AND every invasion of freedom must be emphatically identified and resisted with undying spirit.
 * MUH FREEDOMS ARE A D-RULE**

**Khalilzad, 1995** analyst at the RAND Corporation (Zalmay, Washington Quarterly, Spring, lexis)//IS Under the third option, the United States would seek to retain global leadership and AND to global stability than a bipolar or a multipolar balance of power system.
 * Heg is the best ever thing ever!**

**Herschinger** **12** – lecturer in the Department of Political Science at the University of the Armed Forces Munich, Germany (Eva, “‘Hell Is the Other’: Conceptualising Hegemony and Identity through Discourse Theory”, Millennium - Journal of International Studies September 2012 vol. 41 no. 1 65-90, dml) Many IR-poststructuralists share with discourse theorists crucial commitments – most importantly, a AND only eliminated terrorism, the world would be a peaceful and safe place’. .
 * Seriously, it’s key to all the power!**

**Unconfirmed Sources, no date** (“Sarah Palin To Host Nature Show,” Unconfirmed Sources http://unconfirmedsources.com/?itemid=4327)//IS Nature lover Sarah Palin and Discovery Communications announced today that she will be hosting a AND Polar bears eat people! We don't want nasty bears **eating nice people!"**
 * It’s not like drilling hurts the environment**

**Connors-Maloney, 12** – Oklahoma 1st Congressional District Coordinator – Oklahoma’s 1st District Coordinator (Annie, 02/16/12 “I Resist Our Dependence on Foreign Oil - Drill Here, Drill Now,” http://patriotaction.net/group/iresistourdependenceonforeignoildrillheredrillnow)//IS Science has now proven the following very important points: AND data, weather satellites, and much of the meteorological and scientific world.
 * Warming isn’t even real – if it was, I’d like it!**
 * CO2 is definitely

**Edwards, 12** – a writer for The Raw Story (David, “Bryan Fischer: ‘Enormously insensitive’ to hurt God’s feelings by not using oil,” The Raw Story, http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2012/11/30/bryan-fischer-enormously-insensitive-to-hurt-gods-feelings-by-not-using-oil/)//IS Fischer likened the situation to a birthday present he was given at the age of AND has buried those treasures there because he loves to see us find them.”
 * Not using oil makes God cry- it’s a D rule**

(Gregory D., “Interrogating the Future: The Question of Long-Term Threats”, Alternatives) There are ample grounds, in fact, for arguing that the Cold War was AND so sorely need, rests with the reader. (53-5)
 * The 1ac is a starting Point- Immediate concern for constructed threats produces insular, flawed scholarship- questioning is a prerequisite to effective politics**
 * Dr. Foster, distinguished professor at the National Defense University at West Point, 1995**

(Judith, Yale New Left Review I/227) What the resurgent orthodoxy may resent about new social movements is precisely the vitality that AND that it asserts is coming from outside itself. (37-8)
 * Their conception of politics is founded on violent exclusion- its precisely the parts of the left they exclude that are the most important**
 * Dr. Butler, professor in rhetoric and comparative literature at UC Berkeley, January-February 1998**

(Badredine, “Re-thinking International Relations Theory Via Deconstruction,” pp. 54-55) //IB Is IR theory (and social theory) possible without a positive ontology? Do AND other considerations are built and that there is no social theory without ontology.
 * Ontological starting points a theoretical necessity.**
 * Arfi, associate professor of political science at the University of Florida, 2013**

(Maarten and Hendrik, “Editors Introduction, Deliberative Policy Analysis: Understanding Governance in the Network Society” PDF p.29-30) The third section, ‘ Foundations of deliberate policy analysis’, contains three papers addressing AND new meaning to Harold Lasswell’s ideal of a ‘policy science of democracy’.
 * Overlooking assumptions breeds serial policy failure—interpretive analysis is the only way to craft effective solutions. Learning about representations and assumptions effects is key to effective policymaking.**
 * Hajer, professor of political science at University Van Amsterdam, & Wagenaar, 2003**

(Steven C., “Critical theory of international politics : complementarity, justice, and governance”, Routledge, 2010, Hatcher Graduate Library, p. 118-119) //RL The surplus of the global subject also allows us to understand the implications for an AND a hegemonic discourse and how they were silenced by the now dominant discourse.
 * The 1AC’s images of war and suffering are basic attempts to guilt-trip the judge and escalate impacts through securitized discourse AND their discourse diminishes the impacts’ significance**
 * Roach, associate professor of international politics in the Department of Government and International Affairs at the University of Southern Florida, 2010**

(John E., “The Psychodynamics of International Relationships” Vol 1 p. 58-59) Attempts to explore the psychological roots of enmity are frequently met with an argument that AND motives and we never labor to asses his will with anything approaching objectivity.”
 * Even if threats are real, it is only because of a cycle of enmity the affirmatives method can't deal with**
 * Dr. Mack, professor at Harvard Medical School, 1991**

(Shannon, “Critical Theory in International Relations and Security Studies: Interviews and Reflections”, interviewing Andrew Linklater, an international relations academic, and current Woodrow Wilson Professor of International Politics @ Aberystwyth University) You mentioned that your early experience had 'primed' you for realism: how then did AND Eastern Europe and beyond brought home the sheer barbarity of threatening nuclear war.
 * Realism analyses are too narrow and static—the necessity of war is a product of dominant notions of IR**
 * Dr. Brincat et al, co-editor of //Global Discourse//, 2012**

(Mark J., “Security and Change”, p. 3-4 ) //ME At root, these two perspectives are ¶ linked together: Mearsheimer uses his hierarchy AND but one has to pay close attention to the underworld of the text.
 * Prioritizing war is an attempt to reify realist hierarchies**
 * Lacy, lecturer in international relations at Lancaster University, 2005**

( Jef, " Defining Social Constructivism in Security Studies: The Normative Dilemma of Writing Security", Alternatives ) The critical position this literature articulates consists of "denaturalizing" the taken-for AND a hegemonic discourse and how they were silenced by the now dominant discourse.
 * Their threats don't exist independently of the discourse of danger used to describe them. Threats only gain significance when they are placed within a specific realist narrative of the international system. They aren't neutral or objective, they are politically and historically contingent-**
 * Dr. Huysmans, director of and senior lecturer in politics and international studies at the Center for Citizenship, Identities, and Governance, January 2002**

**Nyquist no date** (J.R., no date, former Russia analyst for the DOD and all around smart guy, “Russia's Disruptive Role,” http://www.jrnyquist.com/Russia_s_Disruptive_Role.html)//RTF On Sunday I spoke with Polish journalist Tomasz Pompowski, who wanted to give me AND memory, especially as the number of those betrayed is bound to grow.
 * The Russians are coming the Russians are coming! They’re evil and want to kill us**

**Roussel and Fossum 10-** Stéphane Roussel is professor in the department of political science at the Université du Québec à Montréal and Canada Research Chair in Canadian foreign and defence policy. John Erik Fossum is professor of political science with the ARENA Centre for European Studies at the University of Oslo and vice president of the Nordic Association for Canadian Studies, (“The Arctic is Hot Again in America and Europe: Introduction to Part I”, December 2010, http://ijx.sagepub.com/content/65/4/799.citation//nemo) Hønneland’s examination of the Russian-Norwegian pattern of cooperation opens the door for a AND with through international law, which has prevented a race for Arctic resources. =__**Aff**__= **1AC**
 * Seriously though, Russians are bullies**

**Ocean Drones 1ac—1.0**


 * Contention one is Ocean Drones*

**FIND 14** – Federal information and news dispatch (FIND, “House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Hearing”, federal press release, [|http://insurancenewsnet.com/oarticle/2014/02/07/house-transportation-and-infrastructure-subcommittee-on-coast-guard-and-maritime-a-457472.html#.U6xpufmICQo], HW) The AUV's evolution is taking place at an amazing rate of change. At the AND . A new public-private partnership is the key to such success.
 * Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) development is inevitable, but Congress has to act promptly to authorize, appropriate and coordinate a //comprehensive national program// for it to work—that spurs P3s which streamline production and overcome previous barriers**

[J. C., "MINERAL EXTRACTION, AUTHIGENIC MINERALS." //Marine Policy & Economics: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences//(2010): 274., Google Books, [|http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dqzXwFsOFMcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA274&dq=(%22Rare+Earth+Elements%22+OR+%22rare+earth+minerals%22)+AND+(%22autonomous+underwater+vehicles%22+OR+%22Autonomous+Benthic+Explorer%22)&ots=PIzchVTPjs&sig=C1I_dhR2fdZIW6VUSsl3m8t-n44#v=onepage&q&f=false], pg 276] The first step in minerals development is to find an economic mine site. This AND model to determine whether it is economically profitable to mine a given deposit.
 * Autonomous underwater vehicles key to inexpensive detection of mineral deposits AND new technology means surveys can be done quickly and accurately**
 * Wiltshire, ’10, Specialist at Ocean and Resources Engineering**

**Avery, 14** — Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution President and Director, April 29 2014 [Susan K. Avery, April 29, 2014, “Driving Innovations through Federal Investments” United States Senate Committee on Appropriations Written Testimony, []] JB **Huge dividends from initial federal support** To Ewing, the watery part of the ocean AND **the seed for innovation and continues to enlarge the realm of the possible.**
 * Federal support is the seed for commercial spillover and widespread deployment**


 * Thus the Plan…*
 * The Unites States Federal Government should substantially increase its exploration of Earth's oceans with non-military autonomous underwater vehicles.**


 * Contention Two is the Environment*

**McNutt, 13** —Marcia, Executive Chair of Oceans 2020, a group of more than 110 ocean explorers gathered at the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California, “Accelerating Ocean Exploration” SCIENCE 341:937 (30 August 2013). Reprinted with permission from AAAS in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “The Report of Ocean Exploration Exploration 2020; A National Program,” July, []. Page 13-14 //BR// //Last month, a distinguished group of ocean researchers and explorers convened in Long Beach// //AND// // needs to happen now to provide a useful informational baseline for future decisions .//
 * Current ocean exploration is woefully inadequate in climate data collection—AUVs are the key first step**

//**AUVs are a pre-requisite to**// **effective// environmental policy—in-situ processing radically reframes our understanding of key environmental dynamics** **NRC ‘96**

[National Research Council. “Undersea Vehicles and National Needs”. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1996, [|http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5069&page=]55] While scientists have been studying oceanic communities for more than a century, the perspective AND time series changes that take place over periods of months or years .2

**Furlong 13** – Masters student, University of Victoria (Jonathan, “Characteristic Morphology, Backscatter, and Sub-seafloor Structures of Cold-Vents on the Northern Cascadia Margin from High-Resolution Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Data” UMI Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest) In this chapter I discuss visible surface features of cold vents and attempt to explain AND the examination of discrete cold vent communities to be extended into the subsurface.
 * Specifically, AUVs are key to** **cold vent monitoring**

**Methane seepage** **from cold vents trigger** **immediate climate tipping events** **that cause extinction** **Furlong 13** – Masters student, University of Victoria (Jonathan, “Characteristic Morphology, Backscatter, and Sub-seafloor Structures of Cold-Vents on the Northern Cascadia Margin from High-Resolution Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Data” UMI Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest) The co-deposition of organic carbon with inorganic seafloor sediments is considered to remove AND 2008) or sourced from the continent (Etiope et al., 2008).

***Contention Three is Rare Earth Minerals**

Rare Earth Minerals (REMs) depleting now and risks global economic collapse– AUVs accesses new supplies which are key for the aerospace industry and high tech manufacturing and allow us to beat out China **Green, Senior Editor-in-Chief at Robotics Business Review, 14** (Tom, 5-12-14, Robotics Business Review, “Deep Sea Dive for Rare Earth Elements”, http://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/article/deep_sea_dive_for_rare_earth_elements) After a year of falling prices and depleting customer inventories, buyers of Rare Earth AND with subsea robot mining tools built by technology partners like Soil Machine Dynamics.

**Hannis, Senior fellow in defense studies at the American Foreign Policy Council, 12 (** Eric, 11-20-12, US News, “Are We Losing the Race for Rare Earths?”, []) The U nited S tates, like most of the industrialized world, is currently engaged in AND alternative that will allow them a way out of the China relocation trap.
 * China REM monopoly prevents US high tech manufacturing and causes all future development to offshore – US action is key now to win the race and cause reshoring**


 * And that’s key to hegemony -**

**Hannis, Senior fellow in defense studies at the American Foreign Policy Council, 12** (Eric, 11-20-12, US News, “Are We Losing the Race for Rare Earths?”, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2012/11/20/the-us-needs-rare-earth-independence-from-china) This race is also important for defense reasons : A reliable domestic source of rare AND **that supplies much of our oil: Neither are getting friendlier to America.**
 * 1) **1)REM independence is key to weapons development and preserving hegemony**

**Baru, Visiting Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and Institute of South Asian Studies (Singapore), 9** (Sanjava, January 2009, The Seminar, “Year of the power shift?”,, http://www.india-seminar.com/2009/593/593_sanjaya_baru.htm) There is no doubt that economics alone will not determine the balance of global power AND economic growth and military power – the classic ‘guns vs butter’ dilemma.
 * 1) **2)Manufacturing is key to competitiveness that underpins growth and power projection**

Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall AND an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.
 * The pursuit of hegemony is inevitable, sustainable, and prevents great power war**
 * Ikenberry, Brooks, and Wohlforth, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul and the Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, 13** (John Ikenberry, Stephen G. Brooks, William C. Wohlforth, January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, “Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward)

**1ac Port Security Advantage**

**Marcario, 6-4** -14—John, Associate Editor of Seapower Magazine, “Lawmakers Question Port Security and Delays of TWIC Reader, Cargo Scan Mandate,” []. //BR// // Port security has been steadily improving over the last decade, but challenges remain ,// //AND// //preserving the necessary speed of moving containers through the ports,” Carper said.//
 * Port security is at a crossroads—the critical July deadline to search all inbound cargo is impossible to meet with current technology and complacency is setting in, even though the threat of terrorism is adaptive**

//**AUVs are vital to port security—they provide multiple inspection advantages and solve every aspect of port security**// // **Bluefin 14** //

//[Bluefin Robotics, “Port and Harbor Security”, http://www.bluefinrobotics.com/applications/port-and-harbor-security/]// //There has been dramatic development of autonomous systems in the last two years to address// //AND// //deployable to allow prudent and selective pre-positioning or re-positioning.//

//**Terrorists can build, buy or steal a nuclear weapon and smuggle it into a U.S. seaport—they’re key targets**// // **Abt, ‘3** – Ph.D., Clark C., Risk analysis prepared for US DOT/RSPA/Volpe National Transportation. “The Economic Impact of Nuclear Terrorist Attacks on Freight Transport Systems in an Age of Seaport Vulnerability,” Apr 23, [].// // International terrorists have asserted their intention to acquire nuclear weapons, and have an **increasing** // // **AND** // //, such as the 14 th Street Bridge in DC, or midtown Manhattan//

//**Nuclear terror is the most dangerous nuclear threat because deterrence fails**// // **Sid-Ahmed, ‘4** – Mohammed, political analyst, “Extinction!” al-ahram weekly, [].// //The most critical moment was the one when the Soviet Union collapsed and fragmented into// //AND// //When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.//

//**Containers are**// **easy// vessels for high-lethality bioweapons** **Bakir, ‘7** – Niyazi Onur, Postdoctoral Research Associate at University of Southern California Center for Homeland Security, “A Brief Analysis of Threats and Vulnerabilities in the Maritime Domain, Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) Research Archive Non-published Research Reports, http://research.create.usc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=nonpublished_reports) There is no effective detection equipment for bio logical and chemical weapons. There are many AND  cargo and empty containers should be minimized to reduce terrorism at US ports.

**Parson, ‘6** – Ed, University of Michigan, “The Big One: A Review of Richard Posner’s Catastrophe: Risk and Response,” []. For his fourth risk, in case you are not scared enough, Posner turns AND tried to develop them. Suitable lab facilities exist in **dozens** of countries.
 * Human extinction results**

Neg 1ncs at camp -security -midterms -millitary cp -navy cp -trade-off DA -Russia SOI DA -T -Probs some case turns

2nr haven't been 2nr at camp before so we will see how this goes :)