ACHM+Mike+&+Ben

Aff - benjamin.iuliano@gmail.com Neg - mikedemers1@gmail.com toc

=Aff =

Oil
**Goldwyn, 13** – President, Goldwyn Global Strategies, LLC (4/11/2013, David L., “The Impact of the Tight Oil and Gas Boom on Latin America and the Caribbean: Opportunities for Cooperation,” House Committee on Foreign Affairs; Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere; “Energy Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean” http://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA07/20130411/100622/HHRG-113-FA07-Wstate-GoldwynD-20130411.pdf, JMP) The unconventional revolution … are ultimately unsustainable.
 * Growing state control of oil resources in Venezuela is limiting investment, restricting growth and democracy and increasing risk of oil shocks **– **U.S. action is key to reverse the trend **

**Shinkman, 13** – national security reporter at U.S. News and World Report (4/24/2013, Paul D., “Iranian-Sponsored Narco-Terrorism in Venezuela: How Will Maduro Respond? New Venezuelan president at a crossroads for major threat to U.S.,” http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/04/24/iranian-sponsored-narco-terrorism-in-venezuela-how-will-maduro-respond, JMP) At a conference … ever-charismatic Chavez.
 * Growing economic crises and ties with Iran are fueling narco terror networks targeting the U.S. **

**Anderson, 8** (10/8/2008, Curt, AP, “US officials fear terrorist links with drug lords,” http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-10-08-805146709_x.htm) There is real … to come together."
 * Results in WMD terrorism on the U.S. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Wright 7** – New America Foundation senior fellow (Robert, 4/28, Planet Of The Apes, http://select.nytimes.com/2007/04/28/opinion/28wright.html, AG) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Terrorism. Alas, the … mishandling of it.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Retaliation risks extinction **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Campbell, 13** (4/16/2013, Darren, “A new leader could signal change for Venezuela’s troubled oil and gas sector; If Nicolas Maduro can reverse the industry's decline, it could siphon off investment in Alberta's oil sands,” http://www.albertaoilmagazine.com/2013/04/a-new-leader-could-signal-change-for-venenzuelas-oil-and-gas-sector/, JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">That’s because Venezuelan … Maduro’s administration performs.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Expanding market based investment is essential to Venezuelan stability and Maduro’s grip on power **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Shifter, 3** – vice president for policy at the Inter-American Dialogue (7/16/2003, Michael, “Why Venezuela Matters,” [], JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">For the United … risks are growing.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Instability spills over to rest of the region **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Rochlin, 94** (James Francis, Professor of Political Science at Okanagan U. College, Discovering the Americas: The Evolution of Canadian Foreign Policy Towards Latin America, 130-131, Wake Early Bird File) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">While there were … the next chapter.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Impact is global war **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Campbell, 1**3 (4/16/2013, Darren, “A new leader could signal change for Venezuela’s troubled oil and gas sector; If Nicolas Maduro can reverse the industry's decline, it could siphon off investment in Alberta's oil sands,” http://www.albertaoilmagazine.com/2013/04/a-new-leader-could-signal-change-for-venenzuelas-oil-and-gas-sector/, JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Oil-rich Venezuela … the oil sands.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Investment in Venezuela will force a tradeoff with Canadian oil sands **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Hansen, 12** – directs the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (5/9/2012, James, NYT, “Game Over for the Climate,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/10/opinion/game-over-for-the-climate.html?_r=0) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">GLOBAL warming isn’t … in the ground.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Impact is extinction from runaway climate change **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Shifter, 13** – Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service (3/11/2013, Michael, “The Empire Makes Nice: Is it time for a Venezuela reset?” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/11/the_empire_makes_nice_venezuela_hugo_chavez, JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Four years ago … because he could.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">U.S. energy engagement solves --- political and economic changes make Maduro’s acceptance likely **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Farnsworth, 13** – vice president of the Council of the Americas and Americas Society (4/11/2013, Eric, “Energy Security Opportunities in Latin America <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">and the Caribbean, Hearing Before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, [], JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">More broadly, the …rule of law.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">U.S. resources and expertise are key **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Plan

 * The United States federal government should provide all necessary investment and technical aid in the liberalization of the Venezuelan energy sector.**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Relations
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Metzker, 13** (6/17/2013, Jared, “Analysts Say Oil Could Help Mend U.S.-Venezuela Relations,” http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/06/analysts-say-oil-could-help-mend-u-s-venezuela-relations/, JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A shift in … it is going.”
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Large-scale rapprochement not likely now but oil investment could catalyze stronger relations **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Daly, 13** – non-resident Fellow at The Johns Hopkins University Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies’ Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and one of the leading specialists on the post-Soviet space, particularly the Caucasus and Central Asia energy issues, having provided professional audiences with indepth analysis of energy issues there for more than a decade (5/28/2013, John, “Venezuelan President Maduro Offers Olive Branch to Washington,” http://www.economonitor.com/blog/2013/05/venezuelan-president-maduro-offers-olive-branch-to-washington/, JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">To say that … have continued unabated.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Venezuela’s oil nationalization has undermined diplomatic relations **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Clarke, 13** – Associate Editor of America The National Catholic Review and MA in International Studies from DePaul University (3/25/2013, Kevin, “Chavez Death Brings New Chance For U.S.-Venezuela Engagement,” http://americamagazine.org/issue/chavez-death-brings-new-chance-us-venezuela-engagement, JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The passing of … likely to continue.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Expanding U.S. investment and partnership with Venezuela oil industry will revive relations **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Goldwyn, 13** – President, Goldwyn Global Strategies, LLC (4/11/2013, David L., “The Impact of the Tight Oil and Gas Boom on Latin America and the Caribbean: Opportunities for Cooperation,” House Committee on Foreign Affairs; Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere; “Energy Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean” [], JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The tight oil … this critical issue.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This is critical to boost U.S. influence and mold the regional economic framework **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Delahunt, 12** – chairman of the Venezuela-US Friendship Group and retired U.S. Representative (10/30/2012, William, “A new role for the US and Venezuela,” http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2012/10/30/podium-venezuela/EJ6Jd2yRKfaJ76HYrXb4WJ/story.html, JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The recent election…such an initiative.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This will boost U.S. standing in important Latin American regional forums **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Zedillo et al., 8** – Commission Co-Chair for the Brookings Institute Report on the Partnership for the Americas and former President of Mexico [Ernesto Zedillo, Thomas R. Pickering, etc, Rethinking U.S.–Latin American Relations A Hemispheric Partnership for a Turbulent World. Report of the Partnership for the Americas Commission, The Brookings Institution, November 2008, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2008/11/24%20latin%20america%20partnership/1124_latin_america_partnership.PDF, ENDI File] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Historically, the United … by its absence.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Latin American relations check all conflict. Only engagement solves. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Hurst, 8** – political-military research analyst with the Foreign Military Studies Office and a Lieutenant Commander in the United States Navy Reserve (9/8/2008, “China's Global Quest for Energy; Rocky U.S. Relationship with Venezuela is Playing into China's Energy Policy Despite The Ocean Between Them,” www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=740&pageid=&pagename=, JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The U.S. rocky … stretch its resources.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Failure to rebuild ties on oil issues allows China to solidify its stronghold and use oil as a diplomatic weapon against the U.S. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Salameh, 11** – international oil economist, a consultant to the World Bank in Washington, DC on energy affairs and a technical expert of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization in Vienna (Second Quarter 2011, Mamdouh G., International Association for Energy Economics, “China’s Oil “Adventure” into Venezuela,” [|www.iaee.org], JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">China’s growing involvement … the United States.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Triggers great power conflict with China **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Dowd, 13** – served as an adjunct professor and lecturer at Butler University, a researcher and administrator at leading think tanks, and a congressional aide (4/19/2013, Alan W., “Monroe Doctrine Version 2.0,” http://www.legion.org/landingzone/214857/monroe-doctrine-version-20, JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Much has been … the Western Hemisphere.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">China is using economic contacts to expand defense ties – U.S. reengagement key to signal a firm response and deter conflict **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Fillingham, 13** – Managing Editor & Asia Analyst and MA in Chinese Studies from the School of Oriental and African Studies in London (3/10/2013, Zachary, “Post-Chavez US-Venezuelan Relations: Headed for a Thaw?” http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/post-chavez-us-venezuelan-relations-headed-for-a-thaw-4790/, JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Current polls indicate … opportunity presents itself.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">U.S. assistance prevents exclusive Chinese influence **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Fabian, 13** (3/6/2013, Jordan, 3/6/2013, “Hugo Chávez Death: Fixing the U.S.-Venezuela Relationship Won't Be Easy,” http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/Politics/hugo-chavez-death-fixing-us-venezuela-relationship-easy/story?id=18668275#.UZr5x8r3Ugk, JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">During his presidency … Venezuela," said Restrepo.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Maduro will say yes **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a. Empirics **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**De Córdoba & Muñoz, 13**(1/11/2013, JOSÉ DE CÓRDOBA and SARA MUÑOZ, “Venezuela, U.S. Start Talks to Mend Ties,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324581504578235911777903292.html, JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Both sides remain …the oil sector.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">b. Contrary to popular belief, Maduro is not Chavez **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Landers, 13** (3/7/2013, Jim, “Crumbling Venezuelan oil sector expected to remain hostile to U.S. investment,” http://www.dallasnews.com/business/energy/20130306-crumbling-venezuelan-oil-sector-expected-to-remain-hostile-to-u.s.-investment.ece, JMP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hugo Chávez is … other refined products.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">No improvements to Venezuela’s oil industry coming now **

Status Quo

 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Contention one is the status quo **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Inter Press Service, 12** (Tierramérica, “MEXICO: Scientists Call For Regulation of Nanotechnology,” 03/12/2012, http://www.tierramerica.info/nota.php?lang=eng&idnews=3920&olt=568, AC) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nanotechnology, which is … among other products.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nanotech development in Mexico is on the rise – it’s unregulated and risks spinning out of control **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Foladori and Lau, 7** (ReLANS coordinators, Doctoral Program in Development Studies Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Zacatecas, México, “Nanotechnologies in Latin America,” pg online @ http://www.rosalux.de/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/Manuskripte_81.pdf //um-ef)// //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">At the beginning … in this regard. //
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Haphazard development risks spilling over – Latin America is a potential hotbed, but lack of vision risks disaster **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Vandermolen, 6** (LCDR Thomas D. Vandermolen, USN (BS, Louisiana Tech University; MA, Naval War College), is officer in charge, Maritime Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan. He was previously assigned as a student at the Naval War College, Newport Naval Station, Rhode Island. He has also served as intelligence officer for Carrier Wing Five, Naval Air Facility, Atsugi, Japan, and in similar assignments with US Special Operations Command, US Forces Korea, and Sea Control Squadron THIRTY-FIVE, Naval Air Station, North Island, California. AIR & SPACE POWER JOUNRAL, Fall, 2006, “Molecular nanotechnology and national security,” pg online @ [] um-ef) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">MNT was originally … to those nanoparticles.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This causes toxic poisoning of the environment **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**CRN, 4** (Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, 4/19/04, “Disaster Scenarios”, http://crnano.typepad.com/crnblog/2004/07/disaster_scenar.html //nz) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Environmental devastation by … the human race.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Extinction **

Plan

 * Thus the plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its nanotechnology aid toward Mexico. **

Mexico

 * Contention two is Mexico **

//The market opportunity … relatively low cost."//
 * Nanotech is a potential savior for the developing world, but current policies avoid it – despite substantial market opportunity, businesses refuse to invest **
 * Wilson Center, 7 **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Woodrow Wilson Internatonal Center for scholars “The promise of Nanotechnology” may 2007 pg online @ [] //um-ef)//

There has been … behind their implementation.
 * This is specifically true in Latin America **
 * Foladori and Lau, 7 **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(ReLANS coordinators, Doctoral Program in Development Studies Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Zacatecas, México, “Nanotechnologies in Latin America,” pg online @ http://www.rosalux.de/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/Manuskripte_81.pdf um-ef)

Perhaps the most … (pro-poor research).
 * Collaboration is key – only way to ensure pro-poor research **
 * Lodwick et al., 7 **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(T. Lodwick*, R. Rodrigues**, R. Sandler***, W.D. Kay * Nanotechnology and Society Research Group (NSRG), Northeastern University **Santa Clara University, School of Law,** *NSRG, Department of Philosophy and Religion, Northeastern University, NSRG, Deapartment of Political Science, Northeastern University, “nanotechnology and the global poor: the united states policy and international collaborations” pg online @ [], AC)


 * Scenario one is disease – **

//Scientists say nanotechnology … nano-based medicines.//
 * Nanotech in Latin America is critical – saves thousands of lives and provides the best laboratories for development of disease prevention techniques **
 * VOA News, 9 **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(“Nanotechnology Could Improve Health Care in Developing Countries,” pg online @ http://www.voanews.com/articleprintview/347615.html //um-ef)//

Nanotechnology offers a … for economic development.
 * Reject generic defense – quantum dots sidestep conventional disease prevention **
 * Court et al, 4 **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(E. Court*, A. Daar**,** E. Martin*, T. Acharya, P. Singer* *University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine and Departments of Public Health Sciences and Surgery, University of Toronto; University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada *University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada * University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada, “Will Prince Charles et al diminish the opportunities of developing countries in nanotechnology?”, 01/28/2004, http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/indepth/18909 VS)

A pandemic will … a human-viable strain (10).
 * Disease spread causes extinction**
 * Yu, 9 ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(5/22, Victoria, Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, "Human extinction: the uncertainty of our fate", http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate)


 * Scenario two is water – **

//Rio Grande Valley … applied,” he said.//
 * A historic crisis is coming – Mexico will be unable to fulfill their treaty obligations, causing a diplomatic disaster **
 * Brezosky, 13 **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (“Water shortage in Valley again fuels tensions with Mexico,” pg online @ http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/environment/article/Water-shortage-in-Valley-again-fuels-tensions-4342747.php //um-ef)//

Another possibility is … possibilities for cooperation.
 * That collapses cooperation, causes U.S. backlash and sparks resource wars and refugee crisis **
 * Homer-Dixon, 98 **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (Thomas, Assistant Professor of Political Science and Director of the Peace and Conflict Studies Programme – University of Toronto, World Security Challenges for a New Century, p. 342-343)

Water is one … __no obvious answer.__
 * Resultant water wars cause global nuclear conflict **
 * NASCA, 6** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">– the National Association for Scientific & Cultural Appreciation (“Water Shortages – Only A Matter Of Time.” http://www.nasca.org.uk/Strange_relics_/water/water.html)

Perhaps the most … eventually, "global collapse."
 * Water shortages independently causes extinction **
 * Marlow, 1 **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (Maude, Spring) National Chairperson of the Council of Canadians and IFG Committee on the Globalization of Water. “BLUE GOLD: The Global Water Crisis and the Commodification of the World's Water Supply,” http://www.ratical.org/co-globalize/BlueGold.pdf.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sixth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development., “Sector Diagnosis of Nanotechnology in Mexico,” http://www.utwente.nl/mesaplus/nanoforumeula/nanotechnology%20in%20Mexico/nanoforumeula_sector_diagnosis.pdf um-ef) The most important … to the EU.
 * Mexico nano is key – they have the resources, the technology base and are a critical global model for water treatment and desalination tech **
 * Nanoforumeula, 13 **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(NanoforumEULA is a project funded by the European Commission as a part of the

As one of … all social assessments.
 * Mexico provides a model for developing countries **
 * Lau, 8 ** – <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Researcher of the Latin American Nanotechnology & Society Network (ReLANS); PhD. Candidate in Development Studies at the Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas (Edgar Zayago, “Nanotechnology may be more useful for Mexican society”, 2008, []//VS)

United States

 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Contention three is the United States **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Hummell et al., 12** (Robert Hummel, PhD1,*, Policy Research Division, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies,, Patrick Cheetham1, Justin Rossi1, Synesis: A Journal of Science, Technology, Ethics, and Policy 2012 “US Science and Technology Leadership, and Technology Grand Challenges,” pg online @ http://www.synesisjournal.com/vol3_g/Hummel_2012_G14-39.pdf //um-ef)// //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Taken together, there … throughout the society. //
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">U.S. science and technology leadership is collapsing and that’s an existential risk **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Goldstein, 7** – David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations at the University of Pennsylvania, Associate Director of the Christopher H. Browne Center for International Politics, Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, holds a Ph.D. from the University of California-Berkeley, 2007 (Avery, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30, Number 4-5, August-October, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Taylor & Francis Online, p. 647-648) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Two closely related … it will define.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Locking-in tech leadership prevents hegemonic wars **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Miotke, 8** – subcommittee on research and science education, committee on science and technology, House of Representatives, 110 Congress, Foreign Service Officer, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Science, Space, and Health (Jeff, “International Science and Technology Cooperation,” Government Printing Office, 4/2/2008, []) RH <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">USAID plays a … negotiated by OES.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Unfortunately, funding cuts have hampered USAID's efforts in technological assistance – greater funding is necessary to utilize USAID’s unique leadership **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Mendis, 4** – adjunct associate professor of economics and management at the UMUC Graduate School of Management and Technology at the University of Maryland (Patrick, “Science, Technology, And Intellectual Property Rights In American Foreign Policy”. Journal of Technology Law & Policy.Vol 9 June 2004 Issue 1.http://grove.ufl.edu/~techlaw/vol9/issue1/mendis.html) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In coming years … peace and prosperity.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Assistance in the form of technological cooperation in nanotech enhances US global technology leadership **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Dolan, 12** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Bridget M. Dolan, “Science and Technology Agreements as Tools for Science Diplomacy: A U.S. Case Study,” Science & Diplomacy, Vol. 1, No. 4 (December 2012), pg online @ http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/files/science_and_technology_agreements_as_tools_for_science_diplomacy_science__diplomacy.pdf //um-ef)// //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">As this paper … meaningful international partnerships. //
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The plan’s long-term engagement strategy provides a platform for S&T leadership and U.S. science diplomacy **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Fedoroff, 8** – subcommittee on research and science education, committee on science and technology, House of Representatives, 110 Congress, administrator of USAID, science and technology advisor to the Secretary of State and US Department of State (Nina, “International Science and Technology Cooperation,” Government Printing Office, 4/2/2008, []) RH <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chairman Baird, Ranking … US science diplomacy.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Prerequisite to solving every disad impact **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Fedoroff, 8** – subcommittee on research and science education, committee on science and technology, House of Representatives, 110 Congress, administrator of USAID, science and technology advisor to the Secretary of State and US Department of State (Nina, “International Science and Technology Cooperation,” Government Printing Office, 4/2/2008, [])//RH// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">An essential part … and create sustainability.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Science solves WMD prolif **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Cimbala, 8** (Stephen, Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Penn. State Brandywine, Comparative Strategy, “Anticipatory Attacks: Nuclear Crisis Stability in Future Asia”, 27, InformaWorld) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">If the possibility … major interstate warfare.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">New proliferators will be uniquely destabilizing – guarantees conflict escalation **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Lodwick et al., 7** (T. Lodwick*, R. Rodrigues**, R. Sandler***, W.D. Kay * Nanotechnology and Society Research Group (NSRG), Northeastern University **Santa Clara University, School of Law,** *NSRG, Department of Philosophy and Religion, Northeastern University, NSRG, Deapartment of Political Science, Northeastern University, “nanotechnology and the global poor: the united states policy and international collaborations” pg online @ http://www.nsti.org/procs/Nanotech2007v1/8/T81.501 um-ef) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">However, the greatest … nanotechnology into development.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">USAID is best – biotech initiatives prove development assistance paves the way for regulatory frameworks and collaboration **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Vandermolen, 6** (LCDR Thomas D. Vandermolen, USN (BS, Louisiana Tech University; MA, Naval War College), is officer in charge, Maritime Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan. He was previously assigned as a student at the Naval War College, Newport Naval Station, Rhode Island. He has also served as intelligence officer for Carrier Wing Five, Naval Air Facility, Atsugi, Japan, and in similar assignments with US Special Operations Command, US Forces Korea, and Sea Control Squadron THIRTY-FIVE, Air & Space Power Jounral, “Molecular nanotechnology and national security, pg online @ [] //um-ef) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Molecular Nanotechnology (MNT) … that day arrives.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">US nanotech leadership ensures international regulation, resulting in controlled military nanotech **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Altmann, 4** – PhD physics doctoral dissertation on laser radar, University of Hamburg, Germany, since 1985 he has studied scientific-technical problems of disarmament, first concerning high-energy laser weapons, founded the Bochum Verification Project in Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, that does research into the potential of automatic sensor systems for co-operative verification of disarmament and peace agreements. In recent years, he has studied military uses of, first, microsystems technologies and then nanotechnology, with a view towards preventive arms control, both at University of Dortmund, Germany, cofounder of the German Research Association Science, Disarmament and International Security FONAS, and currently is a deputy speaker of the Committee Physics and Disarmament of the German Physical Society (Jurgen, military uses of nanotechnology: perspectives and concerns, security dialogue, vol 35, pg online @ []) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is predicted … briefly described here.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">US action and model is key to cooperation and transparency **

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