Affirmative+Page

The most likely affirmative will be the NSA one, but it's somewhat dependent upon the round. =//__NSA Affirmative__//=

NSA surveillance is crushing U.S. cloud-computing – decks competitiveness and spills over to the entire tech sector
Donohue 15 – Professor of Law, Georgetown Law and Director, Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown Law (Lauren, HIGH TECHNOLOGY, CONSUMER PRIVACY, AND U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY, Symposium Articles, 4 Am. U. Bus. L. Rev. 11 p.15-18, 2015, Hein Online)//JJ I. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NSA PROGRAMS The NSA programs, and public awareness of AND __by U.S. firms, gaining market share in the process.__

That undermines US global technological leadership
CONCLUSION When historians write about this period in U.S. history it could AND . government enable its tech industry to effectively compete in the global market.
 * Castro and McQuinn 15 **, Daniel Castro works at the Center for Data Innovation, Government Technology, The Information Technology & Innovation Foundation, worked at the U.S. Government Accountability Office, went to Carnegie Mellon. Alan McQuinn works at the Federal Communications Commission, previously had the Bill Archer Fellowship at the University of Texas, (June 2015, “Beyond the USA Freedom Act: How U.S. Surveillance Still Subverts U.S. Competitiveness”, file:///C:/Users/Mark/Downloads/2015-beyond-usa-freedom-act.pdf)//AK

Technological leadership is key to US primacy
Weiss, 14 - Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, Professor Emeritus in Government and International Relations at the University of Sydney, Honorary Professor of Political Science at Aarhus University (Linda, “America Inc.?: Innovation and Enterprise in the National Security State” Cornell University Press, 4/1/14 *NSS = national security state)//jml So what accounts for America’s transformative capacity? Where do its breakthrough innovations come from AND primarily) a commercial matter—even when the NSS "goes commercial.

The pursuit of hegemony is inevitable – realism dictates state action – states are self-interested and want nothing else other than survival
Mearsheimer 14 -- Professor of political science at the University of Chicago, PhD in international relations (John J., “Realism Reader,” edited by Colin Elman and Michael A. Jensen, London ; New York : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, p. 179-188, tony) Great powers, I argue, are always searching for opportunities to gain power over AND // of behavior result: fear, self-help, and power maximization. //

US primacy is key to the liberal international order – solves nuclear war
Ikenberry, 14 – [Gilford John Ikenberry is a theorist of international relations and United States foreign policy, and a professor of Politics and International Affairs in the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, May/June 2014, The Illusion of Geopolitics The Enduring Power of the Liberal Order, Foreign Affairs, []] Jeong REVISIONISM REVISITED Not only does Mead underestimate the strength of the United States and the AND a world “where the weak are safe and the strong are just.”

Unipolarity is necessary to coordinate global cooperation and ensure international stability
Keck 14 – the Assistant Editor at The Diplomat, a researcher at the Middle East Desk at Wikistrat, and an M.A. candidate in the Department of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University. Former Deputy Editor at e-International Relations; a foreign policy reporter at the Washington, D.C. edition of Examiner.com, a Joseph S. Nye, Jr. National Security Research Intern at the Center for a New American Security, a Research Assistant at the Center for Research, Regional Education and Outreach, (Zach, “America’s Relative Decline: Should We Panic? The end of the unipolar era will create new dangers that the world mustn’t overlook,” 1-24-14, http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/americas-relative-decline-should-we-panic/) Still, China’s relative rise and the United States’ relative decline carries significant risks, AND powers, this will only further dampen the prospects for effective global governance.

1. Tech sector - The perception of NSA overreach is undermining trust in the tech sector – that crushes the entire economy and decks competitiveness
“It is becoming clear that the post-9/11 surveillance apparatus may AND companies hoping to chip away at U.S. tech competiveness .58
 * Kehl, 14** – Policy Analyst at New America’s Open Technology Institute (Danielle, “Surveillance Costs: The NSA’s Impact on the Economy, Internet Freedom & Cybersecurity” July, https://www.newamerica.org/oti/surveillance-costs-the-nsas-impact-on-the-economy-internet-freedom-cybersecurity/

2. Localization – The __perception__ that the NSA is using Executive Order 12333 to circumvent section 702 is driving global data localization
Beyond 215 and FAA, media reports have suggested that there have been collection programs AND to provide their customers with some sense of how many requests are made.
 * Eoyang, 14** - Mieke Eoyang is the Director of the National Security Program at Third Way, a center-left think tank. She previously served as Defense Policy Advisor to Senator Edward M. Kennedy, and a subcommittee staff director on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, as well as as Chief of Staff to Rep. Anna Eshoo (D-Palo Alto) (“A Modest Proposal: FAA Exclusivity for Collection Involving U.S. Technology Companies” Lawfare, 11/24, http://www.lawfareblog.com/modest-proposal-faa-exclusivity-collection-involving-us-technology-companies

That destroys economic growth
C. Economic Development Many governments believe that by forcing companies to localize data within AND aggregating data across borders. We discuss the impacts on these trends below.
 * Chandler and Le, 15** - * Director, California International Law Center, Professor of Law and Martin Luther King, Jr. Hall Research Scholar, University of California, Davis; A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Yale Law School AND **Free Speech and Technology Fellow, California International Law Center; A.B., Yale College; J.D., University of California, Davis School of Law (Anupam and Uyen, “DATA NATIONALISM” 64 Emory L.J. 677, lexis)

Economic decline increases the __likelihood__ in conflict in __multiple hotspots__
Kemp 10 – Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Geoffrey, “The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East,” p. 233-4)//BB The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first AND expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

Robust __studies prove__
Royal 10 – Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the US Department of Defense (Jedidiah, “Economic Integration, Economic Signalling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, chapter in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)//BB First, on the systemic level, Pollins (2008) advances Modelski and Thompson’s AND popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.

1ac – plan
====The United States federal government should curtail its domestic surveillance of United States corporations by exclusively limiting its surveillance to investigations carried out under section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act and amending section 702 to require that the target of surveillance be a foreign power or its agent and requiring executive branch certification that the collection of foreign intelligence be the primary purpose of and likely outcome of programmatic surveillance. Any executive surveillance that cannot satisfy this internationality requirement should be subject to Title III warrant requirements.====

Cyber attacks on the horizon- threaten international escalation
Heyward 5/20, cyberterror analyst and contributor at BreitBart,(John, CYBERTERRORISM IS THE NEXT ‘BIG THREAT,’ SAYS FORMER CIA CHIEF, http://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2015/05/20/cyberterrorism-is-the-next-big-threat-says-former-cia-chief/)//AK Many experts reckon the first cyberwar is already well under way. It’s not exactly AND set up by the attackers, ” as reported by the New York Times.

Data localization wrecks cybersecurity
Closely related to the goal of avoiding foreign surveillance through data localization is the goal AND in Vancouver than one owned by IBM, a few miles further south.
 * Chandler and Le, 15** - * Director, California International Law Center, Professor of Law and Martin Luther King, Jr. Hall Research Scholar, University of California, Davis; A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Yale Law School AND **Free Speech and Technology Fellow, California International Law Center; A.B., Yale College; J.D., University of California, Davis School of Law (Anupam and Uyen, “DATA NATIONALISM” 64 Emory L.J. 677, lexis)

Cyberterrorism is the most likely impact – will have catastrophic ramifications
// Terrorists will recognize the opportunity the cyber world offers sooner or later. They will // // AND // //likely major cyber threat.// It must be met with all our assets. //
 * Bucci 09** - Dr. Steven P. Bucci is IBM's Issue Lead for Cyber Security Programs and a part of the Global Leadership Initiative, the in-house think tank for IBM's public-sector practice. He most recently served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, Homeland Defense and Defense Support to Civil Authorities. (Steven, “The Confluence of Cyber Crime and Terrorism”, The Heritage Foundation, June 12, 2009, http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/the-confluence-of-cyber-crime-and-terrorism//DM)//

Cyberattacks go nuclear due to command and control hacking, crisis instability, and fracturing nuclear agreements
The U nited S tates is racing for the technological frontier in military __and intelligence uses of__ AND be every bit as reasonable given their anxiety about unconstrained American cyber superiority.
 * Austin 13** [Director of Policy Innovation at the EastWest Institute, “Costs of American Cyber Superiority,” 8/6, []] //khirn

XO12333 is the primary mechanism of NSA overstretch
Arnbak and Goldberg 14- cybersecurity and information law research at the Institute for Information Law, LL.M degree from Leiden University, A Competitive Strategy and Game Theory degree from London School of Economics University of Amsterdam; Associate professor in the Computer Science Department at Boston University, phD from Princeton University, B.A.S.c from University of Toronto (Axel and Sharon, “Loopholes for Circumventing the Constitution: Warrantless Bulk Surveillance on Americans by Collecting the Network Traffic Abroad”, Working Paper, June 27, 2014)//TT 2.3.1 Scope of the Third Regulatory Regime under EO 12333: AND probably because the lack of checks and balances between three branches of Government.

A strengthened internationality requirement provides clear standards for oversight and preventing abuse – __the plan also solves ex-post__
Harper 14, University of Chicago Law School, U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Division, (Nick, “FISA’s Fuzzy Line between Domestic and International Terrorism”, University of Chicago Law Review; Summer2014, Vol. 81 Issue 3)//AK Most importantly, this test more accurately categorizes groups that straddle the line between domestic AND would provide some much-needed balancing to the skewed FISA adversarial process.

The plan’s amendment to 702 solves the risk of abuse without ending programmatic surveillance
As the above discussion makes clear, the key to reforming the FISA Court is AND already collected information) in cases that fall below that low bar.290
 * Goitein and Patel 15** - Elizabeth (Liza) Goitein co-directs the Brennan Center for Justice’s Liberty and National Security Program. Served as counsel to Sen. Russell Feingold with a particular focus on government secrecy and privacy rights. Was a trial attorney in the Federal Programs Branch of the Civil Division of the Department of Justice. Graduated from the Yale Law School and clerked for the Honorable Michael Daly Hawkins on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Faiza Patel serves as co-director of the Brennan Center for Justice’s Liberty and National Security Program. Clerked for Judge Sidhwa at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Ms. Patel is a graduate of Harvard College and the NYU School of Law. (Elizabeth and Faiza, “What went wrong with the FISA court”, Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, 2015 //DM)

Strengthening FISA’s internationality requirement means wholly domestic cases will be limited by a Title III warrant – that curtails FISA overreach
Harper 14, University of Chicago Law School, U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Division, (Nick, “FISA’s Fuzzy Line between Domestic and International Terrorism”, University of Chicago Law Review; Summer2014, Vol. 81 Issue 3)//AK Due to the strong possibility that certain interpretations of FISA’s nebulous internationality requirement pose serious AND or include oneself), and transportation, except medicine or religious materials.199

The primary purpose test is necessary to sustain the Fourth Amendment
Goitein and Patel 15 - Elizabeth (Liza) Goitein co-directs the Brennan Center for Justice’s Liberty and National Security Program. Served as counsel to Sen. Russell Feingold with a particular focus on government secrecy and privacy rights. Was a trial attorney in the Federal Programs Branch of the Civil Division of the Department of Justice. Graduated from the Yale Law School and clerked for the Honorable Michael Daly Hawkins on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Faiza Patel serves as co-director of the Brennan Center for Justice’s Liberty and National Security Program. Clerked for Judge Sidhwa at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Ms. Patel is a graduate of Harvard College and the NYU School of Law. (Elizabeth and Faiza, “What went wrong with the FISA court”, Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, 2015) 3. Restore the “Primary Purpose” Test Congress should amend FISA to AND of the executive’s conclusions about the foreign intelligence value of proposed surveillance.

Introducing foreign power requirement allows the government to pursue legitimate threats while enhancing protection for US persons
Goitein and Patel 15 - Elizabeth (Liza) Goitein co-directs the Brennan Center for Justice’s Liberty and National Security Program. Served as counsel to Sen. Russell Feingold with a particular focus on government secrecy and privacy rights. Was a trial attorney in the Federal Programs Branch of the Civil Division of the Department of Justice. Graduated from the Yale Law School and clerked for the Honorable Michael Daly Hawkins on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Faiza Patel serves as co-director of the Brennan Center for Justice’s Liberty and National Security Program. Clerked for Judge Sidhwa at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Ms. Patel is a graduate of Harvard College and the NYU School of Law. (Elizabeth and Faiza, “What went wrong with the FISA court”, Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, 2015) Restoring the requirement that the government obtain individualized court orders before conducting surveillance does not AND U.S. persons (and the foreigners with whom they communicate). = = = =

=//__Islamophobia Affirmative__//= Islamophobic constructions pervasive in society have created a broad state of violence against bodies of color Wing 3, Bessie Dutton Murray Distinguished Professor of Law [Spring 2003, Adrien Katherine Wing is a Bessie Dutton Murray Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Iowa College of Law. A.B. Princeton, 1978; M.A. UCLA, 1979; J.D. Stanford, 1982. This paper was presented at the Civil Rights symposium of the Louisiana State“Civil Rights in the Post 911 World: Critical Race Praxis, Coalition Building, and the War on Terrorism”, [|http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5987&context=lalrev&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dguantanamo%2B%2522critical%2Brace%2Btheory%2522%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C5%26as_vis%3D1#search=%22guantanamo%20critical%20race%20theory%22], 63 La. L. Rev. (2003)] To illustrate how … World War II .9

These constructions extend to the way the government polices individuals and decides who is a threat Cabral & Sutcliffe, 15 --- *photojournalist, filmmaker and cinematographer documenting stories seldom seen in mainstream media, AND **documentary filmmaker whose work explores issues of national security post-9/11 (1/26/2015, Lyric R. Cabral and David Felix Sutcliffe, “The FBI Isn’t Catching Terrorists — It’s Creating Them” http://creativetimereports.org/2015/01/26/fbi-counterterrorism-lyric-cabral-david-felix-sutcliffe-sundance/, JMP) People think that … race or religion

This is how liberalism turns violent – the construction of the liberal subject makes muslims the enemy of humanity – this makes all forms of violence inevitable Evans 10 [Brad Evans, Lecturer in the School of Politics and International Studies at the University of Leeds and Programme Director for International Relations, “Foucault’s Legacy: Security, War, and Violence in the 21st Century,” Security Dialogue vol.41, no. 4, August 2010, pg. 422-424, sage] // Imposing liberalism // has … // the analytical arena //.

This deeming of people as “dangerous” creates a free license for capture that drives perpetual warfare Butler 6, Professor at UC Berkeley (Judith, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence” Ch. 3: Indefinite Detention, pg 50) If a person … // recourse to law. //

Challenging institutional racism is a prior ethical question— it makes violence structurally inevitable and foundationally negates morality Memmi 2K (Albert, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ U of Paris, Naiteire, Racism, Translated by Steve Martinot, p. 163-165) The struggle against … stakes are irresistible.

View the impact debate from the lens of the dispossessed and refuse appeals to official white reality—conventional risk calculus operates on a false assumption of colorblind probability analysis Mills 97 – Associate Prof of Philosophy @ U Illinois, Chicago (Charles-; The Racial Contract) The Racial Contract … operator, or not.

This dehumanization of foreign populations establishes continuous cycles of violence --- the way we discuss this issue matters John Collins 2, Ass. Prof. of Global Studies at St. Lawrence, and Ross Glover, Visiting Professor of Sociology at St. Lawrence University, 2002, Collateral Language, p. 6-7, The Real Effects of Language) As any university … effects of violence.

Islamophobia shapes US foreign policy—notions of western superiority are a critical tool to drum up support for militaristic and elitist interventions Kumar 13, Associate Professor of Media Studies and Middle Eastern Studies at Rutgers [09/11/13, Deepa Kumar is an Associate Professor of Media Studies and Middle Eastern Studies at the Rutgers University. She is the author of Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire and Outside the Box: Corporate Media, Globalization, and the UPS Strike being interviewed by Jessica Desvarieux, The Real News Network, “Twelve Years Post 9/11, Islamophobia Still Runs High”, http://truth-out.org/video/item/18759-twelve-years-post-9-11-islamophobia-still-runs-high] KUMAR: Absolutely not. …// demonized since 9/11. //

Thus: Domestic surveillance should be not be conducted based on race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, or First-Amendment-protected activity

Our advocacy is important in this space---interrogating Islamophobia in educational settings establishes a critical consciousness that enables larger political projects Housee 12, Senior Lecturer in Sociology [Jan. 04 2012, Shirin Housee works at the School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, UK “What’s the point? Anti-racism and students’ voices against Islamophobia”, Volume 15, Issue 1] Having reflected on … // should be directed //.’ (162)

Deconstructing and interrogating flawed assumptions behind Islamophobia creates a transformative and liberatory pedagogy that enables us as agents to challenge racist dynamics Zine 4, Professor of Sociology and Equity Studies [2004, Jasmin Zine is a researcher studying Muslims in the Canadian diaspora. She teaches graduate courses in the Department of Sociology and Equity Studies in Education at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto in the areas of race and ethnicity, anti-racism education and critical ethnography., “Anti-Islamophobia Education as Transformative Pedadogy: Reflections from the Educational Front Lines”, American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:3] As an anti-racism … // politics of representation. //

We should start this interrogation through history – this is the only way to challenge dominant and static notions of history currently surrounding the US – WE should be the USFG Trofanenko 5 – Professor in Department of Curriculum and Instruction at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (Brenda, “On Defense of the Nation”, The Social Studies, Sep/Oct 2005, ProQuest, pgs. 196-197, RSpec) The debates about …// discussion, and learning //__. __

A single-issue policy focus locks in Islamophobia, in addition to global systems of inequality and militarism Ahmed 12 [Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq, Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" //Global Change, Peace & Security// Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis] While recommendations to // … // ideologically beyond question.

Social change cannot be effected in the world unless there is a vocabulary to construct subjects, i.e. how we emotively react to the figure of ‘Muslim’ – ethical decision-making requires attuning our ways of knowing to prevent the normalization of the self that makes us complicit in the ongoing violence and inequality perpetuated by racism – only our aff’s interruption can challenge the hidden violence of dominant knowledges Scott 9 – prof of philosophy @ Vanderbilt (Charles, Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 34: 350–367, Foucault, Genealogy, Ethics) In Foucault’s analysis …. my established identity? We create more ethical subjects – care of the self is productive – star this card Chandler, 13 /2013, David Chandler, Professor of International Relations at Westminster, “The World of Attachment? The Post-humanist Challenge to Freedom and Necessity,” Millenium: Journal of International Studies, 41(3), 516– 534/ The world of becoming …// a ‘new //