Hannah+Wolfson+and+William+Bradshaw

If you have questions about aff stuff, want to gchat, or need a place to send anonymous hatemail, hit up hannahwolfson25@gmail.com

For neg stuff, quality life advice, and/or a good time, hit up williambradshaw18@email.usn.org

__**Past 1NC'S: **__

T-QPQ T-Military T-Uncondo Framework
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Elections Xi Good Xi Bad Appeasement Japan DA Steel DA Dipcap
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Mil-to-Mil Track 2 <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Consult Japan <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Japan Join <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Steel QPQ <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Multiplank Multilat
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.5;">CP's: **

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 22px;">**K's:** <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Cap <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Pan/Security <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Bataille <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Random <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Warming

__**Past 2NR's:**__ T-QPQ T-Uncondo Consult Japan Elections Appeasement Track 2 Cap



Edit: apparently since people are irritated by having to download cites, here are the 1ACs

=1AC 1=

Failure to grant market-status leads to an escalatory trade conflict
Goldhaber 15 – JD @ Yale, ‎ Senior International Correspondent at The American Lawyer (Michael, “The U.S. Offensive in the China Trade War,” The American Lawyer, Lexis)//BB The normally conciliatory American Chamber of Commerce in China suggested last fall that China is AND caught in the cross-fire, and it won't be the last.

A US-China trade war wrecks __global__ trade norms---causes military conflict
Beams 16 – member of the International Editorial Board of the World Socialist Web Site, and an internationally-recognised expert on Marxist political economy. He has written extensively and delivered public lectures in many countries on the global financial crisis, globalisation and the collapse of the USSR (Nick, “Economic Conflicts Threaten Global Trade War,” http://www.globalresearch.ca/economic-conflicts-threaten-global-trade-war/5528689)//BB The ongoing stagnation in the global economy, marked by falling investment and the emergence AND slump is likewise fuelling conflicts that threaten to //erupt into another global conflagration//.

Leads to Great Power War
Drezner 16 – professor of international politics @ Tufts (Daniel, “Five Known Unknowns about the Next Generation Global Political Economy,” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/future-global-political-economy-drezner/ios-drezner-web.pdf) __Multiple scholars have observed a secular decline in____interstate violence in recent decades.__ 105 AND Cold War trends and choose to allocate more scarce resources towards their militaries.

Ending it now promotes US trade credibility and solves a 2017 trade war
Watson 14 - JD from Tulane University Law School, and an LLM in international and comparative law from the George Washington University Law School (K William, “American Protectionism Threatens US-China Trade,” The Diplomat, [] President Obama has an important decision to make between now and December 11, 2016 AND U.S. influence in the rules-based global trading system.

Independently, further trade remedies decimate IPR protections – China will use sanctioned IP theft to retaliate against US violation of WTO rules
Brown 9 - Associate Professor in the Department of Economics and International Business School at Brandeis University and a Non-Resident Fellow in the Global Economy and Development Program at the Brookings Institution (Chad, “U.S.--China Trade Conflicts and the Future of the WTO,” 33 Fletcher F. World Aff. 27, Lexis)//BB This is why the WTO rules that limit any U.S. retaliation are AND //rules// is a //critical element to the long-term survival of the WTO//

IP theft is the __key factor__ underpinning violent China rise
__China’s use of information power__, however, __goes well beyond influence and propaganda.__ __AND__ __makes //escalation of hostilities and the potential for conflict a real possibility//__ .307
 * Kihara 14** [Stacy, BA, candidate for MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (HOMELAND SECURITY AND DEFENSE), Naval Postgraduate School, “A rising China: shifting the economic balance of power through cyberspace”, December 2014, http://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/44593/14Dec_Kihara_Stacy.pdf?sequence=3]//DBI

Specifically – China doesn’t have a model for LOAC in cyberspace – Causes wars
VornDick 6/30/13 (Wilson VornDick is a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Navy, where he is assigned to the Pentagon. Previously, he worked at the Chinese Maritime Studies Institute at the U.S. Naval War College., “The Real U.S.-Chinese Cyber Problem”, [] ) Recent waves of cyber attacksemanated from China //despite their vehement denial// that they possess AND rather than later, lest they push each other over the digital edge.

Cyber wars escalate
Segal and Lan 16 - Adam Segal is the Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow for China Studies and Director of the Program on Digital and Cyberspace Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations. Tang Lan is Deputy Director at the Institute of Information and Social Development, China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations. (Adam and Tang, “CAN THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA DE-CONFLICT IN CYBERSPACE?”, War on the Rocks, April 27, 2016, http://warontherocks.com/2016/04/can-the-united-states-and-china-de-conflict-in-cyberspace//dmeth) In spite of significant differences in views, Beijing and Washington appear committed to not AND agenda and threaten to undermine the U.S.-China relationship again.

Goes nuclear
Nolan, 15 Andrew Nolan, Legislative Attorney at the Congressional Research Service, former Trial Attorney at the United States Department of Justice, holds a J.D. from George Washington University, 2015 (“Cybersecurity and Information Sharing: Legal Challenges and Solutions,” CRS Report to Congress, March 16th, Available Online at [], Accessed 07-05-2015, p. 1-3) The high profile cyberattacks of 2014 and early 2015 appear to be indicative of a AND the words of one prominent cybersecurity expert—“vulnerabilities of staggering proportions.” 26

The US will impose sanctions on China if future IP theft occurs – the hammer is cocked
Lee 15 - Malcolm Lee was a nonresident senior fellow in the John L. Thornton China Center at Brookings. He has served in economic policy positions at the White House (National Economic Council, National Security Council and Office of Management and Budget), the Commerce Department and the State Department. In the private sector, Malcolm led global trade and China policy, strategy and corporate affairs for Microsoft, and was an elected governor of the American Chamber of Commerce in China. (Malcolm, “Will the United States impose cyber sanctions on China?”, September 22, 2015, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/order-from-chaos/posts/2015/09/22-will-us-impose-cyber-sanctions-china-lee//dmeth) Last week, President Obama called cyber-enabled theft of trade secretsand intellectual AND closed: “My hope is that it gets resolved short of that.”

Sanctions will increase Chinese nationalism – supercharges the risk of nuclear miscalc and escalation
Pickrell 15 – China political consultant, The Diplomat (Ryan, “A Dangerous Game: Responding to Chinese Cyber Activities”, September 29, 2015, The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2015/09/a-dangerous-game-responding-to-chinese-cyber-activities///dmeth) Prior to last week’s summit between Chinese President Xi Jinping and U.S. AND it is, a major spark which could start a very serious fire.

The steel industry is protected now – absent future protections, it’ll collapse
Ausick 16 (Paul, energy editor with 24/7 Wall Street; 5/26/16; US Steel Tariffs Rise 500% on Chinese Exports; http://247wallst.com/industrials/2016/05/18/us-steel-tariffs-rise-500-on-chinese-exports/)//jac __The U.S. Department of Commerce__ on Tuesday __ruled that imports of cold__ __AND__ __foreign projects and facilities as part of its plan to restructure the country’s economy__

There is no incentive for China to reform the steel industry now
Wessel 16 (Michael is the American commissioner of the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission, “HEARING BEFORE THE U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION”, http://origin.www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/transcripts/February%2024%2C%202016_Hearing%20Transcript.pdf)//ghs-gk Today’s hearing comes at an important time. Events in China – economic, security AND and defend against China’s unfair trading practices, //losses will continue to build.//

The plan conditions MES on Chinese steel reform – resolves steel dumping and forces market reform
Ruiz and Somerville 15 (Manuel is a fellow at the Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad A.C. (IMCO), Robin is Director of Corporate Research Services at The Centre for Spatial Economics (C4SE), “Assessment of the Probable Economic Effects on NAFTA of Granting Market Economy Status to China”, []

Manufacturing high now-increased demand and lower cost of raw materials
ISM 15 (Institute for Supply Management, Represents global supply managers responsible for US$1 trillion in procurement power; 12/08/15; ECONOMIC GROWTH CONTINUES IN 2016; Manufacturing Growth Expected in 2016; Revenue to Increase 4.1%; Capital Expenditures to Increase 1.0%; Capacity Utilization Currently at 81.6%; Non-Manufacturing Growth Projected in 2016; Revenue to Increase 3.2%; Capital Expenditures to Increase 7.5%; Capacity Utilization Currently at 87.9%; http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/economic-growth-continues-in-2016-manufacturing-growth-expected-in-2016-revenue-to-increase-41-capital-expenditures-to-increase-10-capacity-utilization-currently-at-816-non-manufacturing-growth-projected-in-2016-revenu-300189385.html)//jac Manufacturing Summary Expectations for 2016 are positive as 63 percent of survey respondents expect revenues AND case, however, the impact was more likely inconsequential rather than positive.

Collapse of steel ripples destroys manufacturing, the economy, innovation, and defense capabilities
Stewart et al 14 (Terrence, managing partner of the Law Offices of Stewart and Stewart, a 56-year-old Washington-based trade law and government relations firm. Mr. Stewart’s practice focuses on international trade, notably trade remedies, World Trade Organization (WTO) and Free Trade Agreement (FTA) dispute settlement, WTO and FTA negotiations, and customs law; Elizabeth J. Drake is a partner at the Law Offices of Stewart and Stewart. She has experience in an array of international trade law matters, including antidumping and countervailing duty proceedings, section 301 petitions, international and bilateral trade agreements, and international labor standards. Prior to joining Stewart and Stewart, Ms. Drake served for six years as an international policy analyst at the AFL-CIO. Ms. Drake is the author and co-author of a variety of publications on international trade matters, including China’s industrial policies, climate change, and Buy America laws. She has a J.D. from Harvard Law School and a B.A. from the University of California at Berkeley; Stephanie M. Bell is an associate at the Law Offices of Stewart and Stewart. She works on a variety of issues relating to antidumping and countervailing duty proceedings, as well as other trade-related issues such as nontariff barriers, compliance with WTO obligations, and global food prices. Ms. Bell assists in editing the Handbook of WTO/GATT Dispute Settlement (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers). She has a J.D. from American University, Washington College of Law, and a M.A. in international affairs from American University, School of International Service; Jessica Wang is a trade consultant at the Law Offices of Stewart and Stewart. She provides quantitative and qualitative analyses on international trade remedy cases involving both market and nonmarket economies. She also conducts research on economic and policy issues, monitors trade flows, and reviews and analyzes industrial policies and trade regimes. Prior to joining Stewart and Stewart, she was a consultant at the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and a junior professional associate at the World Bank. She received her B.A. from Wuhan University in China and her Master of International Affairs from Columbia University. Ms. Wang is not a lawyer; Robert E. Scott joined the Economic Policy Institute in 1996 and is currently director of trade and manufacturing policy research. His areas of research include international economics, trade and manufacturing policies and their impacts on working people in the United States and other countries, the economic impacts of foreign investment, and the macroeconomic effects of trade and capital flows. He has published widely in academic journals and the popular press, including The Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, The International Review of Applied Economics, and The Stanford Law and Policy Review, as well as The Los Angeles Times, Newsday, USA Today, The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, and other newspapers. He has also provided economic commentary for a range of electronic media, including NPR, CNN, Bloomberg, and the BBC. Mr. Scott has a Ph.D. in economics from the University of California at Berkeley; Surging Steel Imports Put Up To Half a Million U.S. Jobs at Risk;5/13/14; http://www.epi.org/publication/surging-steel-imports/)//jac The U.S. steel industry has a large footprint in the domestic economy  AND //predatory// practices in steel and a //wide range of steel-using industries//.

Loss of independent domestic production cause preventive and expansionist wars
Snyder 15 (Jack, the Robert and Renée Belfer Professor of International Relations in the Department of Political Science and Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University; Winter 2015/2016; “Trade Expectations and Great Power Conflict— A Review Essay”; Muse)//jac Trade Expectations Theory Copeland centers his theory on what he calls the “new variable AND //factors can trigger the trade-security dilemma and a slide into war//.

Military readiness is key to American credibility and rogue state deterrence – extinction
Talent and Neas ’15 (Jim Talent, senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and the director of the Marilyn Ware Center for Security Studies’ National Security 2020 Project, Lindsey Neas, previously served as a U.S. Army officer. He was chief of staff of the Graham-Talent WMD Commission (’09-’10) and for 15 years served as a defense aide to several members of the Senate and House Armed Services Committees, “Military readiness and defense modernization,” AEI, [], 9/28/2015)//HW Providing for the common defense is the first constitutional priority of the Federal government ; AND its fortunes than a successful effort to rebuild and refashion America’s armed forces.

Innovation independently solves war by discouraging great power balancing
(Mark Zachary, Ph.D. candidate, lecturer, “The Politics of Technological Change: International Relations versus Domestic Institutions” http://web.mit.edu/polisci/research/wip/Taylor.pdf) Technological innovation is of central importance to the study of international relations ( IR ), AND and war, international systems would not exist in the first place.19
 * Taylor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology research assistant Department of Political Science, 2004 **

Contention 3 is solvency
Thus, the United States federal government should, through engagement with the People’s Republic of China, end the use of non-Market Status methodology in anti-dumping calculations on the People’s Republic of China in exchange for the People’s Republic of China dismantling state ownership of its steel industry.

The United States will continue to apply NME methodology to China after the December deadline
Watson 16 – JD from Tulane University Law School, and an LLM in international and comparative law from the George Washington University Law School (K William, “Eleven Months Left to Revoke China’s Nonmarket Economy Status,” http://www.cato.org/blog/eleven-months-left-revoke-chinas-nonmarket-economy-status)//BB When China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001, it agreed that other members AND change its practices at the end of 2016 to comply with WTO rules.

China will say yes – MES is a national symbol of status
Yang 16 (Xiaoyan, opinion writer for Euractive, “Market Economy Status: Why is China making a big fuss?” [] If MES matters so much to China, it is also because of its significant AND //to soften its stance, China has reached a point of no return//.

Unconditionally offering MES without conditioning Chinese steel reform incentivizes other Chinese industries to resume dumping
Talley 6/6 (Ian, International Finance Reporter for the WSJ, “Why the U.S. Steel Industry Is Molten Hot Over China’s Trade Practices”, The Wall Street Journal, [] John Ferriola, chief executive of U.S. steel giant Nucor Corp., AND he said. “They broke those rules, they violated the criteria.”

Anything short of full market status doesn’t solve
Hufbauer and Cimino-Isaacs 4/11 (Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Reginald Jones Senior Fellow since 1992, was formerly the Maurice Greenberg Chair and Director of Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (1996–98), the Marcus Wallenberg Professor of International Finance Diplomacy at Georgetown University (1985–92), senior fellow at the Institute (1981–85), deputy director of the International Law Institute at Georgetown University (1979–81); deputy assistant secretary for international trade and investment policy of the US Treasury (1977–79); and director of the international tax staff at the Treasury (1974–76), Cathleen Cimino-Isaacs, research associate with the Peterson Institute, master’s degree in international affairs with a focus on international economics from the School of International Relations and Pacific Studies (IR/PS) at the University of California, San Diego, B.A. in East Asian studies and political science from Columbia, “The Outlook for Market Economy Status for China,” Peterson Institute for Internationalism and Economics, [], 4/11/2016)//HW Come December 11, 2016, it seems unlikely the U nited S tates will grant China AND targeted benefit to US industries that back AD proceedings under current NME procedures.

The Department of Commerce does the plan – no need to go through Congress
Hufbauer and Cimino-Isaacs 4/11 (Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Reginald Jones Senior Fellow since 1992, was formerly the Maurice Greenberg Chair and Director of Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (1996–98), the Marcus Wallenberg Professor of International Finance Diplomacy at Georgetown University (1985–92), senior fellow at the Institute (1981–85), deputy director of the International Law Institute at Georgetown University (1979–81); deputy assistant secretary for international trade and investment policy of the US Treasury (1977–79); and director of the international tax staff at the Treasury (1974–76), Cathleen Cimino-Isaacs, research associate with the Peterson Institute, master’s degree in international affairs with a focus on international economics from the School of International Relations and Pacific Studies (IR/PS) at the University of California, San Diego, B.A. in East Asian studies and political science from Columbia, “The Outlook for Market Economy Status for China,” Peterson Institute for Internationalism and Economics, [], 4/11/2016)//HW US antidumping law defines a nonmarket economy as any country that “does not operate AND evaluates six statutory criteria (link is external) to determine a country’s status

=1AC 2=

Paris commitments were voluntary and will fall short without __follow through__. Trade cooperation is a vital starting point for __global__ trust by satisfying __economic__ interests
∂ The international community has been talking about climate change since the 1980s, with AND how to do that ratcheting work, laying the foundation for greater ambition?
 * Roberts, 16 -** writer on energy and climate change for Vox; cites Keohane, a professor at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton (David, Vox, “The argument for incrementalism in international climate negotiations” 5/26, []

US-China clean energy engagement is increasing, but it fails to cover joint investment strategies
Hart et al 16 Melanie Hart is a Senior Fellow and Director of China Policy at American Progress, Ph.D. in political science from the University of California, Peter Ogden is a Senior Fellow at American Progress, served on the White House Domestic Policy Council as senior director for energy and climate change and at the State Department as chief of staff to the special envoy for climate change, Kelly Sims Gallagher is a Professor of Energy and Environmental Policy at The Fletcher School, Tufts University (Melanie, Pete, and Kelly Sims, "Green Finance: The Next Frontier for U.S.-China Climate Cooperation," Center for American Progress, 6/13/16, [] ∂ All told, the United States and China are making significant efforts to reduce AND forward, both nations will try out different approaches to catalyze those investments.

The gap in existing cooperation makes it impossible to meet Paris targets – joint coordination on clean energy investment is vital
Hart et al 16 Melanie Hart is a Senior Fellow and Director of China Policy at American Progress, Ph.D. in political science from the University of California, Peter Ogden is a Senior Fellow at American Progress, served on the White House Domestic Policy Council as senior director for energy and climate change and at the State Department as chief of staff to the special envoy for climate change, Kelly Sims Gallagher is a Professor of Energy and Environmental Policy at The Fletcher School, Tufts University (Melanie, Pete, and Kelly Sims, "Green Finance: The Next Frontier for U.S.-China Climate Cooperation," Center for American Progress, 6/13/16, [] International finance: Going green or brown? ∂ In the post-Paris era, AND benefits for developing countries while minimizing environmental, social, and climate risks.

Status quo cooperation is insufficient to slow the __rate__ of climate change – it will become irreversible without greater cooperation
In recent decades, changes in climate, particularly climate-related extremes, such AND effective bilateral and multilateral cooperation toward immediate climate change mitigation around the world.
 * Shi, 15 -** Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Longyu Shi, Weichen Ma, Guofan Shao, Lina Tang, Yangyang Wang & ∂ Haowei Wang (2015) The US and China need to turn ongoing bilateral dialogue into immediate ∂ joint mitigation, International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 22:1, ∂ 25-29, DOI: 10.1080/13504509.2014.961993

Warming causes extinction – action now prevents the planet from becoming uninhabitable
Klein 2014 - Puffin Foundation Writing Fellow at The Nation Institute and a former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics

Naomi, //This Changes Everything,// p 16-21 The assertion that we have been held back by a lack of technological solutions is AND climate crisis: we either change now or we lose our chance.29

Climate change worsening will lead to further militarization and immigration inequality as people are branded as terrorists even more than now when trying to enter the country
Dalby ’14 (Simon Dalby is he Acting Chair of the Master in International Public Policy program, a CIGI Chair in the Political Economy of Climate Change, and Professor of Geography and Environmental Studies at Wilfrid Laurier University, February 2014, “Rethinking Geopolitics: Climate Security in the Anthropocene,” Global Policy volume 5 issue 1, page 5, Accessed 6/20/16) Nonetheless that does not mean that military agencies might not be turned loose on hapless AND for xenophobic politicians. It is not sensible security policy in the Anthropocene.

The plan creates joint ventures that facilitate the global diffusion of emissions-reducing technology.
∂ Areas for Collaboration ∂ One of the drivers behind China's economic resurgence has been AND weakness, while American strengths complement the financial shortcomings that Chinese firms face.
 * Valentine, 11 -** Scott Victor Valentine is an Associate Professor and Associate Director of the MPPIP Program, Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo (“Towards the Sino-American Trade Organization for the Prevention of Climate Change (STOP-CC)” Chinese Journal of International Politics (Winter 2011) 4 (4): 447-474. doi: 10.1093/cjip/por020

Scaling up current US-China clean energy joint ventures will unlock a global clean energy revolution
One year ago, the United States and China declared in their Joint Statement on AND U nited S tates and China, we can help unlock a //clean energy revolution//.
 * Forbes and Moch, 14 -** *senior associate at the Climate and Energy Program at the World Resources Institute AND PhD Student at the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard (Sarah and Jonathan, April 25, 2014, “How U.S.-China Cooperation Can Expand Clean Energy Development”, []. Accessed on 7/5/16)

It spurs __price reductions__ and __technological innovation__, as well as __global modeling__
∂ The USA and China share a high degree of ideological common ground in regard AND as heightened competition between firms gives rise to greater innovation and consumer surplus.
 * Valentine, 13 –** Scott Victor Valentine is an Associate Professor and Associate Director of the MPPIP Program, Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo (“Enhancing Climate Change Mitigation Efforts through Sino-American Collaboration” The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2012, 1 of 24 doi:10.1093/cjip/pos021

Trade cooperation directly limits carbon and methane emissions as well making it possible to meet global emission targets
Aldy et al 16- Joseph Aldy is an associate professor of Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School, a visiting fellow at the Resources for the Future, a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research, a Senior Advisor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the Faculty Chair for the Regulatory Policy Program at the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government. (“Bilateral Cooperation between China and the United States: Facilitating Progress on Climate-Change Policy,” Harvard Project on Climate Agreements and National Center for Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation; February 2016, [] CGM A third major area of opportunity for China–U.S. cooperation concerns AND -US cooperation on the climate and trade issues on that organization’s agenda.

Contention 2 is framing
====Thus the United States federal government should establish a trade promotion organization with the People’s Republic of China to promote collaborative trade initiatives designed to mitigate climate change.====

China says yes – Green Finance is in its strategic interests
Lehr 16 Deborah Lehr is an accomplished global business strategist who has supported leading global firms and organizations to grow their presence in the world’s most complex markets and a Senior Fellow at the Paulson Institute ("Green Finance: A Strategic Imperative for China," The Diplomat, 6/13/16, http://thediplomat.com/2016/06/green-finance-a-strategic-imperative-for-china/)\\BPS With last month’s high-profile signing ceremony of the Paris Agreement by 174 countries AND now viewed as a cottage industry to become part of the financial mainstream.

The state is inevitable and vital to solving warming
While acknowledging the basis for this antipathy toward the nation- state, and the AND at least as a potentially more significant ally in the green cause .17
 * Eckersley 4** (Robyn Eckersley - Reader/Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Melbourne, “The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty”, MIT Press, 2004, pp. 3-8)//SB

Consequentialism and utilitarianism are key to ethics
We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice AND consideration of conduct, one's own __subjective concerns do not have overriding importance.__
 * Cummiskey 90 ** – Professor of Philosophy, Bates (David, Kantian Consequentialism, Ethics 100.3, p 601-2, p 606, jstor)

Our frame for climate change alters the paradigm for climate debates, spurring action
Watson 2016 - associate professor at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, president of the Society for Conservation Biology and director of the science and research initiative at the Wildlife Conservation Society

James, "Bring climate change back from the future," Nature 534:7608, doi:10.1038/534437a The death of the last individual of the last population of a mammal species, AND harness the fears of the future to address the realities of the present.

Alt fails – abstract movements won’t produce political results besides violence – embrace the hard work of pragmatic reform
Thus, when Žižek and others urge us to “Act” with violence to AND , and of the limitations of the dominant horizon of social change indicates that
 * Condit 15** [Celeste, Distinguished Research Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Georgia, “Multi-Layered Trajectories for Academic Contributions to Social Change,” Feb 4, 2015, //Quarterly Journal of Speech//, Volume 101, Issue 1, 2015]

Life is intrinsically and infinitely valuable because it is a prerequisite to any subjective pleasure – it should be preserved as an apriori issue.
- Consciousness is a prerequisite to value and pleasure - The fact that we have some subjective desire for life (inherently) proves it has some objective value The act of preserving life is pleasurable because it is an act of preserving pleasure AND inquiry—on the subjective or circumstantial or a posteriori value of life.

Political action celebrates life
May 5 To change the world, to celebrate life, Todd May, Professor of Philosophy at Clemson University, PHILOSOPHY & SOCIAL CRITICISM • vol 31 nos 5–6 • pp. 517–531, 2005, http://www.jcu.edu/education/dshutkin/fys/changeworldbody.pdf For those among us who seek in philosophy a way to grapple with our lives AND The question then becomes one of how to choose both sides at once.

Epistemology and ontology must be secondary to the prior question of political practice
Darryl Jarvis, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, University of Sydney, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, 2000 , p. 128-9. More is the pity that such irrational and obviously abstruse debate should so occupy us AND to address the real life plight of those who struggle at marginal places.

Usage of death reps is inevitable
Pyszczynski et al 6 On the Unique Psychological Import of the Human Awareness of Mortality: Theme and Variations, Tom Pyszczynski, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon, Molly Maxfield, 2006, Psychological Inquiry: An International Journal for the Advancement of Psychological Theory, 17:4, 328-356, DOI: 10.1080/10478400701369542, http://www.tandfonline.com.mutex.gmu.edu/doi/pdf/10.1080/10478400701369542 Kirkpatrick and Navarette’s (this issue) first spe- cific complaint with TMT is AND didn’t have the ability to instigate fear reactions in response to such threats?