Caro+&+Anne

=1AC OSW=

Warming is real and anthropogenic
(Donald R. Prothero, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, 3-1-2012, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused," Skeptic, 17.2, EBSCO) __How do we know that global warming is real and__ change when it threatens their survival. Neither can we as a society.
 * Prothero 12**
 * This evidence has been edited
 * My partner and I do not endorse the gendered language contained within this card**
 * AND**

Even if some warming is inevitable, keeping it below 4 degrees avoids the worst impacts
** Kim 12 ** – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank (Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)//BB The 4°C scenarios are devastating : the inundation of coastal cities;  increasing AND in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.

Catastrophic warming risks extinction
** Mazo 10 ** – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA (Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)//BB The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND __ adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes __.

Plan solves – US offshore wind development curbs carbon emissions
** Thaler 12 ** - Professor of Energy Policy, Law & Ethics (Jeff, “FIDDLING AS THE WORLD BURNS: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE URGENTLY REQUIRES A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERMITTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS,” 42 Environmental Law Journal 1101)//BB Unfortunately, __ as __ the economic and health costs from fossil fuel __ emissions have grown so __ AND and Block Island in Rhode Island would likewise be shallow-water installations.

Offshore wind is comparatively the cleanest and most productive renewable energy
** Jensen 13 ** – partner in the Washington, DC office of Holland & Hart LLP (Thomas, et al, “From the 35th Public Land Law Conference: Balancing Act and Paradigm Shift: The Role of Public Lands in America's Energy Future: Oceans: Are Ocean Wind Turbines like Homesteads and Gold Mines and Railroads? A Public Lands Policy Question for the Climate Change Era,” 34 Pub. Land & Resources L. Rev. 93)//BB __ The ocean wind resource in United States marine waters is estimated to be as large __ __ AND __ American people, __ is unused and wasted as a tool to power our communities __

Full-scale offshore wind would enough electricity for the entire country
** Levitan 13 ** - writes about energy, the environment, and health. His articles have been published by Scientific American, Discover, IEEE Spectrum, Grist, and others. In previous articles for Yale Environment 360, he has written about vehicle-to-grid technology for electric cars and cities' efforts to recycle food scraps and organic waste, (Dave, “Will Offshore Wind Finally Take Off on U.S. East Coast?,” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/will_offshore_wind_finally_take_off_on_us_east_coast/2693/)//BB “__ The East Coast is the Saudi Arabia of offshore wind, because there is __ __ coasts in particular are windy spots with water depths that make development feasible __.
 * __ AND __**

Electricity-emissions reductions sufficiently solve global warming
** Akorede 12 ** - .F., Ph.D degree in Electrical Power Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia (H. Hizam,M.Z.A. Ab Kadir,I. Aris,S.D. BubaElectrical & Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, “Mitigating the anthropogenic global warming in the electric power industry,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16.5)//BB **My partner and I do not endorse the ableist and gendered language contained within this card** 5. Power industry's share of CO2 emissions To identify the of these possible mitigation techniques is discussed in turn in the following subsections.
 * This evidence has been edited
 * AND **

Heg is sustainable – international organizations depend on US power and the US is resilient to decline
America is in decline. America is broke. America is unwilling to lead. AND always be those who think that the only way to go is down.
 * Rothkopf 7-7 ** - David Rothkopf is CEO and Editor of the FP Group. His next book, National Insecurity: American Leadership in an Age of Fear is due out in October of this year. (David, 2014, “Therapy for the Self-Hating Superpower”, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/07/07/therapy_for_the_self_hating_superpower_american_declinism?wp_login_redirect=0)

Fast growth promotes US leadership and solves great power war
** Khalilzad 11 ** – PhD, Former Professor of Political Science @ Columbia, Former ambassador to Iraq and Afghanistan, (Zalmay Khalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. "The Economy and National Security" Feb 8 http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad)//BB Today, economic  and fiscal  trends pose the most severe long-term threat to    AND , hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

Slow growth leads to hegemonic wars – relative gap is key
*This evidence has been edited **My partner and I do not endorse the gendered language contained within this card** Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments focus explicitly on ** AND ** __ provides grounds for concern about the period prior to the possible crossover __. 19
 * Goldstein 7 ** [Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania, (Avery Goldstein, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30 , Issue 4 & 5  August, EBSCO)

States will inevitably compete for relative status – only primacy can prevent conflict
Second, I question the dominant view that status quo evaluations are relatively independent AND __ ways that directly contradict their material interest in security and/or prosperity. __
 * Wohlforth 9 **- Professor of government at Dartmouth (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War” World Politics, 61:1, January, Project Muse)

There are hundreds of causes of conflict – hegemony deters and controls escalation by internalizing costs
If __ major interstate war is __ predominantly __ a product of __ a synergy between __ a __ potential nondemocratic __ AND __ in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased?
 * Moore 4 ** - Dir. Center for Security Law and Professor of Law @ University of Virginia, Editor of the American Journal of International Law (John Norton, “Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace,” pg. 41-43)

Rejections of U.S. power condone __genocide__
Reus-Smit 4 (Christian Reus-Smit 4 IR @ Australian Nat’l, American Power and World Order p. 109-115) The final ethical position — the polar opposite of the first — holds that the AND is needed than the simple yet enticing propos­ition that might is never right.

The plan solves – Offshore wind promotes fast US growth
Economic opportunities __ Wind power is a job-creation __**__ engine __**. According to the American AND __ could provide installation capacity for a number of projects on the East Coast __.
 * N’dolo 10 ** – associate principal @ Camoin Associates(Michael and Bruce Bailey, “Offshore development can yield economic benefits,” North American Wind Power, Fall 2010)//BB

Even limited energy production leads to quick growth
The Turning Point for Atlantic Offshore Wind Energy includes details on the key milestones each AND efforts to secure buyers for this new source of reliable, clean energy.
 * Sargent 12 ** (Rob Sargent, U.S. Poised to Join the Race on Offshore Wind: Lawmakers Must Commit to More Pollution-Free Energy”, http://www.environmentamerica.org/news/ame/us-poised-join-race-offshore-wind)//BB

The plan creates jobs and diversifies fuel sources
Many of the most compelling benefits of offshore wind are similar to those of AND __ offshore," wind power could create 250,000 jobs __ by 2030.61
 * __ Schroeder 10 __** – J.D @ Berkeley, M.E.M., Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (Erica, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” California Law Review, 98.5)//BB

A long-term investment tax credit __catapults__ the offshore wind industry – transitions the US to a green economy
Sopko 13 – JD, former legislative council @ House of Reps (Nancy, “Offshore Wind Needs a Boost from Congress,” http://oceana.org/en/blog/2013/11/offshore-wind-needs-a-boost-from-congress-0)//BB Like so many of us, Oceana has seen the damage that the drilling for AND , the harder it will be to correct the damage we have done.

99.7% of studies prove ITC increases net price value of offshore wind projects
Wyman, 2013, graduate student at the University of Texas (Constance, “Why The ITC Matters for Offshore Wind”, NA Wind Power, Volume 10, Number 6, http://www.nawindpower.com/issues/NAW1307/FEAT_03_Why_The_ITC_Matters_For_Offshore_Wind.html) Over the last few years, there has been much discussion about the role of AND Simply put, the ITC is of greater value to the offshore wind industry

Only a federal __mandate__ can guarantee the expansion of wind energy
Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) However, the Oceans Act and Ocean Management Plan, though promising, have come AND itself and the benefits of offshore wind in state and local decision making.

Reforming the permitting process is key
Kimmel *, and Stalenhoef**, 10-10-  2011  – *Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection** Counsel for the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities [*Kenneth, *Dawn, “The Cape Wind Offshore Wind Energy Project: A Case Study of the Difficult Transition to Renewable Energy”, Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal, Volume 5 Issue 1, http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=gguelj] The Cape Wind saga reveals that the current permitting process for ¶ offshore wind energy AND //reform// // ¶ //// and provides models for the types of reform that are needed. //

Long-term incentives ensure that the supply chain follows on – fed support key
Galluci 11 - Staff Reporter at InsideClimate News Honduras Contributor at Fodor's, Co-Editor & Reporter at The News, Newsroom Intern at Associated Press, Newsroom Intern at Columbus Business (Maria, “Never-Used Tax Credit Could Jumpstart US Offshore Wind Energy—if Renewed,” http://truth-out.org/news/item/4778:neverused-tax-credit-could-jumpstart-us-offshore-wind-energy%E2%80%94if-renewed) Matt Kaplan, a North American wind analyst at IHS Emerging Energy Research , said //AND// way toward helping this industry develop in the United States," Grybowski said.

Vote aff __despite__ prior questions—__impact timeframe__ means you have to act on the best information available
Kratochwil, professor of international relations – European University Institute,  2008  (Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213) The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when AND Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

Abandoning the state worse than endorsing it
Walzer, BA Brandeis, PhD Harvard, 10 (Michael, Response to: The Military State of America and the Democratic Left, Dissent Vol. 57 No 1, Winter 2010) He thinks that the most important thing happening in the **"beyond" the state. Right now, there is only a wasteland**
 * This evidence has been edited
 * My partner and I do not endorse the gendered language contained within this card**
 * AND**

Grouped state action doesn’t fix the lack of federal commitment to warming – only federal preemption works
GLICKSMAN & LEVY 08 Professors of Law at the University of Kansas [Robert Glicksman and Richard Levy. “A COLLECTIVE ACTION PERSPECTIVE ON CEILING PREEMPTION BY FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION: THE CASE OF GLOBALCLIMATE CHANGE.” Northwestern University Law Review. Vol 102 No. 2. []] We also doubt that unilateral state regulation would so undermine the international bargaining position of AND factors are likely to have a far more substantial impact on negotiations.206

US regulatory system means OSW development won’t hurt the environment or species
COPPING et al 14 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory [Andrea Copping1, Luke Hanna1, Brie Van Cleve1, Kara Blake1 and Richard M. Anderson2, Environmental Risk Evaluation System—an Approach to Ranking Risk of Ocean Energy Development on Coastal and Estuarine Environments, Journal of the Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation, 10.1007/s12237-014-9816-3] The US regulatory system and the environmental protections afforded to key species is a genuine AND methods that minimize damage to the marine environment and inform effective mitigation strategies.

I


Warming is real and anthropogenic
(Donald R. Prothero, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, 3-1-2012, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused," Skeptic, 17.2, EBSCO) change when it threatens their survival. Neither can we as a society.
 * Prothero 12**
 * This evidence has been edited
 * My partner and I do not endorse**
 * AND**

Even if some warming is inevitable, keeping it below 4 degrees avoids the worst impacts
** Kim 12 ** – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank (Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)//BB The 4°C scenarios are devastating : the inundation of coastal cities;  increasing AND in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.

Catastrophic warming risks extinction
** Mazo 10 ** – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA (Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)//BB The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND __ adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes __.

Plan solves – US offshore wind development curbs carbon emissions
** Thaler 12 ** - Professor of Energy Policy, Law & Ethics (Jeff, “FIDDLING AS THE WORLD BURNS: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE URGENTLY REQUIRES A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERMITTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS,” 42 Environmental Law Journal 1101)//BB Unfortunately, __ as __ the economic and health costs from fossil fuel __ emissions have grown so __ AND and Block Island in Rhode Island would likewise be shallow-water installations.

Offshore wind is comparatively the cleanest and most productive renewable energy
** Jensen 13 ** – partner in the Washington, DC office of Holland & Hart LLP (Thomas, et al, “From the 35th Public Land Law Conference: Balancing Act and Paradigm Shift: The Role of Public Lands in America's Energy Future: Oceans: Are Ocean Wind Turbines like Homesteads and Gold Mines and Railroads? A Public Lands Policy Question for the Climate Change Era,” 34 Pub. Land & Resources L. Rev. 93)//BB __ The ocean wind resource in United States marine waters is estimated to be as large __ __ AND __ American people, __ is unused and wasted as a tool to power our communities __

Full-scale offshore wind would enough electricity for the entire country
** Levitan 13 ** - writes about energy, the environment, and health. His articles have been published by Scientific American, Discover, IEEE Spectrum, Grist, and others. In previous articles for Yale Environment 360, he has written about vehicle-to-grid technology for electric cars and cities' efforts to recycle food scraps and organic waste, (Dave, “Will Offshore Wind Finally Take Off on U.S. East Coast?,” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/will_offshore_wind_finally_take_off_on_us_east_coast/2693/)//BB “__ The East Coast is the Saudi Arabia of offshore wind, because there is __ __ coasts in particular are windy spots with water depths that make development feasible __.
 * __ AND __**

Electricity-emissions reductions sufficiently solve global warming
** Akorede 12 ** - .F., Ph.D degree in Electrical Power Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia (H. Hizam,M.Z.A. Ab Kadir,I. Aris,S.D. BubaElectrical & Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, “Mitigating the anthropogenic global warming in the electric power industry,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16.5)//BB **My partner and I do not endorse** of these possible mitigation techniques is discussed in turn in the following subsections.
 * This evidence has been edited
 * AND **

Fast growth promotes US leadership and solves great power war
** Khalilzad 11 ** – PhD, Former Professor of Political Science @ Columbia, Former ambassador to Iraq and Afghanistan, (Zalmay Khalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. "The Economy and National Security" Feb 8 http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad)//BB Today, economic  and fiscal  trends pose the most severe long-term threat to    AND , hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

Slow growth leads to hegemonic wars – relative gap is key
*This evidence has been edited **My partner and I do not endorse** ** AND ** __ provides grounds for concern about the period prior to the possible crossover __. 19
 * Goldstein 7 ** [Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania, (Avery Goldstein, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30 , Issue 4 & 5  August, EBSCO)

States will inevitably compete for relative status – only primacy can prevent conflict
Second, I question the dominant view that status quo evaluations are relatively independent AND __ ways that directly contradict their material interest in security and/or prosperity. __
 * Wohlforth 9 **- Professor of government at Dartmouth (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War” World Politics, 61:1, January, Project Muse)

There are hundreds of causes of conflict – hegemony deters and controls escalation by internalizing costs
If __ major interstate war is __ predominantly __ a product of __ a synergy between __ a __ potential nondemocratic __ AND __ in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased?
 * Moore 4 ** - Dir. Center for Security Law and Professor of Law @ University of Virginia, Editor of the American Journal of International Law (John Norton, “Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace,” pg. 41-43)

Rejections of U.S. power condone __genocide__
Reus-Smit 4 (Christian Reus-Smit 4 IR @ Australian Nat’l, American Power and World Order p. 109-115) The final ethical position — the polar opposite of the first — holds that the AND is needed than the simple yet enticing propos­ition that might is never right.

The plan solves – Offshore wind promotes fast US growth
Economic opportunities __ Wind power is a job-creation __**__ engine __**. According to the American AND __ could provide installation capacity for a number of projects on the East Coast __.
 * N’dolo 10 ** – associate principal @ Camoin Associates(Michael and Bruce Bailey, “Offshore development can yield economic benefits,” North American Wind Power, Fall 2010)//BB

Even limited energy production leads to quick growth
The Turning Point for Atlantic Offshore Wind Energy includes details on the key milestones each AND efforts to secure buyers for this new source of reliable, clean energy.
 * Sargent 12 ** (Rob Sargent, U.S. Poised to Join the Race on Offshore Wind: Lawmakers Must Commit to More Pollution-Free Energy”, http://www.environmentamerica.org/news/ame/us-poised-join-race-offshore-wind)//BB

The plan creates jobs and diversifies fuel sources
Many of the most compelling benefits of offshore wind are similar to those of AND __ offshore," wind power could create 250,000 jobs __ by 2030.61
 * __ Schroeder 10 __** – J.D @ Berkeley, M.E.M., Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (Erica, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” California Law Review, 98.5)//BB

A long-term investment tax credit __catapults__ the offshore wind industry – transitions the US to a green economy
Sopko 13 – JD, former legislative council @ House of Reps (Nancy, “Offshore Wind Needs a Boost from Congress,” http://oceana.org/en/blog/2013/11/offshore-wind-needs-a-boost-from-congress-0)//BB Like so many of us, Oceana has seen the damage that the drilling for AND , the harder it will be to correct the damage we have done.

99.7% of studies prove ITC increases net price value of offshore wind projects
Wyman, 2013, graduate student at the University of Texas (Constance, “Why The ITC Matters for Offshore Wind”, NA Wind Power, Volume 10, Number 6, http://www.nawindpower.com/issues/NAW1307/FEAT_03_Why_The_ITC_Matters_For_Offshore_Wind.html) Over the last few years, there has been much discussion about the role of AND Simply put, the ITC is of greater value to the offshore wind industry

Only a federal __mandate__ can guarantee the expansion of wind energy
Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) However, the Oceans Act and Ocean Management Plan, though promising, have come AND itself and the benefits of offshore wind in state and local decision making.

Reforming the permitting process is key
Kimmel *, and Stalenhoef**, 10-10-  2011  – *Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection** Counsel for the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities [*Kenneth, *Dawn, “The Cape Wind Offshore Wind Energy Project: A Case Study of the Difficult Transition to Renewable Energy”, Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal, Volume 5 Issue 1, http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=gguelj] The Cape Wind saga reveals that the current permitting process for ¶ offshore wind energy AND //reform// // ¶ //// and provides models for the types of reform that are needed. //

Long-term incentives ensure that the supply chain follows on – fed support key
Galluci 11 - Staff Reporter at InsideClimate News Honduras Contributor at Fodor's, Co-Editor & Reporter at The News, Newsroom Intern at Associated Press, Newsroom Intern at Columbus Business (Maria, “Never-Used Tax Credit Could Jumpstart US Offshore Wind Energy—if Renewed,” http://truth-out.org/news/item/4778:neverused-tax-credit-could-jumpstart-us-offshore-wind-energy%E2%80%94if-renewed) Matt Kaplan, a North American wind analyst at IHS Emerging Energy Research , said //AND// way toward helping this industry develop in the United States," Grybowski said.

Vote aff __despite__ prior questions—__impact timeframe__ means you have to act on the best information available
Kratochwil, professor of international relations – European University Institute,  2008  (Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213) The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when AND Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

Abandoning the state worse than endorsing it
Walzer, BA Brandeis, PhD Harvard, 10 (Michael, Response to: The Military State of America and the Democratic Left, Dissent Vol. 57 No 1, Winter 2010) **"beyond" the state. Right now, there is only a wasteland**
 * This evidence has been edited
 * My partner and I do not endorse**
 * AND**

Grouped state action doesn’t fix the lack of federal commitment to warming – only federal preemption works
GLICKSMAN & LEVY 08 Professors of Law at the University of Kansas [Robert Glicksman and Richard Levy. “A COLLECTIVE ACTION PERSPECTIVE ON CEILING PREEMPTION BY FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION: THE CASE OF GLOBALCLIMATE CHANGE.” Northwestern University Law Review. Vol 102 No. 2. []] We also doubt that unilateral state regulation would so undermine the international bargaining position of AND factors are likely to have a far more substantial impact on negotiations.206

Some threats are real – “security politics” does not motivate all violence
As for the Second World War, few structural realists will make a sustained case AND that aggressive states are at the root of conflict, not security concerns.
 * Kydd 97 ** (Professor of Political Science – California, Riverside, Security Studies, Autumn, p. 154)

US regulatory system means OSW development won’t hurt the environment or species
COPPING et al 14 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory [Andrea Copping1, Luke Hanna1, Brie Van Cleve1, Kara Blake1 and Richard M. Anderson2, Environmental Risk Evaluation System—an Approach to Ranking Risk of Ocean Energy Development on Coastal and Estuarine Environments, Journal of the Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation, 10.1007/s12237-014-9816-3] The US regulatory system and the environmental protections afforded to key species is a genuine AND methods that minimize damage to the marine environment and inform effective mitigation strategies.

-**Politics w/ carbon tax CP**
 * Past 2NRs:**
 * -Heidegger**
 * -Framework**