Katie+&+Marc

toc
 * irresistible baby sloth is irrisistable*

=AFF=

If you have any Aff questions feel free to email me at mangofrog7@gmail.com

1AC - Plan

 * Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in the Port Security Grant Program.**

1AC - Vulnerability

 * Contention one is vulnerability:**

__America’s economy relies. . . __ __and mass emergencies __.
 * Ports are vulnerable now – over 2,100 threats detected**
 * The Heritage Foundation, 2012** – The Heritage Foundation is a research and educational institution—a think tank—whose mission is to formulate and promote public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense. [Homeland Security: The Latest Research and Analysis, FEBRUARY 24, 2012, http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2012/pdf/ib3515.pdf, Jun 20 2012]


 * Security measures are weak exposing the flaws**


 * Flynn 11- Vice President at a global maritime security company** (Stuart Flynn is Vice President at global maritime security services provider SecureWest International; Written February 4, 2011, Accessed June 20, 2012; Port Technology International; “Next Generation Port Security” http://www.porttechnology.org/im-ages/uploads/technical_papers/PT40-25.pdf)

As time has. . . the Iraq war.


 * Maritime attacks being planned now**


 * Houreld 11—Associated Press Writer** [Katharine, “Oil Tanker Terror Hijacks Easy, Attacks Complex,” Web, 5/21/11, LexisNexis, 6/19/12]

The FBI and. . . capability for extensive destruction.


 * Terrorists see the benefit of an attack**


 * Harrald 05** [John R, “Sea Trade and Security: an Assessment of the Post-9/11 Reaction,” Web, Fall 05, http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/pqrl/docview/220702986/1376BF5C74E6A8F9B1B/5?accountid=14667, 6/19/12]

It became apparent. . . __a political end.__"11


 * It’s only a matter of time**


 * The Providence Journal 2006** (“Neglecting port security puts U.S. in economic peril” Providence Journal/Evening Bulletin 9/24/06 ProQuest 6/20/12)

Now, five years. . . __tragedy could do.__


 * DHS will miss the deadline for port security upgrades – leaves us vulnerable**


 * Calvan 6/13—**reporter for the Boston Globe(Bobby Caina, “US to miss target for tighter port security” 6/13/12, Boston Globe, http://www.homeland1.com/port-security/articles/1300173-US-to-miss-target-for-tighter-port-security]//AY

WASHINGTON - The Department. . . departing overseas docks.

1AC - Nuke Terror
WASHINGTON - The Department. . . __called "dirty bombs."__
 * Contention two is nuclear terrorism:**
 * Lack of port security funding is allowing terrorists to attempt nuclear attacks**
 * Calvan 6-12—Congressional Reporter for Boston Globe**—(Bobby Caina Calvin, US to miss target for tighter port security: Cargo screening put off to 2014, June 12, 2012, ProQuest: 6/23/12)


 * It is possible and terrorists are trying – ports are key**


 * De Rugy 2005** PhD in Economics and Senior Fellow at the Mercatus Denter at George Mason University [Veronique de Rugy, “Is Port Security Spending Making Us Safer”, September 7, 2005, http://directory.cip.management.dal.ca/publications/Is%20Port%20Security%20Spending%20Making%20Us%20Safer.pdf June 22, 2012]

To be sure, __the. . .__ bombing of __Hiroshima.__


 * Terrorists are going to unleash a nuclear terrorist attack on ports**


 * __ Nincic, 2009 __** [Sea Lane Security and U.S. MaritimeTrade: Chokepoints as Scarce Resources by Donna J. Nincic Professor and Director of the ABS School of Maritime Policy and Management at the California Maritime Academy, California State University and worked at the US Department of Defense kms1.isn.ethz.ch]

In the post-September 11. . . “to deadly effect.”84


 * Nuclear terrorism causes extinction – we control probability and escalation**


 * Sid-Ahmed 4** (Mohamed Sid-Ahmed; former member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of Egypt, leading member of the National Progressive Unionist Party, and leading journalist for Al-Ahmar; Accessed June 25, 2012; http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm; Written August 26, 2004; “Extinction!”)

__The advent of. . . __ __all be losers__.

Robert **Ayson,** Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, **2010** (“After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld) A terrorist nuclear. . . of nuclear restraint.
 * And, terrorism escalates to nuclear war**

1AC - Free Trade
Securing __the global. . .__ <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">in-bond __cargo shipments__
 * Contention three is trade:**
 * An attack is likely and would shut down trade**
 * Giermanski 2012**- former Air Force colonel, special agent in the Air Force Office of Special Investigations, former FBI agent, worked with Customs and Border Protection on drug intelligence development (Jim, Laura Hains- retired CBP/US Customs supervisor and law enforcement officer, President of Hammerhead Security Solutions LLC, former maritime security specialist at Cubic Applications Inc., chairwoman of the Supply Chain & Transportation Security Council at ASIS International, security consultant at Halcrow “Supply Chain Security and DHS Oversight” Homeland Security Today 6/5/12 <http://www.hstoday.us/blogs/guest-commentaries/blog/supply-chain-security-and-dhs-oversight/55079ca7058f8f48ad6ba50411635596.html> 6/20/12)


 * Most likely to attack the US because we lead in trade**


 * Lukas, 2004—Analyst with Cato's Center for Trade Policy Studies and U.S. Trade Representative** [Title: Protection without protectionism: Reconciling Trade and Homeland Security, April 8 2004, Lukas is also an analyst at the Cato Institute’s Center for Trade Policy Studies. CATO foundation site, http://www.cato.org/pubs/tpa/tpa-027.pdf, accessed Jun 19 2012]

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Despite some protectionist. . . the black market.


 * We will shut down ports collapsing trade**


 * The Providence Journal 2006** (“Port security expert: Americans are 'overwhelmingly ignorant'” Providence Journal/Evening Bulletin 9/26/06 ProQuest 6/20/12)

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">SOUTH KINGSTOWN - <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">To. . . suffer as well."


 * Trade solves global wars**


 * Griswold**, **98** Associate Director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the CATO Institute, ‘ (Daniel, December 31, “Peace On Earth, Free Trade For Men,” CATO Institute Daily, [] )

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Advocates of free. . . borders, armies will."


 * Strong trade is a prerequisite to solve all problems—collapse causes war**


 * PANITCHPAKDI 4** – Secretary-General of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (Supachai, “American Leadership and the World Trade Organization: What is the Alternative?” 2/26/2004, [] )

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;">The second point. . . more just world.


 * Prefer our impacts over their defense – it is based in research and studies**


 * Hegre et al 9** – Professor of Political Science @University of Oslo [Havard Hegre, John R. Oneal (Professor of Political Science @ The University of Alabama) Bruce Russett (Professor of Political Science @ Yale University) Trade Does Promote Peace: New Simultaneous Estimates of the Reciprocal Effects of Trade and Conflict, August 25, 2009, pg. [] ]

__<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Liberals expect economically. . . . __ leaders are rational.

1AC - Solvency
<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The Department of. . . at their facilities ."
 * No offense, ports funding now but the plan is key**
 * Page 07 Economics Editor at CQ - Roll Call Group Editorial Director** [Paul, “Halfway to Port Security,” Web, 5/21/07, **-** The Journal of Commerce at UBM Global Trade, Proquest 6/19/12]


 * Cuts now mean PSGS is not being funded – this is a threat to port security**


 * PR Newswire 2011** (American Association of Port Authorities, “10 Years After 9/11, Security Still a Top Priority of U.S. Ports” Lexis 6/19/12)

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">In the decade. . . out more quickly.


 * Current security is uncoordinated – PSPG grants necessary to assist ports in infrastructure improvements**


 * Logistics Management 2010** (“U.S. Port Security: A work in progress” Logistics Management 7/10 ProQuest 6/20/12)

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Port authorities contend. . . approach," adds Nagle.


 * Federal government is key – agent, states, and privatization CPs fail because they lack coordination**


 * Puentes 11 – Director of Metropolitan Policy at Brookings**(Robert Puentes, Senior Fellow and director of Metropolitan Policy at Brookings, former director of infrastructure at the intelligent transportation society of America, masters degree in urban planning, May 23, 2011 “Move It: How the U.S. Can Improve Transportation Policy”; http://www.brookings.edu-/research/opinions/2011/05/23transportation-policy-puentes; Brookings, Accessed June 19 2012)

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The country needs. . . our national goals?


 * Immediacy and assurance are key to effective protection**


 * GAO 2011** (“PORT SECURITY GRANT PROGRAM: Risk Model, Grant Management, and Effectiveness Measures Could Be Strengthened” United States Government Accountability Office 11/11 <http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-47> 6/22/12)

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Port areas have. ..
 * __infrastructure is protected.__**


 * Port Security Grants are ineffective now—they do not focus on key ports and need more money**


 * Thibault** **et al 6**—Marc Thibault is a researcher, Homeland Security Institute [Mary R Brooks is William A. Black Chair of Commerce, Dalhousie University, Mary Brooks was on a Fulbright Fellowship at George Mason University, Kenneth J Button is professor of public policy and director, Center for Transportation Policy and Logistics, George Mason University; George Mason Center for Infrastructure Protections and Homeland Security, The Response of the U.S. Maritime Industry to the New Container Security Initiatives, Transportation Journal, pgs. 5-15, Winter 2006, Proquest 6/19/12]

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Establishment of maritime. . . . __for small ports__.

=NEG=

If you have any questions feel free to email me at marc9119@gmail.com

Past 2NR Strats:
The Capitalism Bad K - 2 times The Topicality - 3 times Politics and Case - 1 Time Politics and the CounterPlan - 1 Time CO2 Agriculture Impact Turns - 1 Time Hegemony Bad Turns - 1 Time