Aaron+&+Jared

= = =1ac -- inherency= //__The White House on Thursday …__// expediting all remaining federal reviews//__.”__
 * The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in expedited port transportation infrastructure projects in the United States, including transportation infrastructure surrounding ports.**
 * Obama has expedited approval for projects, but not allocated funds – aff is still inherent, but you don’t have any DA’s - deal with it**
 * Morgan and Rabin 7/19** – Miami Herald reporter, environment reporter (Curtis and Charles, “White House Speeds Up Permits, Offers No New Cash For PortMiami Dredge Project”, The Miami Herald, July 21 2012, [])//CB//

Smith 7/20- Bruce, Posted: Friday, July 20, 2012 3:30 am-“Harbor deepening gets boost, but needs money”-the Times and Democrat ([]) MK
 * Expedited port dredging solves by 2019 – need funding still**

Designating the Charleston Harbor deepening … jobs council for six months.

=1ac -- econ=
 * Contention 1 – is trade**


 * The Panama Canal expansion will … compete for post-Panamax ships**
 * Bridges 2011 –** Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority (Jerry A., “Testimony of Jerry A. Bridges Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority before the United States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee Hearing: the Economic importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?”, October 26, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Bridges.pdf)//MM]

Since the birth of our … to seaports. We cannot wait.


 * The perception of a federal commitment … – this will collapse the recovery**
 * Calhoun 11** -- President of Cargo Carriers (Cargill) and Chairman of Waterways Council, Inc (Rick, “DREDGING FOR PROSPERITY”, Marine Log, August, ProQuest, []”) EL

Just like the nation itself, __…__ our inland waterways transportation system.

Szakonyi 12 — associate editor of the Journal of Commerce (Mark, “The Hill Ramping Up Dredging Efforts”, Journal of Commerce, 5/7, ProQuest) EL
 * Federal port infrastructure funding is … __uncertain commitment__ prevents new projects**

__The push by U.S. ports for …__, more meaningful long-term decisions.


 * And these federal regulations mean any new projects will take decades unless the federal government expedites construction**
 * Na** gle, 2012- President and CEO of the American Association of Port Authorities (Kurt J., “Testimony of Kurt J. Nagle President and CEO of the American Association of Port Authorities Before the United States House of Representatives Appropriations Committee Energy and Water Development, and Related Agencies Subommittee”, Budget Hearing- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Assistant Secretary, Chief of Engineers, March 7, 2012, [|http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/EWTestimony%20Mar2012%20Final.pdf)//MM]

First, the funding level of … challenges of today and tomorrow.


 * Federal investment in port deepening is critical to economic growth and preventing trade collapse**
 * Kiefer et al, 2k –** principal investigator for Planning and Management Consultants– study authorized by Section 401 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1999, report to the US Army Corps of Engineers (Jack, Planning and Management Consultants, “The National Dredging Needs Study of Ports and Harbors Implications to Cost-Sharing of Federal Deep Draft Navigation Projects Due to Changes in the Maritime Industry”, May 2000, []) //CB//

//__International trade has become increasingly …__ updated for the 21st Century //

//**The plan will allow the US to double exports in the next 5 years**// //**USA Today 11** – news agency (Larry Copeland, “A goal to be port of call for all; U.S. sites digging in to accommodate big ships,” USA Today, October 3, 2011, lexis) //CB It's just before noon on a recent weekday, and the nation's fastest-growing container shipping port is bustling with activity. Massive, 10-story-high cranes, each shaped like an upside down "U," lift tractor-trailer-size containers onto and off cargo ships at dockside. A station checking for radioactivity in containers leaving the port clicks right along, while a non-stop stream of trucks enters and leaves the 1,200-acre facility. The freight moving through here touches the lives of people in 15 states, some 44% of the nation's population. __Even more critically__
 * __…__** __a critical component in those efforts__.


 * Strong U.S. trade credibility is key to maintain the current global system**
 * Bergsten 97** – Peterson Institute for International Economics (Fred C., “Global Trade and American Politics”, September 27, 1997, The Economist, [])

Second, the __trade policy credibility …__ staying power in other respects.


 * The alternative is mercantilism and protectionism**
 * Posen 9** – Deputy director and senior fellow of the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Adam, “Economic leadership beyond the crisis,” http://clients.squareeye.com/uploads/foresight/documents/PN%20USA_FINAL_LR_1.pdf)

In the postwar period, US … on the following priority measures.


 * Protectionism will cause terrorism and global wars – risks extinction**
 * Panzner 8** – faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” p. 136-138)

Continuing calls for curbs on … beginnings of a new world war.

** Free trade creates structural disincentives for inter- and intra- state war and deters terrorism ** ** Griswold, 11 ** Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization. “Free Trade and the Global Middle Class,” Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9 [|http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf Accessed 6/30/12] BJM Our more globalized world … by civil conflict and war.

__There is another deep …__ (for more, see below Table 7.1)
 * Free trade vital to solve water shortages; arguments to the contrary misinterpret the function of trade**
 * Hoekstra et al, 11** – professor at Twente Water Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.Y. Hoekstra, M.M. ALDAYA, Consultant, United Nations Environment Programme, Paris, France, B. Avril, European Science Foundation, Strasbourg, France, “ ACCOUNTING FOR WATER SCARCITY AND POLLUTION IN THE RULES OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE,” VALUE OF WATER RESEARCH REPORT SERIES NO. 54, 2011, [], //JPL)

**Trade prevents escalation—it outweighs all other assurances and agreements** **Kinne 12** (Kinne, Brandon J., Assistant Professor at UT Dallas with a PhD in Political Science from Yale, “Multilateral Trade and Militarized Conflict: Centrality, Openness, and Asymmetry in the Global Trade Network”, The Journal of Politics, Vol. 74, No. 1, January 2012, Pp. 308–322 )FS The pacific effect of trade is most often explained in terms of opportunity costs (Levy 2003). Trade provides …. probability of initiating militarized disputes

=1ac -- Hegemony=
 * Contention two is hegemony**


 * 3 internal links**


 * First is surge**

**Commercial port infrastructure is necessary for a surge deployment---congestion reduces rapid response** **DOTMA 5** (U.S. department of transportation maritime … and Federally funded improvement programs.

**Independently lack of dredging severely limits naval operations** **DOTMA 5** **(**U.S. department of transportation maritime … military or significant commercial cargo.

Hickins 09 (COLONEL KENNETH, United States … any operational and strategic success
 * This is key to overall deterrence and conflict de-escalation – we control ceiling on all war impacts**


 * Second is port infrastructure**


 * Lack of port dredging risks collapse in naval heg**
 * Melnick 08** – graduate of Boston University Law School, trial attorney and supervisor for the Legal Aid Society (Robert S., “DREDGING: MAKING WAVES FOR COMMERCE OR ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION” 19 Vill. Envtl. L.J. 145, lexis)//CB//

// As cities compete for … economic development and environmental preservation __.__ [|n4] // // Environmental groups, the legislature, the courts, and the President are all involved in the controversy surrounding dredging activities. [|n5] One of the primary problems associated with dredging is the changing regulatory process, which substantially increases project costs and delays. [|n6] The regulatory process has two distinct problems: (1) determining whether dredging projects should proceed under the balancing approach; and (2) determining how to assess and measure contaminated sediment to ensure that the disposal of dredged material is safe. [|n7] The balancing approach is simply a comparative analysis between commerce and the environment. [|n8] There are several factors that must be considered to [*146] ensure the safe disposal of dredged material because dredging causes incidental effects by disbursing pollutants and contaminants settled on the bottom of the ocean floor into the water column, changing the water flow, and disturbing bottom living communities. [|n9] // //**__Dredging maintains navigable waterways for …__** up to fifty feet. [|n16] // // Due to the reduction in trade barriers, world trade has increased the total value of imports and exports to twenty percent of the Gross Domestic Product of the United States. [|n17] Ninety-five percent of all imports and exports in the United States pass through United States' ports. [|n18] In 2004, the New York-New Jersey Port, the [*147] third largest port in the United States, had $ 114 billion of cargo pass through it; additionally, it provided approximately 227,000 direct jobs and 186,000 indirect jobs in 2000. [|n19] Consistent with the overall decline in the number of ports that can accommodate the larger vessels, the New York-New Jersey Port cannot receive these larger vessels because its channels are not deep enough for the vessels' draft. [|n20] In 1986, Congress authorized the United States Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) to initiate dredging projects to deepen navigation channels to fifty feet in the New York-New Jersey Harbor. [|n21] //

//**And ports are key to overall national power projection**// // Watts 05 -[“Maritime Critical Infrastructure Protection: … a model for coordinated port defense. //

//**Third is economic competitiveness**// //**Expanding port infrastructure is vital to US global economic leadership**// //**Kiefer et al, 2k** – principal investigator for Planning and Management Consultants– study authorized by Section 401 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1999, report to the US Army Corps of Engineers (Jack, Planning and Management Consultants, “The National Dredging Needs Study of Ports and Harbors Implications to Cost-Sharing of Federal Deep Draft Navigation Projects Due to Changes in the Maritime Industry”, May 2000, []) // CB

__The benefits of harbor improvements …__ to a handful of coastal states.

History shows that __world orders__, … __American order came into being__.
 * Hegemony solves conflict---your defense doesn’t apply**
 * Kagan 12** 2/11, *Robert Kagan: Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe for The New Republic, “Why the World Needs America,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213262856669448.html, AJ

Deter major power war **.** __No … projection enable extended campaigns ashore__.
 * Independently naval heg deters great power wars**
 * Conway et al 7** [James T., General, U.S. Marine Corps, Gary Roughead, Admiral, U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower,” October, http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf]

=1ac -- plan=


 * The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in expedited port transportation infrastructure projects in the United States, including transportation infrastructure surrounding ports.**

=1ac -- solvency=


 * Contention 4 – solvency**


 * The federal government is key – … action is vital to __leadership__**
 * AAPA, 11** - AAPA represents 160 of the leading seaport authorities in the United States, Canada, Latin America and the Caribbean and more than 300 sustaining and associate members, firms and individuals with an interest in seaports (American Association of Port Authorities, “The U.S. Government’s Historic Role in Developing and Maintaining Landside and Waterside Connections to Seaports”, March 2011, [|http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/Transportation%20and%20the%20Constitution1.pdf)//GP]

Over time these constitutional responsibilities … competitiveness, be recognized and prioritized.


 * Federal leadership is vital to expediting new projects and coordinating federal agencies – it creates faster infrastructure development**
 * Woodley Jr. 8** — Chairman – PIANC (Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses) USA (John Paul, “Dredging key to keeping nation’s economy afloat”, Seaports Magazine, [], Summer) EL

Like many nations, __the United … strong for generations to come.__


 * Dredging stimulates job creation preventing economic collapse and no risk of turns – dredged material can be used to create clean technology**
 * Terra et Aqua 09** – technical journal published for professionals and informative article for government agencies (Terra et Aqua, “How dredging can boost the economy,” June 2009, [])//CB

__As governments around the world … **keeping the global economy afloat.**__


 * __NEG__**

States and JV vs. Port Security

Advantage CP and JV vs. CCS

T vs. CCS

Oil and Food Prices vs. Dredging

T and Oil vs. CCS