ACHM+Gustavson+Jain

= = toc ACHM --- Louisiana Goodness jjain654@gmail.com sam.gustavson@gmail.com

Venezuela 1AC

**Plan Text**

 * The United States federal government should provide all necessary investment and technical aid in the liberalization of the Venezuelan energy sector.**

**Venezuela Adv**
**Goldwyn 13** --- President, Goldwyn Global Strategies, LLC (4/11/2013, David L., “The Impact of the Tight __#|Oil and Gas__ Boom on Latin America and the Caribbean: Opportunities for Cooperation,” House Committee on Foreign Affairs; Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere; “Energy Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean” http://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA07/20130411/100622/HHRG-113-FA07-Wstate-GoldwynD-20130411.pdf, JMP)
 * The Chavez model in Venezuela has limited investment, restricted growth and increased the risk of oil shocks and instability -U.S. investment can reverse the trend and preserve our influence**

The unconventional revolution

are ultimately unsustainable.

**The Venezuelan oil sector is declining**

**Ladislaw and Verrastro 3/6** – Ladislaw is co-director and senior fellow with the Energy and National Security Program at the CSIS and Verrastro is senior vice president and James R. Schlesinger Chair for Energy & Geopolitics at CSIS (Sarah and Frank, “Post-Chavez Outlook for Venezuelan Oil Production,” Center for Strategic and __#|International Studies__, http://csis.org/publication/post-chavez-outlook-venezuelan-oil-production)

Despite its enormous

politically difficult time.

**Tulchin 13** - Visiting Fellow at the David Rockefeller Center for __#|Latin American Studies__ at Harvard University, Latin American scholar, member of the task force on Hemispheric Security Issues at the Center for Hemispheric Policy of the University of Miami (Dr. Joseph S. “Oil price is key to success for Venezuela’s President Maduro” World Review April 24 2013  6/27/13)//AH//
 * This will collapse the Venezuelan government**

// Mr Maduro now //

// **for Venezuela’s future.** //

//**And that independently causes global conflict**// // **Manwaring 05** (Max G., retired U.S. Army colonel and an Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf)//SR

President Chávez also

**peace, and prosperity** .65

**Shinkman, 13** --- national security reporter at U.S. News and World Report (4/24/2013, Paul D., “Iranian-Sponsored Narco-Terrorism in Venezuela: How Will Maduro Respond? New Venezuelan president at a crossroads for major threat to U.S.,” [], JMP)
 * Venezuelan instability allows for Iranian fueled narco-terror**

At a conference

ever-charismatic Chavez.

**Anderson, 08** (10/8/2008, Curt, AP, “US officials fear terrorist links with drug lords,” [])
 * Results in WMD terrorism in the U.S.**

MIAMI — There is real

scum to come together."


 * Terrorism results in all-out nuclear war and extinction**
 * Ayson, 10 –** Director, Centre for Strategic Studies, Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, pp. 571-593, 6/21, http://dl2af5jf3e.search.serialssolutions.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/?sid=sersol%3ARefinerQuery&citationsubmit=Look+Up&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&l=DL2AF5JF3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsersol%3ARefinerQuery&SS_LibHash=DL2AF5JF3E&SS_ReferentFormat=JournalFormat&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1057610X.2010.483756&rft.genre=article&SS_doi=10.1080%2F1057610X.2010.483756&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal)//SY//

//But these two nuclear//

// a devastating response. //

//**U.S. resources and expertise are key to revive the oil sector**// // **Farnsworth 13** - vice president of the Council of the Americas and Americas Society (4/11/2013, Eric, “ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA// //AND THE CARIBBEAN, HEARING BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, http://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA07/20130411/100622/HHRG-113-FA07-Wstate-FarnsworthE-20130411.pdf, JMP)//

//More broadly, the //

// the rule of law .//

//**No scheduled improvements in Venezuela oil economy now**// // **Landers 13** (3/7/2013, Jim, “Crumbling Venezuelan oil sector expected to remain hostile to U.S. investment,” http://www.dallasnews.com/business/energy/20130306-crumbling-venezuelan-oil-sector-expected-to-remain-hostile-to-u.s.-investment.ece, JMP)//

// HOUSTON — Hugo Chávez is gone, //

//other refined products.//

//**Extinction comes first and precludes the alt-A practical deontological approach is utopian – consequential thinking is inevitable.**// // **Spragens**, professor of Political science at Duke, **2000** (Thomas, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, 2000, p. 81-2, PDNSS1796)//CS

My thesis that

justice are chimerical.

**China Adv**
**Daly 13** --- non-resident Fellow at The Johns Hopkins University Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies’ Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and one of the leading specialists on the post-Soviet space, particularly the Caucasus and Central Asia energy issues, having provided professional audiences with indepth analysis of energy issues there for more than a decade (5/28/2013, John, “Venezuelan President Maduro Offers Olive Branch to Washington,” http://www.economonitor.com/blog/2013/05/venezuelan-president-maduro-offers-olive-branch-to-washington/, JMP)
 * Venezuela’s oil nationalization has undermined diplomatic relations**

To say that U.S.

have continued unabated.

**Ben-Ami 6/5** - former Israeli foreign minister and internal security minister and current Vice President of the Toledo International Center for Peace (Shlomo, “Is the US Losing Latin America?”, Project Syndicate, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-new-nature-of-us-influence-in-latin-america-by-shlomo-ben-ami)
 * US leadership in Latin America is declining now—countries are exercising increased political and economic independence and expanding ties with other parts of the world**

MADRID – It is a mantra

embassy. To believe

**Metzker 13** (6/17/2013, Jared, “Analysts Say **Oil Could Help Mend U.S.-Venezuela Relations** ,” http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/06/analysts-say-oil-could-help-mend-u-s-venezuela-relations/, JMP)
 * Large-scale rapprochement not likely now but oil investment could catalyze stronger relations**

WASHINGTON, Jun 17 2013 (IPS) –

where it is going.”

**Hurst 08** --- political-military research analyst with the Foreign Military Studies Office and a Lieutenant Commander in the United States Navy Reserve (9/8/2008, “China's Global Quest for Energy; Rocky U.S. Relationship with Venezuela is Playing into China's Energy Policy Despite The Ocean Between Them,” www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=740&pageid=&pagename=, JMP)
 * Failure to rebuild ties on oil issues allows China to solidify its stronghold and use oil as a diplomatic weapon against the U.S.**

The U.S. rocky

stretch its resources.

**Salameh 11** --- international oil economist, a consultant to the World Bank in Washington, DC on energy affairs and a technical expert of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization in Vienna (Second Quarter 2011, Mamdouh G., International Association for Energy Economics, “China’s Oil “Adventure” into Venezuela,” www.iaee.org, JMP) China’s Global Oil Diplomacy
 * That triggers great power conflict with China**

China’s growing involvement

the United States.


 * Global nuclear war**
 * Hunkovic 9** – American Military University (Lee J., “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict: Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America,” http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf)

A war between

most dominant members.

**Elton 10** (8/19/2010, Doug, “What would happen if Chavez cut off the US from Venezuelan oil?” http://www.helium.com/items/1926791-chavez-cut-off-the-us-from-venezuelan-oil-china-benefits, JMP)
 * And it kills U.S. heg globally**

The international game

**fuel global change.**

**Brooks et al 13** [Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107, GDI File]
 * US primacy prevents global conflict – diminishing power creates a vacuum that causes transition wars**

A core premise of deep

regional great power war ).

**Dowd 13** --- served as an adjunct professor and lecturer at Butler University, a researcher and administrator at leading think tanks, and a congressional aide (4/19/2013, Alan W., “Monroe Doctrine Version 2.0,” http://www.legion.org/landingzone/214857/monroe-doctrine-version-20, JMP)
 * China is using economic contacts to expand** **defense** **ties --- U.S. reengagement key to signal a firm response and** **deter conflict**

Much has been

the Western Hemisphere.

**Clarke 13** --- Associate Editor of America The National Catholic Review and MA in International Studies from DePaul University (3/25/2013, Kevin, “Chavez Death Brings New Chance For U.S.-Venezuela Engagement,” http://americamagazine.org/issue/chavez-death-brings-new-chance-us-venezuela-engagement, JMP)
 * US investment vitalizes relations**

The passing of

likely to __#|continue__.

**Giordano and Li 12** - *Paolo, PhD in Economics from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, Lead Economist @ the Integratoin and Trade Sector of the IADB, **Kun, Research Fellow @ IADB**
 * Prefer pragmatism, epistemology focus bad, and policymaking is good in the context of latin america**
 * (“An Updated Assessment of the Trade and Poverty Nexus in Latin America,” p. 375-377)//BB**


 * Despite the move**


 * in this area . **

Venezuela Says Yes**

**DE CÓRDOBA and MUÑOZ, 13** (1/11/2013, JOSÉ DE CÓRDOBA and SARA MUÑOZ, “Venezuela, U.S. Start Talks to Mend Ties,” [], JMP)
 * 1) **A.Maduro’s pragmatic**

Both sides remain

the oil sector.


 * 1) **B.Maduro has political incentive to engage**
 * Shifter 13** - Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service (3/11/2013, Michael, “The Empire Makes Nice: Is it time for a Venezuela reset?” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/11/the_empire_makes_nice_venezuela_hugo_chavez, JMP)

Four years ago,

because he could.

**NH, 7/23** **– 36 time** Award-winning, Spanish-language daily newspaper in the nation's third-largest Hispanic market, (July 23rd, 2013, //el Nuevo Herald// “Venezuela urges U.S. to stop attacks” []
 * 1) **C.Maduro took back his statement – He wants engagement, not aggression**
 * Translated w/ google translate

CARACAS, Venezuela - President

up to them ".

1AC Terrorists--Policy Version //Your history teachers have lied to you. Despite the common narratives surrounding US policy today, the Cold War continues. The Department of State has placed Cuba on the list of States sponsoring terrorism yet again as a coercive tactic based on flawed ideology// //Bolender**, research fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, **5-31** -13 [Keith, “Cuba is hardly a 'state sponsor of terror'”, 31 May, []]**//

//** The ** long-awaited//

//** victims of terrorism. **//

//Terrorism occupies a blind spot in metaphysics. The notion of terrorism is not static, rather is socially constructed and fluid.// //Spencer and Hulsse 8// //**(Rainer Hulsse, professor and lecturer at the Geschwister Scholl Institute for Poltical Science at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, and Alexander Spencer, Assistant Professor at the Geschwister Scholl Institute for Poltical Science at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, “The Metaphor of Terror: Terrorism Studies and the Constructivist Turn,” Security Dialogue, 2008, [])**//

//** If terrorism is **//

//**which they are based.**//

//This discourse fuels violent U.S. policy in the Middle East- the notion of terrorism targets certain cultures who don’t comply with Western norms to justify violence in the name of sovereignty// //Goodall, 8,professor of Human Communications at Arizona State University**. (H.R. Goodall Twice Betrayed by the Truth: A Narrative About ¶ the Cultural Similarities Between the Cold War ¶ and the Global War on Terror, Cultural Studies Critical Methodologies, Sage journals.)**// //**Whether we like**//

//** this article, elsewhere. **//

//The discursive construction of rogue terror states serves as pretext for the unilateral use of military force and expansionist warfare – Continued use of the terror list replicates aggressive imperial violence// //Marino 5,Senior Researcher and Professor at the Center for the Study of the United States at the University of Havana, Cuba, author of numerous articles in scholarly journals and anthologies on U.S.-Cuban relations(Soraya Castro, The Cuba-U.S. Conflict:// //Notes for Reflection in the Context of the War Against Terrorism, Pg 13-14, excerpt from book// Foreign Policy Toward Cuba: Isolation or Engagement? http://www.uh.cu/centros/cemi_old/documentos/The%20Cuba-U.S.%20Conflict%20Notes%20for%20Reflection%20in%20the%20Context%20of%20the%20War%20Against%20Terrorism.pdf//)// //** The invasion of **//

//** or threat, of force. **//

//That creates unrestricted imperialism and makes political violence inevitable// //** Falk, '05. Richard "Imperial vibrations, 9/11, and the ordeal of the Middle East," Paper 23, U of Cali. [|http://repositories.cdlib.org /gis/23]**//

//**No matter how**//

//**are wisely instructed!**//

//We are not arguing that no actual terrorism exists in the world. Rather that, in the post 9/11 U.S., the term “terrorism” has taken on magical qualities – invocation of the word terror justifies unquestioned US policy// //Marcopoulos 09**(Alexander J., lawyer at Shearman and Sterling llp J. D at Tulane, unpublished manuscript, “Terrorizing Rhetoric: The Advancement of U.S. Hegemony Through the Lack of a Definition of ‘Terror’” January 2009, [] accessed 7/16/13 DG)**// //**When discussions arise**//

//**post-Bush United States.**//

//The terrorism justification has empirically been used for oppressive foreign policy in Latin America// //LeoGrande**, government professor at American University,** ‘6 **[William, “From the Red Menace to Radical Populism U.S. Insecurity in Latin America”, World Policy Journal, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Winter, 2005/2006), pp. 25-35]**// //** U.S. policy toward **//

//**Castro in Venezuela in 1997.24**//

//This reproduction of insecurity necessitates escalation – the endpoints of the exceptionalist violence at the heart of the war on terror are total wars of annihilation and mass imperialist violence.// //Lifton**, professor of psychiatry,** 2003 **[Robert Jay, “American Apocalypse”, The Nation, Dec 22nd, http://www.thenation.com/article/american-apocalypse]**// //**War itself is**//

//**concert with the Islamist apocalyptic.**//

//Thus the plan: United States federal government should remove Cuba from the list of state sponsors of terrorism.//

//Cuba is a crucial starting point. First, it strikes an unnerving chord because of its persistent, decades-long confrontation with imperialism and potential to set an example of resistance for the global South.// //Whitney**, Cuba solidarity activist and member of Veterans for Peace, **5-8** -13 [W.T., “Reflections on Anti-Cuban Terror”, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2013/whitney080513.html]**// //** The U.S. government itself **// //** AND **// //**Obama release them.**//

//Voting affirmative means more than imagining the adoption of a simple policy – it’s an endorsement of a critical interrogation that destabilizes hegemonic knowledge about terrorism. As activist-scholars we have an obligation to uncover subjugated knowledge hidden by the War on Terror.// //Jackson**, Professor in International Politics at Aberystwyth University,** ‘8 **[Richard, “State terror, terrorism research and knowledge politics”, paper presented at the British International Studies Association, []]**//

//**In contrast to**// //**AND**// //**the much greater terrorism of state actors**//

//Rejecting complicity with dominant Western subjectivity is the only way to break down colonial violence// //Mignolo 5(Walter D., Ph.D. in Philosophy from the École des Hautes Études, Paris and Professor of Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University, "The Idea of Latin America," 2005, slim_)//

//**Confronting Abu-Lughod’s**// //**AND**// //** the axis of evil. **//

//No war – economic interdependence and nuclear deterrence// //Deudney and Ikenberry, 09 **— MA and PhD in Political Science, Professor, Political Science, Johns Hopkins University; PhD, Professor, International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University (Daniel and G. John, January/February 2009, “The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail,” Foreign Affairs Volume 88, Issue 1, ProQuest, Hensel)**// //** This bleak outlook **// //** AND **// //** autocratic revivalists acknowledge. **//

//Linear impact framing fails—they pave over complex systems that ensures policy failure// //Kessler ‘8**[Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld, “From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics”**// **Alternatives //33 (2008), 211-232]//**


 * // If the risk of//**
 * //AND//**
 * //with relative certainty.//**

//Even if it does occur, it willneverinvolve great powers// //Tepperman 9 **Deputy Editor of Newsweek, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, now Managing Editor of Foreign Affairs, holds a B.A. in English Literature from Yale University, an M.A. in Jurisprudence from Oxford University, and an LL.M. in International Law from New York University (Jonathan, "Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb," 8/28/09, [])**//**AM**
 * These efforts are all **
 * AND **
 * same safe conclusion.**

NYQUIST 1999 **(J.R., Defense Analyst, Worldnetdaily.com, May 20, 1999)**
 * Nuclear war won’t cause extinction and nuclear winter is wrong **
 * I patiently reply to**
 * AND**
 * (if any) fallout casualties . **

1AC Terrorists--Kritikal Version Your history teachers have lied to you. Despite the common narratives surrounding US policy today, the Cold War continues. The Department of State has placed Cuba on the list of States sponsoring terrorism yet again as a coercive tactic based on flawed ideology Bolender**, research fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, **5-31** -13 [Keith, “Cuba is hardly a 'state sponsor of terror'”, 31 May, []]**


 * The ** long-awaited


 * victims of terrorism. **

Terrorism occupies a blind spot in metaphysics. The notion of terrorism is not static, rather is socially constructed and fluid. Spencer and Hulsse 8
 * (Rainer Hulsse, professor and lecturer at the Geschwister Scholl Institute for Poltical Science at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, and Alexander Spencer, Assistant Professor at the Geschwister Scholl Institute for Poltical Science at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, “The Metaphor of Terror: Terrorism Studies and the Constructivist Turn,” Security Dialogue, 2008, [])**
 * If terrorism is **


 * they are based.**

This discourse fuels violent U.S. policy in the Middle East- the notion of terrorism targets certain cultures who don’t comply with Western norms to justify violence in the name of sovereignty Goodall, 8,professor of Human Communications at Arizona State University**. (H.R. Goodall Twice Betrayed by the Truth: A Narrative About ¶ the Cultural Similarities Between the Cold War ¶ and the Global War on Terror, Cultural Studies Critical Methodologies, Sage journals.)**


 * Whether we like**


 * this article, elsewhere. **

This conception of the Middle East is rooted in binary systems of exclusion which culminate in violence against the Other who occupies the devalued position in this system. Hirchi**, Mohammed** '07**, "Media Representations of the Middle East," WACC. World Assoc. for Christian Communic ation. Online.**


 * This marking of **


 * embracing cultural emancipation. **

That creates unrestricted imperialism in the Middle East and make political violence inevitable
 * Falk, '05 . Richard "Imperial vibrations, 9/11, and the ordeal of the Middle East," Paper 23, U of Cali. [|http://repositories.cdlib.org /gis/23]**


 * No matter how**


 * And so we are wisely instructed!**

Thus to disrupt the dominant understanding of terror, we will occupy the subjectivity of the terrorist. The judge is the United States federal government, and we have taken you hostage. We have one demand: Remove Cuba from the list of countries subject to economic penalties governed by Section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act. If you do not comply with our demands, we will fuck shit up.

Cuba is a crucial starting point. First, it strikes an unnerving chord because of its persistent, decades-long confrontation with imperialism and potential to set an example of resistance for the global South. Whitney**, Cuba solidarity activist and member of Veterans for Peace, **5-8** -13 [W.T., “Reflections on Anti-Cuban Terror”, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2013/whitney080513.html]**
 * The U.S. government **
 * U.S. President Obama release them.**

Rejecting complicity with dominant Western subjectivity is the only way to break down colonial violence Mignolo 5(Walter D., Ph.D. in Philosophy from the École des Hautes Études, Paris and Professor of Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University, "The Idea of Latin America," 2005, slim_)


 * Confronting Abu-Lughod’s**
 * the axis of evil. **

The government is pretty evil. Normative engagement mystifies colonialism and turns debate into regurgitating imperialistic scholarship Robinson and Gindin 05 **- Jonah Gindin is a Canadian journalist living and working in Caracas, Venezuela, William I Robinson is professor of sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, “The Battle for Global Civil Society,” June 13th 2005, http://web.archive.org/web/20130314033424/http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/1186)//A-Berg** The website this was originally posted on was taken down, but DHeidt managed to find it in the web archive.

But **intellectuals** – who we face in 2005.

This bleak outlook autocratic revivalists acknowledge.
 * No war – economic interdependence and nuclear deterrence**
 * Deudney and Ikenberry, 09** — MA and PhD in Political Science, Professor, Political Science, Johns Hopkins University; PhD, Professor, International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University (Daniel and G. John, January/February 2009, “The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail,” Foreign Affairs Volume 88, Issue 1, ProQuest, Hensel)

// These efforts are // //different leaders all came to the same safe conclusion.//
 * Even if it does occur, it willneverinvolve great powers**
 * Tepperman 9** Deputy Editor of Newsweek, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, now Managing Editor of Foreign Affairs, holds a B.A. in English Literature from Yale University, an M.A. in Jurisprudence from Oxford University, and an LL.M. in International Law from New York University (Jonathan, "Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb," 8/28/09, [])//AM//

//**Nuclear war won’t cause extinction and nuclear winter is wrong**// //**NYQUIST 1999** (J.R., Defense Analyst, Worldnetdaily.com, May 20, 1999)// //I patiently reply to// // (if any) fallout casualties. //

//**Finally, just as policy makers rely on the discourse of existential threat of terrorism to justify genocide and bad policy, the neg will use existential risk as a reason to vote against us. Reject the try or die logic at the heart of their argument and in the War on Terror. Counter-terrorists and the neg distort rational risk analysis by relying on high-magnitude impacts based on decontextualized internal-link chains.**// //**Kessler ‘8**[Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld, “From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics”// Alternatives// 33 (2008), 211-232]

If the risk of with relative certainty.

It is the somewhat
 * Expert predictions are wrong—we can’t know the future**
 * MENAND 2005** (Louis, “Everybody’s an Expert,” The New Yorker, December 2005, http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/05/051205crbo_books1?currentPage=1)

but the long run irons them out.

When discussions arise post-Bush United States.
 * We are not arguing that no actual terrorism exists in the world. Rather that, in the post 9/11 U.S., the term “terrorism” has taken on magical qualities – invocation of the word terror justifies unquestioned US policy**
 * Marcopoulos 09**(Alexander J., lawyer at Shearman and Sterling llp J. D at Tulane, unpublished manuscript, “Terrorizing Rhetoric: The Advancement of U.S. Hegemony Through the Lack of a Definition of ‘Terror’” January 2009, [] accessed 7/16/13 DG)

My argument here, existence, security and action.
 * Their interpretation is incapable of questioning the broader structures that drive policymakers to war. That limits the scope of policy and defers responsibility for action, which means their “education” is bad.**
 * Burke**, Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales **2007** [Anthony, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence, and Reason”, Theory and Event, vol. 10.2]

War itself is an concert with the Islamist apocalyptic.
 * This reproduction of insecurity necessitates escalation – the endpoints of the exceptionalist violence at the heart of the war on terror are total wars of annihilation and mass imperialist violence.**
 * Lifton**, professor of psychiatry, **2003** [Robert Jay, “American Apocalypse”, The Nation, Dec 22nd, http://www.thenation.com/article/american-apocalypse]


 * Voting affirmative means more than imagining the adoption of a simple policy – it’s an endorsement of a critical interrogation that destabilizes hegemonic knowledge about terrorism. As activist-scholars we have an obligation to uncover subjugated knowledge hidden by the War on Terror.**
 * Jackson**, Professor in International Politics at Aberystwyth University, **‘8** [Richard, “State terror, terrorism research and knowledge politics”, paper presented at the British International Studies Association, []]

In contrast to first terrorism of state actors

Round 1 vs. Mexican Renewables (Relations, Warming)
-T-Economic Engagement- Resnik -Oil DA (2NR) -China CP -Coloniality K -Drug Cartels turn (2NR) -Case defense