Walter+Guo+and+Gaurav+Raj

toc =** 1AC - ISS **=

**Plan:**
The United States federal government should offer to support the Chinese National Space Administration’s inclusion as a partner on the International Space Station and an extension of ISS operations beyond 2024, remove space technology from the list of munitions items regulated by the US International Traffic in Arms Regulation framework, repeal the Wolf Amendment, and pledge non-interference with Chinese space assets, in exchange for the People’s Republic of China’s coordination of the Chinese Space Station with the ISS, expansion of data exchange pertaining to space technology operational information, and a pledge of non-interference with U.S. space assets.

**1ac miscalc adv**
Advantage 1: Miscalculation

The probability of miscalculation is high and risks spiraling escalation
 * Finch 15** [James P. Finch is the Principal Director for Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, where he previously acted as the Principal Director for Space Policy. He has held space-related leadership positions in the Office of the Secretary of Defense and Headquarters U.S. Air Force, “Bringing Space Crisis Stability Down to Earth,” //JFQ// 76, 1st Quarter 2015]
 * Note – ADIZ = Air Defense Identification Zone**
 * As potentially dangerous as the  **
 * AND **
 * of an adversary’s actions. // This is a clear recipe for inadvertent miscalculation // . **

Finch 15 **[James P. Finch is the Principal Director for Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, where he previously acted as the Principal Director for Space Policy. He has held space-related leadership positions in the Office of the Secretary of Defense and Headquarters U.S. Air Force, “Bringing Space Crisis Stability Down to Earth,” //JFQ// 76, 1st Quarter 2015]**
 * Space cooperation can avoid miscalc.**
 * At the government-to-government (so-called  Track 1) level  **
 * AND **
 * before // provocative actions //  in space during a crisis  // imperil stability //  here on Earth  . **


 * Space conflict goes nuclear – diplomacy can’t solve**
 * Billings 15 [Lee Billings is an editor at Scientific American covering space and physics, Citing Michael Krepon, an arms-control expert and co-founder of the Stimson Center, and James Clapper, Director of National Intelligence, The Scientific American, August 10, 2015, “War in Space May Be Closer Than Ever”, [] ] **
 * // The world’s most worrisome military flashpoint is // arguably not // in // the Strait of Taiwan, **
 * AND **
 * 000 kilometers above Earth, // approaching the safe haven of strategic geosynchronous satellites. //**

Lamrani 16** [Omar, geopolitical and security analyst for Stratfor, National Interest, “What the U.S. Military Fears Most: A Massive Space War,” May 18, 2016, []] The High Cost of a War in Space: Increased competition in space is reviving AND // in its refusal to engage in any meaningful way with China in space //.
 * Causes nuclear war, collapses all vital systems crucial to human civilization**

1ac plan
The United States federal government should offer to support the Chinese National Space Administration’s inclusion as a partner on the International Space Station and an extension of ISS operations beyond 2024, remove space technology from the list of munitions items regulated by the US International Traffic in Arms Regulation framework, repeal the Wolf Amendment, and pledge non-interference with Chinese space assets, in exchange for the People’s Republic of China’s coordination of the Chinese Space Station with the ISS, expansion of data exchange pertaining to space technology operational information, and a pledge of non-interference with U.S. space assets.

1ac coop adv
Advantage 2: Cooperation

Inviting China to the ISS solves broader space cooperation After 40 years of intense, if peaceful, conflict, the US and Russia AND the US entering a // future partnership //  which could well be of  // Chinese design //.
 * Bradley 13** [Mack A. Bradley, “The Space to Lead,” a thesis presented to the Washington University of St. Louis, Missouri, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, August 2013]

Positive engagement provides a foundation for a stronger overall relationship The U.S.-China relationship in space has the potential to be a // AND // and other // interested countries to help establish broader relationships outside the military realm //.
 * Weeden 15** [Brian, Technical Advisor for Secure World Foundation and a former U.S. Air Force Officer with sixteen years of professional experience in space operations and policy, “An Opportunity to Use the Space Domain to Strengthen the U.S.-China Relationship,” September 9, 2015, http://nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=602]

** Expanded space cooperation leads to many benefits ** The increasing U.S. propensity, especially in conjunction with political campaigning, AND that unlikely link to be made allows critical space issues to go unaddressed.
 * Johnson-Freese 15** [Joan Johnson-Freese is a Professor of National Security Affairs at the U.S. Naval War College, “Found in Space: Cooperation,” October 9, 2015, http://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/u-s-china-space-cooperation-a-welcome-dialogue-begins]

US-China satellite cooperation crucial to ocean observation and climate models With a likely gap in critical weather satellite coverage beginning in 2016, the National AND do in the event that it experiences a partial loss of its fleet.
 * Freedman 13** [Andrew, “NOAA Criticized for Likely Satellite Gap and China Option,” September 23, 2013, []]

Effective satellite data models are key to ocean ecosystem adaptation Yet a key question remains: Will the new availability of sophisticated, satellite- AND light cameras that snap pictures of law breaking at sea as it happens.
 * McCauley 16** [Douglas, professor of marine biology at the University of California, Santa Barbara and an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow in the Ocean Sciences, “How Satellites and Big Data Can Help to Save the Oceans,” Yale Environment 360, [] ]

The brink is now – acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ocean ecosystem resilience The misconceptions that drove spending on space were mirrored in our lack of knowledge about AND the importance of aggressive ocean research and management  before it is too late.
 * Young 14** [Grace, thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, [] ]

It will end all life on the planet Dingle 11 [Sarah, reporter for ABC Radio Current Affairs, “Ocean heading for mass extinction, scientists warn”, ABC News, [], June 21, 2011] Scientists are warning of a potential  marine massacre with a mass extinction  of sea life AND will be presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York this week.

US-China cooperation in space allows joint helium-3 mining --- combining Chinese technical expertise and American experience is key

Kulcinski 14  [ Team preparing material for Gerry Kulcinski, Associate Dean for Research for the College of Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, “Partnering for Fusion Power and Mining the Moon,” Lyndon Larouche PAC, August 13, 2014,  []  ] Far-sighted Team Combined Fusion Power and Mining the Moon: The Chinese program for the exploration and development of the Moon is closely tied to , and in significant part motivated  by, the goal of mining the lunar surface for the rare isotope of helium-3,  known to be an exceptional fuel for fusion power. This effort by China will be successful, because both projects  —to secure the helium-3 fuel on the Moon, and to develop the fusion technology to realize its potential—  are being pursued in tandem, as priority national programs. It was when space exploration and fusion energy research came together in the U.S., that the first  proposals for mining helium on the Moon to power the Earth were made. Early in the research in controlled thermonuclear fusion, scientists knew that the deuterium-helium-3 fusion reaction, producing charged particles rather than neutrons, would be superior , although harder to obtain,  than the deuterium-tritium reaction  then being used in experiments. To consider going to more advanced fusion fuels, Dr. Gerald Kulcinski, at the University of Wisconsin, convened a seminar in 1986 with colleagues to consider the options. One team member recalled that lunar samples returned by the Apollo astronauts and unmanned Soviet Luna landers, contained small amounts of the helium-3, so rare on Earth. Detailed examination of the samples concluded that more than a million tons of this potential fusion fuel lay on or near the surface of the Moon. In 1986, the Kulcinski team began presenting papers at conferences to bring this proposal for lunar mining to the scientific community. In July 1987, EIR published its first article on mining helium-3 on the Moon, drawn largely from the Kulcinski group's research. In 1989, the elder President Bush, on the 20th anniversary of the first lunar landing, announced a space exploration initiative, to go back to the Moon. This presented an opportunity to propose the lunar helium-3/fusion project to the space community. The Summer 1990 issue of 21st Century includes a cover story on "Mining the Moon to Power the Earth." The Bush initiative was short-lived, however, as the Congress refused to fund a decades-long program, with a "price tag" that dwarfed Apollo. Meanwhile, Apollo 17 astronaut, and geologist, Harrison Schmitt, had been elected to the Senate in 1976, but six years later, due to a dirty tricks campaign, lost his reelection. In 1994, Schmitt was appointed an adjunct professor at the University of Wisconsin, bringing together the perfect team—a lunar geologist and space explorer, and a team of fusion scientists. The early 2004 announcement by Bush the younger of the Constellation program, to return to the Moon, "this time to stay," once again presented the opportunity for the Kulcinski/Schmitt team for conference presentations, media interviews, newspaper op-eds, and other high-profile coverage. These included a one-hour BBC documentary on the project, during which Kulcinski proposes that the Moon could be "the Persian Gulf of the 21st century," and Schmitt noted that while the mining of lunar helium-3 is "tough to do," in 15 years, we could "mine and bring back helium-3 and use it in fusion" power plants. Also in 2004, the father of China's lunar program, Ouyang Ziyuan, laid out more detail of that country's three-phase lunar exploration program. This spurred lunar exploration plans in Russia, Europe, India, and Japan to match the Chinese commitment. In 2006, Harrison Schmitt published, "Return to the Moon" Exploration, Enterprise, and Energy in the Human Settlement of Space", which reiterated and added detail to the fusion/helium-3 initiative. Until President Obama's cancellation of the Constellation program in 2010, returning to the Moon was the near-term goal of the United States. Since China's successful landing of Chang'e-3's Yutu rover last December, again // there is an opportunity to bring the U.S. space and fusion programs back to the future. // Spanish Astronomer Urges Helium-3 Program for Humanity In an opinion column published on June 22, 2014, in one of Spain's leading dailies, ABC, the president of the Spanish Astronomical Association (AAE) spread the news of the potential for mankind, within a few decades, to have access to "unimaginable" power, if we get to work on colonizing the moon and developing fusion power. His article was then picked up by other media. AAE president Miguel Gilarte Fernandez's article asks, "Why Does Humanity Want to Return to the Moon?" He answers: "The search for helium-3, fuel for the awaited-for fusion energy which is not possible to obtain on Earth, could be the principal motive for establishing a colony on our natural satellite  ." Gilarte Fernandez couches his argument as if only an economic motive will kick off the needed "space race," but he is enthusiastic about colonizing the Moon. Rare metals such as uranium and titanium are found there, "but above all helium-3 , which turns out to be a fuel for nuclear fusion and which  could provide energy for our civilization for the next 10,000 years  ," he wrote. "Helium-3 combined with deuterium ... generates an unimaginable amount of energy. The return to the Moon would be justified and over-compensated for economically. If we set our sights on obtaining helium-3, which for many scientists is the energy of the future, this could be implemented within a few decades." And the search for helium-3 was the principal mission of the Chinese landing, he adds. // Partnering with China in Space Would Help Relations Between Our Countries //, as It Does with Russia, Says Former Astronaut Former astronaut, Leroy Chiao  , who was born in the U.S. in 1960 to Chinese parents who had come to the U.S., has been a strong advocate for cooperation with China in manned space exploration. Chiao is a veteran of three Space Shuttle missions, and one flight to the International Space Station aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket. Asked if the U.S. should allow China to be involved in the ISS, Chiao points out that the station is on a "single string" now, with only the Russians able to transport people there. Although China has less operational experience in space, it has the technical capability to contribute. "The [Chinese] technology is good," he says. "I've seen it. // It makes sense to partner with them now for ISS, then eventually for going back to the Moon // and on to Mars. I think it would help relations between our countries." Asked about the argument that China spies on us, and could steal our technology, Ciao replied: "Everyone is spying on everyone." There has been no problem with Russia in this regard, he states. As far as the impact on space cooperation with Russia over the situation in Ukraine, Ciao says: " // There are bigger-picture consequences of two superpowers working on a common project as big and difficult as ISS that spill over to other parts of the relationship, as well // ." Although there are differences over Ukraine, he says, "I have to believe things would be worse if we weren't partners in ISS."

Helium-3 exploration solves fusion research and global resource shortages In October 2014, China’s Chang’e 5-T1 lunar probe, known as Xiaofei AND India, Japan, and the U.S. over recent years.
 * Mortier and Finnis 15** [Jan Mortier is the Chairman of the Civitatis Forum for the Ambassadors to the Court of St. James’s, Benjamin Finnis is Executive Assistant to the Chairman of the Civitatis Forum. The authors would like to thank Mr. Daniel Sowik for his assistance with some of the calculations for this article, “China Leads Race to the Moon,” The Diplomat, Jan 7, 2015]

Cooperative Helium-3 mining solves resource conflict and prevents extinction Resources and Other Benefits: __Since we live in a world of finite resources and__ __AND__ __of exploration.__ The first step is a sustainable permanent human lunar settlement.
 * Garan 10** [Ron, astronaut, 3/30/10, Speech published in an article by Nancy Atkinson, “The Importance of Returning to the Moon,” []]

Independently, reliance on fossil fuels causes dangerous pollution and international conflict --- mining lunar resources solves Impact of fossil fuels __Earth's energy needs are currently met, primarily, by fossil__ __AND__ // many presidential administrations and congresses, and costing tens of billions of dollars //**. **
 * Whittington 4** [Mark R., space policy analyst and author of Children of Apollo, USA Today, “World's next energy source may be just a moon away,” December 8, 2004, []]

The plan’s drastic shift in policy opens the ISS to genuine Chinese participation --- ensures long-term multilateral cooperation Up to now, the result of this political disagreement between engagement and containment proponents AND efforts to find alternative partners to the United States and the European posture. 
 * Aliberti 15** [Marco, Resident Fellow at the European Space Policy Institute (ESPI), SIOI/ASI/CNR-ISGI Master on Space Policy and Institutions, Rome, master’s degree in International Relations of Asia and Africa, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Naples, //When China Goes To The Moon…//, Studies in Space Policy, Volume 11, edited by the European Space Policy Institute, Springer International Publishing: Switzerland, 2015, p. 237-240]

= NEG =

Neg vs North Korea Sanctions
1NC: Consult Japan CP, Allied Prolif DA, T – No Military, Elections DA

2NR: T, Elections, Case

Neg vs. Korea
1NC: Unification CP, Unification DA, Appeasement Da, Japan DA

2NR: Unification DA, Appeasement DA, Case

Neg vs. ISS
1NC: Mil-Mil CP, Japan DA

2NR: CP, DA, Case

Neg vs. S&ED
1NC: T-QPQ, Neolib K, Warming DA, Xi Bad Da

2NR: T, K, Case