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plan
Plan: The United States federal government should create dedicated funding for its non-military ocean exploration through the National Oceanographic Partnership Program.

Cuts to ocean exploration are destroying US marine science leadership
Mclain, 12 – Assistant Director of Science for the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (Craig, March 15, 2012 “Losing Deep-Sea Science in the United States” http://deepseanews.com/2012/03/losing-deep-sea-science-in-the-united-states/)//gingE As the case in 1962, our nation’s scientific numbers have never been greater or AND to the NOAA Director Jane Lubchenco. Their contact information is listed below.

Greater ocean exploration is vital to understanding deep-ocean thermohaline circulation which determines our ability to adapt to climate change
Goodwin, 9 – The Harmon Project, NOAA Goodwin is PhD Marine Biologist and Science Writer at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (“Why Do We Explore” []) zabd Why Ocean Exploration Is Important Today Curiosity, desire for knowledge, and quest for AND the reasons we explore Earth’s ocean; but we also explore to survive.

Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience
Young, 14 – thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT **(**Grace, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, [|http://mseas.mit.edu/publications/Theses/Grace_C_Young_BS_Thesis_MIT2014.pdf)//DH] The misconceptions that drove spending on space were mirrored in our lack of knowledge about AND the importance of aggressive ocean research and management before it is too late.

It will end all life on the planet
Dingle 11 – Sarah Dingle is a reporter for ABC Radio Current Affairs. (“Ocean heading for mass extinction, scientists warn”, ABC News, [], June 21, 2011, Quay) Scientists are warning of a potential marine massacre with a mass extinction of sea life AND will be presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York this week.

Stable federal exploration funding is the __bellwether__ for catalyzing investment in __adaptation technologies__ and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem management
Avery, 13 **-** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH// //The importance of the ocean in daily life, whether you live on the East// //AND// // that U.S. ocean science research will have //around the globe//.

====A dedicated federal funding stream through NOPP is __perceived__ as restoring the U.S. __reputation__ within the marine science community – that’s vital to attracting scientists into research collaboration==== NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, []) The major drawback of a NOPP-sponsored ocean exploration program is that NOPP itself AND with consideration to the comments above) or NSF would be appropriate alternatives.

Research-driven adaptation strategies build in __resilience__ to prevent total ecosystem collapse
Doney, 8 – Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, **“**The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174” Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives6/5, [] Major gaps exist in our current scientific understanding, limiting our ability to forecast the AND  ) to //increase ecosystem resiliency// as well as local-scale mitigation efforts.

A dedicated NOPP funding stream will maximize ocean science partnerships and lead to __applied solutions__ for ocean ecosystem management
Watkins et al, 9 – Watkins chaired the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, served as the President of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, and founding President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (James, How the Oceanographic Community Created a National Oceanographic Partnership Program” Oceanography Vol. 22, Iss. 2. Published by the NOPP. https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2982/22.2_watkins.pdf?sequence=1) zabd The successes of the ocean partnership effort started more than ten years ago have been AND partnering and apply them to society’s most exigent needs with haste and vigor.

US oceans leadership creates the political will for protection– change is empirically possible
Sielen, 14 – ALAN B. SIELEN is Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (“Sea Change: How to Save the Oceans” 4/16, [] The rebirth of the seas will require large doses of education to dispel the myth AND the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, the world’s largest ocean preserve.

Establishing a new ocean exploration within the NOPP is vital to both __inter-agency__ and __international__ coordination in marine science
NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, []) Incorporating a //new ocean exploration program// into the //U.S. marine science// field AND force to plan for collaborative exploration programs proposed by international groups of scientists.

The plan establishes a __global model__ and builds __international marine research collaboration__
Pages, 4 – Media Relations Officer at National Academies (Patrice, “Exploration of the Deep Blue Sea” National Academies In Focus Magazine, Winter/Spring, [])//DH The oceans cover nearly three-quarters of the Earth's surface, regulate our weather AND common global bond, highlighting their importance in our lives," Orcutt said.

This spurs __global solutions__ and the development of multilateral agreements
NRC, 3 – National Research Center (Committee on Exploration of the Seas Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown ( 2003 )” pp 6-7 [] INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR AN OCEAN EXPLORATION PROGRAM The involvement of many nations in ocean exploration AND //international agreements// to undertake regional exploration or to pursue themes of shared interest.

Science diplomacy provides a cooperative framework to avoid conflict
Royal Society, 10 – a Fellowship of more than 1400 outstanding individuals from all areas of science, mathematics, engineering and medicine (January, 2010, “New frontiers in science diplomacy” https://royalsociety.org/policy/publications/2010/new-frontiers-science-diplomacy/)//gingE Science diplomacy is not new, but it has never been more important. Many AND scientific evidence and underpinned by practical scientific partnerships (see Case study 2).

Maritime conflicts are likely in the South China Sea over unsustainable fishing – transnational marine science collaboration is vital to creating trust necessary for __durable peace__
Leutert, et al, 13 – third-year PhD student in the government department at Cornell University, currently based in Beijing from 2013-2014 as a visiting scholar at PekingUniversity and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Also authored by Dr. C. Sachi GERBIN, the 2013-2014 US resident Sasakawa Peace Foundation fellow, and Jennifer MCARDLE, program associate at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Center for Science, Technology and Security Policy at Pacific Forum CSIS. (Wendy, "Forging Cooperation over Competition: Opportunities for Practical Security Collaboration in the Asia-Pacific” Issues & Insights Vol. 14 – No. 6 Beijing, People’s Republic of China December 2013, [|http://csis.org/files/publication/issuesinsights_vol14no6.pdf)//gingE] **DOC = Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea** Fishing for Peace? The Need for a New EBM Initiative in the South China AND multilateral cooperation and mutual trust so urgently needed in the South China Sea.

The risk of a South China Sea dispute is high and will draw in the U.S.
Dupont and Baker, 14 – Nonresident Fellow at the Lowy Institute for International Policy ** Principal Engineer, CSC/ServiceMesh (Alan and Christopher, “East Asia’s Maritime Disputes: Fishing in Troubled Waters” March 01, 2014 https://twq.elliott.gwu.edu/east-asia%E2%80%99s-maritime-disputes-fishing-troubled-waters)//gingE// // Chinese fishing boats are also appearing in unprecedented numbers around Indonesia’s Natuna Island group. // // AND // risks drawing in the United States// as Japan’s ally and ultimate security guarantor.

Risks extinction – empirics prove deterrence fails
Wittner 11 – Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany (Lawrence S. Wittner, 11/28, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", [|www.huntingtonnews.net/14446]) While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used. AND //—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.//

Stronger marine science partnerships act as confidence building measures that dampen conflict incentives and bolster inter-state relations
Crosby, 7 – executive director, National Science Board (Michael, “Improving International Relations Through Marine Science Partnerships”, __Law, Science and Ocean Management__, p. 275-276 There are a number of successful international marine science partnerships and specific models that should AND improve foreign relations between governments and build goodwill between peoples of different nations.

Only we check the proximate cause to conflicts
Moore 4 – Dir. Center for Security Law and Professor of Law @ University of Virginia, Editor of the American Journal of International Law, (John Norton, “Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace,” pg. 41-43) If major interstate war is predominantly__ a product of __a synergy between a potential nondemocratic AND , injustice, and endless disputes, we would want to do so.

=1NC V. OSW=

~Heg is founded on white supremacy on case
=2NR V. OSW=

~Heg is founded on white supremacy—reject racism in every instance it’s a D-rule on case.
=1NC V. Climate Monitoring=

~Yes War cards on case
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~Yes war on case
 Plan: The United States federal government should create dedicated funding for its non-military ocean exploration through the National Oceanographic Partnership Program.