TJ+Boland+and+Mason+Wicklander

toc =1ac=

1ac ssa – miscalc adv
U.S. perceptions of China’s development of space capabilities can best be described AND significant efforts at bilateral civil space cooperation between the United States and China.
 * Official US space posture demonstrates Sinophobic suspicions—rendezvous and proximity operations are seen as a cover for ASAT testing, destroying any support for Chinese space security proposals**
 * Weeden and He 16. ** (Brian, former U.S. Air Force space and missile operations officer and currently technical adviser for Secure World Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the long-term sustainable use of outer space. Xiao, Assistant Research Fellow, Division of International Strategy, U.S. Diplomacy and Politics @ Chinese Academy of Social Science, Institute of World Economic and Politics. “U.S.-China Strategic Relations in Space,” US-China Relations in Strategic Domains. The National Bureau of Asian Research, Report #57, April 2016 [|http://www.nbr.org/publications/specialreport/pdf/Free/06192016/SR57_US-China_April2016.pdf)//CB]

// The development, testing, and employment of dual-use capabilities. One of // // AND // // space assets, // which could cause the situation to escalate out of control.
 * Tensions are mounting --- the dual-use nature of space technology produces first-strike incentives and risks rapid escalation and miscalculation**
 * Weeden and He 16. ** (Brian, former U.S. Air Force space and missile operations officer and currently technical adviser for Secure World Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the long-term sustainable use of outer space. Xiao, Assistant Research Fellow, Division of International Strategy, U.S. Diplomacy and Politics @ Chinese Academy of Social Science, Institute of World Economic and Politics. “U.S.-China Strategic Relations in Space,” US-China Relations in Strategic Domains. The National Bureau of Asian Research, Report #57, April 2016. http://www.nbr.org/publications/specialreport/pdf/Free/06192016/SR57_US-China_April2016.pdf)//CB//

//**Increased cooperation between the US and China over space is necessary to stop a space arms race**// //** Weeden and He 16 **- Brian, Technical Advisor for Secure World Foundation and a former U.S. Air Force Officer, Xiao, writer, USE OUTER SPACE TO STRENGTHEN U.S.-CHINA TIES, ([]) JB// // With the end of the Cold War, outer space activities lost much of their // // AND // // capabilities, and increasing data sharing with each other and the spacefaring community. //

//**Better SSA will resolve the inevitable space arms race between the US and China -- co-operation is key**// //**Moore 11** (Gregory J. Moore is associate professor in the Political Science Department of Zhejiang University's College of Public Administration, Hangzhou, China. He is the editor of (and author of chapters in) North Korean Nuclear Operationality: Implications for Northeast Asian Regional Security and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime (forthcoming), and numerous articles and chapters on Chinese foreign policy, “East Asian security, and international relations theory, An International Relations Perspective on the Science, Politics, and Potential of an Extraterrestrial Sino-US Arms Race”, available online via ProQuest, TMP)// // A space arms race is somewhat // different than a terrestrial one for several reasons //, // // AND // // would help address some of China's concerns about India's space aspirations as well. //

//**Now is key – tensions are simmering to a boiling point**// //**Billings 15** – editor of Scientific American, featured in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Scientific American, Popular Mechanics and many other publications. From 2006 to 2011, he was an editor at Seed Magazine, where he covered science and technology topics including astrophysics, space exploration, paleontology and robotics. He graduated in 2003 from the University of Minnesota with a degree in journalism. (Lee, “War in Space May Be Closer Than Ever”, Scientific American, August 10, 2015, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/war-in-space-may-be-closer-than-ever//dmeth) The world’s most worrisome military flashpoint is arguably not in the Strait of Taiwan, AND a series of Chinese anti-satellite missile tests that began in 2007.

The prospect of war in space is not new. Fearing Soviet nuclear weapons launched AND Weeden says, though they could also be meant for more sinister intentions.
 * High risk of space war – space debris – goes nuclear**
 * Billings 15** – editor of Scientific American, featured in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Scientific American, Popular Mechanics and many other publications. From 2006 to 2011, he was an editor at Seed Magazine, where he covered science and technology topics including astrophysics, space exploration, paleontology and robotics. He graduated in 2003 from the University of Minnesota with a degree in journalism. (Lee, “War in Space May Be Closer Than Ever”, Scientific American, August 10, 2015, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/war-in-space-may-be-closer-than-ever//dmeth)

1ac ssa – coop adv
It is common to equate Space Situational Awareness (SSA) only with U. AND // be naïve, just responsible behavior for the U.S. too. //
 * US-China cooperation is key to effective space debris mitigation measures**
 * Pekkanen 15** - Lob and Gertrud Tamaki professor at the Jackson School of International Studies, in the University of Washington Seattle, works on the international relations of Japan and Asia, with a special interest in outer space governance, security, and policy, co-chairs the U.S.-Japan Space Forum (Saadia, “Frenemies In Space; China Needs To Protect Its Assets, Too”, Forbes, August 26, 2015, [|http://www.forbes.com/sites/saadiampekkanen/2015/08/26/frenemies-in-space-china-needs-to-protect-its-assets-too/#727d36512959//dmeth])

SSA can broadly be defined as characterizing the space environment and its effects on activities AND can make more efficient use of limited budgets and long spacecraft design times.
 * Cooperation over SSA leads to more effective space weather predictions**
 * Weeden, Cefola, and Sankaran 2010- **Brian, Technical Advisor for Secure World Foundation and a former U.S. Air Force Officer, Paul, PhD in engineering, Jaganath, Research Scholar at the Center for International and Security Studies, GLOBAL SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS SENSORS, ([]) JB

Prevent Crisis Escalation. Communication between the U.S. and China on space AND // number of accidents and increase the safety of operating in the space environment //.
 * Increased cooperation between the US and China avoids miscalculation and reduces the possibility of space accidents**
 * Hayes 09 **- Tracey, former commander of the 90th Missile Wing and former member of the Headquarters Air Force Space Command staff, PROPOSAL FOR A COOPERATIVE SPACE STRATEGY WITH CHINA, ([[file:///C:\Users\Josh%20Baime\Downloads\ADA530117.pdf|file:///C:/Users/Josh%20Baime/Downloads/ADA530117.pdf]]) JB

// LONDON — __Last time it happened__, in 1859, __the world’s telegraph machines sparked__ // //__ AND __// //**__ to $2 trillion, and the effects could be felt for years.” __**//
 * Hazardous space weather coming now – causes grid blackouts, satellite collapse, trillion dollars in damages and – extinction**
 * Hines, 15** (Nico, London editor of The Daily Beast; 07/29/15; “You’ll Have 12 Hours to Get Ready for the Solar Storm That Could Paralyze the World”; http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/07/29/you-ll-have-12-hours-to-get-ready-for-the-solar-storm-that-could-paralyze-the-world.html)//JPM//

//**Grid collapse causes extinction**// //**Rifkin ‘02** (Jeremy, the founder and president of the Foundation on Economic Trends, Fellow at the Wharton School’s Executive Education Program The Hydrogen Economy: The Creation of the World-Wide Energy Web and the Redistribution of Power on Earth, p.163-164)// //__ It is understandable that we would be unmindful of the critical role that oil plays __// //__ AND __// //__ wired overhead, it is an invisible but indispensible presence in our lives. __//

//**SSA is critical to broader Space Weather readings**// //**Sankaran 2010**// //(Dr. Paul Cefola is also an Adjunct Professor in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department at the University at Buffalo, State University of New York.Brian Weeden is Technical Advisor for Secure World Foundation, and has fourteen years of professional experience in the national and international space operations, Jaganath Sankaran is a postdoctoral fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, “GLOBAL SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS SENSORS”, accessed through University of Michigan Library, TMP)// // 3. SSA TO SUPPORT CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL SAFETY SSA can broadly be defined as // // AND // // efficient use of limited budgets and long spacecraft design times. // // e. //

// **SSA solves asteroids – the impact is extinction** // //**Pelton 13,** (Dr. Joseph N. Pelton is emeritus Director of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute (SACRI) at George Washington University, “Space Debris and Other Threats from Outer Space”, Available online via SpringerLink, TMP)// // What is often not mentioned is that these //natural debris and natural phenomena could actually AND can presumably be applied to help protect people here on Earth as well. //

1ac ssa – plan
**The United States federal government should substantially increase space transparency and confidence-building measures with the People’s Republic of China, including information exchange for space activities, advanced notification for space policies, and enhanced space situational awareness capabilities and data exchange.**

1ac ssa solvency
Transparency and confidence-building mechanisms for managing tensions and crises. The prospects of AND and improving them will result in positive externalities that will benefit all countries.
 * TCBMs solve—info sharing clarifies benign intentions of both parties in space and unseats the culture of secrecy embedded within both national space programs --- this posture shift underpins eventual political agreements that produce restraint and produce international SSA collaboration**
 * Weeden and He 16. ** (Brian, former U.S. Air Force space and missile operations officer and currently technical adviser for Secure World Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the long-term sustainable use of outer space. Xiao, Assistant Research Fellow, Division of International Strategy, U.S. Diplomacy and Politics @ Chinese Academy of Social Science, Institute of World Economic and Politics. “U.S.-China Strategic Relations in Space,” US-China Relations in Strategic Domains. The National Bureau of Asian Research, Report #57, April 2016. [|http://www.nbr.org/publications/specialreport/pdf/Free/06192016/SR57_US-China_April2016.pdf)//CB]

In any CPR the ability of resource appropriators to determine whether or not others are AND or rules of behavior without requiring traditional arms control measures or formal treaties.
 * SSA collaboration is key to fill data gaps and prevent offensive behavior in space.**
 * Weeden and Chow 12. ** (Brian, Secure World Foundation. Tiffany, Co-Lead @ Space Safety and Sustainability Working Group. “Taking a common-pool resources approach to space sustainability: A framework and potential policies,” Space Policy. Accessed via ScienceDirect. July 2012.)//CB

=NEG=

** Neg vs ISS **

 * 1nc: Code of Conduct CP, Espionage DA, Elections DA**
 * 2nr: Elections DA**

**Neg vs MES**

 * 1nc: T gov-gov, Rising Expectations DA, Steel DA, Elections DA**
 * 2nr: Elections DA**

**Neg vs Korea**

 * 1nc: Secrecy CP, Elections DA, Unification DA, T-engagement**
 * 2nr: Secrecy CP**

**Neg vs SSA**

 * 1nc: T-QPQ, Appeasement DA, Japan DA, Xi good DA**
 * 2nr:Xi good DA**