Jeremy+&+Evan

Emission regulations drive up fuel cost crushing the shipping industry
Hirdaris 13 – Dr. Spyro, Senior Specialist at Lloyd's Register, PHD in Naval Architecture at the University of Southampton, 2013 http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/351357/1/CONCEPTS%20FOR%20A%20MODULAR%20NUCLEAR%20POWERED%20CONTAINERSHIP.pdf\\CLans) __The shipping industry is an efficient mode of transport and is responsible for //90%//__ //AND// __or to reconsider the use of heavy fuel oil and use____alternative technologies__.

High oil prices jack up shipping prices
Tverberg 13 – M.S. Mathematics (Gail, “Oil Prices Unlikely to Climb Much Higher”, 11/12/13, [], RSpec) To see one reason why wages might flatten, __consider the situation of a__ manufacturer AND whether it results from fewer people working or lower wages of those working.)

Nuclear shipping is key to prevent a decline and increase volume
Singla 2011 (Smita, MA in food tech and professional blogger on maritime issues, “Nuclear Ship Propulsion: Is it the Future of the Shipping Industry?,” Marine Insight, Sept 2, http://www.marineinsight.com/tech/nuclear-ship-propulsion-is-it-the-future-of-the-shipping-industry/#ixzz2BqcUcPcN) __Amongst all the speculations and standing doubts about use of marine propulsion system based on nuclear energy, there are some key factors that make this a good idea__, whatever way you look at it. __In the current scenario of extreme fuel shortage, //nuclear ships are the answer// that everyone has been looking for__. Energy produced from nuclear reactions is immense which can be used easily. Since amount of energy produced in every reaction is quite large, a single time energy production can be used for a propulsion ship for a long time. __Nuclear ships offer a refilling solution of as less as once a month__. __This could make shipping a //speedy// and //hassle free// process.__ __A nuclear reactor is designed to produce energy__ under controlled conditions. __It is compact and can be moved around easily. So apprehensions about practicality__ of a nuclear reactor on ships, boats and vessels __can be put to a rest.__ Nuclear military ships like submarines can survive for months underwater without feeling the need to resurface for refueling. This can make combative forces much more efficient. __Fuel efficiency of nuclear propulsion engines is more than most of the fuels currently in use. This means that amount of energy derived from nuclear reactions per unit weight is //more than any other fuel.//__ __The better power to weight ratio means that nuclear ships can have //better weight carrying capacity// than other ships, //offering quicker traveling// over longer distances with greater load.__ Nuclear ships tackle problem of air pollution too as there is no production of undesirable smoke or particular pollutants that have become a menace all over the world.

Nuclear-powered are net better – speed, reliability, power density, space for cargo, and reduced liability and refueling costs
Guimaraes 14 (Leonam, PhD in Naval and Oceanic Engineering from Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo (1999), Technical Commercial Director of Blue Amazon Defense Technologies SA (AMAZUL) since October 2013, professor of the Faculty of Administration of the Fundação Armando Alvares Penteado - FAAP (2002), and member of the Standing Advisory Group on Nuclear Energy (sagne) of Agency International Atomic Energy Agency - IAEA (2010).“Marine Nuclear Propulsion,” Academia.edu, no date on article, but 3-24-14 is the latest Google index date, http://www.academia.edu/6270766/Marine_Nuclear_Propulsion)//dping The Need For Speed A n example calculation might help explain the characteristics of nuclear propulsion AND cores that can last for six to ten years of normal ship operation.

Shipping key to stable food prices, trade, and world economic stability
Mitropoulos 2005 (Efthimios, Secretary-General of the International Maritime Organization of the United Nations, World Maritime Day Parallel Event, 11/15, International Maritime Organization, http://www.imo.org/Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1028&doc_id=5415) We hoped to kick-start moves towards creating a far broader awareness that __a__ __AND__ __international shipping half the world would starve and the other half would freeze__.

Transit time and fuel cost are key to food prices
OECD 2012 (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Trade Costs,” date is date last mod, Oct 29, www.oecd.org/tad/tradefacilitation/tradecosts.htm) Maritime transport costs Ships have moved goods across the world for thousands of years, and today shipping AND billion in 2007, equivalent to about five percent of total world trade. __Maritime transport costs are affected by factors such as__ port infrastructure, __the price of__ //AND// __goods would be associated with a //42% drop in trade on average.//__ Time as a trade barrier __Time spent in transit also has a strong effect on trade. An extra day__ __AND__ __getting agricultural goods to market are therefore important factors in explaining trade flows__. __OECD analysis confirms that the longer the time required for trade transactions, the greater the tendency for trade volumes to be reduced. Lengthy procedures for exports and imports reduce the probability that firms will enter export markets for time-sensitive products at all__.

High food prices cause nuclear war
Cribb 10 (Julian, Julian Cribb is a science communicator, journalist and editor of several newspapers and books. His published work includes over 7,000 newspaper articles, 1,000 broadcasts, and three books and has received 32 awards for science, medical, agricultural and business journalism. He was Director, National Awareness, for Australia's science agency, CSIRO, foundation president of the Australian Science Communicators, and originated the CGIAR's Future Harvest strategy. He has worked as a newspaper editor, science editor for "The Australian "and head of public affairs for CSIRO. He runs his own science communication consultancy, “The coming famine: the global food crisis and what we can do to avoid it,” p. 26) This is the most likely means by which the coming famine will affect //all citizens// AND widening gap between food and energy supplies and peoples' need to secure them.

World economic decline causes nuclear war
Bearden 2k (Tom, US Army Lieutenant, Director, Association of Distinguished American Scientists, Fellow Emeritus, Alpha Foundation's Institute for Advanced Study, “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How To Solve It Quickly”, http://cheniere.org/techpapers/Unnecessary%20Energy%20Crisis.doc, 6/12) Bluntly, we foresee these factors — and others { } not covered — converging AND , __and__ perhaps most of __the biosphere__, at least for many decades.

Trade prevents war, contains war, and checks escalation—solves all other impacts
Griswold 2011 (Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization. “Free Trade and the Global Middle Class,” Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9 http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf) __Our__ more __globalized world has__ also __yielded a “//peace dividend//__ .” It may not AND __and less likely those gains will be destroyed by civil conflict and war.__

American shipbuilding is noncompetitive now—the plan revitalizes it by increasing orders and efficiency
Haas 14 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) Nuclear powered vessels have inherently lower operating costs compared to conventional vessels. __The //U//nited__ //AND// __to container ships, to be even more competitive against their foreign counterparts__.

Nuclear shipbuilding __revitalizes industry jobs__ and __boosts the economy__—civilian orders are __key__
Haas 14 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) According to __a recent study__ done by MARAD in 2013 __on the impact of America’s__ __AND__ __ships could be //considerable// once their place in the world market becomes widespread__.

Foreign shipyards will always outcompete the US shipyards – only spurring a new market can jumpstart US shipbuilding
Mathea et al 03 (Tomasz; Bazemore, Debbie; Iptes, Mustafa; Martinot-Lagarde, Vincent; Ahern, Don; Baker, Laurent; Bingham, Gwen; Faux, Eku; Greenwood, Paul; Harrison, Joe; Scarchilli, Dave; Simpson, Brian A; Davis, Ron; Harrison, Donald; Lohnert, Robert; Vuxton, Chris; “2003 Industry Studies: Shipbuilding”, 2003)//Vinaik// The US shipbuilding industry is not competitive in the global commercial market//. Asia provides // // AND // can’t compete without a major overhaul of its own infrastructure and shipbuilding processes//.

Commercial shipbuilding industry is key to naval power and overall US hard power
A.M.P 14 (American Maritime Partnership, “National Security,” No date, date is date accessed, June 29, 2014 http://www.americanmaritimepartnership.com/national-security/) A strong and vibrant maritime industry helps ensure the United States maintains its expertise in AND __vessels is not only a strategic asset but also fundamental to national security.”__

Naval reliance is inevitable – only a matter of effectiveness
Whiteneck 10 (Daniel Whiteneck • Michael Price • Neil Jenkins •Peter Swartz, CNA Analysis & Solutions, “The Navy at a Tipping Point: Maritime Dominance at Stake?” March, http://www.public.navy.mil/usff/documents/navy_at_tipping_point.pdf) __In the future, the demand for the Navy //will continue// to be part of__ __AND__ __diplomacy to support administration priorities and to support security cooperation activities__ by COCOMs.

No one can fill in for US naval power
Whiteneck 10 (Daniel Whiteneck • Michael Price • Neil Jenkins •Peter Swartz, CNA Analysis & Solutions, “The Navy at a Tipping Point: Maritime Dominance at Stake?” March, http://www.public.navy.mil/usff/documents/navy_at_tipping_point.pdf) Second, //no other country// __(or combination of countries) will create the forces__ __AND__ __of assets) would q//uickly deplete their resources// and //political support// at home__.

US naval power guarantees hegemony, prevents attacks on the US mainland, and deters potential rivals from even attempting to change the status quo
Friedman 7 (George, PhD, Chief Executive Officer and founder of STRATFOR, “The Limitations and Necessity of Naval Power,” April 10, http://www.stratfor.com/limitations_and_necessity_naval_power) This raises a more fundamental question: What is the value of naval power in AND fundamentally **__indispensable role__** the Navy plays in U.S. national security.

Naval power is critical to overall US capabilities—this allows us to deter and defeat any challenger and contain every impact
England, Jones, and Clark 11 (Gordon England is a former secretary of the Navy. General James Jones is a former commandant of the Marine Corps. Admiral Vern Clark is a former chief of naval operations; “The Necessity of U.S. Naval Power,” July 11, http://gcaptain.com/necessity-u-s-naval-power?27784) The future security environment underscores two broad security trends. First, __international political realities__ __AND__ __is exactly what we will need to meet the challenges of the future__.

There’s no alternative to American power—US decline exacerbates every impact and cause nuclear war
Ferguson 4 (Niall, Prof of History at NYU, Foreign Policy, July/August) So what is left? //Waning empires//__. //Religious revivals//. Incipient //anarchy//. A__ __AND__ __powers would benefit from such a not-so-new world disorder__.

The impact is global nuclear war
Khalilzad 95 (Zalmay, RAND analyst and now U.S. ambassador to Iraq, The Washington Quarterly) Under the third option, the United States would seek to retain global leadership and AND to global stability than a bipolar or a multipolar balance of power system.

Heg ensures international cooperation and prevents destabilizing
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13 Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51 A core premise of deep __engagement__ is that it __prevents__ the __emergence of a__ far AND that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

Hegemony prevents a hot war with Russia
Arbatov ‘7 (Alexei, Corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, member of the Editorial Board of Russia in Global Affairs, Is a New Cold War Imminent? 08-08) However, the low probability of a new Cold War and the __collapse of American__ __AND__ warning systems. __This could make the stage for nuclear confrontation even tenser.__

Extinction
Starr 14 (Steven Starr is the Senior Scientist for Physicians for Social Responsibility and Director of the Clinical Laboratory Science Program at the University of Missouri, “There Can be No Winners in a Nuclear War,” Truthout, June 11, http://www.truth-out.org/speakout/item/24290-there-can-be-no-winners-in-a-nuclear-war) //Nuclear war has no winner//. Beginning in 2006, several of the world's leading AND , which would cause up to //2 billion people// to //starve// to death. These peer-reviewed studies – which were analyzed by the best scientists in the AND would leave the Earth uninhabitable for humans and most animal forms of life. A recent article in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, "Self-assured destruction: The climate impacts of nuclear war," begins by stating: "A nuclear war between Russia and the United States, even after the arsenal reductions planned under New START, could produce a nuclear winter. Hence, an attack by either side could be suicidal, resulting in self-assured destruction." In 2009, I wrote "Catastrophic Climatic Consequences of Nuclear Conflicts" for the AND thus creating Ice Age weather conditions that would last 10 years or longer. Following a US-Russian nuclear war, temperatures in the central US and Eurasia AND leading to a famine that would kill most humans and large animal populations. Electromagnetic pulse from high-altitude nuclear detonations would destroy the integrated circuits in all AND commenced, especially if nuclear weapons had already been used on the battlefield.

Federal support and oversight is key to develop nuclear shipping
Adams 95 (Rodney, Nuclear Power for Commercial Ships, Paper presented at Propulsion '95, a conference of maritime professionals sponsored by the Marine Log. New Orleans, LA. Oct 30-31 1995 http://www.atomicengines.com/Ship_paper.html) There is currently little interest in the United States on the part of either the AND ships to compete more effectively with aircraft in the market for international deliveries.

Federal insurance increases acceptance of nuclear power and creates a commercial role
Haas 14 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) __Current protection and indemnity insurance for nuclear reactors in the United States follows the Price__ __AND__ are available, and a modern understanding of radiation health effects is adopted.

Shipping companies would adopt nuclear power and international entities would license it—government support is the key barrier
Time 10 (“Nuclear Cruise Ships Ahoy?” Nov 15, http://science.time.com/2010/11/15/nuclear-cruise-ships-ahoy/#ixzz2Bq9wGdYH) Today __Lloyd’s Register, the international standards organization for the classification and design of ships__ __AND__ consider in how to manage the much larger risk of global climate change .”

The US is key – best regulatory structure
Haas 14 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) __In order to **reduce quality control** costs and **ensure efficient** factory **production**, only countries__ __AND__ is possible if the reactor is designed and tested in the United States.

The plan spurs a US-dominated global market and revitalizes the US economy
Haas 14 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) However, __once nuclear powered ships are accepted by a wide range of countries,__ __AND__ __be able to achieve the productivity needed to create a sustainable shipbuilding program__.

No shipwreck impact
Femenia 12 (Jose, Prof at the United States Merchant Marine Academy, Is The Time Right For Commercial Nuclear Powered Vessels? http://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/SNAME/ee3b8f97-c746-4d85-bede-cd348a202053/UploadedImages/Is%20The%20Time%20Is%20Right%20For%20Commercial%20Nuclear%20Powered%20Vessels-J.Femenia%20%28Full%20Paper-080812%29.pdf) Another potential source of pollution created by nuclear powered commercial vessels is if the vessels AND __removal and retrieval__, a great challenge for marine engineers and naval architects.

__Only the US__ has the ability to solve—US regulations are __key__
AAE 09 (Adams Atomic Energies, “Nuclear Merchant Ships”, http://www.atomicengines.com/ships.html)//Vinaik American shipbuilding has been struggling. Will atomic engines help? Yes. There is __AND__ at full speed without stopping, even in a relatively modest sized yacht.

Neg Disclosure
R2 -- 1AC: OTEC

1NC --- China Clean Tech DA Oil DA T – Its Geoengineering CP Warming Good (on case)

2NR --- Warming Good Geoengineering CP T – its

R3 -- 1AC: NOPP

1NC --- Midterms DA Japan Soft Power DA States CP NOAA Tradeoff DA Ocean Acid Good (Case)

2NR --- Ocean Acid Good & Case

R5 -- 1AC: Cyborgs

1NC --- Framework Wounded Attachments K Rights Malthus Ableism K (on case)

2NR --- RiMal