Audrey+Hopewell+&+Spencer+Roetlin+(ICW+HR)

AFF:


 * =1ac=**


 * =plan=**


 * Plan: The United States federal government should create dedicated funding for its non-military ocean exploration through the National Oceanographic Partnership Program.**


 * =marine science leadership=**


 * Contention 1 is Marine science leadership:**

As the case in 1962, our nation's scientific numbers have never been greater And the NOAA Director Jane Lubchenco. Their contact information is listed below.
 * Cuts to ocean exploration are destroying US marine science leadership**
 * Mclain, 12** – Assistant Director of Science for the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (Craig, March 15, 2012 "Losing Deep-Sea Science in the United States" http://deepseanews.com/2012/03/losing-deep-sea-science-in-the-united-states/)//gingE

Goodwin is PhD Marine Biologist and Science Writer at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ("Why Do We Explore" http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/edu/leadersguide/media/09whydoweexplore.pdf) zabd Why Ocean Exploration Is Important Today Curiosity, And among the reasons we explore Earth's ocean; but we also explore to survive.
 * Greater ocean exploration is vital to understanding deep-ocean thermohaline circulation which determines our ability to adapt to climate change**
 * Goodwin, 9**** –** The Harmon Project, NOAA

The misconceptions that drove spending on space were mirrored in our And importance of aggressive ocean research and management before it is too late.
 * Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience**
 * Young, 14**** – **thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT (Grace, "Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean" 1/17, http://mseas.mit.edu/publications/Theses/Grace_C_Young_BS_Thesis_MIT2014.pdf)//DH

Scientists are warning of a potential marine massacre with a mass And the next 40 years. The report's findings will be presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York this week.
 * It will end all life on the planet**
 * Dingle 11** – Sarah Dingle is a reporter for ABC Radio Current Affairs. ("Ocean heading for mass extinction, scientists warn", ABC News, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-06-21/ocean-heading-for-mass-extinction-scientists-warn/2766340, June 21, 2011, Quay)

The importance of the ocean in daily life, whether you live on the And investment will have on the success that U.S. ocean science research will have around the globe.
 * Stable federal exploration funding is the bellwether for catalyzing investment in adaptation technologies and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem management**
 * Avery, 13** - DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, "DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION" S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH

The major drawback of a NOPP-sponsored ocean exploration program is that And , NOAA (with consideration to the comments above) or NSF would be appropriate alternatives.
 * A dedicated federal funding stream through NOPP is perceived as restoring the U.S. reputation within the marine science community – that's vital to attracting scientists into research collaboration**
 * NRC 3**** –** Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. ("Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown", National Research Council, the National Academies Press, http://explore.noaa.gov/sites/OER/Documents/national-research-council-voyage.pdf)

Major gaps exist in our current scientific understanding, limiting our And ecosystem resiliency as well as local-scale mitigation efforts.
 * Research-driven adaptation strategies build in resilience to prevent total ecosystem collapse**
 * Doney, 8**** –** Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, "The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174" Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives 6/5, http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=8916&tid=282&cid=43766

The successes of the ocean partnership effort started more than ten years ago have been And and apply them to society's most exigent needs with haste and vigor.
 * A dedicated NOPP funding stream will maximize ocean science partnerships and lead to applied solutions for ocean ecosystem management**
 * Watkins et al, 9** – Watkins chaired the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, served as the President of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, and founding President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (James, How the Oceanographic Community Created a National Oceanographic Partnership Program" Oceanography Vol. 22, Iss. 2. Published by the NOPP. https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2982/22.2_watkins.pdf?sequence=1) zabd

The rebirth of the seas will require large doses of And Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, the world's largest ocean preserve.
 * US oceans leadership creates the political will for protection– change is empirically possible**
 * Sielen, 14**** –** ALAN B. SIELEN is Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography ("Sea Change: How to Save the Oceans" 4/16, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/141198/alan-b-sielen/sea-change?sp_mid=45656665&sp_rid=aHVyd2pzMTJAd2Z1LmVkdQS2)//DH

Justification for a New Ocean Exploration Program The ocean supports And and nonliving resources and improve our understanding of how the oceans respond to chemical, biological, and physical changes must increase.
 * Exploration is vital to biodiscovery and developing new cures for diseases**
 * NRC, '03** (Committee on Exploration of the Seas, National Research Council "Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown" National Academies Press http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10844) //GY

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within a wide range of infectious And of the scientific evidence show that ABR has a negative impact on outcomes for patients and health-care expenditures.
 * Global antibiotic resistance is increasing rapidly - the ability to treat diseases at all is close to collapsing – ending modern medicine**
 * Fukuda, 14** - Assistant Director-General Health Security, World Health Organization, 14 (Keiji, "Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014" April, http://www.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112642/1/9789241564748_eng.pdf?ua=1)//DH

Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent slew of And transmute into a tune whistled whilst passing a graveyard."3154
 * That risks extinction**
 * Greger 8** – M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger,, Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, http://birdflubook.com/a.php?id=111)

The two main arguments against considering the environment as a security issue And discourse" has evolved and transformed security practices.
 * Technological climate discourse breaks down securitization —- only way to solve the environment**
 * Trombetta '8** (Maria Julia, Professor of Economics of Infrastructures of Delft University of Technology, "The meaning and function of climate security" http://tudelft.academia.edu/MariaJuliaTrombetta/Papers/899481/The_meaning_and_function_of_climate_security)

There is scope for more common ground between relational approaches, And It is this generative potential that needs to be unlocked.
 * Eco-pragmatism is an essential part of human responses to climate change —- experiments in engagement like the plan are key to effective social criticism**
 * Head and Gibson, 2012** Lesley Head, University of Wollongong, Australia, and Chris Gibson, University of Wollongong, Australia, "Becoming differently modern: Geographic contributions to a generative climate politics," Progress in Human Geography, December 2012 vol. 36 no. 6 699-714


 * =maritime conflicts=**


 * Contention 2 is maritime conflicts:**

Incorporating a new ocean exploration program into the U.S. marine science And force to plan for collaborative exploration programs proposed by international groups of scientists.
 * Establishing a new ocean exploration within the NOPP is vital to both inter-agency and international coordination in marine science**
 * NRC 3** – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. ("Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown", National Research Council, the National Academies Press, http://explore.noaa.gov/sites/OER/Documents/national-research-council-voyage.pdf)

The oceans cover nearly three-quarters of the Earth's surface, And oceans as a common global bond, highlighting their importance in our lives," Orcutt said.
 * The plan establishes a global model and builds international marine research collaboration**
 * Pages, 4**** –** Media Relations Officer at National Academies (Patrice, "Exploration of the Deep Blue Sea" National Academies In Focus Magazine, Winter/Spring, http://www.infocusmagazine.org/4.1/env_ocean.html)//DH

INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR AN OCEAN EXPLORATION PROGRAM And regional exploration or to pursue themes of shared interest.
 * This spurs global solutions and the development of multilateral agreements**
 * NRC, 3** – National Research Center (Committee on Exploration of the Seas Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies "Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown ( 2003 )" pp 6-7 http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10844&page=136)//gingE

Science diplomacy is not new, but it has never been more important. Many of the And underpinned by practical scientific partnerships (see Case study 2).
 * Science diplomacy provides a cooperative framework to avoid conflict**
 * Royal Society, 10** – a Fellowship of more than 1400 outstanding individuals from all areas of science, mathematics, engineering and medicine (January, 2010, "New frontiers in science diplomacy" https://royalsociety.org/policy/publications/2010/new-frontiers-science-diplomacy/)//gingE

Fishing for Peace? The Need for a New EBM Initiative in the And mutual trust so urgently needed in the South China Sea.
 * Maritime conflicts are likely in the South China Sea over unsustainable fishing —- transnational marine science collaboration is vital to creating trust necessary for durable peace**
 * Leutert, et al, 13**** –** third-year PhD student in the government department at Cornell University, currently based in Beijing from 2013-2014 as a visiting scholar at PekingUniversity and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Also authored by Dr. C. Sachi GERBIN, the 2013-2014 US resident Sasakawa Peace Foundation fellow, and Jennifer MCARDLE, program associate at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Center for Science, Technology and Security Policy at Pacific Forum CSIS. (Wendy, "Forging Cooperation over Competition: Opportunities for Practical Security Collaboration in the Asia-Pacific" Issues & Insights Vol. 14 – No. 6 Beijing, People's Republic of China December 2013, http://csis.org/files/publication/issuesinsights_vol14no6.pdf)//gingE DOC = Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea

The risk of a South China Sea dispute is high and will draw in the U.S. Dupont and Baker, 14 **–** Nonresident Fellow at the Lowy Institute for International Policy ** Principal Engineer, CSC/ServiceMesh (Alan and Christopher, "East Asia's Maritime Disputes: Fishing in Troubled Waters" March 01, 2014 https://twq.elliott.gwu.edu/east-asia%E2%80%99s-maritime-disputes-fishing-troubled-waters)//gingE Chinese fishing boats are also appearing in And in the United States as Japan's ally and ultimate security guarantor.

While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger And creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.
 * Risks extinction – empirics prove deterrence fails**
 * Wittner 11** – Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany (Lawrence S. Wittner, 11/28, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)

There are a And foreign relations between governments and build goodwill between peoples of different nations.
 * Stronger marine science partnerships act as confidence building measures that dampen conflict incentives and bolster inter-state relations**
 * Crosby, 7** – executive director, National Science Board (Michael, "Improving International Relations Through Marine Science Partnerships", Law, Science and Ocean Management, p. 275-276

If major interstate war is And endless disputes, we would want to do so.
 * Only we check the proximate cause to conflicts**
 * Moore 4** – Dir. Center for Security Law and Professor of Law @ University of Virginia, Editor of the American Journal of International Law, (John Norton, "Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace," pg. 41-43)

OSW #1: 1nc: states CP, HTF politics DA, Consumption K 2nr: Consumption K
 * NEG:**

OSW #2: 1nc: T-development=/=energy, China OSW DA, Ex-Im politics DA, Navy CP 2nr: China DA

Nuclear Shipping: 1nc: DoD CP + freedom of navigation NB, Security K, T-Its 2nr: Security K

Aquarius: 1nc: space tradeoff DA, Ex-Im politics DA, Security K 2nr: politics DA

Natural Gas: 1nc: Heidegger, Ex-Im politics DA, Courts CP, Russia LNG DA on case 2nr: Russia LNG DA

Seaborgs: 1nc: framework, PIC out of the cyborg metaphor, Baudrillard on case 2nr: framework