Míša+&+David+(GRAMS-CFJMP)

Plan

 * The United States federal government should substantially increase its non-military heavy polar icebreaking **

**Russian Arctic militarization is expanding rapidly – the lack of ice-capable ships prevents a US response**
Mitchell 14 – Jon Mitchell is an independent author for Foreign Policy Journal, citing Naval Statements and Nicholas Cunningham, an expert in the field (“Russia’s Territorial Ambition and Increased Military Presence in the Arctic” April 23, 2014 http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2014/04/23/russias-territorial-ambition-and-increased-military-presence-in-the-arctic/) zabd

As the U.S. and E.U. keep a very close AND by entering into a military buildup simply to dominate Russia in the Arctic.

**Expanding militarization risks conflict among multiple rising Arctic powers**
Blank, 14 - Stephen J. Blank is a senior fellow at the American Foreign Policy Council; served as the Strategic Studies Institute’s expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989. Prior to that he was Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base (Stephen, “Enter Asia: The Arctic Heats Up” World Affairs Journal, March/April, []

The Arctic, always before on the frigid edges of the international imagination, is AND exploitation of the Arctic “will become a future mission of the navy.”¶

**Icebreakers are key to credible US diplomacy that diffuses the risk of conflict**
Borgerson 8 -- International Affairs Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (Scott G., “Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming,” Foreign Affairs, March/April, http://www.rhumb-line.com/pdf/BorgersonForeignAffairsarticle.pdf)BC

While the other Arctic powers are racing to carve up the region, the United AND , the region could erupt in an armed mad dash for its resources.

**The perception of Arctic counterbalancing induces Russian cooperation**
Dowd 11 – Senior Fellow of the Fraser Institute and Senior Editor of Fraser Insight AND -news/news/display.aspx?id=2147483979) zabd

The United States devotes much of its diplomatic and military energies to the Middle East AND Congress “to start building infrastructure up there” (Joling and Papp).

** Arctic conflict risks a nuclear confrontation **
Wallace & Staples ‘10 – *Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia, **President of the Rideau Institute in Ottawa (Michael, Steven, “Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons: A Task Long Overdue,”) //J.N.E

The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition. AND in which nuclear powers find themselves in military confrontation can be taken lightly.

**Icebreakers are key to revitalize US presence in the Arctic – that __spills over__ to international influence**
NRC 7 – working arm of the United States National Academies, which produces reports that shape policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine (National Research Council, “Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of US Needs,” [] ) mj Economic activity is predicted to increase and move northward as a result of sea- AND government polar icebreaking capability to ensure year-round access throughout the region.¶

**Unfortunately current heavy polar icebreakers are degrading – that threatens U.S. Arctic leadership and makes the plan uniquely key now**
Koren 7/11 – Staff Writer for National Journal (Marina, “What Happened to America's Most Important Arctic Ships?”, [] ) //J.N.E The U.S. Coast Guard is facing a dilemma at the North Pole AND A young and capable fleet of icebreakers would certainly come in handy then.

**US Arctic presence is the key internal link to freedom of navigation**
Colbert ‘12 – Policy director at the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (Peter, “U.S. Pacific Focus Needs to Include Arctic”, July 15th, http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120715/DEFFEAT05/307150002/U-S-Pacific-Focus-Needs-Include-Arctic) //J.N.E The Obama administration’s intention to shift military resources to the Pacific satisfies American objectives, AND . rights to the Arctic region. There is no time to lose.

**That’s the litmus test for whether US primacy is sustainable**
Kraska, 11 - Dr. James Kraska is a Senior Fellow in FPRI's Program on National Security. He serves as Mary Derrickson McCurdy Visiting Research Scholar at Duke University Marine Laboratory, where he focuses on international law of the sea and marine policy and governance. (James, Maritime Power and the Law of the Sea: Expeditionary Operations in World Politics, p. 411-412) Attracting international partners to join in the reinvigorated approach is essential and not impossible. AND only across the Taiwan Straits, but also throughout the South China Sea.¶

**Primacy prevents extinction**
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13 Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth AND No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51

Assessing the Security Benefits of Deep Engagement Even if deep engagement's costs are far less AND disengaged—even as it pushes cooperation toward U.S. preferences.

**Current reliance on non-US icebreakers puts the entire US commitment to Antarctica in jeopardy**
Augustine, 12 - Report of the U.S. Antarctic Program Blue Ribbon Panel; Augustine was the chair of the Panel (Norman, “More and Better Science in Antarctica Through Increased Logistical Effectiveness” July, http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/usap_special_review/usap_brp/rpt/antarctica_07232012.pdf)//DH **USAP = US Antarctic Program**

The U.S. inventory of icebreakers relevant to McMurdo resupply operations is effectively AND S. government, preferably an icebreaker owned and operated by the USCG.

**That threatens the stability of the Antarctic Treaty**
Augustine, 12 - Report of the U.S. Antarctic Program Blue Ribbon Panel; Augustine was the chair of the Panel (Norman, “More and Better Science in Antarctica Through Increased Logistical Effectiveness” July, http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/usap_special_review/usap_brp/rpt/antarctica_07232012.pdf

Setting aside the ambiguities associated with the federal budgeting process, logistics planning in Antarctica AND runway and ice pier construction and thereby impact both air and sea operations.

**Collapse of the Antarctic treaty leads to war**
Roura 11 (Ricardo, graduate in geology from University of Buenos Aires, M.Phil from Massey University - Advisor to the Antarctic Ocean Alliances Marine Protected Areas campaign - SOC representative to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings - “Antarctica’s Wilderness Values”, 2011, [] )

As we continue to move towards more "advanced" forms of exploitation of the AND destroyed. Maybe the future of Antarctica will rely on this duel protection.

**Most likely escalation scenario – modeled worldwide**
Triggs 11 – Professor of Law @ Sydney Gillian, “The Antarctic Treaty System: A Model of Legal Creativity and Cooperation,” http://www.atsummit50.org/media/book-8.pdf As Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are vulnerable to increasing threats from terrorism and conflict AND common interests and values that are more comprehensive those of traditional national sovereignty.

**Antarctic science is the vital internal link to global science diplomacy**
Collins 11 – Center for Global Sustainability Studies and major sponsor of the 22nd Pacific Science Congress (June 2011, “Founded on science, world cooperation in Antarctica a model for meeting climate, other challenges,” [] ) mj

The success of world co-operation based on science and practiced since the Cold AND and people to work together in decision-making on shared global interests."

**Reliance on foreign icebreakers is undermining the credibility and quality of US polar science leadership**
Conley, 12 - director and senior fellow of the Europe Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).(Heather, “A New Security Architecture for the Arctic: an American perspective” January, csis.org)//DH

Although the United States lacks an overarching Arctic economic development strategy and suffers from insufficient AND to miss the opportunities of the Arctic while watching other nations advance.”61

**Icebreakers are vital to continual, year-round polar ocean research – that’s vital to adaptation to climate change and ocean acidification – it’s also key to US leadership in the ATS**
Faulkner, 7/23 /14– Division Director of Polar Programs at the National Science Foundation (Kelly, Congressional Testimony, “U.S. POLICY IN THE ARCTIC”, Proquest Congressional)//DH

While polar oceans comprise only about ten percent of global ocean area AND

2012 and 2013, by the IGNATUYK of the Russian Murmansk Shipping Company.

** Science diplomacy is an impact filter **
Federoff 8 – professor of biology at Penn State University known for her research on biology and life sciences, president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (April 2008, “International Science and Technology Cooperation: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Research and Science Education,” Committee on Science and Technology, [] ) mj

Chairman Baird, Ranking Member Ehlers, and distinguished members of the Subcommittee, thank AND a means to enhance security, increase global partnerships, and create sustainability.