Holmes+and+Alyssa

Note: You should ask Holmes the specifics of the 1AC before we debate, because it will likely be different every round

If you have questions about 2NRs, don't email Alyssa--she's mean, trust me =Gas Tax Aff=

Status Quo
toc (American Road and Transportation Builders Association to the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform “The Contribution of the Federal Transportation Investment Programs to Fiscal Responsibility and Deficit Reduction,” pg online @ [] //um-ef)// //**__ Transportation Investment __** and User Financing __ When Congress created the National System of Interstate and Defense __// //__ AND __// // supporting a federal motor fuels excise increase to finance an expanded transportation improvements. //
 * First, transportation infrastructure is financed in one of two ways – through the general fund, or through increased revenue – Stimulus Programs finance through the general fund while failing to repair the Highway Trust Fund**
 * Artba 2k10**

//**Second**, **Congress just passed a MASSIVE transportation bill – it should have triggered your disads, but didn’t fix the Highway Trust Fund**// //**Snyder 6/26**// //(Tanya Snyder became Streetsblog's Capitol Hill editor in September 2010 after covering Congress for Pacifica and public radio. She lives car-free in a transit-oriented and bike-friendly neighborhood of Washington, DC., pg online @ []// um-ef) __ Congressional leaders __ announced opaquely last week that they’d “ __ moved forward __ ” __ on ____ a deal __ __ AND __ __ that’s a lot of complicated math just to avoid raising the gas tax __.

CAFE
(Evan N. Turgeon, Legal Associate at the Cato Institute; J.D.University of Virginia School of Law 2009; B.A. Tufts University 2004, “Triple-Dividends: Toward Pigovian Gasoline Taxation,” Journal of Land, Resources, & Envir onmental Law 2010, pg lexis//um-ef)// //__ The U __ nited __ S __ tates __ ' current energy policies take an ineffective, piecemeal approach to addressing the __// //__ AND __// // illusion of good government "as they impoverish society as a whole." n44 //
 * First, current Federal Energy Strategies fail – they impose market distortions, and ineffective constraints on private industry**
 * Turgeon 2k10**

//**And, specifically new CAFE regulations are coming –**// //**Greene 6/28**// //(Michael, “34.1 MPG CAFE Standards for 2016 Upheld by U.S. Court of Appeals” http://www.treehugger.com/cars/341-mpg-cafe-standards-2016-upheld-us-court-appeals.html//HH) __ The ____ 2012-2016Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards __, better known under the acronym AND by how much. The can then figure out what solution works best.

(Mike, “How Will Obama’s EPA Regulations Affect the Auto Industry?”, http://www.askheritage.org/how-will-obamas-epa-regulations-affect-the-auto-industry//HH)// // __ Say goodbye to cars and trucks as you know them __. __ Say hello to a __ // // __ AND __ // // a single representative year, and to 10 times that many serious injuries.” //
 * They’ll collapse job growth and the Auto Sector**
 * Brownfield 11**

//**And, Auto Recovery is essential to U.S. Economic recovery – the auto industry will drive other sectors and ensure job growth**// //**U.S. News 2k12**// //(“Is the U.S. Auto Industry on Track for a Comeback?,” pg online @ []// um-ef) __ More than three years after bad management, a swooning global economy, and foreign __ __ AND __ in what they're selling. That's going to be hard for the Japanese."

Less intuitive is how __ periods of economic decline ____ may increase the likelihood of external conflict __ AND As such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views
 * And, a weak economy causes conflict – all empirical analysis goes our way **
 * Royal 10** – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, (Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

(Charles, American Pulitzer Prize–winning syndicated columnist, political commentator, and physician, McGill University degree in political science and economics, Commonwealth Scholar in politics at Balliol College, Oxford, Doctor of Medicine from Harvard Medical School “The Net-Zero Gas Tax; A once-in-a-generation chance,” pg lexis//um-ef)// So why even think about it? Because __ the virtues of a gas tax remain __  __ AND __   than undertaking the enormously complicated review and rewriting of fuel-efficiency regulations.
 * The plan kills damaging CAFE Standards and transitions away from government interventions into the market **
 * Krauthammer 2k9 **

//**Finally, an increased gas tax is the transition method – it transforms U.S. foreign policy and re-energizes U.S. Diplomacy**// //**Turgeon 2k10**// //(Evan N. Turgeon, Legal Associate at the Cato Institute; J.D.University of Virginia School of Law 2009; B.A. Tufts University 2004, “Triple-Dividends: Toward Pigovian Gasoline Taxation,” Journal of Land, Resources, & Envir onmental Law 2010, pg lexis//um-ef) is the pen mightier than the sword; it is cheaper to use.
 * __ Significantly increasing federal taxes on gasoline would generate results __****__ vastly superior to those produced by __**
 * __ AND __**

Deficits
(“U.S. Deficits and the National Debt,” pg online @ [] //um-ef)// // At some point __ in the not-too-distant future, analystssay, __// //__ AND __// //**__ sustainability of an active U.S. foreign policy __** ," he says. //
 * First, the deficit is on an unsustainable path – now is the CRITICAL time to re-orient policies to stave-off a new debt tragedy**
 * Council on Foreign Relations 3/2**/12

//**And, Congress has two options for the future – increased revenue generation, or deficit spending – only new revenue ensures Fiscal Responsibility**// //**Artba 2k10**// //(American Road and Transportation Builders Association to the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform “The Contribution of the Federal Transportation Investment Programs to Fiscal Responsibility and Deficit Reduction,” pg online @ []// um-ef) __ For more than 50 years, the federal highway, public transportation and airport **investment** __ transportation investment through fiscally responsible and budget-neutral user taxes and levies.
 * __ AND __**

(“A fiscal test for Congress,” pg lexis//um-ef)// //__ Over the past year, many Republicans and Democrats in the Senate have indicated support __// //**__ AND __**// // avoid what Erskine Bowles called "the most predictable economic crisis in history **__ "? __**//
 * And, the plan is a KEY TEST for future budget debates – increasing revenue ensures a sustainable fiscal path**
 * Washington Post 3/7**

//**Lack of fiscal discipline means China will inevitably stop taking US bonds—causes Chinese economic and political instability**// //**Foster 09**// //(J.D., Foster received his doctorate in economics from Georgetown University, his master's degree in economics from Brown University, and bachelor's degrees in economics and mathematics from the University of Colorado. “Will China Keep Buying Our Debt?”, http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/f/j-d--foster//HH) Some suspect **__the Chinese are building financial leverage__** - that is, building a " AND  This **__is how countries fix economic problems before they create a global meltdown.__**

(Jessica, Falculty of The School of International Service of American University, “The Potential For Instability in the PRC: How The Doomsday Theory Misses the Mark”, http://aladinrc.wrlc.org/bitstream/handle/1961/10330/Perkinson_american_0008N_10238display.pdf?sequence=1//HH)// // Though **__the__** potential **__consequences__****__of Chinese political instability__** for the international community **__are grave and__**// //**__AND__**// //**__Korea, and possibly from a China sympathetic to the North Korean plight__**. //
 * Causes Korean North-South conflict**
 * Perkinson 12**

//**Extinction**// //**Hayes and Hammel-Green 09**// //(Peter, Michael; Peter Hayes is Professor of International Relations, RMIT University, Melbourne; and Director, Nautilus Institute, San Francisco, email phayes@nautilus.org. Michael Hamel-Green is Dean of and Professor in the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development, Victoria University, Melbourne, email michael.hamel-green@vu.edu.au, “The Path Not Taken, The Way Still Open: Denuclearizing The Korean Peninsula And Northeast Asia”, http://hnn.us/node/121366//HH) The international community is increasingly aware that cooperative diplomacy is the most productive way to AND by no means clear how air-transported materials could similarly be intercepted.

Manufacturing
("U.S. manufacturing shrinks, 1st time in nearly 3 yrs," pg online @ [] //um-ef)// //(Reuters) - U.S. manufacturing shrank in June for the first// //AND// //still grew in June, albeit at its slowest rate in 18 months.//
 * First, U.S. Manufacturing is contracting – lack of sales and demand**
 * Reuters 7/3**

//**And, surface transportation investment is CRITICAL to U.S. Manufacturing – props up dependent industries**// //**Hermann 2k11**// //(Andrew Herrmann, P.E. SECB, F.ASCE President American Society of Civil Engineers, Impact Of Infrastructure Investment On The Manufacturing Sector, pg lexis//um-ef) ASCE commends the Joint Economic Committee for holding a hearing today on how surface transportation AND to maintain and improve the nation~’s infrastructure: Increase federal leadership in infrastructure;

(American Iron and Steel Institute, "AISI Public Policy Priorities – Promoting a Pro-Manufacturing Agenda," pg online @ [Policy/~/media/Files/AISI/Public Policy/Agenda/AISI2012PublicPolicyAgenda _ Final 020212.ashx]// um-ef) Transportation and Water Infrastructure Background. A globally competitive economy depends on an effective and AND continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) and research on improved gas mileage;
 * And, investment in HIGHWAY transportation infrastructure is particularly critical – ensures long-term growth of Steel and the Manufacturing base**
 * AISI 2k12**

(Mackenzie Eaglen, American Enterprise Institute Rebecca Grant, IRIS Research Robert P. Haffa, Haffa Defense Consulting Michael O~’Hanlon, The Brookings Institution Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution Martin Sullivan, Commonwealth Consulting Barry Watts, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments "The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy January 2012," pg online @ [defense industrial base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon]// um-ef) The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in AND civilian and military export opportunities for the United States in a globalized marketplace.
 * And, manufacturing capabilities key to technology necessary for U.S. deterrence**
 * O~’Hanlon et al 2k12**

(Senior Fellow @ The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Barry D, "The US Defense Industrial Base, Past, Present and Future," CBA, __http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In.pdf__) Since the 1950s, the US defense industrial base has been a source of long AND term advantage in the decades ahead as it has been since the 1950s.
 * Defense industrial base deters war with Russia**
 * Watts 2k8**

[Dr. Nick, Dept. Phil @ yale, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards," www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html/] A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in AND preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.
 * Extinction**
 * Bostrum ~’02**
 * A**

(Michael Lind is policy director of New America~’s Economic Growth Program and a co-founder of the New America Foundation. Joshua Freedman is a program associate in New America~’s Economic Growth Program. "Value Added: America~’s Manufacturing Future," pg online @ http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Lind,%20Michael%20and%20Freedman,%20Joshua%20-%20NAF%20-%20Value%20Added%20America%27s%20Manufacturing%20Future.pdf //um-ef) Manufacturing, R%26D and the U.S. Innovation Ecosystem Perhaps the AND from 20-30 percent in 2007 to 50 percent by 2020.33
 * ll levels of manufacturing and R%26D are interconnected – a sustainable manufacturing base in the U.S. is critical to Advanced Manufacturing and R&D**
 * Lind 2k12**

(Mark, Professor of Political Science – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "The Politics of Technological Change: International Relations versus Domestic Institutions", 4-1, http://www.scribd.com/doc/46554792/Taylor) Technological innovation is of central importance to the study of international relations (IR), AND production, and war, international systems would not exist in the first place
 * Independently, that innovation solves great power wars**
 * Taylor 2k4**

(Chuck, 66th Air Base Wing Public Affairs for the US Air Force, 8-10-09, "Technology convergence could prevent war, futurist says," http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123162500) The convergence of "exponentially advancing technologies" will form a "super-intelligence AND systems or products, he says, even if people don~’t know it.
 * And, advanced manufacturing technology will make war IMPOSSIBLE**
 * Paone 2k9**

Long Version of Manufacturing
("U.S. manufacturing shrinks, 1st time in nearly 3 yrs," pg online @ [] //um-ef) (Reuters) - U.S. manufacturing shrank in June for the first AND still grew in June, albeit at its slowest rate in 18 months.
 * First, U.S. Manufacturing is contracting – lack of sales and demand**
 * Reuters 7/3**

(Andrew Herrmann, P.E. SECB, F.ASCE President American Society of Civil Engineers, Impact Of Infrastructure Investment On The Manufacturing Sector, pg lexis//um-ef) ASCE commends the Joint Economic Committee for holding a hearing today on how surface transportation AND to maintain and improve the nation~’s infrastructure: Increase federal leadership in infrastructure;
 * And, surface transportation investment is CRITICAL to U.S. Manufacturing – props up dependent industries**
 * Hermann 2k11**

(American Iron and Steel Institute, "AISI Public Policy Priorities – Promoting a Pro-Manufacturing Agenda," pg online @ [Policy/~/media/Files/AISI/Public Policy/Agenda/AISI2012PublicPolicyAgenda _ Final 020212.ashx] //um-ef) Transportation and Water Infrastructure Background. A globally competitive economy depends on an effective and AND continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) and research on improved gas mileage;
 * And, investment in HIGHWAY transportation infrastructure is particularly critical – ensures long-term growth of Steel and the Manufacturing base**
 * AISI 2k12**

(Mackenzie Eaglen, American Enterprise Institute Rebecca Grant, IRIS Research Robert P. Haffa, Haffa Defense Consulting Michael O~’Hanlon, The Brookings Institution Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution Martin Sullivan, Commonwealth Consulting Barry Watts, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments "The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy January 2012," pg online @ [defense industrial base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon] //um-ef) The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in AND civilian and military export opportunities for the United States in a globalized marketplace.
 * And, manufacturing capabilities key to technology necessary for U.S. deterrence**
 * O~’Hanlon et al 2k12**


 * Three Scenarios**

(Senior Fellow @ The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Barry D, "The US Defense Industrial Base, Past, Present and Future," CBA, __http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In.pdf__) Since the 1950s, the US defense industrial base has been a source of long AND term advantage in the decades ahead as it has been since the 1950s.
 * First, the DiB deters war with Russia**
 * Watts 2k8**

[Dr. Nick, Dept. Phil @ yale, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards," www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html/] A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in AND preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.
 * Extinction**
 * Bostrum ~’02**


 * Scenario 2 is Cyber Security**

For some time, the defense industrial base has been spreading into segments of U AND design work threatens to follow production work to cost-saving offshore facilities.
 * DIB offshoring destroys our electronic security**
 * American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics**, Aerospace America; August, **2K6** (James W. Canan, "The changing defense industrial base", Features; Pg. 34, Highlight, Lexis)

Another specter concerns terrorists "spoofing" radar or satellite sensors or cyber-terrorists AND certain types of firing orders that previously would have been carried out immediately.
 * Cyberterrorist access to our software and communications leads to false nuclear launch indicators that create accidental nuclear war**
 * Blair, president of the Center for Defense Information and former Minuteman launch officer, 9-19-2K4** (Bruce, Center for Defense Information, "The Wrong Deterrence: The Threat of Loose Nukes Is One of Our Own Making", http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=2473)


 * Scenario 3 is China**

Steven **Mosher** 2/14/**06** (President of the Population Research Institute, CQ Congressional Testimony, "Chinese Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy" pg lexis) The ruthless mercantilism practiced by the CCP is thus a form of economic warfare. AND American military assets in the Asian- Pacific will have to be neutralized.
 * Loss of manufacturing Risks a China-Taiwan War**

["No one gains in war over Taiwan", June 25, Lexis] The high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full AND cannot be ruled out entirely, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.
 * Extinction**
 * The Strait Times, 2000**

(Michael Lind is policy director of New America~’s Economic Growth Program and a co-founder of the New America Foundation. Joshua Freedman is a program associate in New America~’s Economic Growth Program. "Value Added: America~’s Manufacturing Future," pg online @ http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Lind,%20Michael%20and%20Freedman,%20Joshua%20-%20NAF%20-%20Value%20Added%20America%27s%20Manufacturing%20Future.pdf //um-ef) Manufacturing, R%26D and the U.S. Innovation Ecosystem Perhaps the AND from 20-30 percent in 2007 to 50 percent by 2020.33
 * All levels of manufacturing and R%26D are interconnected – a sustainable manufacturing base in the U.S. is critical to Advanced Manufacturing and R%26D**
 * Lind 2k12**

(Chuck, 66th Air Base Wing Public Affairs for the US Air Force, 8-10-09, "Technology convergence could prevent war, futurist says," http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123162500) The convergence of "exponentially advancing technologies" will form a "super-intelligence AND systems or products, he says, even if people don~’t know it.
 * That independently makes war impossible**
 * Paone 2k9**

Text

 * Text: The United States federal government should increase the federal excise tax rate and phase-in a price floor and variable tax on gasoline for transportation infrastructure in the United States.**

Solvency
(Adam, J.D., University of Iowa College of Law, 2010; B.A., Wake Forest University, PHd Student @ Univ of Indiana, “Why the Government Should Drink Your Milkshake: The Case for Restructuring the Federal Gas Tax,” The Journal of Corporation Law Winter, 2009, 35 Iowa J. Corp. L. 393 pg lexis//um-ef) __ Congress should enact legislation to restructure the federal gasoline tax to better internalize the external __ __ AND __ any single use, but should be allocated as the government deems appropriate.
 * The plan solves – establishing a price floor sends a signal for renewable energy development, while increasing revenue for transportation infrastructure **
 * Abelkop 2k9 **

=Neg=