Lucy+&+Evan

=1AC- NOPP Exploration=

US neglecting exploration now
Helvarg, 14 - executive director of Blue Frontier, a marine conservation and policy group (David, April 1, 2014, “It’s No Surprise We Can’t Find Flight, 370,” LA Times, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0401-helvarg-flight-370-ocean-exploration-20140401-story.html)//gingE// // Our investment in ocean exploration, monitoring and law enforcement efforts//is at a 20 AND// , our ability to act wisely in our own interests is often limited.

Plan
The United States federal government should substantially increase its ocean exploration through the National Oceanographic Partnership Program.

Greater ocean exploration is vital to understanding deep-ocean thermohaline circulation which determines our ability to adapt to climate change
Goodwin is PhD Marine Biologist and Science Writer at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (“Why Do We Explore” []) zabd Why Ocean Exploration Is Important Today Curiosity, desire for knowledge, and quest AND the reasons we explore Earth’s ocean; but we also explore to survive.
 * Goodwin, 9** – The Harmon Project, NOAA

Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience
The misconceptions that drove spending on space were mirrored in our lack of knowledge about AND the importance of aggressive ocean research and management before it is too late.
 * Young, 14 –** thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT **(**Grace, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, [|http://mseas.mit.edu/publications/Theses/Grace_C_Young_BS_Thesis_MIT2014.pdf)//DH]

It will end all life on the planet
Dingle 11 – Sarah Dingle is a reporter for ABC Radio Current Affairs. (“Ocean heading for mass extinction, scientists warn”, ABC News, [], June 21, 2011, Quay) Scientists are warning of a potential marine massacre with a mass extinction of sea life AND will be presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York this week.

Stable federal exploration funding is the __bellwether__ for catalyzing investment in __adaptation technologies__ and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem management
//The importance of the ocean in daily life, whether you live on the East// //AND// // that U.S. ocean science research will have //around the globe//.
 * Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH//

Research-driven adaptation strategies build in __resilience__ to prevent total ecosystem collapse
Major gaps exist in our current scientific understanding, limiting our ability to forecast the AND ) to //increase ecosystem resiliency// as well as local-scale mitigation efforts.
 * Doney, 8 -** Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, **“**The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174” Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives6/5, []

A dedicated NOPP funding stream will maximize ocean science partnerships and lead to __applied solutions__ for ocean ecosystem management
The successes of the ocean partnership effort started more than ten years ago have been AND partnering and apply them to society’s most exigent needs with haste and vigor.
 * Watkins et al, 9** - Watkins chaired the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, served as the President of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, and founding President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (James, How the Oceanographic Community Created a National Oceanographic Partnership Program” Oceanography Vol. 22, Iss. 2. Published by the NOPP. https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2982/22.2_watkins.pdf?sequence=1) zabd

US key to exploration leadership which can prevent ocean collapse
Cousteau, 12 - special correspondent for CNN (Philippe, March 13th, 2012 “Why exploring the ocean is mankind's next giant leap” http://lightyears.blogs.cnn.com/2012/03/13/why-exploring-the-ocean-is-mankinds-next-giant-leap/)//gingE// // “Space…the final frontier.” Not only has this classic phrase dazzled // // AND // // entrepreneurial spirit //to lead the world in exploring// and protecting our ocean frontier.

US oceans leadership creates the political will for protection– change is empirically possible
The rebirth of the seas will require large doses of education to dispel the myth AND the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, the world’s largest ocean preserve.
 * Sielen, 14 -** ALAN B. SIELEN is Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (“Sea Change: How to Save the Oceans” 4/16, []

Establishing a new ocean exploration within the NOPP is vital to both __inter-agency__ and __international__ coordination in marine science
NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, []) Incorporating a //new ocean exploration program// into the //U.S. marine science// field AND force to plan for collaborative exploration programs proposed by international groups of scientists.

The plan spurs __global solutions__ and the development of multilateral agreements
NRC, 3 – National Research Center (Committee on Exploration of the Seas Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown ( 2003 )” pp 6-7 [] INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR AN OCEAN EXPLORATION PROGRAM The involvement of many nations in ocean exploration AND //international agreements// to undertake regional exploration or to pursue themes of shared interest.

Maritime conflicts are likely in the South China Sea over unsustainable fishing – transnational marine science collaboration is vital to creating trust necessary for __durable peace__
Fishing for Peace? The Need for a New EBM Initiative in the South China AND multilateral cooperation and mutual trust so urgently needed in the South China Sea.
 * Leutert, et al, 13** - third-year PhD student in the government department at Cornell University, currently based in Beijing from 2013-2014 as a visiting scholar at PekingUniversity and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Also authored by Dr. C. Sachi GERBIN, the 2013-2014 US resident Sasakawa Peace Foundation fellow, and Jennifer MCARDLE, program associate at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Center for Science, Technology and Security Policy at Pacific Forum CSIS. (Wendy, "Forging Cooperation over Competition: Opportunities for Practical Security Collaboration in the Asia-Pacific” Issues & Insights Vol. 14 – No. 6 Beijing, People’s Republic of China December 2013, [|http://csis.org/files/publication/issuesinsights_vol14no6.pdf)//gingE] **DOC = Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea**

The risk of a South China Sea dispute is high and will draw in the U.S.
Dupont and Baker, 14 - * Nonresident Fellow at the Lowy Institute for International Policy ** Principal Engineer, CSC/ServiceMesh (Alan and Christopher, “East Asia’s Maritime Disputes: Fishing in Troubled Waters” March 01, 2014 https://twq.elliott.gwu.edu/east-asia%E2%80%99s-maritime-disputes-fishing-troubled-waters)//gingE// // Chinese fishing boats are also appearing in unprecedented numbers around Indonesia’s Natuna Island group. // // AND // risks drawing in the United States// as Japan’s ally and ultimate security guarantor.

Risks extinction
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used. AND //—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.//
 * Wittner 11** - Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany (Lawrence S. Wittner, 11/28, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", [|www.huntingtonnews.net/14446])

Stronger marine science partnerships act as confidence building measures that dampen conflict incentives and bolster inter-state relations
There are a number of successful international marine science partnerships and specific models that should AND improve foreign relations between governments and build goodwill between peoples of different nations.
 * Crosby, 7 –** executive director, National Science Board (Michael, “Improving International Relations Through Marine Science Partnerships”, __Law, Science and Ocean Management__, p. 275-276

The NOPP model is empirically successful – increasing its __exploration__ focus is vital to interagency coordination and __public visibility__
Coordinating ocean and coastal research and education programs. One of the most significant conclusions AND to use NOPP as a model for coordinating expanded interagency ocean science investments.
 * Pomponi, 4** ­- Acting Managing Director, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution (Shirley, “U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy: Recommendations for an Updated National Ocean Policy” Congressional Testimony, 5/5, [])//DH

The plan’s __organizational model__ creates global partnership and __worldwide__ implementation
__No nation owns the oceans, and no nation h1Nas the financial, intellectual,__ __AND__ building; and• __emphasize and promote effective international education and public Outreach.__
 * NRC, 3**—committee on Exploration of the Seas Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies (National Research Council, “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, the National Academies Press, [], pg. 63-64)//emchen

=__Neg__=

__Round 1__
1NC: Ex-Im Politics, Alaska CP, T "Exploration" and "Development:, Security K, Biod Turn 2NR: T

__Round 4__
1NC: Anthro, T "Development" Enviro DA, Ecofem, Heg Turns 2NR: Heg,