Jeron+and+Alex

= __AFF__ =

1AC PLAN

 * The United States federal government should substantially increase its Marine Transportation System infrastructure investment**


 * Contention 1 is Marine Highways**


 * Status quo Marine Transportation System infrastructure is failing in capacity and investment.**
 * Cox et al, 2011** - Joseph J. is President and CEO of Chamber of Shipping of America; Matsuda, Hon. David T., Administrator, Maritime Administration; Mohr, John M., Executive Director, Port of Everett, Washington; Roberts, Michael G., Senior Vice President and General Counsel, Crowley Maritime Corporation, on behalf of American Maritime Partnership; Tellez, Augustin, Executive Vice President, Seafarers International Union (Joseph J., “Creating Jobs and Increasing U.S Exports By Enhancing The Marine Transportation System,” Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure House of Representatives, June 14, 2011. [] )AS

However, because of much of the system's infrastructure is aging and constrained by capacity AND meet its future challenges. Nevertheless, we must find a way forward.


 * A federal program is a vital internal link to US competitiveness and expansion of Marine Highway use – current funding is insufficient**
 * Zimmer, 11** [ Nancy, August, “Progress on America’s Marine Highway” graduated from Smith College (B.A., cum laude, 1998), and City University of New York School of Law, (J.D., 2001). She is admitted to the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and the First Circuit Court of Appeals, and is a trained mediator. She is also a former commercial fisherman and commercial fishing boat owner. She is a member of the Maritime Law Association of the United States. Nancy can be contacted on +1 508 432-2121 or by email at zimmer@sealaw.org, [] ]

For the U nited S tates **to compete in the global market** it is imperative that it AND budget cuts to this program demonstrate a shortsightedness that is disheartening at best.


 * Economic recovery is fragile now – the risk of catastrophic economic failure is high**
 * Xinhua News, 5/23/12** [OECD: Global Economy Recovery Fragile, reprinted, []]

The **global economy** has embarked on a //fragile recovery//, which might be derailed by AND at creating growth, they can help address the problem of income inequality."


 * There are four internal links**


 * First is Congestion**


 * a. Congestion underlies a multibillion dollar drag on the economy – chokes any possible recovery**
 * Needham, 11** [Report: Traffic congestion costs billions, weighs on the economic recovery, Vicki, The Hill, [] ]

Traffic congestion is **costing billions every year** **, ** further threatening the nation’s economic recovery and AND we want a strong economy, doing nothing is not a productive option .”


 * b. Plan key to solve and is cheaper than all the alternatives**
 * MARAD 11** (U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration “America’s Marine Highway Report to Congress” April 2011 http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/MARAD_AMH_Report_to_Congress.pdf)//NJain

__Traffic congestion imposes serious costs on society in__ the form of __time wasted__ in travel AND __and to facilitate the transition to greater use of this underutilized national asset.__


 * Second is Capacity**


 * Capacity limitations render MTS ineffective and prevents economic growth**
 * Lobiondo, et al 11** [Congressional Testimony, Frank A. LoBiondo is the U.S. Representative for New Jersey's 2nd congressional district, serving since 1995. He is a member of the Republican Party, CREATING JOBS AND INCREASING U.S. EXPORTS BY ENHANCING THE MARINE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TUESDAY, JUNE 14, 2011 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION, COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE, [] ]

In order to remain **competitive in a global economy**, improving domestic infrastructure as well AND pre-eminent in global trade. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Lobiondo, et al 11 [Congressional Testimony, Frank A. LoBiondo is the U.S. Representative for New Jersey's 2nd congressional district, serving since 1995. He is a member of the Republican Party, CREATING JOBS AND INCREASING U.S. EXPORTS BY ENHANCING THE MARINE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TUESDAY, JUNE 14, 2011 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION, COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE, [] ]
 * Third is job creation, and Fourth is exports**

The MTS is a vast resource that facilitates our robust maritime commerce. It consists AND witnesses for being here today. I look forward to hearing their testimony.


 * And, the impact is great power nuclear war **
 * Austin ‘09 ** (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman, Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)

Conversely, global policymakers do not seem to have grasped the downside risks to the AND may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into // a big bang //.

** Free trade creates structural disincentives for inter- and intra- state war and deters terrorism ** ** Griswold, 11 ** Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization. “Free Trade and the Global Middle Class,” Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9 [|http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf Accessed 6/30/12] BJM

Our more globalized world has also yielded a “peace dividend .” It may not AND and less likely those gains will be destroyed by civil conflict and war.

IMPROVEMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE, [], EL)
 * Investment in MTS sustains US agricultural exports**
 * Khachatryan and Casavant 11** —Research Associate and Director/Professor at the Freight Policy Transportation Institute at the School of Economic Sciences at Washington State Unviersity (Hayk and Ken, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN U.S. TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

__The efficient and affordable freight transportation system that facilitates the linkage to international markets has__ __AND__ PNW) economy to the rest of the world through the 16 ports.

Casavant 2K – Professor of Agricultural Economics (Ken, “Inland Waterborne Transportation – An Industry Under Seige”, November 2000, United States Department of Agriculture)//MG
 * That’s key to global food supply**

The Problem Another policy perspective is that the United States has both an ability and AND 1996, while 17.8 million metric tons went to wealthy countries.


 * The collapse of U.S. agricultural exports turns every impact and makes extinction inevitable**
 * Lugar, 4** – U.S. Senator – Indiana, (Richard, “Plant Power” Our Planet v. 14 n. 3, http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html

__ In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning __ __ AND __ __ in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet __.

1AC SHIPBUILDING

 * Contention 2 is Shipbuilding**

** Steady federal Title XI funding key to revitalize the shipbuilding industrial base, generate jobs, and maintain defense capabilities ** ** AMO ’12 ** [American Maritime Officer “Title XI loan guarantees generate U.S. shipbuilding jobs,” May 2012, [], AZhang (he's the coolest)]

As the subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies devel AND the Title XI program in appropriations leg- islation for Fiscal Year 2013.


 * Plan stabilizes the shipbuilding industry, reduces costs, and solve all institutional inefficiencies**
 * Cropsey ’12** [18 April 2012, “The U.S. Navy Shipbuilding Plan: Assumptions and Associated Risks to National Security” Dr. Seth Cropse y, Senior Fellow at the Hudson Institute, Washington, DC. He served as Naval Officer from 1985 to 2004 and as deputy senior under secretary of the Navy in the administrations of Ronald Reagan and George H. Bush, http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/SethCropsey--USNavyShipbuildingPlan--Testimony041812.pdf, AZhang]

Knowledge of shipbuilding remains part of American manufacturing. But accelerating cost, an ageing AND skilled personnel turnover and the shipbuilders’ dependence on a rapidly shrinking supplier base.

** Naval readiness is rapidly declining now with no funding for modernization— Investment is key ** ** Eaglen ’12 ** [3 April 2012, MacKenzie Eaglen, Research Fellow for National Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation, Lanterloon,“U.S. military faces a readiness crisis,” [], AZhang]

None of America’s armed forces can meet all of the demands placed on them by AND of U.S. weakness will be greater in the long run.


 * And, expansion of title XI funding ensures increased naval capacity**
 * Goure, 11** [Lexington Institute, Obama Could Create Jobs And Support Defense, Daniel, PhD, [] ]

A less well recognized candidate for increased government investment that would create jobs, improve AND national security. Mr. President, put more money behind the MHI.


 * And, a strong maritime and shipbuilding industry is a vital pre requisite to credible naval capabilities**
 * Alberto, et al., 5** (Lieutenant Colonel Ronald P., U.S. Army, Colonel Michael G. Archuleta, U.S. Air Force, Lieutenant Colonel Steven H. Bills, U.S. Air Force, Commander William A. Bransom, U.S. Navy, Mr. Kenneth Cohen, Department of State, Commander William A. Ebbs, U.S. Navy, George Manjgaladze, Ministry of Defense, Republic of Georgia, Commander Elizabeth B. Myhre, U.S. Navy, Audrea M. Nelson, DA, Robert L. Riddick, Department of Defense, Colonel Christopher M. Ross, U.S. Army, Julia N. Ruhnke, DA, Lieutenant Colonel Gregory M. Ryan, U.S. Marine Corps, Colonel David D. Thompson, U.S. Air Force, Commander Hugh D. Wetherald, U.S. Navy, Dr. Mark Montroll, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Dr. Michael Farbman, USAID, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Captain David B. Hill, U.S. Coast Guard, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, “SHIPBUILDING”, The Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, 2005, [], Deech)

In conclusion, our study found that the tremendous advantage the US enjoys in naval AND skyrocket out of proportion to the value to the nation of the vessel.


 * Naval power key to deter major power war – the large magnitude of the impact demands national attention – outweighs probability**
 * Conway et al 7**** (James T., General, U.S. Marine Corps, Commandant of the Marine Corps, Gary Roughead, Admiral U.S. Navy, Chief of Naval Operations, and Thad W. Allen, Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, Commandant of the Coast Guard, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower”, October 2007, [] )//AMV// **

// Deter major power war. __No other disruption is as potentially disastrous to global stability__// //__AND__// //__and sustain forces, sea control and power projection enable extended campaigns ashore.__//

//**And, causes escalation of every transnational threat – a strong industrial base is a prerequisite to any new ship building plans**// // NLUS, 12 – a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating our citizens about the importance of sea power to U.S. national security and supporting the men and women of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and U.S.-flag Merchant Marine and their families (Navy League of the United States, “Maritime Primacy & Economic Prosperity: Maritime Policy 2012-13”, Navy League of the United States, 1/21/12, [] | AK)//

// Global engagement is critical to the U.S. economy, world trade and // // AND // // an effective fighting force. Taking care of our wounded warriors is fundamental. //

//**Scenario 1 is South China Sea**//

//**US maritime deployment credibility and strength is key to prevent war in the South China Sea – key to force peaceful cooperation**// //**Cronin and Kaplan 12** [Patrick M. Cronin, Senior Advisor and Senior Director of the Asia-Pacific Security Program at the Center for a New American Security, and Robert D. Kaplan, Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, January 2012, “Cooperation from Strength The United States, China and the South China Sea”, Center for New American Security, [], DMintz]//

// There is an ineluctable geostrategic contest at work in the South China Sea, and // // AND // // 2011, is that all countries play by the same set of rules. //

// **Shipbuilding is specifically key to counter China naval rise** // // **Lyons 4/17** ** [ ** 17 April 2012, Admiral James A. Lyons, commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet and senior U.S. military representative to the United Nations, “LYONS: Navy’s shipbuilding deficiencies,” http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/apr/17/navys-shipbuilding-deficiencies/, AZhang] //

// The Navy’s force projection and assured nuclear strategic capability are keys to our retaining U// //AND// // Navy’s future shipbuilding plans provide the most capable force given current fiscal constraints.//

//**The impact is multiple nuclear conflicts**// //**Straits Times 2k** (Ching Cheong, Straits times, July 25 2000, lexis nexis) //

// The high-intensity scenario postulates __a cross-strait war escalating into a full__// //__AND__// //__should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilisation.__//

//**Scenario 2 is Disaster Response**//

//**There is going to be an increase is disaster response operations because of climate change—capabilities are a prerequisite to the US’s ability to respond**// //**Gulledge and Keating 10** [Jay Gulledge,// Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, served on the faculties of Tulane University and the University of Louisville, //Timothy J. Keating,// retired United States Navy admiral of PACOM,// 2010 “Future Naval Operations in Asia and the Pacific” in “Climate and Energy Proceedings 2010”, Johns Hopkins University, page 376-379, [], DMintz] ***All text is from Timoth y J. Keating**


 * Let’s begin by talking about mission capabilities and capacities in the context of what I **
 * AND **
 * allied nations? What kinds of kinetic capabilities do we need to develop? **

Rapid response to disasters and humanitarian emergencies are key to soft power Serafino 08 **[Nina M. Serafino, Specialist in International Security Affairs, December 9, 2008, “The Department of Defense Role in Foreign Assistance: Background, Major Issues, and Options for Congress”, FAS, [], DMintz]**


 * __The__ Department of Defense ( __DOD) has long played a role in U.__**
 * __AND__**
 * capacity to carry out such activities in the absence of appropriate civilian forces. **

Effective multilateralism led by the United States prevents multiple triggers for conflict and destruction Zakaria ‘08** (Fareed, Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University, & editor of Foreign Affairs magazine & Newsweek Internationa & professor of IR and political philosophy at Harvard and Columbia University, “Wanted: A New Grand Strategy”, 12/8/08, [] )

The "Global Trends " report identifies several worrying aspects of the new international order AND reshape the world. This is his moment. He should seize it.

1AC SOLVENCY

 * Contention 3 is Solvency**


 * The federal government is key – port infrastructure is under __federal jurisdiction__ and federal action is vital to __leadership__**
 * AAPA, 11** - AAPA represents 160 of the leading seaport authorities in the United States, Canada, Latin America and the Caribbean and more than 300 sustaining and associate members, firms and individuals with an interest in seaports (American Association of Port Authorities, “The U.S. Government’s Historic Role in Developing and Maintaining Landside and Waterside Connections to Seaports”, March 2011, []

Over time these constitutional responsibilities have been further defined and __our Constitution has formed the__ __AND__ economic vitality, jobs, and global competitiveness, be recognized and prioritized.


 * And the USFG is key - states require the federal government for effective port upgrades because of interstate competition and a failure to share solutions**
 * Puentes 11 – Director of Metropolitan Policy at Brookings** (Robert Puentes, Senior Fellow and director of Metropolitan Policy at Brookings, former director of infrastructure at the intelligent transportation society of America, masters degree in urban planning, May 23, 2011 “Move It: How the U.S. Can Improve Transportation Policy”; [] ; Brookings, Accessed June 19 2012)

The country needs to become more export-oriented for the future health of the AND How does any of this help get us closer to our national goals?


 * Federal expansion of Title XI mitigates congestion and leads to private investment – the plan reverse the only barrier to short sea transportation**
 * Cook, 11** — former General Counsel of the Maritime Administration, Counsel to Seward and Kissel LLP (H. Clayton, “Dead in the Water”, Maritime Executive, 7/8/2012, [], Deech)
 * Note: SST = short sea transportation, CCF = capital construction fund

For more than a decade, Europe and the U.S. have witnessed AND is being purchased by the vessel owner and included as a transaction cost.

=NEG=

Past 2NR's

 * T- Maintenance **


 * T- Investment **


 * Elections DA **


 * LNG Turns on Ports**