Alex+Dano+and+Arjun+Dasari

toc =1AC - ISS=

Space War Advantage
Another potential positive payback stemming from cooperating with Chinawould be greater US insight into AND . 208 //It is in Washington’s interest not to make this happen// !e
 * Status quo Chinese exclusion from US space programs ensures the formation of adversarial blocs that challenge American space use**
 * Aliberti 15** [Marco, Resident Fellow at the European Space Policy Institute (ESPI), SIOI/ASI/CNR-ISGI Master on Space Policy and Institutions, Rome, master’s degree in International Relations of Asia and Africa, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Naples, //When China Goes To The Moon…//, Studies in Space Policy, Volume 11, edited by the European Space Policy Institute, Springer International Publishing: Switzerland, 2015, p. 234-235]

Zhang 11 [Baohui Zhang is Associate Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for Asia Pacific Studies at Lingnan University, Hong Kong. He wishes to thank an anonymous reviewer for the helpful comments that contributed to the revision of this article, “The Security Dilemma in the U.S.-China Military Space Relationship” accessed by means of JSTOR] In both cases, __Chinese security experts believe__ that __the U.S. seeks__ __AND__ not be able to use outer space for military or other purposes.”20
 * That escalates to war --- miscommunication and security dilemmas**

Gallagher 15 [Nancy, interim director of the Center for International and Security Studies in Maryland, previous Executive Director of the Clinton Administration’s CTBT Treaty Committee, an arms control specialist at the State Dept., and a faculty member at Wesleyan, “Antisatellite warfare without nuclear risk: A mirage,” May 29, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, []] In recent decades, however, as space-based recon naissance, communication, and AND scenarios that are used to justify the development and use of antisatellite weapons.
 * Goes nuclear – ASATs destroy the rules of modern warfighting**

The High Cost of a War in Space: Increased competition in space is AND //salvo in a nuclear attack, driving the threat of a wider conflagration//.
 * Space war the most likely theater for nuclear conflict**
 * Lamrani 16** [Omar, geopolitical and security analyst for Stratfor, National Interest, “What the U.S. Military Fears Most: A Massive Space War,” May 18, 2016, []]

Zhang 11 [Baohui Zhang is Associate Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for Asia Pacific Studies at Lingnan University, Hong Kong. He wishes to thank an anonymous reviewer for the helpful comments that contributed to the revision of this article, “The Security Dilemma in the U.S.-China Military Space Relationship” accessed by means of JSTOR] In the context of the changing strategic landscape between China and the U.S AND consistently. __The effort would be very useful in alleviating the security dilemma.”__
 * Broader space cooperation and high-level dialogues are needed to resolve the mistrust and miscommunication at the heart of space security dilemmas**

On January 11, 2007, China successfully executed a direct-ascent an ti- AND 90 Maintaining a healthy relationship between these two countries has positive global impacts.
 * ISS cooperation is k ey --- deters further ASAT testing and solves global stability**
 * Ressler 9** [Aaron R. Ressler, Major, United States Air Force, A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, “Advancing Sino-U.S. Space Cooperation”, April 2009]

Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Fall, 2007, 72 J. Air AND //diplomatic shield to complement the military armor upon which the nation currently relies//.
 * Diplomatic engagement is crucial --- rebuilding trust in the space domain can solve the ASAT usage**
 * Walsh 7** [Frank M. Walsh, J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, 2007, Southern Methodist University Dedman School of Law, “Forging a diplomatic shield for American satellites: The case for reevaluating the 2006 National Space Policy in light of a Chinese anti-satellite system,”

Space Exploration Advantage
NASA Administrator harles Bolden says a manned mission to Mars //will happen in the 2030s// AND //toward a common goal, the better off we’ll be// ," Bolden said.
 * US-China space cooperation is key to Mars exploration—international support needed**
 * IBT** **15**, (International Business Times, Future Space Policy Is Built On International Cooperation: NASA Administrator Charles Bolden, [], 11/16/15)

Skran 16 (Dale, the Chair of the NSS Policy Committee as well as NSS Executive Vice-President, 2-1-2016, "The Space Review: Settling space is the only sustainable reason for humans to be in space," The space review, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2915/1)//CF -This card is killer and answers the neo-lib arg most neg teams AND view the Earth as a closed system to which nothing can be added.
 * We need to colonize space now and it is possible**

“To the frontier the American intellect owes its striking characteristics,” Turner said AND //a positive future for terrestrial humanity// for the next several centuries.
 * Mars colonization is key prevent extinction—key to support progress and innovation**
 * Zubrin 96,** (Robert Zubrin is an American aerospace engineer and author, known for his advocacy of Mars colonization, The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must, pg. 193-194 pdf version,1996)

Ben Austen 11, citing the Lifeboat Foundation and the Alliance to Rescue Civilization, contributing editor of Harper’s Magazine, “After Earth: Why, Where, How, and When We Might Leave Our Home Planet,” popular science, http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-02/after-earth-why-where-how-and-when-we-might-leave-our-home-planet?page=3 __Earth won’t always be fit for occupation__. We know that in two billion years AND will be more human beings who live off the Earth than on it.
 * Try-or-die for space exploration**


 * Independently, US-China space coop is key to solve climate change – 2 internal links:**

With a likely gap in critical weather satellite coverage beginning in 2016, the National AND do in the event that it experiences a partial loss of its fleet.
 * Satellite cooperation and data sharing**
 * Freedman 13** [Andrew, “NOAA Criticized for Likely Satellite Gap and China Option,” September 23, 2013, []]

Far-sighted Team Combined Fusion Power and Mining the Moon: The Chinese AND have to believe things would be worse if we weren't partners in ISS."
 * Lunar mining – US-China cooperation in space allows joint helium-3 mining --- combining Chinese technical expertise and American experience is key**
 * Kulcinski 14** [Team preparing material for Gerry Kulcinski, Associate Dean for Research for the College of Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, “Partnering for Fusion Power and Mining the Moon,” Lyndon Larouche PAC, August 13, 2014, http://archive.larouchepac.com/node/31539]

Impact of fossil fuels __Earth's energy needs are currently met, primarily, by__ __AND__ //many presidential administrations and congresses, and costing tens of billions of dollars//**.**
 * Reliance on fossil fuels causes dangerous pollution and international conflict --- mining lunar resources solves**
 * Whittington 4** [Mark R., space policy analyst and author of Children of Apollo, USA Today, “World's next energy source may be just a moon away,” December 8, 2004, []]

Klein 2014 - Puffin Foundation Writing Fellow at The Nation Institute and a former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics
 * Warming causes extinction – action now prevents the planet from becoming uninhabitable**

Naomi, //This Changes Everything,// p 16-21 The assertion that we have been held back by a lack of technological solutions is AND climate crisis: we either change now or we lose our chance.29

In October 2014, China’s Chang’e 5-T1 lunar probe, known as Xiaofei AND India, Japan, and the U.S. over recent years.
 * Independently, Helium-3 exploration solves fusion research and global resource shortages**
 * Mortier and Finnis 15** [Jan Mortier is the Chairman of the Civitatis Forum for the Ambassadors to the Court of St. James’s, Benjamin Finnis is Executive Assistant to the Chairman of the Civitatis Forum. The authors would like to thank Mr. Daniel Sowik for his assistance with some of the calculations for this article, “China Leads Race to the Moon,” The Diplomat, Jan 7, 2015]

Resources and Other Benefits: __Since we live in a world of finite resources and__ __AND__ __of exploration.__ The first step is a sustainable permanent human lunar settlement.
 * Cooperative Helium-3 mining solves resource conflict and prevents extinction**
 * Garan 10** [Ron, astronaut, 3/30/10, Speech published in an article by Nancy Atkinson, “The Importance of Returning to the Moon,” []]

plan

 * The United States federal government should offer to support the Chinese National Space Administration’s inclusion as a partner on the International Space Station and an extension of ISS operations beyond 2024, remove space technology from the list of munitions items regulated by the US International Traffic in Arms Regulation framework, repeal the Wolf Amendment, and pledge non-interference with Chinese space assets, in exchange for the People’s Republic of China’s coordination of the Chinese Space Station with the ISS, expansion of data exchange pertaining to space technology operational information, and a pledge of non-interference with U.S. space assets.**

solvency
Hitchens & Chen 8 – Theresa Hitchens - president of the Center for Defense Information in Washington, and David Chen - Director of the Center for Defense Information (June, “Forging a Sino-US ‘grand bargain’ in space,” Science Direct, www.elsevier.com/locate/spacepol) First, in the matter of dissuasion, many analysts have pointed out that anti AND since US export law extends to all space systems that use US parts.
 * China will cooperate – the CCP fears losing control and the Chinese want to ban weapons**

DFAIT 8 (5/24, Department of Foreign Affiars and International Trade: Canada, “The Non-Weaponization of Outer-Space,” http://www.international.gc.ca/arms-armes/isrop-prisi/research-recherche/space-espace/stojak2002/section4.aspx?lang=enlang=en) __The most recent proposal for __ a new agreement on __preventing an arms race in __ outer __AND __ or even __Impossible to conceal an attack by any space object on another. __
 * Verification measures mean opaque weaponization from IP theft and espionage is impossible – CBMS, consultations, clarification, and dispute resolution processes prove – we know if they’d weaponized and they have no incentive to do so**

Given existing mistrust, the key to future success may be to focus on //project// //AND// ) continued Asian progress toward nuclear arms reduction and support for nonproliferation measures.
 * The plan’s project-specific cooperation is crucial --- ITAR reform, ISS-CSS cooperation, and bilateral non-interference pledges lay the groundwork for normalizing US-China space relations and international burden-sharing**
 * Moltz 11** [James Clay Moltz, ssociate director and research professor at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, professor at the Naval Postgraduate School, “China and Regional Cooperation and Institution-Building in East Asia (III): China, the United States, and Prospects for Asian Space Cooperation,” //Journal of Contemporary China//, Volume 20, Issue 68, 2011]

3. The Potential for a Second Space Race and Chinese Space Policy Making in AND more affordable and attainable. //Without such cooperation, history could repeat itself//.
 * Deep partnership key --- grand bargain crucial to leveraging influence on opaque Chinese space programs --- China threat debates are irrelevant, the only way to know and influence internal Chinese policy is deep engagement**
 * Shackelford 14** [Scott J. Shackelford, Assistant Professor of Business Law and Ethics, “Governing the Final Frontier: A Polycentric Approach to Managing Space Weaponization and Debris,” American Business Law Journal, 51 Am. Bus. L.J. 429, Summer 2014, lexis]

//China is open to space cooperation with all nations including the United////States//, the AND to mark the launch of China's first satellite on April 24, 1970.
 * China says yes**
 * Space Daily 4/26/16** – From the Xinhua News Agency - central news service-oriented website, an important information organ of the central government, and an important platform for building up China's online international communication capacity. (“China open to Sino-US space cooperation”, April 26, 2016, http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/China_open_to_Sino_US_space_cooperation_999.html//dmeth)

During the International Astronautical Congress (IAC) last October in Jerusalem, there has AND stations, the ISS and the CSS, and more in the future.
 * Joint CSS and ISS cooperation fosters bilateral dialogue and reduces tensions**
 * Lan 16** – analyst, thespacereview.com (Chen, “One track, two stations: A proposal for cooperation on the ISS and the Chinese Space Station”, The Space Review, March 14, 2016, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2944/1//dmeth)

models of jurisdiction and selected legal issues,” //Space Policy// 36 //(//2016) 28 AND participating in the last decade of the lifespan of the ISS [54].
 * China’s only objections to the ISS are that its operational life is too short and that the US would maintain too much control over Chinese activities – that’s why the plan expands its shelf life and deepens genuine cooperation and trust with China**
 * Jie 16** [Jie Long, Faculty of Law, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, “China's space station project and international cooperation: Potential

=NEG=

Neg vs. SSA
1NC: Xi Bad, T QPQ, Consult CP, Appeasement DA

2NR: T QPQ, Consult CP

Neg vs. Taiwan
1NC: T QPQ, Pan K, Power Projection, Allied Prolif, Elections

2NR: Elections

Neg vs. ISS
1NC: Xi Bad, T QPQ, Consult CP, Appeasement DA

2NR: Consult CP

Neg vs. AIIB
1NC: Elections, Xi Bad, T QPQ, Consult CP

2NR: Consult CP

Neg vs. Taiwan
1NC: Allied Prolif, Elections, Appeasement, T Military

2NC: Elections