ACHM+BFJR+Marcus+Jain

Questions? Aff: sidvjain@gmail.com Neg: michaelmarcusdb8@gmail.com =1ac=

Cuban embargo makes effective diplomacy impossible.
Ayuso 12 (Silvia, “ANALYSIS: Lifting Cuba's embargo, a domestic taboo for the US,” 2/5/12, [|http://news.monstersandcritics.com/americas/news/article_1689059.php/ANALYSIS-Lifting-Cuba-s-embargo-a-domestic-taboo-for-the-US)//SJF] **Thale = director at the Washington Office on Latin America**

Still, even those... beyond the Americas.

Unilateralism is unsustainable – multilateralism increases __burden sharing__ that sustains primacy

 * Jones, 11** – Professor of European Studies at the SAIS Bologna Center and Director of the Bologna Institute for Policy Research (Erik, “Power, Leadership and US Foreign Policy,” The International Spectator, Vol. 46, No. 3, September 2011, 13–23 http://www.jhubc.it/facultypages/ejones/International_Spectator_2011.pdf

Throwing money at ... __go it alone__.

US leadership is unsustainable without a highly visible commitment to multilateralism

 * Lake 10 **(Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego, David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, [|http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG]

The safeguarding of ... new world order.

The alternative to multilateralism is unilateral militarism – the plan establishes a model for hemispheric diplomacy that sustains US leadership
Grandin 10  (teaches history at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Greg, “Empire's Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin

Washington’s relations with ...  quicken the U.S.’s fall.

The plan is a powerful symbol of that commitment

 * Burgsdorff 9 **(Ph. D in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, [|http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf)//NG]

6.3 How would the ... // towards effective multilateralism. //

The plan creates a credible model for multilateral conflict resolution

 * Dickerson** 10 (Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA,” 1/14/10, [|http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf)//SJF]

At the international ...  years to come.

It spills over throughout Latin America and globally
Doherty 8 – deputy director of the National Security Studies Program and director of the Smart Strategy Initiative (Patrick C, “An Obama Policy for Cuba,” 12/12/8, http://newamerica.net/node/8668)//SJF
 * -US-Cuba policy is the best way to boost multilat because it is a major black spot on our reputation.**

With his national ... hemisphere's many challenges.

Multilat leads to global coop and power sharing – solves war
Pouliot 11 <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">— <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Professor of Political Science at McGill University (Vincent Pouliot, “Multilateralism as an End in Itself,” __International Studies Perspectives__ (2011) 12, 18–26)//NG

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;">Because it rests ... for multilateral dialog. Pg. 21-23

This diplomatic approach prevents conflict escalation.

 * Wright 10****–**Executive director of studies at The Chicago Council on Global Affairs (Thomas, "Strategic Engagement’s Track Record," The Washington Quarterly)//NG

The obstacles to ... ‘legitimate’ international orders.

Unilateral hegemony doesn’t solve war.

 * Preble 10** – director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute (Christopher, “U.S. Military Power: Preeminence for What Purpose?” August 2010, [])

__Most in Washington ...__ __up the tab__.

Multilat allows for access to space resources
Masciulli 11 — Professor of Political Science at St Thomas University (Joseph, “The Governance Challenge for Global Political and Technoscientific Leaders in an Era of Globalization and Globalizing Technologies,” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society February 2011 vol. 31 no. 1 pg. 3-5)
 * //-The only way for humanity to survive is to go and colonize space. The only way to do that is through multilateral institutions.//**

In this dangerous...longer term agendas.

That’s key to human survival
Garan 10 – Astronaut (Ron, 3/30/10, Speech published in an article by Nancy Atkinson, “The Importance of Returning to the Moon,” http://www.universetoday.com/61256/astronaut-explains-why-we-should-return-to-the-moon/)

Resources and Other ... permanent human lunar settlement.

Independently, the plan is key to energy cooperation—that solves narcotrafficking

 * Benjamin 10** – (Jonathan Benjamin-Alvadaro, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, 2010, Brookings Institution book, “Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation” Conclusion and Recommendations)//KY

__Oil exploration__ is ... neighbors, and beyond.

That results in WMD terrorism on the U.S.

 * Anderson, 08 ** (10/8/2008, Curt, AP, “US officials fear terrorist links with drug lords,” [])

MIAMI — __There is real ...__ to come together."

Nuclear weapons are easy to use – makes nuclear terrorism most likely scenario for mass destruction

 * TRAC, 13** – Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium (“Nuclear Terrorism,” [|http://www.trackingterrorism.org/article/nuclear-terrorism)//SY]


 * __With the advent ...__** **__civil and military.__**

Plan creates framework for global environment protection.

 * Conell, 9**-Research Associate at COHA (Christina, “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be an Environmental Duo?”, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 6/12/09, [|http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo/)//TL]

•Cuba’s abundant ... environmental protection practices.

Environmental collapse risks extinction
Ehrlich & Ehrlich 13 – Professor of Biology & Senior Research Scientist in Biology @ Stanford University (Paul R. Ehrlich (President of the Center for Conservation Biology @ Stanford University) & Anne H. Ehrlich, “Can a collapse of global civilization be avoided?,” Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences, Proc. R. Soc. B 2013 280, published online 9 January 2013)//HA
 * //-Loss of biodiversity causes a cascading effect that could lead to a loss of ecosystem essential for human survival. Resource wars will break out especially as our population grows.//**

Virtually every past ... people would disappear. pg. 1-2

Multilat solves transition wars
He, 10 —Professor of Political Science at Utah State University(Kai He, “The hegemon’s choice between power and security: explaining US policy toward Asia after the Cold War,” __Review of International Studies__ (2010), 36, pg. 1121–1143)//NG


 * // - Multilat is essential to facilitate the soft-landing of declining US heg and to maximize our security. We will become willing to pay the lock-in price of multilateral institutions in order to constraint other states.//**

When US policymakers ... anarchic, multipolar world. Pg. 1141-1143

US leadership prevents global conflict—retrenchment causes multiple great power wars

 * Brooks et al 13** [Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,@http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107, GDI File]


 * //-Studies prove US leadership is essential to maintain security in the world’s key regions and prevent great power wars.//**

A core premise... __great power war__ ).

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Any step short of unconditional removal won’t create the same symbol of multilateralism
Vivanco 6 (LLM from Harvard Law School, Americas director of Humans Rights Watch, Jose Miguel, “Restraint, not force, will bring change to Cuba”, humans rights watch, 12/22/06, [], google scholar)//KW

This reluctance would... it in power ?

Cuba wants the plan
<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Lee & Sweig 12 http://www.cfr.org/cuba/frozen-us-cuba-relationship/p27510 The Frozen U.S.-Cuba Relationship Interviewee: Julia E. Sweig, Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies and Director for Latin America Studies, Council on Foreign Relations Interviewer: Brianna Lee, Production Editor, CFR.org February 28, 2012//JH

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">"Brazil is clearl... <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> __taken by Cuba.__

Only removing embargo solves

 * Hinderdael 2011-** M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, B.A in History and Economics from University of Virginia (Klaas, “Breaking the Logjam: Obama's Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership”, 6/11/11, [], google scholar)//KW

As Cuba has ... for American security

Extinction outweighs
<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Bostrom 12 <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> (Professor of Philosophy at Oxford, Nick, directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, “We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction”, [|http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/)//BB]

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 6pt;">Bostrom, who directs ... under ordinary standards.

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">US influence inevitable
Valencia, 7/10 – foreign affairs analyst and is a contributing writer for the World Policy Institute and Global Voices Online. (Robert, "US and China: The Fight for Latin America," Stratrisk, 7-10-13, http://stratrisks.com/geostrat/13916)//SMS //-US hasn’t lost any influence in Latin America and isn’t likely to. It is the region’s top trade partner and has signed trade agreements with many countries.//

The U nited S tates ... in Latin America.

All their links are non-unique
<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Holmes 10 <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">B.A. from Georgetown, Master’s Thesis (Michael G., June 21, 2010, “Seizing the Moment”, https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553334/holmesMichael.pdf?sequence=1, pg. 71-73)//NG

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">It is a ... <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> than 60 percent.

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">Cuba isn’t zero sum
Hearn 9 – Adrian is a research fellow at the School of Social and Political Sciences, the University of Sydney, (“Cuba and China: Lessons and Opportunities for the United States”, June 2009, http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/cuba-china-hearn.pdf)//sawyer

__For the United ...__ not merely firm.”

Now is key to spur attitudinal change in Cuba

 * Castor 13** – U.S. Representative for Florida's 14th congressional district, serving in Congress (Kathy, “WHAT I LEARNED IN CUBA,” Tampa Bay, 5/19/13, Lexis)//Bwang

__The flight from...____could be enormous.__