Bree+&+Jefferey


 * 1AC Inherency**

__The White House on Thursday put Port Miami’s long-awaited dredging project on a list of fast-tracked…__//expediting all remaining federal reviews//__.”__
 * Obama has expedited approval for projects, but not allocated funds – aff is still inherent, but you don’t have any DA’s.**
 * Morgan and Rabin 7/19** – Miami Herald reporter, environment reporter (Curtis and Charles, “White House Speeds Up Permits, Offers No New Cash For PortMiami Dredge Project”, The Miami Herald, July 21 2012, [] )


 * Contention 1 – seaport competitiveness**


 * The Panama Canal expansion will fundamentally change seaborne commerce – US ports require __new harbor deepening__ or they won’t be able to compete for post-Panamax ships**
 * Bridges 2011 –**Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority (Jerry A., “Testimony of Jerry A. Bridges Chairman of the Board of the American Association of Port Authorities and Executive Director of Virginia Port Authority before the United States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee Hearing: the Economic importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?”, October 26, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Bridges.pdf)//MM]

Since the birth of our nation,… We cannot wait.

With increasingly larger ships calling the East Coast….projects is // fundamentally broken //.
 * Federal regulations __prevent__ other actors from solving – only federal action to streamline the process and increase funding solves**
 * Anderson, 11** –Chief Executive Officer of the Jacksonville Port Authority (JAXPORT) (A. Paul, “testimony of A. Paul Anderson Chief Executive Officer of the Jacksonville Port Authority (JAXPORT) for the Record of the united States House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Subcommittee on Water Resources and the Environment Hearing: “The Economic Importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?””, October 26, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Anderson.pdf)//MM]

Seaport competitiveness is the vital internal link to US economic growth – seaports represent a quarter of US GDP and contribute __over 3 trillion__ to the economy

 * Nagle, 11** --- president and chief executive officer of the American Association of Port Authorities (December 2011, Kurt, Industry Today, “Association: American Association of Port Authorities; Port-Related Infrastructure Investments Can Reap Dividends,” vol. 14, no. 3, http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view.asp?ArticleID=F370)

It seems the United States willingly allows … navigation channels.

International economic imbalance leads to multipolarity and great power war
Khalilzad 20 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 (“The Economy and National Security,” National Review, February 8th, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011) Today, economic and fiscal trends pose //the most severe long-term threat…////a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity//.


 * Strong US growth is key to promoting an American economic model – the alternative is mercantilism, which destroys economic cooperation and risks protectionism**
 * Posen 9** – Deputy director and senior fellow of the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Adam, “Economic leadership beyond the crisis,” http://clients.squareeye.com/uploads/foresight/documents/PN%20USA_FINAL_LR_1.pdf)

In the postwar period, US power and prestige… If the US is to rise to the challenge, it should concentrate on the following priority measures.

Protectionism will cause terrorism and global wars – risks extinction
Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the U nited S tates and other nations to spew … Many will interpret stepped-up conflicts between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.
 * Panzner 8** – faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” p. 136-138)

[Michael, The Case for Goliath: How America Acts As the World’s Government in the Twenty-First Century, p. 192-195]
 * Economic leadership prevents economic collapse—leadership key to resilience**
 * Mandelbaum**, **5** – Professor and Director of the American Foreign Policy Program at Johns Hopkins – 2005

Although the spread of nuclear weapons, with the corresponding increase in the likelihood that a nuclear shot would be fired in anger somewhere in the world, counted as the most serious potential consequence of the abandonment by the United States of its role as the world's government, it was not the only one… __world without the United States would in this way resemble a fleet of cars without gasoline.__


 * Expanding port infrastructure is vital to US global economic leadership**
 * Kiefer et al, 2k** – principal investigator for Planning and Management Consultants– study authorized by Section 401 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1999, report to the US Army Corps of Engineers (Jack, Planning and Management Consultants, “The National Dredging Needs Study of Ports and Harbors Implications to Cost-Sharing of Federal Deep Draft Navigation Projects Due to Changes in the Maritime Industry”, May 2000, []) // CB

Indirect benefits of Corps projects include gains associated with international trade.Historical expenditures for harbor improvements … Lastly, it is important to stress that the economic benefits of international trade are widespread and are not limited to a handful of coastal states. [Michael, The Case for Goliath: How America Acts As the World’s Government in the Twenty-First Century, p. 224]
 * That goes nuclear without leadership**
 * Mandelbaum, 5** – Professor and Director of the American Foreign Policy Program at Johns Hopkins – 2005

At best, an American withdrawal would bring with it some of the political anxiety typical during the Cold War… __and because of the presence, in large numbers, of nuclear weapons__.

The Panama Canal expansion means the US will try to export liquid natural gas to Europe

 * __Eaton, 2012__** – reporter for the Houston Business Journal (Collin, “Economists differ on Panama Canal expansion's impact “, Houston Business Journal, May 29 2012, []) // MGD

Economists at a recent forum disagreed about the potential impact of the Panama Canal expansion set for 2014… __said the //expansion will boost trade,//__ but it won’t necessarily be a game-changer.

This requires increasing US harbor deepening to be successful

 * Ebinger et al. 12** -- Task Force Co-Chair of Brookings Institution Natural Gas Task Force("Evaluating the Prospects for Increased Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas from the United States", January, p. 15, Brookings, www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/natural%20gas%20ebinger/natural_gas_ebinger_2.pdf)//GP

Shipping Capacity The successful export of LNG will depend upon … resulting in a dramatic decline in shipping costs to Asia

Expanding US LNG exports is vital to ending European gas dependence on Russia

 * Hulbert, 5/26 ** – a Lead Analyst at European Energy Review and consultant to a number of governments, most recently as Senior Research Fellow, Netherlands Institute for International Relations (Clingendael), was previously Senior Research Fellow at ETH Zurich working on energy and political risk. He started work in the City of London, advising on energy markets and political risk, as Senior Energy Analyst at Datamonitor for leading global utilities, and headed up the Global Issues Desk at Control Risks Group, specializing in political risk, geopolitics and security analysis for multinational companies, governments and institutional investors. He was also seconded to work in Washington, D.C., to enhance CRG's political risk offerings in North America. (Matthew, “Why American Natural Gas Will Change The World”, Forbes, **5/26/12**, []

__Europe will watch the debate with considerable interest__ – __not just because the likes of BG Group have a… end up importing more US LNG by 2020 than it manages to frack in its own backyard.__

Russia’s monopoly on natural gas threatens Eurasian security and pro-democracy efforts

 * Baran, 7 -** senior fellow and director of the Center for Eurasian Policy at the Hudson Institute in Washington, D.C. **(**Zenyo, “ EU Energy Security: Time to End Russian Leverage,” THE WASHINGTON QUARTERLY AUTUMN 2007, [])

__The lack of reliable and sustainable European access to energy represents a **clear threat** to… of terrorism, extremism, and drug trafﬁcking in Central Asia and the Caucasus would increase.__

That Causes Eurasian instability

 * Asmus, 8** - Executive Director of the Transatlantic Center at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, in Brussels, From 1997 to 2000, he served as U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs (Ronald, “ Europe's Eastern Promise; Rethinking NATO and EU Enlargement,” Foreign Affairs. New York: Jan/Feb 2008. [])

IN THE early 1990S, after the Iron Curtain lifted,… **__And a world in which the democratic West is ascendant would be very different from one in which an autocratic, nationalist Russia is on the rise.__**

That results in Nuclear War

 * Mcdermott 11** - specializes in Russian and Central Asian defense and security issues and is a Senior Fellow in Eurasian Military Studies, The Jamestown Foundation, Washington DC, Senior International Research Fellow for the Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO), Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and Affiliated Senior Analyst, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen. McDermott is on the editorial board of Central Asia and the Caucasus and the scientific board of the Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies. He recently wrote The Reform of Russia’s Conventional Armed Forces: Problems, Challenges and Policy Implications (Roger, “General Makarov Highlights the “Risk” of Nuclear Conflict”, 12/6/11, The Jamestown Foundation, [])//GP

In the current election season the __Russian__ media… __therefore **a much tougher bone** than the old dogs of the Cold War would wish **to chew** on.__

Central Asia is a geopolitical hub –means escalation is guaranteed
(Arun and Vinod, “Strategic Environment in Central Asia and India”, [])//GP
 * Sahgal and Anand 10 - *** former Army officer who created the Office of Net Assessment in the Indian Joint Staff, Senior Fellow at the Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses and ‘Distinguished Fellow’ School of Geo-Politics at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education, **

The geo-strategic salience of Central Asia today has been underscored by two main factors… __The weaknesses of the new nations in Central Asia pave **the way for outside powers to interfere in their internal affairs**__


 * Contention 4 – solvency**


 * The federal government is key – port infrastructure is under __federal jurisdiction__ and federal action is vital to __leadership__ **
 * AAPA, 11** - AAPA represents 160 of the leading seaport authorities in the United States, Canada, Latin America and the Caribbean and more than 300 sustaining and associate members, firms and individuals with an interest in seaports (American Association of Port Authorities, “The U.S. Government’s Historic Role in Developing and Maintaining Landside and Waterside Connections to Seaports”, March 2011, []

Over time these constitutional responsibilities have been further defined and __our Constitution…__ vitality, jobs, and global competitiveness, be recognized and prioritized.


 * Federal leadership is vital to expediting new projects and coordinating federal agencies – it creates faster infrastructure development**
 * Woodley Jr. 8**— Chairman – PIANC (Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses) USA (John Paul, “Dredging key to keeping nation’s economy afloat”, Seaports Magazine, [], Summer) EL

Like many nations, __the United States will be challenged over the next decade to be able to… we will do our part to keep America’s economy strong for generations to come.__

The plan will allow the US to double exports in the next 5 years

 * USA Today 11** – news agency (Larry Copeland, “A goal to be port of call for all; U.S. sites digging in to accommodate big ships,” USA Today, October 3, 2011, lexis)//CB

__Even more critically, as the USA seeks to double exports in the next five years… This will keep us very competitive."__

Squo fails: competitiveness

 * US port infrastructure is deteriorating and competitiveness is collapsing rapidly without greater federal spending**
 * Nagle, 11** – President and CEO, American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA) ( Kurt, "An Earthquake? Save the Golden Goose!", National Journal’s Transportation Experts Blog, 8/29/11, [|http://transportation.nationaljournal.com/2011/08/whats-it-going-to-take-an-eart.php#2056685])//GP

Politicians on opposite sides of the aisle in Washington… when we see it and not wait for another earthquake to make us look for them.

Competitors investing heavily in maritime infrastructure now
IWR 6/20 – Institute for Water Resources (“U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Modernization: Preparing for Post-Panamax Vessels”, Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 20, 2012, []

Competition from Other North American Ports… These investments would improve the competitive position of Brazil as an ore and soybean exporter and Colombia as a coal exporter.

Federal funding key to competitiveness, squo can’t solve
Benjamin 2011 ** – ** Executive Director Port of Oakland and as President of the California Association of Port Authorities (Omar R., “Testimony of Omar R. Benjamin Executive Director Port of Oakland before the House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee Hearing: “Economic importance of Seaports: Is the United States Prepared for 21st Century Trade Realities?”, October 26, 2011, [| http://republicans.transportation.house.gov/Media/file/TestimonyWater/2011-10-26%20Benjamin.pdf)//MM]

Now that the deepening has occurred … infrastructure so we can bring back jobs, increase trade and support a full economic recovery for our nation.

First, coordinated and adequate funding requires federal action on port dredging.

 * Calhoun, 11 ** – President of Cargo Carriers (Cargill) and Chairman of Waterways Council, Inc (Rick, “DREDGING FOR PROSPERITY”, Marine Log, 8/2011, ProQuest, [] ”) // EK

At press time, the debate over raising our nation's debt ceiling, cutting taxes, and seeking solutions to our economic hardships rages on in Washington, D.C… __ As our nation continues to struggle to return to economic prosperity, we __ simply __ cannot ignore the necessity of our ports and waterways in keeping America strong __ and keep her moving.

USACE regulation and permits require federal oversight.

 * IWR 6/20** – Institute for Water Resources (“U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Modernization: Preparing for Post-Panamax Vessels”, Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 20, 2012, []


 * __Regardless of the Federal government’s role in funding… then USACE would need to provide permits for any proposed action.__** ¶

Contention 5 is pre-empts
The Post and Courier, 12/14 —The Post and Courier editorial staff (“Another dredging cheerleader?”, 14 Dec 2011, Proquest, []
 * Obama doesn’t push the plan—Lahood **

Georgia's deepening project for the Savannah… We'll figure out how to get the federal dollars to make this project happen. It has to happen ."

The federal government has exclusive jurisdiction over the plan- It is in the Constitution
Sherman 2 – Director of Research and Information Services American Association of Port Authorities (Rexford, “Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada”, American Association of Port Authorities, []

// The U.S. Constitution does grant the federal government exclusive jurisdiction over the navigable waters //// … //// particularly those pertaining to foreign and interstate commerce //


 * Maintenance dredging is distinct from dredging to increase channel depths **
 * Allen, 12 ** - Judson Falknor Professor of Law, University of Washington; Visiting Professor, Yale Law School and Distinguished Visiting Professor of Maritime Studies, U.S. Coast Guard Academy (Craig, “ Future Ports Scenarios for 21ST Century Port Strategic Planning”, JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION LAW, LOGISTICS & POLICY, [] )//DH

Maintenance” dredging… or length beyond the original project dimensions.


 * No prior questions – focus on critical theory makes it impossible for the world to act, turns their K **
 * Owen, 2002, Professor of Social & Political Philosophy ** [David, Deputy Director, Centre for Philosophy and Value at Univ. of Southampton; PhD from Durham University. “Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning”, Millennium, vol. 31 (No. 3) 2002, 653- 73. http://mil.sagepub.com/content/31/3/653Accessed 7/22/11//]

Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘[a] frenzy for words like “epistemology” and “ontology” often signals this philosophical turn’, although he goes on to comment that these terms are often used loosely.4 However, loosely deployed or not… __ This __ image __ feeds back into IR exacerbating the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises. __


 * No impact to container shortages – don’t affect trade and exports **
 * Tarnef, 10 ** – Chubb Marine Underwriters, AVP at Chubb Insurance (Barry, “Container Shortage”, July 2010, [], page 1-2) // EK

While the reports on this topic have been consistent over the past days, some freight… allow you to identify defects and damages that need repair or require the container to be replaced.

Dawers 7/19 - JULY 19, 2012 1:44 AM by [|BILL DAWERS] -Savannah Morning News ( [] ) MK
 * Executive order doesn’t guarantee faster approval or funding **

We were already expecting the final approval this fall of the dredging of the Savannah Harbor to 47 feet…. __ guarantee federal funding ____ or a faster approval process __ than had been previously promised.


 * Status quo solve congestion and bottlenecks **
 * Dredging Today 7-2-12 ** (America’s Seaports Recognized in MAP-21 Surface Transportation Bill Reauthorization []

Among the provisions in the bill of most interest to ports and the freight community is establishment __ of a National… AAPA has supported this program since its incepti __