Nick+&+Ryan

to get cites: sreckhaus@mcdonogh.org
 * HMU **

Contention one is rare earth minerals
 * Possible Affs **
 * Ocean Drones (AUVs) **
 * REMs **

REMs depleting now—AUVs accesses new supplies which are key for the aerospace industry and high tech manufacturing and allow us to beat out China Green 14 – Senior Editor-in-Chief at Robotics BusinessReview(Tom, 5-12-14, Robotics Business Review, “Deep Sea Dive for Rare Earth Elements”, http://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/article/deep_sea_dive_for_rare_earth_elements) After a year of falling prices and depleting customer inventories, buyers of Rare Earth AND with subsea robot mining tools built by technology partners like Soil Machine Dynamics. Autonomous underwater vehicles key to inexpensive detection of mineral deposits AND new technology means surveys can be done quickly and accurately Wiltshire 10 – Specialist at Ocean and Resources Engineering [J. C., "MINERAL EXTRACTION, AUTHIGENIC MINERALS." //Marine Policy & Economics: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences//(2010): 274., Google Books, [|http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dqzXwFsOFMcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA274&dq=(%22Rare+Earth+Elements%22+OR+%22rare+earth+minerals%22)+AND+(%22autonomous+underwater+vehicles%22+OR+%22Autonomous+Benthic+Explorer%22)&ots=PIzchVTPjs&sig=C1I_dhR2fdZIW6VUSsl3m8t-n44#v=onepage&q&f=false], pg 276] The first step in minerals development is to find an economic mine site. This AND model to determine whether it is economically profitable to mine a given deposit. China REM monopoly prevents US high tech manufacturing and causes all future development to offshore – US action is key now to win the race and cause reshoring Hannis 12 – Senior fellow in defense studies at the American Foreign Policy Council (Eric, 11-20-12, US News, “Are We Losing the Race for Rare Earths?”, [] ) The United States, like most of the industrialized world, is currently engaged in AND alternative that will allow them a way out of the China relocation trap. And that’s key to hegemony— First, REM independence is key to weapons development and preserving hegemony Hannis 12 - Senior fellow in defense studies at the American Foreign Policy Council (Eric, 11-20-12, US News, “Are We Losing the Race for Rare Earths?”, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2012/11/20/the-us-needs-rare-earth-independence-from-china) This race is also important for defense reasons: A reliable domestic source of rare AND // that supplies much of our oil: Neither are getting friendlier to America. //

Second, Manufacturing is key to defense technology that’s the foundation of military primacy O'Hanlon 12 - Scholar at the Brookings Institution, (Michael, January 2012, The Brookings Institution, “The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy”, [] ) The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in AND civilian and military export opportunities for the United States in a globalized marketplace.

The pursuit of hegemony is inevitable, sustainable, and prevents great power war IBW 13 - Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul and the Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College (John Ikenberry, Stephen G. Brooks, William C. Wohlforth, January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, “Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward) Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall AND an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous. We control uniqueness—competition among states for relative status is inevitable—promoting US primacy is the only option Second, I question the dominant view that status quo evaluations are relatively independent AND __ways that directly contradict their material interest in security and/or prosperity.__
 * Wohlforth 9 **- Professor of government at Dartmouth (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War” World Politics, 61:1, January, Project Muse)

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its support of non-military autonomous underwater vehicles.
 * PLAN **

Contention two is the environment
 * ENVIRONMENT **

Current ocean exploration is woefully inadequate in climate data collection—AUVs are the key first step McNutt 13 —Marcia, Executive Chair of Oceans 2020, a group of more than 110 ocean explorers gathered at the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California, “Accelerating Ocean Exploration” SCIENCE 341:937 (30 August 2013). Reprinted with permission from AAAS in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “The Report of Ocean Exploration Exploration 2020; A National Program,” July, []. Page 13-14 //BR// //Last month, a distinguished group of ocean researchers and explorers convened in Long Beach// //AND// //needs to happen now to provide a useful informational baseline for future decisions.// // Specifically, AUVs are key to cold vent monitoring // // Furlong 13 // //– Masters student, University of Victoria (Jonathan, “Characteristic Morphology, Backscatter, and Sub-seafloor Structures of Cold-Vents on the Northern Cascadia Margin from High-Resolution Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Data” UMI Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest)// //In this chapter I discuss visible surface features of cold vents and attempt to explain// //AND// //the examination of discrete cold vent communities to be extended into the subsurface.// // And, methane seepage from cold vents trigger immediate climate tipping events that cause extinction // // Furlong 13 //// – Masters student, University of Victoria (Jonathan, “Characteristic Morphology, Backscatter, and Sub-seafloor Structures of Cold-Vents on the Northern Cascadia Margin from High-Resolution Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Data” UMI Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest) // //The co-deposition of organic carbon with inorganic seafloor sediments is considered to remove// //AND// //2008) or sourced from the continent (Etiope et al., 2008).// // And, AUVs are key to understanding and mitigating several other huge environmental threats—oil spills, coral reefs and biodiversity loss // // Bluefin 12 //// —AUV Technology Company, September 2012 [Bluefin robotics is a Battelle company who develops, builds, and operates Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and related technologies for defense, commercial, and scientific customers worldwide, //// [] ////, accessed 26 June 2014] JB // //Sampling and persistent monitoring of undersea habitats provide baseline information and important data characterizing change// //AND// //the southeast where other deep coral reef ecosystems are known to exist. N// // And, Species diversity loss causes global extinction—we’re at the tipping point—crossing the threshold in the next 10 years makes it irreversible // // Walsh 10 //// —Bryan, “ ////Wildlife: A Global Convention on Biodiversity Opens in Japan, But Can It Make a Difference?” Ecocentric Blog @ TIME, 10-18, [|http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2010/10/18/wildlife-a-global-convention-on-biodiversity-opens-in-japan-but-can-it-make-a-difference/#ixzz131wU6CSp] ////. //BR The story of non-human life on the planet Earth over the past few AND // forgive us. We're losing nature. And that loss really is forever. //

The plan solves bioprospecting

First, AUV’s key to bioprospecting—commercial scale and rapid assessment solves Arico and Salpin 5 (Salvatore Arico, Senior Programme Specialist for Biodiversity Assessments and Inter-Agency Coordination at UNESCO’s Natural Sciences Sector, Charlotte Salpin, Legal Officer Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea Office of Legal Affairs United Nations, “Bioprospecting of Genetic Resources in the Deep Seabed: Scientific, Legal and Policy Aspects”, pg. 23, [] //nz)// //3.4 Technological constraints and opportunities for deep seabed bioprospecting: Important technological considerations// //AND// order to ensure that the costs of deep sea expeditions are adequately covered //.// // Second, Cold vents key to bioprospecting—AUV’s can find them // // Moreau and van den Hove 7 ////(Vincent Moreau, Master's degree in Science and Technology in Innovation (Angers), Post-graduate of the CEIPI, Before joining the Cabinet Weinstein, has worked for 3 years for a company specializing in electrical equipment followed by 6 years in the IP department of a large car company, Sybille van den Hove, Director at MEDIAN SCP, Chairwoman of the Scientific Committee European Environment Agency, Intervenant NEOMA Business School, “Deep-sea Biodiversity and Ecosystems: A Scoping Report on Their Socio-economy, Management and Governance”, 2007, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, pg. 19// nz) COLD SEEPS AND GAS HYDRATES Cold seeps are areas on the ocean floor where water AND a much more potent GHG than C02 (Krueger et at., 2003). Third, retaining biodiversity creates a unique cost motive for bioprospecting Sabal 7 Megan Sabal (M.A. Miami Ohio in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, “The Future of Marine Resources as Pharmaceutical Products” May 20, 2007 http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:CMOhsrVoJxIJ:jrscience.wcp.miamioh.edu/fieldcourses07/PapersMarineEcologyArticles/TheFutureofMarineResource.html+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a Coral Reefs have long been considered the rainforests of the oceans. This is a AND only a system can be created soon to preserve these wonderful marine ecosystems. Ocean bioprospecting solves laundry list of impacts—disease, food security, and environmental destruction Abida et al 13 (Heni Abida 1, Sandrine Ruchaud 2 , Laurent Rios 3 , Anne Humeau 4 , Ian Probert 5 , Colomban De Vargas 6 , Stéphane Bach 2, and Chris Bowler 1, Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section 1, Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening facility 2, Greentech France 3, Soliance France 4, Roscoff Culture Collection 5, EPPO Laboratory 6, “Bioprospecting Marine Plankton”, November 14, 2013, Marine Drugs, pg. 4595-4596 //nz)// //As the world population expands and ages, we need to prepare to face new// //AND// //screening methodologies that have brought such molecules and/or strains to light.// // Warming means current food production is insufficient—security is key // // Connolly 14 ////(Marshall Connolly, staff writer for Catholic Online citing Japan science conference report, 4/1/14, “Global warming is inevitable: It’s time for a new ecology,” https://www.catholic.org/news/green/story.php?id=54780)// // The ////__latest revelation from climate scientists is that they now believe global climate change as__// //__AND__// // so far as to proclaim that " ////__denial of the science is malpractice."__//

// Food insecurity creates a vicious cycle that makes conflict inevitable-prefer new escalation model // // Simmons 13 // //(Emmy, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. “Harvesting Peace: Food Security, Conflict, and Cooperation” @http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/HarvestingPeace.pdf )//JQ ¶ Food insecurity may play a role in sustaining conflict as ¶ it becomes part // AND // government action could again trigger or ¶ catalyze actions that could refuel conflicts. Pandemics outweigh on probability and size Zakaria 5. Fareed, “A Threat Worse than Terror,” 10-31, Newsweek, []. A flu pandemic is the most dangerous threat the // U //nited // S //tates faces today," says AND for the first time// . No such expertise exists // for today's deadliest threat.


 * SOLVENCY **
 * Contention three is solvency **

__The AUV's evolution is taking place at an amazing rate of change.__ At the AND . A new public-private partnership is the key to such success.
 * AUV development is inevitable, but Congress has to act promptly to authorize, appropriate and coordinate a comprehensive national program for it to work—that spurs P3s which streamline production and overcome previous barriers **
 * FIND 14 ** – Federal information and news dispatch (FIND, “House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Hearing”, federal press release, [|http://insurancenewsnet.com/oarticle/2014/02/07/house-transportation-and-infrastructure-subcommittee-on-coast-guard-and-maritime-a-457472.html#.U6xpufmICQo], HW)

Frontiers in the Ocean Jim Cameron is a visionary who is capable of looking beyond AND that U.S. ocean science research will have around the globe.
 * Only U.S. federal investment can catalyze private sector tech and R&D development **
 * Avery, 13 ** —President and Director Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, June 11 2013 [Dr. Susan K., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Published June 11 2013, [] ] JB

AND
 * Federal support is the seed for commercial spillover and widespread deployment **
 * Avery, 14 ** — Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution President and Director, April 29 2014 [Susan K. Avery, April 29, 2014, “Driving Innovations through Federal Investments” United States Senate Committee on Appropriations Written Testimony, [] ] JB
 * __ Huge dividends from initial federal support __** To Ewing, the watery part of the ocean
 * __ the seed for innovation and continues to enlarge the realm of the possible. __**


 * Middle Passage 1 **

Afro-pessimism
====The Middle Passage actively constructs anti-Blackness in America – the marking of black bodies has perfected gratuitous violence on an incalculable scale. Prisoners of war and victims of intertribal violence entered ships as people and exited as commodities – the Middle Passage stole death away from the slave.==== Smallwood. 2007. Associate Professor, Dio Richardson Endowed Professor, Ph.D. Duke University. (Stephanie E. "Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora." Harvard University Press. Pg. 140-141) Properly memorialized, death afforded the opportunity to join the living community through a protective AND ordinary slaves" from Winneba (Chapter 3), the death march continued.

Modern institutions are shaped by slavery, the Middle Passage was different from all other historical events and narrowing our focus is key
Sutton 14 (ED SUTTON, staff writer, 03/03/2014, "THE WORLD WE LIVE IN IS CREATED BY SLAVERY" http://antidotezine.com/2014/03/03/the-world-we-live-in-is-created-by-slavery/)-AG GG: The modern world that we live in is created by slavery. Oftentimes AND make a broader moral judgment about degrees of responsibility and degrees of oppression.

Vote to affirm radical negativity in response to the resolution and its calls for development by understanding the middle passage as the first American developmental project.
====Civil society is defined in negation to the black body – the focus on contingent violence is the hallmark of Whiteness – only by rupturing the grammar of work, productivity, and ethics WITHIN civil society can combatting anti-black violence begin – before you begin to evaluate comparing impacts, and before we begin to compare then it is important to recognize our experience is corporeal – we are giving up our badges.==== Wilderson '10 (Frank - PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from UC Berkley, Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms pg. 108-118) As noted above, before the "healthy" rancor and repartee that represent the AND the unconscious and irretrievable instrument of blind forces (Fanon, Wretched 41)

====Traditional political thought assumes lived experiences for an articulation of freedom – this grammar of anti-blackness is a necessary analytic subject of civil society – this means the question "for whom?" comes first when devising political strategies ==== Wilderson 10 (Frank - PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from UC Berkely, Red, Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms Pg 34-36) Furthermore, the circulation of Blackness as metaphor and image at the most politically volatile AND infinite—for they have no line of flight leading to the Slave.

The United States remains institutionally racist—the house has been remodeled but never been taken down—seemingly race neutral policies mask the way racism has imbedded itself
Feagin 2k (Joe-Prof of Sociology, Univ. of Fla. Gainesville; "RACIST AMERICA: Roots, Current Realities and Future Reparations"; 235-236) The liberal wing of the white elite has an inordinate fondness for setting up commissions AND for their own survival and, periodically, for large-scale protest.

The Slave implicates every part of society – its presences is inherent grounded in every part of civil society. Understanding the hauntology of the slave is key.
Farley 5 (Anthony, boston College, "Perfecting Slavery", http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=lsfp) Slavery is with us still. We are haunted by slavery. We are animated AND beyond the veil, beyond death; hence, the end of forever.

Revolutionary scholarship is key – we provide the blue-prints for revolutionaries. Starting outside the grasp of the state is critical – empirics are on our side.
Wilderson 10 (Frank - PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from UC Berkely, Red, Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms 187-188) If the structure of political desire in socially engaged film hopes to stake out an AND history, Black film assumed the Black desire to take this country down.

====Race shapes modern social relations, the "color-blind" perspective of white liberalism and material analysis of race and slavery actively paper over necessary re-territorialization of social relations ==== Wilkins Catanese, 12, Ph.D., Drama and Humanities, Stanford University (Brandi "The Problem of the Color[blind]", University Of Michigan Press, Muse) While Proposition 54 dealt directly with the proper role of race in American life, AND to the problems that an acute attention to race has brought our society.

====The Ballot is key – there is no such thing as a neutral playing field – this isn't the wrong forum, it's the only forum and silence in response to the 1ac is a reason why they should lose – radical disobedience is key.====

====The affirmative speech acts alone hold radical potential – Procedural arguments represent biased and white proprietary over dialogue that is arbitrarily constructed to actively exclude arguments that question squo relations==== Wilkins Catanese, 12, Ph.D., Drama and Humanities, Stanford University (Brandi "The Problem of the Color[blind]", University Of Michigan Press, Muse) Nontraditional casting as such is the most obvious frame of reference for fully appreciating this AND "the pursuit of authenticity is inevitably an emotional and moral one."54


 * Middle Passage 2 **

The Middle Passage represented not only a literal dying, but also a cultural death. America was founded through a living community invaded by death.
Smallwood, 7 [Associate Professor, Dio Richardson Endowed Professor, Ph.D. Duke University. (Stephanie E. "Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora." Harvard University Press. Pg. 140-141] Properly memorialized, death afforded the opportunity to join the living community through a protective AND ordinary slaves" from Winneba (Chapter 3), the death march continued.

====The idea that racism is inevitable in society is the myth, which allows racism to permeate civil society. Instead we should seek out spaces in which to discuss futures outside of these lies. We need a beloved community.==== hooks, 96 (bell, Killing Rage: Ending Racism , Doctorate from University of california and is a social activist , http://books.google.com/books?id=3JlNFYKLheUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false , 269-271) More than ever before in our history, black Americans are succumbing to and internalizing AND tance will emerge everywhere. That is where we must go from here.

====State institutions can never be a site of love; rather they are permeated by the myth of eternal racism. This myth goes to justify dominance in the form of policing, genocide, violence and slavery. White supremacy is a form of global violence.==== Rodriguez, 11 (Dylan, PhD in Ethnic Studies Program of the University of California Berkeley and Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of California Riverside, "The Black Presidential Non-Slave: Genocide and the Present Tense of Racial Slavery", Political Power and Social Theory Vol. 22, pp. 38-43) To crystallize what I hope to be the potentially useful implications of this provocation toward AND people are incarcerated with the overwhelming consent of white/multiculturalist civil society.

====The tendency of institutions toward whiteness is the search for order and sameness. The violence of colonialism created institutions, which thrive on stability and paint blackness as chaos. Favoring models of rationality allows everything irrational to be bombed and destroyed.==== Wynter, 84 (Sylvia, Wynter was invited by the Department of Literature at the University of California at San Diego to be a visiting professor for 1974-75. She then became chairperson of African and Afro-American Studies, and professor of Spanish in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at Stanford University in 1977. She is now Professor Emeritus at Stanford University, ""The Ceremony Must Be Found: After Humanism" Boundary II, 12:3 & 13:1,) The social behaviors that were to verify this topos of iconicity which yoked the Indo AND the umbrella site for the transdisciplinary realization of a science of human systems.

A re-reading of history from the non-European point of view is able to come to terms with the alienation of the violence of the Middle Passage.
Smallwood, 7 [Associate Professor, Dio Richardson Endowed Professor, Ph.D. Duke University. (Stephanie E. "Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora." Harvard University Press. Pg. 122-123] Like the Atlantic market of which it was a part, the slave ship at AND his captors indeed hailed from a "distant" land prompted more queries:

Vote affirmative to endorse our exploration of the middle passage as an act of creating a beloved community.
====The debate community must become a beloved community. Constant policing and limiting of voices is the wish to create a stable, fluid and white community. We should instead allow for a heterogeneous and diverse community. We acknowledge that state institutions can never be a community and yet we demand the impossible that USfg explore the ocean for the remains middle passage.====

Utopian fiction allows people to re-conceptualize the present in terms of what it might be. Utopias offer criticism of the status quo while presenting alternatives to which we can strive.
Sargisson, 13 (Lucy, Professor of Politics the University of Nottingham, Politics Volume 33, Issue 2, June 2013, Pages 124–134, "A Democracy of All Nature: Taking a Utopian Approach") Utopian fiction and practical experiments may inspire or educate desire, by showing us other AND answer this question can help to shift the parameters of what is conceivable.

====The 1AC's authorship and performance embody a racial consciousness that as white males is the only way towards a beloved community. Forms of scholarship that ignore or footnote race compel the myth that debate can be a race neutral apparatus. ==== Yancy, 5 (George, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Duquesne University, "Whiteness and the Return of the Black Body," The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 19(4), p. 215-216) I write out of a personal existential context. This context is a profound source AND and to strategies of interrogating and removing the veneer of their alleged objectivity.

====The acknowledgement and pragmatism that follows a race conscious whiteness is the only way to become an anti-racist white. Without counter-preforming one's race they make the worst parts of whiteness inevitable.==== Sullivan, 8

(Shannon Sullivan, 08 Penn State University, "Whiteness as Wise Provincialism: Royce and the Rehabilitation of a Racial Category" Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society: A Quarterly Journal in American Philosophy, Vol. 44, Num. 2, Spring 2008, Muse) It is commonly acknowledged today, at least in academic circles, that racial essences AND person and how they might live their own anti-racist white life.