Ammar+&+Derek

=**Past 2NRs**= Rd 1: 1ac: agamben with plan 1nc psychoanalysis k, terror disad, PIC out of plan, surveillance spec, heg good da, schmitt da 2nr: psychoanalysis k

Rd 3: 1ac: encryption (humint, econ, cyberattacks) 1nc: T curtail, security k, cyberdeterrence da, dedev on case 2nr: security k

Rd 6: 1ac: queerness 1nc: psychoanalysis k, framework, state good k 2nr: framework

Doubles: 1ac: islamophobia 1nc: politics, court intent CP, liberalism k, war powers da, T curtail = budgetary authority 2nr: foucault k

Quarters: 1ac: FCC 1nc: T curtail = budgetary authority, secrecy cp, terror da, politics, security k, heg bad on case 2nr: terror da

2NRs during practice / intralab debates DA - Politics - Iran T - curtail = quantitative decrease K - Security K - Virilio

=1ac v2=

The government’s discriminatory surveillance policy constructs Muslim Americans as a threat to security
Kundnani & Kumar, 14 (7/14/2014, Arun Kundnani is the author of "The Muslims Are Coming: Islamophobia, Extremism, and the Domestic War on Terror", Deepa Kumar is the author of "Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire", “Stop spying on Muslim-Americans,” [], JMP) The U.S. government has been snooping on prominent members of the Muslim AND once put it — an injury to one is an injury to all.

The federal government even uses it surveillance policies to __manufacture terror plots__ --- this allows the FBI to continue destroying communities of color and maintain a climate of fear
Cabral & Sutcliffe, 15 --- *photojournalist, filmmaker and cinematographer documenting stories seldom seen in mainstream media, AND **documentary filmmaker whose work explores issues of national security post-9/11 (1/26/2015, Lyric R. Cabral and David Felix Sutcliffe, “The FBI Isn’t Catching Terrorists — It’s Creating Them” http://creativetimereports.org/2015/01/26/fbi-counterterrorism-lyric-cabral-david-felix-sutcliffe-sundance/, JMP) People think that catching terrorists is just a matter of finding them—but, //AND// the liberty and security of all Americans, regardless of race or religion.

These constructions create a broader state of __violence__ against bodies of color --- this manifests in xenophobic profiling
Wing 3, Bessie Dutton Murray Distinguished Professor of Law [Spring 2003, Adrien Katherine Wing is a Bessie Dutton Murray Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Iowa College of Law. A.B. Princeton, 1978; M.A. UCLA, 1979; J.D. Stanford, 1982. This paper was presented at the Civil Rights symposium of the Louisiana State“Civil Rights in the Post 911 World: Critical Race Praxis, Coalition Building, and the War on Terrorism”, [|http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5987&context=lalrev&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dguantanamo%2B%2522critical%2Brace%2Btheory%2522%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C5%26as_vis%3D1#search=%22guantanamo%20critical%20race%20theory%22], 63 La. L. Rev. (2003)] To illustrate how race can be socially constructed, I will use myself as an AND of 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans in World War II .9

Construction of a Muslim enemy shapes US foreign policy—notions of western superiority are a critical tool to drum up support for militaristic and elitist interventions
Kumar 13, Associate Professor of Media Studies and Middle Eastern Studies at Rutgers [09/11/13, Deepa Kumar is an Associate Professor of Media Studies and Middle Eastern Studies at the Rutgers University. She is the author of Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire and Outside the Box: Corporate Media, Globalization, and the UPS Strike being interviewed by Jessica Desvarieux, The Real News Network, “Twelve Years Post 9/11, Islamophobia Still Runs High”, http://truth-out.org/video/item/18759-twelve-years-post-9-11-islamophobia-still-runs-high] KUMAR: Absolutely not. I think it is true that larger numbers of conservative AND //Americans and people who look Muslim have been demonized since 9/11.//

The plan provides the __best safeguard__ against profiling and resolves the problem of informants
Berman, 11 --- Counsel in the Liberty and National Security Project at the Brennan Center for Justice (Emily, “DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCE: NEW POWERS, NEW RISKS,” [], JMP) Substantive Recommendations Regardless of what additional procedural protections are implemented, some elements of the AND of threats. The result will be a safer, more just America.

Voting affirmative recognizes the important role of __government policies and rhetoric__ in promoting the racist environment
Representative Ellison, 14 (12/11/2014, Rep. Keith Ellison (D-MN), US Official News, “Rep. Ellison Testifies in Senate Hearing on Civil and Human Rights,” Lexis, JMP) Office of the House of Representative Keith Ellison, U.S Government has issued AND principles when federal dollars are spent perpetuating law-breaking activity like entrapment.

The “war on terror” is fundamentally political – this is why critique must begin with an analysis of state policies
Diana Ralph 6, PhD in Psychology and a Master of Social Work. She is an Associate Professor of Social Work at Carleton University, "ISLAMOPHOBIA AND THE ‘‘WAR ON TERROR’’: THE CONTINUING PRETEXT FOR U.S. IMPERIAL CONQUEST", The Hidden History of 9-11-2001 (Research in Political Economy, Volume 23), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.261-298, 911blogger.com/node/16381 4. //Standing with Muslims against the “War on Terror// ” ¶ In this chapter AND , //Islamophobia is the key barrier to effective mobilization// against the Bush regime.

Our advocacy is important in this space---interrogating racism in educational settings establishes a critical consciousness that acts as a starting point for counter-racist pedagogy
Housee 12, Senior Lecturer in Sociology [Jan. 04 2012, Shirin Housee works at the School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, UK “What’s the point? Anti-racism and students’ voices against Islamophobia”, Volume 15, Issue 1] Having reflected on the two seminar sessions on Islamophobia and the student comments, I AND //is to education that our attention should be directed// .’ (162)

Default to structural violence – it’s invisible and exponential and you have an ethical duty to challenge it
Nixon 11 (Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-3) Three primary concerns animate this book, chief among them my conviction that we urgently AND in situations where the conditions for sustaining life become increasingly but gradually degraded.

Even if consequentialism is good, we must have side constraints
Nagel, 79 Nagel 1979 (Thomas, Philosopher, Mortal Questions, p 58-59) Many people feel, without being able to say much more about it, that __AND __ __ease the consciences of those responsible for a certain number of charred babies __.

View the impact debate from the lens of the dispossessed---conventional moral theory operates on a false assumption of equal opportunity---justice precedes their theories
Mills 97 – Associate Prof of Philosophy @ U Illinois, Chicago (Charles, “The Racial Contract,” p. 109) The Racial Contract has always been recognized by nonwhites as the real determinant of ( AND , part of the population covered by the moral operator, or not.

We can’t make policy based on linear predictions—the complexity of government and the chaos of unpredictable events means that as a judge you should simply ignore disads based on future impacts
Porush establishes the link between narrative-as-history and chaos theory by recognising AND a historical event recorded in a text or a series of texts.41
 * WARD 1996** (Brian, “The Chaos of History: Notes Towards a Postmodernist Historiography,” Limina, Vol 2, http://www.limina.arts.uwa.edu.au/previous/volumes_15/volume_2?f=73934)

This is particularly true for war—it’s too chaotic to be controlled or avoided through policymaking
Betts (2000) observed a useful application of chaos to strategy and international security AND , the transition from predictability to chaos in deterministic mathematical system is possible.
 * FONT AND RÉGIS 2006** (Joan Pere Plaza i Font UAB – Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona – Spain Dandoy Régis UCL – University of Louvain – Belgium “Chaos Theory and its Application in Political Science” IPSA – AISP Congress Fukuoka, 9 – 13 July 2006 http://www.sciencespo.site.ulb.ac.be/dossiers_membres/dandoy-regis/fichiers/dandoy-regis-publication18.pdf)

No counterplan can solve the case—the ability of another actor to address the harm doesn’t absolve you of your obligation to do so as well
AITKEN 77 (William, teaches philosophy at Chatham College, World Hunger and Moral Obligation, p 93-94) __Some have maintained that__ there is a fourth minimal condition which a potential helper of AND __resort is too strong; it is not a minimal condition for obligation.__

Utilitarian value judgements are not neutral – overwhelmingly used by the social elite and those with weak moral intuition.
Côté, Piff and Willer 13 [Stéphane, Paul and Robb, Joseph L. Rotman School of Management and Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, “For Whom Do the Ends Justify the Means? Social Class and Utilitarian Moral Judgment”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 104(3), Mar, 2013. pp. 490-503.] Utilitarian judgment maximizes the greatest good for the greatest number on the basis of “ AND in low-conflict moral dilemmas that do not strongly engage such intuitions.

====The source of value comes from the way we spend our lives rather than their continuation – utilitarian focus on death impact obscures the ability to construct meaningful existences through an irrational fear of death.==== --- Death can only be evil if it deprives us of the good things about life --- Utilitarian calculations that require a sacrifice about the positive things about life therefore are counterintuitive Nagel 12 [Thomas, University Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University AND is not easy to say when a [human] man suffers it.

= ALPR Aff =

The Drug Enforcement Administration is creating a massive database of license plate tracking information—this will be used for political targeting and other kinds of violence
SALLES 2015 (Alice, journalist specializing in civil liberties, “License plate surveillance may invite political targeting,” Watchdog Arena, Feb 4, http://watchdog.org/197745/license-plate-surveillance-political-targeting/) License plate surveillance may invite political targeting By Alice Salles / February 4, 2015 AND detailed pictures of the private lives of citizens and visitors to this country.

License plate monitoring has pushed the US to the edge of full-scale totalitarianism—resistance now is necessary
SUAREZ 2013 (John, human rights activist who has spoken before the United Nations Human Rights Council on several occasions, PanAm Post, Oct 18, http://panampost.com/john-suarez/2013/10/18/the-us-surveillance-state-and-the-totalitarian-tipping-point/) Today, massive and unsustainable debts are maintaining the US standard of living. Freedom AND one of many ominous signs regarding where this centralization of power is heading.

Freedom from surveillance is an a priori value: it’s the key liberty that defines the value of our lives and our capacities for agency
GREENWALD 2014 (Glenn, Snowden’s lawyer, “Why Privacy Matters,” http://www.ted.com/talks/glenn_greenwald_why_privacy_matters/transcript?language=en) Now, there's a reason why privacy is so craved universally and instinctively. It AND the constraints that it imposes on us do not become any less potent.

Surveillance violates our basic ethical imperative to treat people with dignity and protect freedom, but even if utilitarianism is good, you should still vote aff
BURKHART et al. 2007 (Laurie Burkhart, Michael Haubert, and Damon Thorley, undergraduate editors who published a book on surveillance under the supervision of Dr. Dirk S. Hovorka, “The Efect [sic] of Government Surveillance on Social Progress,” in Confronting Information Ethics in the New Millennium” []) Under utilitarian, duty-based, //and// rights-based ethical theories the act AND freedom of speech and the power of the people will be //lost forever//.

Actions determine morality, not results—consequentialism might be good, but moral side constraints exist that we cannot violate
Nagel 1979 (Thomas, Philosopher, Mortal Questions, p 58-59) Many people feel, without being able to say much more about it, that AND ease the consciences of those responsible for a certain number of charred babies.

Our advantage is one of those side constraints—the injustices we have described should not be tolerated at any cost
RAWLS 1971 (John, philosopher, A Theory of Justice, p. 3-4) Justice is the first virtue of social institutions as truth is of systems of thought AND . Being first virtues of human activities, truth and justice are uncompromising.

====No consequence justifies voting neg—either rights are absolute and we win, or they’re not, and the neg’s moral calculus is incoherent. The question of this debate is whether the plan is a moral action or not. The judge as a moral agent is not responsible for intervening actors no matter how bad the consequences sound. The decisions of other agents are outside your power to determine and you should therefore say that you support the aff even if we should perhaps also stop bad consequences that stem from it because consequentialism with no limit results in constantly escalating evils which make it self-defeating and also undermines the value of life==== GEWIRTH 1981 (Alan, prof of philosophy at U Chicago, “Are There Any Absolute Rights?,” Philosophical Quarterly, January) It is a widely held opinion that there are no absolute rights. Consider what AND of the valid principle of morality in its equal application to all persons.

Dead bodies aren’t the key metric for decisionmaking—surveillance might not be dramatic, but the failure to confront it now adds up to a worse harm over time as abuses accumulate
SOLOVE 2011 (Daniel, professor of law at George Washington University, Why Privacy Matters Even if You Have 'Nothing to Hide', May 15, http://chronicle.com/article/Why-Privacy-Matters-Even-if/127461/) Investigating the nothing-to-hide argument a little more deeply, we find AND to-hide argument, in the end, has //nothing to say//.

“Life key to rights” is backwards—life and death are not inherently good except for the things we enjoy about them which the status quo erodes and the plan protects
Nagel 12 [Thomas, University Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University, “Mortal Questions”, Cambridge University Press, Mar 26, 2012, Pg.1-3] If death is the unequivocal and permanent end of our existence, the question arises AND disadvantage, it is not easy to say when a man suffers it.

The plan is a necessary response to violations of liberty--federal action is key
SALLES 2015 (Alice, journalist specializing in civil liberties, “License plate surveillance may invite political targeting,” Watchdog Arena, Feb 4, http://watchdog.org/197745/license-plate-surveillance-political-targeting/) But if the program was allowed to be carried out unchecked for so long, AND aren’t even asking questions about civil liberties and privacy when approving this technology .”

We must resist license plate tracking as an infringement of liberty—this form of surveillance will constantly expand to new abuses with no security rationale
COOKE 2015 (Charles, writer at the National Review, “As You Drive, So Are You Watched,” National Review, Jan 25, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/397303/you-drive-so-you-are-watched-charles-c-w-cooke) Another day, and another of //Leviathan’s tentacles// is exposed for all the world to AND consumptive child in a hospital incubator, is nowhere included within its brief.

No counterplan can solve the case—the ability of another actor to address the harm doesn’t absolve you of your obligation to do so as well
AITKEN 77 (William, teaches philosophy at Chatham College, World Hunger and Moral Obligation, p 93-94) Some have maintained that there is a fourth minimal condition which a potential helper of AND resort is too strong; it is not a minimal condition for obligation.

We can’t make policy based on linear predictions—the complexity of government and the chaos of unpredictable events means that as a judge you should simply ignore disads based on future impacts
WARD 1996 (Brian, “The Chaos of History: Notes Towards a Postmodernist Historiography,” Limina, Vol 2, http://www.limina.arts.uwa.edu.au/previous/volumes_15/volume_2?f=73934) Porush establishes the link between narrative-as-history and chaos theory by recognising AND a historical event recorded in a text or a series of texts.41

Expert predictions are wrong—we can’t know the future
MENAND 2005 (Louis, “Everybody’s an Expert,” The New Yorker, December 2005, http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/05/051205crbo_books1?currentPage=1) It is the somewhat gratifying lesson of Philip Tetlock’s new book, “Expert Political AND swerves in the short run, but the long run irons them out.