Aff+-+Alex+Marban+and+Maddie+Pieropan


 * Against certain teams the same aff will be read except it'll only be multilat and have a framing contention which you can find at the bottom

China won't back Arctic warming initiatives, decking US-China warming cooperation – supporting Beijing's Arctic status is key
On Sunday and Monday, foreign ministers and other international leaders met in Anchorage, AND Paris summit, and for U.S.-China cooperation in general.
 * Tiezzi, 15**—Shannon, Editor at The Diplomat, previously served as a research associate at the U.S.-China Policy Foundation, MA @ Harvard, also studied at Tsinghua University in Beijing. "Why Did China Opt Out of the Arctic Climate Change Statement?" The Diplomat, Sept 1, http://thediplomat.com/2015/09/why-did-china-opt-out-of-the-arctic-climate-change-statement/ —br


 * ====Two internal links… ====**


 * ====**A – Arctic**====**

The Arctic is thawing even faster than lawmakers can formulate new rules to prevent the AND damage caused by physical hazards encountered in the Arctic, and navigating restrictions."
 * ====Try or die – the Arctic will be ice free by 2100, driving 2/3 of all global trade through the Arctic without regulation ====**
 * Saul and Chestney, 16**—Jonathan and Nina, Reuters reporters citing Whit Sheard of the Circumpolar Conservation Union, Julie Gourley, senior Arctic official at the U.S. State Department and multiple studies. "Arctic thaw opens shipping waterways, risks to environment," Feb 25, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-shipping-arctic-idUSKCN0VY1N9 —br

Arctic cooperation is vital – it's the epicenter of glacier research and shipping emission regulation
Five key areas of cooperation can enhance Arctic cooperation between the U.S. AND the linkages of the polar regions to global change is another fruitful course ahead
 * Slayton and Brigham, 15**—David Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. Lawson W. Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, a fellow at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy's Center for Arctic Study & Policy, and a member of Hoover's Arctic Security Initiative. "Strengthen Arctic cooperation between the US and China," Aug 27, Alaska Dispatch News (ADN), http://www.adn.com/article/20150827/strengthen-arctic-cooperation-between-us-and-china —br


 * ====**B – US-China Cooperation**====**

Cooperation is on the brink – China's carefully assessing US signals of commitment
The Supreme Court's surprise decision Tuesday to halt the carrying out of President Obama's climate AND States has long been the chief obstacle to meaningful global climate change agreements.
 * Davenport, 16**—Coral, covers energy and climate change policy at The New York Times, previously a fellow with the Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting and covered energy and the environment for National Journal, Politico, and Congressional Quarterly. "Supreme Court's Blow to Emissions Efforts May Imperil Paris Climate Accord," New York Times (NYT), Feb 10, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/11/us/politics/carbon-emissions-paris-climate-accord.html —br

The plan revives US-China cooperation by spurring highly-visible, lasting changes
Fifth, joint Arctic marine research is an arena with much promise. Joint oceanographic AND within their already existing dialogue and in international organizations including the Arctic Council.
 * Slayton and Brigham, 15**—David Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. Lawson W. Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, a fellow at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy's Center for Arctic Study & Policy, and a member of Hoover's Arctic Security Initiative. "Strengthen Arctic cooperation between the US and China," Aug 27, Alaska Dispatch News (ADN), http://www.adn.com/article/20150827/strengthen-arctic-cooperation-between-us-and-china —br

US-China cooperation is key – they're the two largest emitters and drive multilateral action
The Paris Summit in December 2015 is being seen as the "last chance" AND government retreats from efforts to curb emissions in favor of stabilizing economic growth.
 * Hongzhou, 15**—Zhang, Associate Research Fellow with the China Programme @ S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) at Nanyang Technological University (Singapore). "China-US Climate Change Cooperation: Beyond Energy," The Diplomat, Oct 13, http://thediplomat.com/2015/10/china-us-climate-change-cooperation-beyond-energy/ —br

The China-U.S. relationship is a daily and recurring, sometimes AND , World Meteorological Organization, and International Hydrographic Organization, among other institutions.
 * ====Acting now is key to reviving US-China Arctic cooperation – it's try or die ====**
 * Slayton and Brigham, 15**—David Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. Lawson W. Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, a fellow at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy's Center for Arctic Study & Policy, and a member of Hoover's Arctic Security Initiative. "Strengthen Arctic cooperation between the US and China," Aug 27, Alaska Dispatch News (ADN), http://www.adn.com/article/20150827/strengthen-arctic-cooperation-between-us-and-china —br

US-China climate cooperation facilitates mitigation and adaptation strategies globally – solves extinction
(Xiaoyu, "China-US Cooperation: Key to the Global Future," China Institute of International Studies, http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2014-01/13/content_6606656.htm) • Cooperation on climate change mitigation, adaptation, and consequence management. China- AND US businesses as well as lower costs and widely disseminate clean energy technologies.
 * Li 14** – MA in Global Studies @ U Denver, Int'l Affairs Coordinator @ UN

CLIMATE change puts humanity at risk. The Pope's celebrated encyclical letter on the subject AND be very effective in overcoming the current inertia that climate negotiations suffer from.
 * ====Expert consensus that warming is real and existential – melting glaciers ignite a cascade that exceeds cost-benefit analysis ====**
 * Treich and Rheinberger, 15**—Christoph Rheinberger (Professor of Health Policy and Management @ Harvard) and Nicolas Treich (Professor at the Toulouse School of Economics). Citing Weitzman (economist @ Harvard) and Bostrom (prof @ Oxford). "On the economics of the end of the world as we know it," The Economist, http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2015/07/climate-change — br

1ac—Plan
====The United States federal government should offer to fully support and pursue full member status in the Arctic Council for the People's Republic of China if the People's Republic of China agrees to participate in bilateral cooperative agreements regarding Arctic scientific research and environmental policy issues.====

Advantage Two is Multilateralism –
Britain leaving the EU could signal a new shift away from multilateralism as leaders around AND does not play a constructive role in multilateral institutions, including the EU.
 * ====Brexit was just the "tip of the iceberg" – multilateralism is collapsing, but demonstrated political will can revive it ====**
 * Wurf, 16**—Hannah, Research Associate working in the G20 Studies Centre at the Lowy Institute. Her research interests are global governance and multilateralism, June 9, Online: "http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2016/06/09/What-the-UK-needs-now-is-more-multilateralism-not-less.aspx", Article: "What the UK needs now is more multilateralism, not less" Accessed on: 06-24-16//AWW

More importantly, the international community is facing bigger and unpredicted challenges and serious irrational AND there are challenges, which go beyond state sovereignty and nationalistic security thinking.
 * ====Arctic environmental cooperation spills over to boost multilateral cooperation globally, but it's on the brink – our impact is reverse causal – cooperation creates a paradigmatic governance shift that halts warfare and several other immediate existential risks ====**
 * Heinenen, 16**—Lassi, Professor of Arctic Politics @ University of Lapland, Finland. author of more than 200 scientific publications and is the editor of The Arctic Yearbook. "High Arctic Stability as an Asset for Storms of International Politics," Future Security of the Global Arctic: State Policy, Economic Security and Climate, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 4-8 http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137468246 —br

The Arctic will continue to be a strategically important region into the future as nations AND opportunity to reinforce strong maritime governance in the Arctic for their mutual benefit.
 * ====The plan's signal drives cooperation – the US has a narrow window as Arctic Council leaders to lock in cooperation – it spills over to solve South China Sea conflict ====**
 * Dwyer, 15**— Commander William G. Dwyer III, United States Coast Guard, "China's Strategic Interests in the Arctic," NDU Press 3rd Place Paper, United States Army War College, Joint Force Quarterly, NDU Press, http://uscga.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=65722, p. 18-20

China and America share a common interest of freedom of navigation in the Arctic. AND current state of liberalism fostered through the Arctic Council to a realist view.
 * ====Pursuing Chinese full member status in exchange for environmental cooperation locks in multilateral peace – that's key to defuse inevitable proxy conflicts that wreck stability ====**
 * Dwyer, 15**— Commander William G. Dwyer III, United States Coast Guard, "China's Strategic Interests in the Arctic," NDU Press 3rd Place Paper, United States Army War College, Joint Force Quarterly, NDU Press, http://uscga.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=65722, p. 15-17

Graeme P. **Herd 10**, Head of the International Security Programme, Co-Director of the International Training Course in Security Policy, Geneva Centre for Security Policy, 2010, "Great Powers: Towards a "cooperative competitive" future world order paradigm?," in Great Powers and Strategic Stability in the 21^^st^^ Century, p. 197-198 Given the absence of immediate hegemonic challengers to the US (or a global strategic AND contributed to the crisis; all will be involved in the solution.24
 * ====Independently, successful management of proxy conflicts through regional multilateral institutions prevents existential threats ====**

Institutionalized cooperative norms check conflict escalation and it's reverse causal
Because it rests on open, nondiscriminatory debate, and the routine exchange of viewpoints AND that further strengthen the impetus for multilateral dialog. Pg. 21-23
 * Pouliot 11**—Professor of Poli Sci @ McGill University [Vincent Pouliot, "Multilateralism as an End in Itself," International Studies Perspectives (2011) 12, 18–26]

Arctic Council says yes – studies prove
That individual applications for observerships, including China's, were never formally discussed within the AND interview subjects, looking ahead to the challenges before them, was universal.
 * Willis and Depledge, 15**— Matthew Willis and Duncan Depledge, Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), UK. Handbook of the Politics of the Arctic, Edited by Leif Christian Jensen, Senior Research Fellow and Geir Hønneland, Research Professor and Director, Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway. p. 402-404 –br

Advantage is Multilateralism –
Britain leaving the EU could signal a new shift away from multilateralism as leaders around AND does not play a constructive role in multilateral institutions, including the EU.
 * ====Brexit was just the "tip of the iceberg" – multilateralism is collapsing, but demonstrated political will can revive it ====**
 * Wurf, 16**—Hannah, Research Associate working in the G20 Studies Centre at the Lowy Institute. Her research interests are global governance and multilateralism, June 9, Online: "http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2016/06/09/What-the-UK-needs-now-is-more-multilateralism-not-less.aspx", Article: "What the UK needs now is more multilateralism, not less" Accessed on: 06-24-16//AWW

More importantly, the international community is facing bigger and unpredicted challenges and serious irrational AND there are challenges, which go beyond state sovereignty and nationalistic security thinking.
 * ====Arctic environmental cooperation spills over to boost multilateral cooperation globally, but it's on the brink – our impact is reverse causal – cooperation creates a paradigmatic governance shift that halts warfare and several other immediate existential risks ====**
 * Heinenen, 16**—Lassi, Professor of Arctic Politics @ University of Lapland, Finland. author of more than 200 scientific publications and is the editor of The Arctic Yearbook. "High Arctic Stability as an Asset for Storms of International Politics," Future Security of the Global Arctic: State Policy, Economic Security and Climate, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 4-8 http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137468246 —br

The Arctic will continue to be a strategically important region into the future as nations AND opportunity to reinforce strong maritime governance in the Arctic for their mutual benefit.
 * ====The plan's signal drives cooperation – the US has a narrow window as Arctic Council leaders to lock in cooperation – it spills over to solve South China Sea conflict ====**
 * Dwyer, 15**— Commander William G. Dwyer III, United States Coast Guard, "China's Strategic Interests in the Arctic," NDU Press 3rd Place Paper, United States Army War College, Joint Force Quarterly, NDU Press, http://uscga.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=65722, p. 18-20

China and America share a common interest of freedom of navigation in the Arctic. AND current state of liberalism fostered through the Arctic Council to a realist view.
 * ====Pursuing Chinese full member status in exchange for environmental cooperation locks in multilateral peace – that's key to defuse inevitable proxy conflicts that wreck stability ====**
 * Dwyer, 15**— Commander William G. Dwyer III, United States Coast Guard, "China's Strategic Interests in the Arctic," NDU Press 3rd Place Paper, United States Army War College, Joint Force Quarterly, NDU Press, http://uscga.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=65722, p. 15-17

Graeme P. **Herd 10**, Head of the International Security Programme, Co-Director of the International Training Course in Security Policy, Geneva Centre for Security Policy, 2010, "Great Powers: Towards a "cooperative competitive" future world order paradigm?," in Great Powers and Strategic Stability in the 21^^st^^ Century, p. 197-198 Given the absence of immediate hegemonic challengers to the US (or a global strategic AND contributed to the crisis; all will be involved in the solution.24
 * ====Independently, successful management of proxy conflicts through regional multilateral institutions prevents existential threats ====**

Institutionalized cooperative norms check conflict escalation and it's reverse causal
Because it rests on open, nondiscriminatory debate, and the routine exchange of viewpoints AND that further strengthen the impetus for multilateral dialog. Pg. 21-23
 * Pouliot 11**—Professor of Poli Sci @ McGill University [Vincent Pouliot, "Multilateralism as an End in Itself," International Studies Perspectives (2011) 12, 18–26]

Arctic Council says yes – studies prove
That individual applications for observerships, including China's, were never formally discussed within the AND interview subjects, looking ahead to the challenges before them, was universal.
 * Willis and Depledge, 15**— Matthew Willis and Duncan Depledge, Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), UK. Handbook of the Politics of the Arctic, Edited by Leif Christian Jensen, Senior Research Fellow and Geir Hønneland, Research Professor and Director, Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway. p. 402-404 –br

1ac—Plan
====The United States federal government should offer to fully support and pursue full member status in the Arctic Council for the People's Republic of China if the People's Republic of China agrees to participate in bilateral cooperative agreements regarding Arctic scientific research and environmental policy issues. ====

1ac – Framing
====This isn't a debate about whether or not multilateralism is rational, rather it's a question of what can we do with existing institutions – evaluating multilateralism heuristically is valuable since it's inevitable and can improve citizen's lives ==== -also an Aff card to answer the K Multilateralism has come of age — to the AND , multilateral IOs play significant roles in many aspects of individual citizens' lives.
 * Pouliot 16 **– Associate Professor and William Dawson Scholar in the Department of Political Science at McGill University [Vincent, 2016, International Pecking Orders: The Politics and Practice of Multilateral Diplomacy, Cambridge University Press] AMarb
 * Note IOs=International Organizations

====No prior questions – engaging in the game of IR is a necessity to comprehend all social structures we live in and is a prerequisite to making sense of any of their theories – only our interpretation can effectively analyze diplomacy ==== Why should IR scholars bother to dig into everyday international practices in order to shed AND will have a more incisive understanding of international pecking orders than at start.
 * Pouliot 16 **– Associate Professor and William Dawson Scholar in the Department of Political Science at McGill University [Vincent, 2016, Introduction in International Pecking Orders: The Politics and Practice of Multilateral Diplomacy, Cambridge University Press] AMarb

Our epistemology is sound—I-law reduces the likelihood of conflict—-empirical longitudinal analysis
Beth **Simmons 10**, Professor of International Affairs at Harvard, "Treaty Compliance and Violation," Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci., vol. 13 The concept of audience costs has also been useful for understanding how formal agreements can AND strongest for polities that place the highest value on the rule of law.

I-law can be reformed to prevent imperialism—-engagement is vital to prevent worse crackdowns
Antony **Anghie 4**, Professor of Law at the S.J. Quinney School of Law, University of Utah, "Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law," http://kingdomofhawaii.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/anghie-imperialism-sovereignity-and-the-making-of-international-law.pdf The further important issue is the question of whether it is possible to create an AND already suggested may be seen as one approach to precisely this problem.

I-law obviously isn't perfect but the any attempt at illusory radicalism fails and neglects political openings to lessen violence
Brad R. **Roth 2k**, Assistant Professor or Legal Studies and Political Science and Adjunct Professor of Law at Wayne State University, "Governmental Illegitimacy and Neocolonialism: Response to Review by James Thuo Gathii", Michigan Law Review, Vol. 98, No. 6, May 2000, JSTOR "Critical" scholars frequently seem to imagine that, in struggling against the methodological AND power, to neglect that point is to miss an important political opportunity.