Andrew+&+Jiayi


 * 1AC - Aquaculture **

Version 1:

=1ac – plan=

====The United States federal government should create a National Offshore Aquaculture Framework that requires the NOAA to issue legally binding national standards and regulations to prevent or minimize impacts on the marine ecosystem and fisheries.====

=1ac – solvency=

====The plan, based on the National Sustainable Offshore Aquaculture Act, is the best way to develop environmentally sustainable offshore aquaculture. It is a product of systemic research from relevant stakeholders.==== Johns, 13 —- J.D. Candidate, USC Law 2013 (March 23013, Kristen L., Southern California Law Review, FARM FISHING HOLES: GAPS IN FEDERAL REGULATION OF OFFSHORE AQUACULTURE," 86 S. Cal. L. Rev. 681, JMP) IV. DEVELOPING A NEW FRAMEWORK A. Congress Should Enact New Legislation Creating a National Offshore Aquaculture Framework. A AND our domestic economy, but not at the expense of a healthy ocean.

The plan creates a national standard for sustainable aquaculture —- protects marine environments and prevents collapse of seafood industries
Naylor & Leonard, 10 —- *director of the program on food security and the environment at Stanford, AND **director of the aquaculture program at the Ocean Conservancy in Santa Cruz (2/15/2010, Rosamond L. Naylor and George H. Leonard, "Aquaculture made safe," http://articles.latimes.com/2010/feb/15/opinion/la-oe-naylor15-2010feb15, JMP) While Americans' appetite for seafood continues to grow, most of us know little about AND , if the U.S. government wishes to keep its domestic offshore

=1ac – food security=

Warming's decimating global fisheries and aquaculture production – decline of these sectors alone creates massive food insecurity
Cochrane et. al. 9 – Chief Fisheries Management and Conservation Service @ Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division @ FAO, Fishery Policy Analyst @ Fisheries and Aquaculture Economics and Policy Division @ FAO, Senior Fisheries Resources Officer (Aquaculture) @ Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division @ FAO, Fishery Resources Officer @ Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division @ FAO (Kevern Cochrane, Cassandra De Young, Doris Soto, Tarub Bahri, 2009, "Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture," http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/newsroom/docs/FTP530.pdf) //twontwon The threats of climate change to human society and natural ecosystems have been elevated to AND and poverty reduction issues in the face of climate change and energy security.

Scientific consensus proves – we'll have less food for more people
Connolly 14, (Marshall Connolly, staff writer for Catholic Online citing Japan science conference report, 4/1/14, "Global warming is inevitable: It's time for a new ecology," https://www.catholic.org/news/green/story.php?id=54780)//twontwon The latest revelation from climate scientists is that they now believe global climate change as AND so far as to proclaim that "denial of the science is malpractice."

We access the biggest internal link to global instability – the time frame is now
Duarte 12, director of the Oceans Institute at University of Western Australia (Carlos Duarte, 8/10/12, "Food Crisis: The Development of Modern Aquaculture in Australia is an Imperative," http://theconversation.com/food-crisis-the-development-of-modern-aquaculture-in-australia-is-an-imperative-8791)//twontwon The US corn crop has failed due to the severe drought and extreme temperatures experienced AND arable land around world, including Africa, and, yes, Australia.

Escalation to resource wars is fast and global – sustainable alternatives are key to prevent widespread resource conflicts
Sample 7 – PhD in biomedical materials from Queen Mary's (Ian Sample, University of London, Science Corresondent at The Guaradian, 8/30/7, "Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertile land," http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/aug/31/climatechange.food)//twontwon Climate change and an increasing population could trigger a global food crisis in the next AND has pledged to meet 10% of its vehicle fuel needs with biofuels.

Aquaculture development solves – it's uniquely resilient to climate change and facilitates adaptation
Asche 11 – Prof. Department of Industrial Economics, University of Stavenger (Frank Asche, 2011, "Green Growth in Fisheries and Aquaculture Production and Trade," http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/sustainable-agriculture/48258799.pdf)//twontwon It is still worthwhile to note that the control of the production process that has AND will make the world's food production systems more diversified and thereby more resilient.

But, investment is key – it facilitates a transition to species integration and herbivore cultivation and increases targeted research
SDN 9 – development recommendation and analysis group (SciDevNet, 9/12/9, "Adapting fisheries and aquaculture to climate change," http://www.scidev.net/global/policy-brief/adapting-fisheries-and-aquaculture-to-climate-change-1.html)//twontwon This policy brief, compiled by 16 international agencies, considers what policymakers can do AND be improved if we are to build sustainable and resilient fisheries and aquaculture.

The plan's development of sustainable systems spills over globally – this mitigates food collapses and builds resilience
Evans 10 – Head of the Program on Resource Scarcity, Climate Change and Multilateralism @ Center on International Cooperation, NYU (Alex Evans, 9/9/10, "Resource Scarcity, Climate Change and the Risk of Violent Conflict," http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTWDR2011/Resources/6406082-1283882418764/WDR_Background_Paper_Evans.pdf)//twontwon A focus on anticipation of potential climate and scarcity risks leads on naturally to a AND should take scarcity issues into account, particularly in post-conflict contexts.

The plan's initial boost solves investor confidence – this magnifies our modeling claims
Love 3 – (Graham, writer for the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resources Economics, October 2003, "Australian Aquaculture information requirements for investors", eReport, data.daff.gov.au/brs/data/warehouse/pe_abarebrs99000981/PC12573.pdf)//twontwon Of particular interest from the point of view of changing investor perceptions of aquaculture were AND and too few large profitable ones that could be shown to potential investors.

Aquaculture is both sufficient and necessary to guarantee long term food security – no other sources can increase production fast enough
Aquaculture's contribution to food security The existing and potential contributions of aquaculture to food security AND and static fishery production make aquaculture an important supply source for fish products.
 * Hishamunda et al 9** - Fishery Planning Officer at the Fishery and Aquaculture Economics and Policy Division of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (Nathanael, Junning Cai – Assistant Professor at Central University of Finance and Economics, PingSun Leung – professor at College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, "Commercial aquaculture and economic growth, poverty alleviation and food security, FAO, http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i0974e/i0974e.pdf, JZG)

First is food prices – it's logistically cheaper and has a lower production cost
Asche 11, (Frank Asche, Department of Industrial Economics, University of Stavenger, 2011 (it doesn't say what the date is but it cites studies from 2011 – it could be more recent), "Green Growth in Fisheries and Aquaculture Production and Trade," http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/sustainable-agriculture/48258799.pdf)//twontwon International trade has increased much faster than total seafood production. From 1976 to 2006 AND production technologies, and lower distribution and logistics costs (Asche, 2008).

High food prices cause extinction
Klare 12 (Michael T., Professor of Peace and World Security Studies – Hampshire College, "Michael T. Klare: The Hunger Wars in Our Future", 8-8, http://www.guernicamag.com/daily/michael-t-klare-the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/) This, however, is just the beginning of the likely consequences: if history AND continues to fuel the insurgency of the Maoist-inspired Naxalites of India.

The plan solves water scarcity – it's more efficient than squo production systems – this solves water conflicts
WFC 5 – World Fish Center (Allison EH, Adger NW, Badjeck M-C, Brown Kritik, Conway D, Dulvy NK, Halls A, Perry A, and Reynolds JD, 2005, "The threat to fisheries and aquaculture from climate change," http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/ClimateChange2.pdf) //twontwon Understanding how fisheries interact with other economic sectors and how fisherfolk have adapted to variability AND reuse water from aquaculture compare very favorably with terrestrial crop and livestock production.

Water wars draw in great powers and go nuclear
Weiner 90 (Professor – Princeton, "The Next 100 Years", pg. 270) If we do not destroy ourselves with the A-bomb and the H- AND at the 60.000 nuclear warheads the world has stockpiled since Trinity.

=1ac – sustainability=

IMTA solves – it's uniquely sustainable
Bocking 9 – freelance journalist writing for the Ecologist (Emma Bocking, 10/20/9, "Can salmon farming be sustainable?" http://theecologist-test.net-genie.co.uk/news/newsanalysis/464767/can_salmon_farming_be_sustainable.html)//twontwon Salmon farming is renowned for its local environmental pollution, but now some fish farmers AND allows the dialogue [between industry and environmentalists] to take place.'

The decline of fisheries destroys marine ecosystems and risks starvation of hundreds of millions
Pauly 9 —- professor at the Fisheries Centre of the University of British Columbia (9/28/2009, Daniel, "Aquacalypse Now," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/environment-energy/aquacalypse-now, JMP) The jig, however, is nearly up. In 1950, the newly constituted AND seeing now may be only the first scene in a watery horror show.

Undermines the overall ocean environment —- causes extinction
Denoon 6 (11/2/2006, Daniel, "Salt-Water Fish Extinction Seen By 2048," http://www.cbsnews.com/news/salt-water-fish-extinction-seen-by-2048/) The apocalypse has a new date: 2048. That's when the world's oceans will AND and colleagues report their findings in the Nov. 3 issue of Science.

Independently, global food production will inevitably breakdown —- a shift to ocean aquaculture key to sustainably feed the growing population and prevent massive deforestation
Strasser 14 —- Senior Editor of ThinkProgress (4/21/2014, Annie-Rose, "The New, Innovative And More Efficient Way Of Feeding People," http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/04/21/3422486/big-ag-takes-to-the-ocean/, JMP) Don Kent, President of the Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, was standing AND One of the effects of this is that agriculture is driving massive deforestation.

Deforestation will cause extinction
Chivian 11, Dr. Eric S. Chivian is the founder and Director of the Center for Health and the Global Environment (CHGE) at Harvard Medical School and directs the Biodiversity and Human Health Progam. He is also an Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. Chivian works with the United Nations on how to address the pressing environmental problems the world is facing. ("Species Extinction, Biodiversity Loss and Human Health", http://www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-vii/environmental-health-hazards/item/505-species-extinction-biodiversity-loss-and-human-health, 2011) Kerwin Human activity is causing the extinction of animal, plant and microbial species at rates AND demand that efforts to preserve species and ecosystems be given the highest priority.

Also, ensuring supply of fish is critical to prevent a Malthusian collapse
Frezza 12 —- fellow at the Competitive Enterprise Institute and a Boston-based venture capitalist (11/26/2012, Bill, "Regulatory Uncertainty Drives Fish Farmer to Foreign Waters," http://www.realclearmarkets.com/articles/2012/11/26/regulatory_uncertainty_drives_fish_farmer_to_foreign_waters_100008.html, JMP) Feeding 7 billion people is no small challenge. As it has from time immemorial AND from food snobs who favor the more robust taste of wild caught fish.

This will collapse civilization – causes disease spread, terrorism, and economic collapse
Brown 9 —- founder of both the WorldWatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute (May 2009, Lester R., Scientific American, "Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?" Ebsco) The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries AND states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

The plan sets a global model that saves marine ecosystems
Naylor 6 —- Fellow at the Center for Environmental Science and Policy, Stanford University (Spring 2006, Rosamond L., "Environmental Safeguards for Open-Ocean Aquaculture," http://issues.org/22-3/naylor/, JMP) The need for national environmental standards Whether environmentalists like it or not, marine AND constraints, but only if it develops under clear and enforceable environmental mandates. Version 2:

====The United States federal government should create a National Offshore Aquaculture Framework that requires the NOAA to issue legally binding national standards and regulations to prevent or minimize impacts on the marine ecosystem and fisheries.====

Warming's decimating global fisheries and aquaculture production – decline of these sectors alone creates massive food insecurity
Cochrane et. al. 9 – Chief Fisheries Management and Conservation Service @ Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division @ FAO, Fishery Policy Analyst @ Fisheries and Aquaculture Economics and Policy Division @ FAO, Senior Fisheries Resources Officer (Aquaculture) @ Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division @ FAO, Fishery Resources Officer @ Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division @ FAO (Kevern Cochrane, Cassandra De Young, Doris Soto, Tarub Bahri, 2009, "Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture," http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/newsroom/docs/FTP530.pdf) //twontwon The threats of climate change to human society and natural ecosystems have been elevated to AND and poverty reduction issues in the face of climate change and energy security.

Scientific consensus proves – we'll have less food for more people
Connolly 14, (Marshall Connolly, staff writer for Catholic Online citing Japan science conference report, 4/1/14, "Global warming is inevitable: It's time for a new ecology," https://www.catholic.org/news/green/story.php?id=54780)//twontwon The latest revelation from climate scientists is that they now believe global climate change as AND so far as to proclaim that "denial of the science is malpractice."

We access the biggest internal link to global instability – the time frame is now
Duarte 12, director of the Oceans Institute at University of Western Australia (Carlos Duarte, 8/10/12, "Food Crisis: The Development of Modern Aquaculture in Australia is an Imperative," http://theconversation.com/food-crisis-the-development-of-modern-aquaculture-in-australia-is-an-imperative-8791)//twontwon The US corn crop has failed due to the severe drought and extreme temperatures experienced AND arable land around world, including Africa, and, yes, Australia.

Escalation to resource wars is fast and global – sustainable alternatives are key to prevent widespread resource conflicts
Sample 7 – PhD in biomedical materials from Queen Mary's (Ian Sample, University of London, Science Corresondent at The Guaradian, 8/30/7, "Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertile land," http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/aug/31/climatechange.food)//twontwon Climate change and an increasing population could trigger a global food crisis in the next AND has pledged to meet 10% of its vehicle fuel needs with biofuels.

Aquaculture development solves – it's uniquely resilient to climate change and facilitates adaptation
Asche 11 – Prof. Department of Industrial Economics, University of Stavenger (Frank Asche, 2011, "Green Growth in Fisheries and Aquaculture Production and Trade," http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/sustainable-agriculture/48258799.pdf)//twontwon It is still worthwhile to note that the control of the production process that has AND will make the world's food production systems more diversified and thereby more resilient.

But, investment is key – it facilitates a transition to species integration and herbivore cultivation and increases targeted research
SDN 9 – development recommendation and analysis group (SciDevNet, 9/12/9, "Adapting fisheries and aquaculture to climate change," http://www.scidev.net/global/policy-brief/adapting-fisheries-and-aquaculture-to-climate-change-1.html)//twontwon This policy brief, compiled by 16 international agencies, considers what policymakers can do AND be improved if we are to build sustainable and resilient fisheries and aquaculture.

The plan's development of sustainable systems spills over globally – this mitigates food collapses and builds resilience
Evans 10 – Head of the Program on Resource Scarcity, Climate Change and Multilateralism @ Center on International Cooperation, NYU (Alex Evans, 9/9/10, "Resource Scarcity, Climate Change and the Risk of Violent Conflict," http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTWDR2011/Resources/6406082-1283882418764/WDR_Background_Paper_Evans.pdf)//twontwon A focus on anticipation of potential climate and scarcity risks leads on naturally to a AND should take scarcity issues into account, particularly in post-conflict contexts.

The plan's initial boost solves investor confidence – this magnifies our modeling claims
Love 3 – (Graham, writer for the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resources Economics, October 2003, "Australian Aquaculture information requirements for investors", eReport, data.daff.gov.au/brs/data/warehouse/pe_abarebrs99000981/PC12573.pdf)//twontwon Of particular interest from the point of view of changing investor perceptions of aquaculture were AND and too few large profitable ones that could be shown to potential investors.

Aquaculture is both sufficient and necessary to guarantee long term food security – no other sources can increase production fast enough
Aquaculture's contribution to food security The existing and potential contributions of aquaculture to food security AND and static fishery production make aquaculture an important supply source for fish products.
 * Hishamunda et al 9** - Fishery Planning Officer at the Fishery and Aquaculture Economics and Policy Division of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (Nathanael, Junning Cai – Assistant Professor at Central University of Finance and Economics, PingSun Leung – professor at College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, "Commercial aquaculture and economic growth, poverty alleviation and food security, FAO, http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i0974e/i0974e.pdf, JZG)

First is food prices – it's logistically cheaper and has a lower production cost
Asche 11, (Frank Asche, Department of Industrial Economics, University of Stavenger, 2011 (it doesn't say what the date is but it cites studies from 2011 – it could be more recent), "Green Growth in Fisheries and Aquaculture Production and Trade," http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/sustainable-agriculture/48258799.pdf)//twontwon International trade has increased much faster than total seafood production. From 1976 to 2006 AND production technologies, and lower distribution and logistics costs (Asche, 2008).

High food prices cause extinction
Klare 12 (Michael T., Professor of Peace and World Security Studies – Hampshire College, "Michael T. Klare: The Hunger Wars in Our Future", 8-8, http://www.guernicamag.com/daily/michael-t-klare-the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/) This, however, is just the beginning of the likely consequences: if history AND continues to fuel the insurgency of the Maoist-inspired Naxalites of India.

Second is resource wars – they escalate and cause extinction
Woolridge 9 (Frosty, Former Officer – US Army Medical Service Corps, "America Galloping Toward Its Greatest Crisis in the 21^^st^^ Century", The Examiner, 5-22, http://www.examiner.com/examiner/x-3515-Denver-Political-Issues-Examinery2009m5d22-America-galloping-toward-its-greatest-crisis-in-the-21st-century) "It is clear that most politicians and most citizens do not recognize that returning AND worst (and not unlikely) case, a nuclear war ending civilization.

Unsustainable aquaculture devastates marine environments and collapse the industry – promoting a regulated industry will solve overfishing globally
Smith 12 —- J.D. Harvard Law School, 2012 (4/19/2012, Turner, "Greening the Blue Revolution: How History Can Inform a Sustainable Aquaculture Movement," http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/11938741/Smith_2012.pdf?sequence=1, JMP) IV. The Benefits and Harms of Modern Aquaculture Before delving into an account AND a "green" blue revolution and realize its full, impressive potential.

Best evidence proves a majority of fisheries are still in decline
Plumer 13 (10/29/2013, Brad, "Just how badly are we overfishing the oceans?" http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/10/29/just-how-badly-are-we-overfishing-the-ocean/0/, JMP) Humans now have the technology to find and catch every last fish on the planet AND United States imports 91 percent of its seafood, that's an important caveat.

The decline of fisheries destroys marine ecosystems and risks starvation of hundreds of millions
Pauly 9 —- professor at the Fisheries Centre of the University of British Columbia (9/28/2009, Daniel, "Aquacalypse Now," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/environment-energy/aquacalypse-now, JMP) The jig, however, is nearly up. In 1950, the newly constituted AND seeing now may be only the first scene in a watery horror show.

Undermines the overall ocean environment —- causes extinction
Denoon 6 (11/2/2006, Daniel, "Salt-Water Fish Extinction Seen By 2048," http://www.cbsnews.com/news/salt-water-fish-extinction-seen-by-2048/) The apocalypse has a new date: 2048. That's when the world's oceans will AND and colleagues report their findings in the Nov. 3 issue of Science.

Independently, global food production will inevitably breakdown —- a shift to ocean aquaculture key to sustainably feed the growing population
Strasser 14 —- Senior Editor of ThinkProgress (4/21/2014, Annie-Rose, "The New, Innovative And More Efficient Way Of Feeding People," http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/04/21/3422486/big-ag-takes-to-the-ocean/, JMP) Don Kent, President of the Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, was standing AND One of the effects of this is that agriculture is driving massive deforestation.

The plan sets a global model that saves marine ecosystems
Naylor 6 —- Fellow at the Center for Environmental Science and Policy, Stanford University (Spring 2006, Rosamond L., "Environmental Safeguards for Open-Ocean Aquaculture," http://issues.org/22-3/naylor/, JMP) The need for national environmental standards Whether environmentalists like it or not, marine AND constraints, but only if it develops under clear and enforceable environmental mandates.

U.S. standards will encourage better practices in other countries
Physorg 7 (7/2/2007, "US in support of more ocean based aquaculture," http://www.thefishsite.com/fishnews/4630/us-in-support-of-more-ocean-based-aquaculture, JMP) US - Government and industry leaders are urging a headlong plunge into ocean fish farming AND strong US environmental standards could help encourage better practices in other countries. = - - - - - neg - - - - - = Questions: yangandrew0@gmail.com 1NCs:

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