Aaron+&+Symon+(BEFJR+KZ)

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=Affirmative=

Aquaculture
(Practice Debates 1)

Imports Adv
Current regulations block development of offshore aquaculture in federal waters Johns, 13 --- J.D. Candidate, USC Law 2013 (March 2013, Kristen L., Southern California Law Review, FARM FISHING HOLES: GAPS IN FEDERAL REGULATION OF OFFSHORE AQUACULTURE,” 86 S. Cal. L. Rev. 681, JMP) III. DEFICIENCIES OF THE CURRENT REGULATORY SCHEME The current regime for regulating offshore aquaculture AND authority will allow opponents of the aquaculture industry to effectively challenge any project.

Domestic aquaculture starts ups are being driven away from __federal waters__ to other countries Frezza, 12 --- fellow at the Competitive Enterprise Institute and a Boston-based venture capitalist (11/26/2012, Bill, “Regulatory Uncertainty Drives Fish Farmer to Foreign Waters,” [], JMP) Yet farmed fish still carries a bad rap, both from environmentalists concerned about the AND their right mind would dare to start a business like this in California.

Boosting domestic ocean aquaculture reverses the seafood trade deficit Strasser, 14 --- Senior Editor of ThinkProgress (4/21/2014, Annie-Rose, “The New, Innovative And More Efficient Way Of Feeding People,” [], JMP)

Models are all that researchers have to go off when assessing the potential impact of AND the lesson the hard way. Because the sources are drying up. ”
 * Note --- Don Kent is President of the Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute

Reliance on seafood imports wrecks the domestic seafood industry which is key to the overall economy. The only alternative is self-sufficient national production. Corbin, 10 --- President of Aquaculture Planning & Advocacy LLC (May/ June 2010, John S., Marine Technology Society Journal, “Sustainable U.S. Marine Aquaculture Expansion, a Necessity,” ingentaconnect database, JMP) WHY U.S. MARINE AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IS IMPORTANT Seafood Consumption in America Today AND aquaculture to bolster the seafood industry to satisfy its many millions of customers.

Global nuclear war Freidberg & Schonfeld, 8 --- *Professor of Politics and IR at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School, AND senior editor of Commentary and a visiting scholar at the Witherspoon Institute in Princeton (10/21/2008, Aaron and Gabriel, “The Dangers of a Diminished America”, Wall Street Journal, []) With the global financial system in serious trouble, is America's geostrategic dominance likely to AND of disengagement and the stiff price tag of continued American leadership.

Sustainability Adv
SQ practices devastate marine environments and collapse the industry --- plan solves Smith, 12 --- J.D. Harvard Law School, 2012 (4/19/2012, Turner, “Greening the Blue Revolution: How History Can Inform a Sustainable Aquaculture Movement,” [], JMP) IV. The Benefits and Harms of Modern Aquaculture Before delving into an account of AND a “green” blue revolution and realize its full, impressive potential.

The plan sets a __global model__ Naylor, 6 --- Fellow at the Center for Environmental Science and Policy, Stanford University (Spring 2006, Rosamond L., “Environmental Safeguards for Open-Ocean Aquaculture,” [], JMP) The need for national environmental standards Whether environmentalists like it or not, marine aquaculture AND // constraints, but only if it develops under clear and enforceable environmental mandates. //

The decline of fisheries destroys marine ecosystems and risks starvation of hundreds of millions Pauly, 9 --- professor at the Fisheries Centre of the University of British Columbia (9/28/2009, Daniel, “Aquacalypse Now,” [], JMP) The jig, however, is nearly up. In 1950, the newly constituted AND seeing now may be only the first scene in a watery horror show.

Undermines the overall ocean environment Denoon, 6 (11/2/2006, Daniel, “Salt-Water Fish Extinction Seen By 2048,” []) The apocalypse has a new date: 2048. That's when the world's oceans will AND and colleagues report their findings in the Nov. 3 issue of Science.

The impact is extinction Schofield, 14 --- Director of Research at the Australian Centre for Ocean Resource and Security University of Wollongong (3/10/2014, Clive, “Why our precious oceans are under threat,” [], JMP) Science fiction author Arthur C Clarke once observed, “How inappropriate to call this AND same time the oceans also remain largely (95 per cent) unexplored.

Plan is key to sustainably feed the growing population and prevent massive deforestation Strasser, 14 --- Senior Editor of ThinkProgress (4/21/2014, Annie-Rose, “The New, Innovative And More Efficient Way Of Feeding People,” [], JMP)

Don Kent, President of the Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, was AND One of the effects of this is that agriculture is // driving massive deforestation //.

Deforestation will cause extinction Chivian 11, Dr. Eric S. Chivian is the founder and Director of the Center for Health and the Global Environment (CHGE) at Harvard Medical School and directs the Biodiversity and Human Health Progam. He is also an Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. Chivian works with the United Nations on how to address the pressing environmental problems the world is facing. (“Species Extinction, Biodiversity Loss and Human Health”, http://www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-vii/environmental-health-hazards/item/505-species-extinction-biodiversity-loss-and-human-health, 2011) Kerwin Human activity is causing the extinction of animal, plant and microbial species at rates AND demand that // efforts to preserve species and ecosystems be given the highest priority //.

Plan Text
The United States federal government should create a National Offshore Aquaculture Framework that

n authorizes the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as the lead federal agency for regulating offshore aquaculture and gives it authority to determine appropriate locations for, permit, regulate, monitor, and enforce offshore aquaculture in the Exclusive Economic Zone

n requires the NOAA to issue legally binding national standards and regulations to prevent or minimize impacts on the marine ecosystem and fisheries

n establishes a research program to guide the precautionary development of offshore aquaculture in the EEZ

Solvency
The plan, based on the National Sustainable Offshore Aquaculture Act, is the best way to develop environmentally sustainable offshore aquaculture. It is a product of systemic research from relevant stakeholders. Johns, 13 --- J.D. Candidate, USC Law 2013 (March 2013, Kristen L., Southern California Law Review, FARM FISHING HOLES: GAPS IN FEDERAL REGULATION OF OFFSHORE AQUACULTURE,” 86 S. Cal. L. Rev. 681, JMP) IV. DEVELOPING A NEW FRAMEWORK A. Congress Should Enact New Legislation Creating a AND our domestic economy, but not at the expense of a healthy ocean.

Offshore Wind
Practice Debates 1

Warming Adv
Warming is anthropogenic Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech // An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public // // AND // // 1% based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW . //
 * John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy **Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis** *Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al., (“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)//BB//

//Even if some warming is inevitable, keeping it below 4 degrees avoids the worst impacts//

//Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank// //(Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)//BB The 4°C scenarios are devastating : the inundation of coastal cities; increasing AND in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.

Extinction Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA (Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)//BB//

//The best estimates for global// //AND// //social, cultural and political changes.//

//Independently, emissions cause ocean acidification – extinction// //Romm 12 – physicist and climate expert, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress// //(Joseph J., “Science: Ocean Acidifying so fast that it threatens humanity’s ability to feed itself”, 3/2/12; http://earthlawcenter.org/news/headline/science-ocean-acidifying-so-fast-it-threatens-humanitys-ability-to-feed-itself/)// // The world’s oceans may be turning acidic faster today from human carbon emissions than they // // AND // // species goes extinct it’s gone forever. We’re playing a very dangerous game .” //

//THE PLAN SOLVES//

//US offshore wind development curbs carbon emissions// //Thaler 12 - Professor of Energy Policy, Law & Ethics// //(Jeff, “FIDDLING AS THE WORLD BURNS: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE URGENTLY REQUIRES A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERMITTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS,” 42 Environmental Law Journal 1101)//BB Unfortunately, as the economic and health costs from fossil fuel emissions have grown so AND and Block Island in Rhode Island would likewise be shallow-water installations.

Offshore wind is comparatively the cleanest and most productive renewable energy Jensen 13 – partner in the Washington, DC office of Holland & Hart LLP (Thomas, et al, “From the 35th Public Land Law Conference: Balancing Act and Paradigm Shift: The Role of Public Lands in America's Energy Future: Oceans: Are Ocean Wind Turbines like Homesteads and Gold Mines and Railroads? A Public Lands Policy Question for the Climate Change Era,” 34 Pub. Land & Resources L. Rev. 93)//BB// // The ocean wind resource in // // AND // // a tool to power our communities. //

//Full-scale offshore wind would generate enough electricity for the entire country// //Levitan 13 - writes about energy, the environment, and health. His articles have been published by Scientific American, Discover, IEEE Spectrum, Grist, and others. In previous articles for Yale Environment 360, he has written about vehicle-to-grid technology for electric cars and cities' efforts to recycle food scraps and organic waste// //(Dave, “Will Offshore Wind Finally Take Off on U.S. East Coast?,” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/will_offshore_wind_finally_take_off_on_us_east_coast/2693/)//BB “ The East Coast is the Saudi Arabia of offshore wind, because there is // AND // coasts in particular are windy spots with water depths that make development feasible.

Electricity-emissions reductions sufficiently solve global warming Akorede 12 - .F., Ph.D degree in Electrical Power Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia (H. Hizam,M.Z.A. Ab Kadir,I. Aris,S.D. BubaElectrical & Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, “Mitigating the anthropogenic global warming in the electric power industry,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16.5)//BB 5. Power industry's share of CO2 emissions To identify the most productive mitigation strategies AND of these possible mitigation techniques is discussed in turn in the following subsections.

Hegemony Adv
Econ declining now – that leads to war Freidberg & Schonfeld, 8 --- *Professor of Politics and IR at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School, AND **senior editor of Commentary and a visiting scholar at the Witherspoon Institute in Princeton (10/21/2008, Aaron and Gabriel, “The Dangers of a Diminished America”, Wall Street Journal, []) With the global financial system in serious trouble, is America's AND

disengagement and the stiff price tag of continued American leadership.

Slow growth leads to hegemonic wars – relative gap is key Goldstein 7 - Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania, (Avery Goldstein, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume30, Issue 4 & 5 August, EBSCO) Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments focus explicitly on the consequences for AND provides grounds for concern about the period prior to the possible crossover __.__ 19

Fast growth promotes US leadership and solves great power war Khalilzad 11 – PhD, Former Professor of Political Science @ Columbia, Former ambassador to Iraq and Afghanistan (Zalmay Khalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. "The Economy and National Security" Feb 8 http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad)//BB// // Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to// //AND// //, hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions. //

//States will inevitably compete for relative status – only primacy can prevent conflict// //Wohlforth 9 - Professor of government at Dartmouth// //(William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War” World Politics, 61:1, January, Project Muse)// //Second, I question the dominant view that status quo evaluations are relatively independent of // //AND // //ways that directly contradict their material interest in security and/or prosperity. //

//There are hundreds of causes of conflict – hegemony deters and controls escalation by internalizing costs// // Moore 4 – Dir. Center for Security Law and Professor of Law @ University of Virginia, Editor of the American Journal of International Law // //(John Norton, “Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace,” pg. 41-43)// // If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic // // AND // // in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased? //

//THE PLAN SOLVES//

//Offshore wind promotes fast US growth// // N’dolo 10 – associate principal @ Camoin Associates // //(Michael and Bruce Bailey, “Offshore development can yield economic benefits,” North American Wind Power, Fall 2010)//BB Economic opportunities Wind power is a job-creation // engine //. According to the AND could provide installation capacity for a number of projects on the East Coast.

Even limited energy production leads to quick growth Sargent 12 (Rob Sargent, U.S. Poised to Join the Race on Offshore Wind: Lawmakers Must Commit to More Pollution-Free Energy”, http://www.environmentamerica.org/news/ame/us-poised-join-race-offshore-wind)//BB// // The Turning Point for Atlantic Offshore Wind Energy includes details on the key milestones each // // AND // // efforts to secure buyers for this new source of reliable, clean energy. //

//The plan solves unemployment and diversifies fuel sources// //Schroeder 10 – J.D @ Berkeley, M.E.M., Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies// //(Erica, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” California Law Review, 98.5)//BB Many of the most compelling benefits of offshore wind are similar to those of onshore AND offshore," wind power could create 250,000 jobs by 2030.61

Plan Text
The United States federal government should revise the Coastal Zone Management Act to guarantee incentives for offshore ocean wind power.

Solvency
The lack of a strong and effective federal mandate is a key barrier blocking offshore wind development Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) III Current Regulatory Framework for AND compelling and frustrating illustration of this problem.

The plan ensures offshore wind development --- it maintains NEPA reviews to prevent environmentally destructive over development

Schroeder, 10 --- J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (October 2010, Erica, California Law Review, “Turning Offshore Wind On,” Vol. 98, No, 5, Lexis, JMP) V The Coastal Zone Management Act: A AND it is well within the realm of practical policies already being discussed.

Long-term incentives ensure that the supply chain follows on – fed support key Galluci 11 - Staff Reporter at InsideClimate News Honduras Contributor at Fodor's, Co-Editor & Reporter at The News, Newsroom Intern at Associated Press, Newsroom Intern at Columbus Business (Maria, “Never-Used Tax Credit Could Jumpstart US Offshore Wind Energy—if Renewed,” http://truth-out.org/news/item/4778:neverused-tax-credit-could-jumpstart-us-offshore-wind-energy%E2%80%94if-renewed) Matt Kaplan, a North American wind analyst at IHS Emerging Energy Research , said // AND // way toward helping this industry develop in the United States," Grybowski said.

Pre-emption of state barriers solves – nuclear power, hydropower, cell tower and vehicle emissions statutes prove Thaler 12 – Visiting Professor of Energy Policy, Law & Ethics, University of Maine School of Law and School of Economics (Jeff, “FIDDLING AS THE WORLD FLOODS AND BURNS: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE URGENTLY REQUIRES A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERMITTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS,” Environmental Law, 42, Lexis)//BB However, statutes expediting agency review of offshore wind projects ¶ solve only part of AND an explicit goal in the ¶ states’ CZMPs under the revised CZMA .”272

Nuclear Shipping
(Intralab Tournament 1)

Trade Advantage
Status quo emissions regulations will drive up fuel cost and crush the shipping industry Hirdaris 13- Dr. Spyro, Senior Specialist at Lloyd's Register, PHD in Naval Architecture at the University of Southampton, 2013 http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/351357/1/CONCEPTS%20FOR%20A%20MODULAR%20NUCLEAR%20POWERED%20CONTAINERSHIP.pdf\\CLans) __The shipping industry is an efficient__ __AND__ __and use__ __alternative technologies__.

Nuclear shipping is key to prevent a decline and increase volume SINGLA 2011 (Smita, MA in food tech and professional blogger on maritime issues, “Nuclear Ship Propulsion: Is it the Future of the Shipping Industry?,” Marine Insight, Sept 2, http://www.marineinsight.com/tech/nuclear-ship-propulsion-is-it-the-future-of-the-shipping-industry/#ixzz2BqcUcPcN) __Amongst all the speculations and__ AND that have become a menace all over the world.

Shipping key to stable food prices, trade, and world economic stability MITROPOULOS 2005 (Efthimios, Secretary-General of the International Maritime Organization of the United Nations, World Maritime Day Parallel Event, 11/15, International Maritime Organization, http://www.imo.org/Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1028&doc_id=5415) We hoped to kick-start moves towards __AND__ __the other half would freeze__.

Transit time and fuel cost key OECD 2012 (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Trade Costs,” date is date last mod, Oct 29, www.oecd.org/tad/tradefacilitation/tradecosts.htm) Maritime transport costs Ships have __AND__ __time-sensitive products at all__.

High food prices cause nuclear war Cribb 2010 (Julian, Julian Cribb is a science communicator, journalist and editor of several newspapers and books. His published work includes over 7,000 newspaper articles, 1,000 broadcasts, and three books and has received 32 awards for science, medical, agricultural and business journalism. He was Director, National Awareness, for Australia's science agency, CSIRO, foundation president of the Australian Science Communicators, and originated the CGIAR's Future Harvest strategy. He has worked as a newspaper editor, science editor for "The Australian "and head of public affairs for CSIRO. He runs his own science communication consultancy, “The coming famine: the global food crisis and what we can do to avoid it,” p. 26) This is the most likely means AND peoples' need to secure them.

And, economic collapse causes nuclear war Harris and Burrows, 9 – *counselor in the National Intelligence Council, the principal drafter of Global Trends 2025, **member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis”, Washington Quarterly, http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_burrows.pdf) Increased Potential for Global AND // in a more dog-eat-dog world. //

Goes global—strong studies Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-214 Less intuitive is how periods of economic AND considered ancillary to those views.

Trade prevents war, contains war, and checks escalation—solves all other impacts GRISWOLD 2011 (Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization. “Free Trade and the Global Middle Class,” Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9 http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf) __Our__ more __globalized world__ __AND__ __civil conflict and war.__

Heg Advantage
American shipbuilding is noncompetitive now—the plan revitalizes it by increasing orders and efficiency HAAS 2014 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) Nuclear powered vessels have __AND__ __against their foreign counterparts__.

Nuclear shipbuilding revitalizes industry jobs and boosts the economy HAAS 2014 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) According to a recent study __AND__ __market becomes widespread__.

Commercial shipbuilding industry is key to naval power and overall US hard power A.M.P 2014 (American Maritime Partnership, “National Security,” No date, date is date accessed, June 29, 2014 http://www.americanmaritimepartnership.com/national-security/) A strong and vibrant maritime __AND__ __also fundamental to national security.”__

Naval reliance is inevitable—only a matter of effectiveness WHITENECK 2010 (Daniel Whiteneck • Michael Price • Neil Jenkins •Peter Swartz, CNA Analysis & Solutions, “The Navy at a Tipping Point: Maritime Dominance at Stake?” March, http://www.public.navy.mil/usff/documents/navy_at_tipping_point.pdf) __In the future, the demand__ __AND__ __security cooperation activities__ by COCOMs.

No one can fill in for US naval power WHITENECK 2010 (Daniel Whiteneck • Michael Price • Neil Jenkins •Peter Swartz, CNA Analysis & Solutions, “The Navy at a Tipping Point: Maritime Dominance at Stake?” March, http://www.public.navy.mil/usff/documents/navy_at_tipping_point.pdf) Second, __no other country (or__ __AND__ __their resources and political support at home__.

Naval power solves nuclear war Conway et al 7 James – General, US Marine Corps, Commandant of the Marine Corps, Gary Roughead – Admiral, U.S. navy, Chief of Naval Operations, Thad Allen – Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, Commandant of the Coast Guard, A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower, p. http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf __No other disruption is as potentially__ __AND__ __enable extended campaigns ashore__.

Naval power is critical to overall US capabilities—this allows us to deter and defeat any challenger and contain every impact ENGLAND, JONES, AND CLARK 2011 (Gordon England is a former secretary of the Navy. General James Jones is a former commandant of the Marine Corps. Admiral Vern Clark is a former chief of naval operations; “The Necessity of U.S. Naval Power,” July 11, http://gcaptain.com/necessity-u-s-naval-power?27784) The future security environment underscores __AND__ __meet the challenges of the future__.

The pursuit of hegemony is inevitable, sustainable, and prevents great power war Ikenberry, Brooks, and Wohlforth, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul and the Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, 13 (John Ikenberry, Stephen G. Brooks, William C. Wohlforth, January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, “Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward) Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall AND an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.

Plan Text
The United States Federal Government should establish a regulatory framework for the use of nuclear reactors on commercial ships and guarantee insurance coverage for them under the Price-Anderson Act.

Solvency
Federal insurance increases acceptance of nuclear power and creates a commercial role HAAS 2014 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) __Current protection and indemnity insurance__ AND understanding of radiation health effects is adopted.

The US is key—best regulatory structure HAAS 2014 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) __In order to reduce quality control__ AND designed and tested in the United States.

The plan spurs a US-dominated global market and revitalizes the US economy HAAS 2014 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, “Strategies for the Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping,” Presented to the Connecticut Maritime Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf) However, __once nuclear powered__ __AND__ __to create a sustainable shipbuilding program__.

No shipwreck impact FEMENIA 2012 (Jose, Prof at the United States Merchant Marine Academy, Is The Time Right For Commercial Nuclear Powered Vessels? http://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/SNAME/ee3b8f97-c746-4d85-bede-cd348a202053/UploadedImages/Is%20The%20Time%20Is%20Right%20For%20Commercial%20Nuclear%20Powered%20Vessels-J.Femenia%20%28Full%20Paper-080812%29.pdf) Another potential source of pollution AND for marine engineers and naval architects.

No waste issue FEMENIA 2012 (Jose, Prof at the United States Merchant Marine Academy, Is The Time Right For Commercial Nuclear Powered Vessels? http://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/SNAME/ee3b8f97-c746-4d85-bede-cd348a202053/UploadedImages/Is%20The%20Time%20Is%20Right%20For%20Commercial%20Nuclear%20Powered%20Vessels-J.Femenia%20%28Full%20Paper-080812%29.pdf) An argument can be made that __AND__ __compared to gegawatt electrical utility power plants__.

Aquarius
(Practice Debates 2, Intralab Tournament 2, Interlab Tournament [HJPV])

1AC
Inherency NOAA cut funding for the Aquarius Reef Lab—Florida International University saved the program but federal funding is key to __ safeguard __ the lab and guarantee __ high-quality science __ Withers 13 (Ashley, Star-News (Wilmington, NC) January 9, 2013, lexis) __A__ // lack of federal support // and local funding has __forced__ the __U__ niversity of __N__ orth __C__ arolina __AND__ __its ocean exploration program, eliminating the undersea research program that included Aquarius__.

The federal government is key Rockefeller 13—Senator for West Virginia, Chairman, U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (Senator John D. (Jay) Rockefeller IV, Jun 11 2013, //Deep Sea Challenge: Innovative Partnerships in Ocean Observation//, http://www.commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?p=Hearings&ContentRecord_id=29496bc2-fdb7-47c7-93ef-0def99cf9d6c&Statement_id=e7a711a0-2ddd-48ac-b9e4-de831953b9e7&ContentType_id=14f995b9-dfa5-407a-9d35-56cc7152a7ed&Group_id=b06c39af-e033-4cba-9221-de668ca1978a&MonthDisplay=6&YearDisplay=2013//cc) Oceans cover more than two-thirds of the Earth’s surface, so one would AND environmental problems that threaten ecosystems and the economic backbones of our coastal communities.

Plan Text
The United States federal government should substantially increase its exploration and development of the Earth’s ocean through the Aquarius Reef Base. We’ll Clarify

Asteroids Adv
Asteroid coming now causes extinction Diaz 13 –Jesus Diaz, Techology beat writer for SPLOID, Newly discovered asteroid could hit Earth in 2032http://io9.com/astronomers-discover-a-massive-asteroid-that-could-hit-1447068835/1447145949//RSoni Shutdown, Obamacare, Syria... AND will not have a second chance .

Recent funding cuts prevent NASA’s Extreme Environment Mission Operations, or NEEMO—those operations are critical to effective asteroid deflection Pasternack, 13 – editor @ vice (Alex, “The Last Sea Lab Just Barely Floats On, as NASA's Wild Asteroid Simulation Sinks”, February 15, 2013, vice, http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/the-last-sea-lab-survives-without-nasas-asteroid-simulation)//AE// // Studying the oceans up close has arguably never been more important, what with all // // AND // a lab next year, because there's no other place quite like it.

//Aquarius is a prerequisite to __effective__ missions in space—accurate gravitational simulations and extreme environmental conditions make it __the only place__ where NEEMO can occur// //Chappell et al 13—PhD in human performance in simulated reduced gravity from the University of Colorado, Technical Director and Deputy Mission Manager on NEEMO 15 (Steve Chappell attended the University of Michigan and earned a bachelor's degree in Aerospace Engineering Sciences. Steve also earned masters and doctoral degrees from the University of Colorado, studying human performance in simulated reduced gravity. His research has been focused on optimizing human performance in the next-generation human space exploration systems, including leading and taking part in studies in different exploration analog environments as a member of the Exploration Analogs and Mission Development (EAMD) team. He was a crewmember on NEEMO 14. Andrew Abercromby is a biomedical engineer and deputy project manager for the Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle (MMSEV) project, which is designing and testing a new type of human space exploration vehicle. He is also the deputy project lead for the EAMD team. Andrew has also previously worked in NASA's Neurosciences Laboratory, Anthropometry and Biomechanics Facility, and Flight Mechanics Laboratory and has participated in NASA analog studies in the arctic, the desert, and beneath the ocean. He was a crewmember on NEEMO 14. Michael Gernhardt is a NASA astronaut who has been a mission specialist on four Space Shuttle missions. He has a bachelor's degree in physics from Vanderbilt University as well as master's and doctorate degrees in bioengineering from the University of Pennsylvania. He is also the principle investigator for the NEEMO project, project manager of the MMSEV project, manager of the NASA JSC Environmental Physiology Laboratory, principle investigator of the Pre-breathe Reduction Program, and project lead for the EAMD team. He was a crewmember on NEEMO 1, the first NEEMO mission, and was commander of NEEMO 8. //NEEMO 15: Evaluation of human exploration systems for near-Earth asteroids//, Acta Astronautica: Volume 89, August–September 2013, Pages 166–178//cc) 1. Introduction 1.1. Aquarius habitat Aquarius is the only operational undersea AND  different combinations of exploration systems and different concepts of operations for NEA exploration.

Solves Asteroids Potts No Date (Thomas Potts, “Save Aquarius Reef Base”, hthtps://www.indiegogo.com/projects/save-aquarius-reef-base)//spark Besides accomplishing their intended goals, scientists are able to see and experience the unexpected AND surgery procedures on a mock patient; with simulated lunar and martian delays.

Asteroid missions are inevitable, but the astronauts need effective __training and practice__, which is only solved by continuous underwater experience Mullen 14—CNN news reporter (Jethro, NASA's bold plan: Landing people on asteroids updated 10:46 AM EDT, Tue May 13, 2014 http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/13/tech/nasa-asteroid-landing//cc)// // But NASA says it's working on plans to send astronauts into space to land on // // AND // // well as the type of spacesuit that might be worn on the asteroid. //

//Extinction// //McGuire 2002 (Bill, Professor of Geohazards at University College London and is one of Britain's leading volcanologists, A Guide to the End of the World, p. 159-168 //cc) The Tunguska events pale into insignificance when compared to what happened __off the coast of__ __AND__ , wc could do little about a new comet heading in our direction.

High magnitude and aperiodic strikes shatter traditional considerations of “timeframe” and mean we should treat NEA threats as __immanent__ Brownfield 4 (Roger, Gaishiled Project, “A Million Miles a Day”, Presentation at the Planetary Defense Conference: Protecting Earth From Asteroids, 2-26, [|http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=406&gTable= Paper&g] ID=17092//cc) Once upon a time there was a Big Bang... Cause/Effect - Cause AND ” in favor of rational random inevitable expectation... and its attendant fear.

Acidification Adv
Ocean acidification policy is failing- the aff is a key starting point Bienkowski, 13 – the daily climate, writer @ nature climate change (Brian, “U.S. Effort on Ocean Acidification Needs Focus on Human Impacts”, Jan 11, 2013, Scientific American, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/us-effort-on-ocean-acidification-needs-focus-on-human-impacts)//AE// // A federal plan to tackle ocean acidification must focus more on how the changes will // // AND // // be required to advance a broadly focused and effective National Ocean Acidification Program." //

//Aquarius is key to effective acidity monitoring and to spur further action// // Schrope, 8 - freelance science writer (Mark, “Sleeping with the fishes”, 27 November 2008, Nature Reports: Climate Change, http://www.nature.com/climate/2008/0812/full/climate.2008.127.html) //AE Ocean acidification is the latest in a slew of threats to coral reefs. A AND to study them," says Martens. " We've got to get started ."

The info from Aquarius about both reefs and acidification is __critical__ to guide future policy decisions—__now is key__ Heithaus 13—Associate Dean, College of Arts and Sciences at FIU (Michael, Statement of Dr. Michael Heithaus Associate Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Before the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation — Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries and Coast Guard Subcommittee Hearing June 13, 2013 Aquarius Reef Base and Partnerships in Ocean Observations, http://government.fiu.edu/federal/dc-dispatches/current/Statement-of-Dr-Michael-Heithaus.html//cc)// // National Needs for Ocean Science and Education Coastal marine habitats such as coral reefs, // // AND // // internet, ignites the imaginations of future scientists and educators like nothing else! //

//Acidification now – causes biodiversity loss—affects food chains, entire ecosystems, and uniquely affects ptetropodal species// // Johnson & White, 14 - Associate Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences @ UT Arlington (PhD in Oceanography), environmental scientist @ NOAA (PhD in Enviro Science) (Ashanti and Natasha, “Ocean Acidification: The Other Climate Change Issue”, American Scientist 102.1, (January/February 2014): 60–63, lexis) //AE Within Earth’s vast oceans exists a diverse population of beautiful creatures that depend on a AND offset the harm already done and to ensure that marine ecosystems remain viable.

Extinction:

a) Pteropodals Taylor, 14 - research fellow at Stanford University (Larry, “A tiny creature's big warning”, June 26, 2014, Los Angeles Times, Opinion Desk; Part A; Pg. 15, lexis)//AE// // Pteropod, meaning "wing foot," refers to a group of animals that have // // AND // all species will eventually feel the trickle-up effects, humans included.

//b) Reefs// // Peel, 13 – writer at Planet Earth Online (Alex, “Scientists Call for Global Action on Coral Reefs”, Planet Earth Online, August 13, 2013, lexis) //AE A new paper, published in the journal Current Biology, says Caribbean reef growth AND  of the century. At the moment, we’re still following this trajectory.”

c) American lobster larvae Keppel et al, 12 – Saint Francis Xavier University, Department of Biology (Elise A., Ricardo A. Scrosati is an author, and Simon C. Courtenay works at Fisheries and Oceans Canada at the Canadian Rivers Institute, “Ocean Acidification Decreases Growth and Development in American Lobster (Homarus americanus) Larvae”, Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, December 2012, 61–66, http://journal.nafo.int/44/Keppel/5-keppel.html)//AE// // Negative species responses to ocean acidification have been commonly found in marine invertebrates . Here // // AND // our study suggests that future ocean acidification may harm this important marine resource // . //

//Biod loss is an invisible threshold—flips all of their environment Ks// // Watston, 2K— founder Sea Shepherd conservation Society. Founding Director Greenpeace, MA Environmentalist[Paul, “The Politics of Extinction,” []]// //__Individual humans are for the most part insulated from the reality of species loss__. // // AND // //__and with it the horrendous and mind numbing specter of massive human destruction__. //

//Outweighs all other impacts// // Coyne and Hoekstra 7 – *professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago, **Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University (Jerry and Hopi, The New Republic, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, [])// //But it isn't just the destruction of the rainforests that should trouble us.__Healthy__// //__AND__// //__just another Great Dying, but perhaps the__// greatest dying of them all //.

STEM Add-On
Aquarius key to STEM Mursuli 13 – Member of Marlen Mursuli (09/18/2013, Marlen, “The world’s only undersea research lab”, http://news.fiu.edu/2013/09/under-the-atlantic-aquarius-reef-base-offers-a-window-on-the-ocean-and-space/67521)//spark// //The special diving capability of Aquarius, called saturation diving, allows //scientists to work <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">AND <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">interest in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) careers.

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">STEM key to economy // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Carafano 09 – Assistant Director of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies and Senior Research Fellow for National Security and Homeland Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies (2009, James Jay, “Improving U.S. Competitiveness with K-12 STEM Education and Training”, http://www.heritage.org/Research/Education/upload/SR_57.pdf) //spark <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Every day, <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">a new technology is brought to market by the STEM workforce, <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">culturally acceptable it is becoming the norm. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Peace through superior firepower./ 22

Science Diplomacy Add-On
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Plan is key to new research- solves science diplomacy <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">BROAD ’14 - <span class="Style13ptBold" style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">science journalist and senior writer at The New York Times (WILLIAM J., “Billionaires With Big Ideas Are Privatizing American Science”, 3/15/14, New York Times, <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">) //CW// //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">In November 2012, __the__ // AND can’t say that loud enough.”//

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Science diplo solves conflict and escalation <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hagee and Loy 2k12 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">( <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Gen. Michael W. Hagee and Adm. James M. Loy, 3-27-2012, What it takes to keep U.S. safe today, Politico, p. www.politico.com/news/stories/0312/74509.html) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The challenges we face today as a nation are far more complex and nuanced than <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">our investments in development and diplomacy can help get our economy rolling again.

Sea Col Add-On
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Aquarius key to sea colonies- solves every scenario for extinction <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Savage 92 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> (Marshall, Professor of English at USC. “The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps,” p. 94-95. .nt) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Aquarius <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 6pt;">s Every space colony is an ark. Aquarius will serve not only as the <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 6pt;">AND <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 6pt;">of Aquariusjust as in the legends of Atlantis-to recolonize this planet.

Disease Add-On
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">NASA is key to prevent diseases- NEEMO missions are key <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Crucian 14—NASA Johnson Space Center, Division of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences (Brian, Richard J. Simpson—Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance Satish Mehta, Raymond Stowe, Alexander Chouker, Shen-An Hwang, Jeffrey K. Actor, Alex P. Salam, Duane Pierson, Clarence Sams, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Department of Pathology, //Terrestrial stress analogs for spaceflight associated immune system dysregulation//, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, Volume 39, July 2014, Pages 23–32 Exercise Immunology in Health and Disease//cc) __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">NASA has conducted a pilot __ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">__AND__ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">__during the NEEMO missions__

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Extinction <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Zakaria, ‘5. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Fareed, “A Threat Worse than Terror,” 10-31, Newsweek, [] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt;">. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">A <span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">flu pandemic is the <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">AND <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">for today's deadliest threat.

Nuclear Desalination
(Interlab Practice Debates [GRAMS])

Water Adv
Water crises inevitable – population growth, per capita demand, and climate change Kucera 2014 (Jane Kucera - chemical engineer with over 31 years’ experience in the area of membrane technology. M.S. in Chemical Engineering. As a research engineer, where she spent 7 years developing novel membrane materials and process designs, including serving as lead researcher for several NASA research contracts to develop membrane-based water-recovery and reuse systems for the International Space Station. She is currently a Senior Technical Consultant in the Engineering and Project Development Group at Nalco/an Ecolab Company where she is responsible for developing industrial desalination treatment equipment and system designs. “Introduction to Desalination” in “Desalination: Water from Water” WileyOnline, ISBN 9781118904855) While population growth and per capita increase in demand are two major water stressors, AND will be in regions under the threat of signifi cant drought [7].

Inland water sources are insufficient Minhas et al 7/1, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, (7/1/14, “Combined reverse osmosis and constant-current operated capacitive deionization system for seawater desalination,” Science Direct, []) FT The demand for fresh water is increasing worldwide due to the increase in population and AND economic desalination by RO is a significant reason leading to its rapid expansion.

Nuclear desalination critical to solve - costs and energy usage are the only barriers NEI 2014 (Nuclear Energy Institute, 4/24/14, NEI, with member participation, develops policy on key legislative and regulatory issues affecting the industry. NEI then serves as a unified industry voice before the U.S. Congress, executive branch agencies and federal regulators, as well as international organizations and venues. NEI also provides a forum to resolve technical and business issues for the industry. Finally, NEI provides accurate and timely information on the nuclear industry to members, policymakers, the news media and the public.) “Water Desalination”, NEI, http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Other-Nuclear-Energy-Applications/Water-Desalination) Readily available drinking water is out of reach for as much as a fifth of AND  as climate change has become an important concern and small reactor technology has matured

Water conflicts inevitable – aff is key to solve White 9 – Commodities Editor for the Telegraph (Garry, “Can nuclear solve the global water crisis?,” The Telegraph, December 20, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/6851983/Can-nuclear-solve-the-global-water-crisis.html)//ac// //__As the global population expands, demand for water for agriculture and personal use will__// //__AND__// //__. For countries experiencing rapid population growth, it could be a lifesaver.__//

//Water diplomacy solves conflicts//

//a) leverages against multiple hotspots// // King 13, John O. Rankin Associate Professor of International Affairs; Director, Master of Arts Program in International Affairs at George Washington University// //(Marcus DuBois King, October 15,2013, “Water, U.S. Foreign Policy and American Leadership”, http://elliott.gwu.edu/sites/elliott.gwu.edu/files/downloads/faculty/king-water-policy-leadership.pdf)// //Second, traditional diplomacy is based on interactions between and among nation states. With // // AND // // , Indus, Mekong, Nile, and Tigris-Euphrates river basins .//

//b) create stability// //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12pt;">King 13 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">, John O. Rankin Associate Professor of International Affairs; Director, Master of Arts Program in International Affairs at George Washington University // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Marcus DuBois King, October 15,2013, “Water, U.S. Foreign Policy and American Leadership”, http://elliott.gwu.edu/sites/elliott.gwu.edu/files/downloads/faculty/king-water-policy-leadership.pdf) // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The USG has the opportunity to prioritize, develop and implement stronger water management policies // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">AND // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">S. water assistance could help national governments stabilize and regain their legitimacy. //

//Water wars risk instability, terrorism, and inhibit cooperation – multiple hotspots for escalation globally// // Goldenberg 14 – US environment correspondent// //(Suzanne, “Why global water shortages pose threat of terror and war,” The Guardian, 2/8/14, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/09/global-water-shortages-threat-terror-war)//ac On 17 January, scientists downloaded fresh data from a pair of __Nasa__ satellites and AND , thus threatening water insecurity for farms, other industry and the public.

Middle East escalates __NATIONS FIGHT over water__, especially __when access is curtailed or threatened__ , and // there // // AND // lavishly and // militarily //. It needs to demand that all sides stand down.
 * Rotberg 10** – The Boston Globe (Robert, “The threat of a water war”, 7/02/10, [], RSpec)

Terrorism causes extinction Robert Ayson (Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington) 2010 “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by AND for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.

South Asia war goes nuclear Landay 2k (Jonathan Landay, Knight-Ridder National Security and Intelligence senior correspondent, Knight Ridder Washington Bureau, “Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts” March 10, lexis) The 3,700-mile arc that begins at the heavily fortified border between AND that totaled $600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department.

Phosphorus Adv
Current land based phosphorus is unsustainable- we are reaching peak Phosphorus now Soil Association, 2012 (The Soil Association was founded in 1946 by a group of farmers, scientists and nutritionists who observed a direct connection between farming practice and plant, animal, human and environmental health. Today, we are the UK's leading membership charity campaigning for healthy, humane and sustainable food, farming and land use. We have over 150 staff based in Bristol and Edinburgh and working as certification inspectors across the country. The Soil Association's Chief Executive is Helen Browning, who reports to the Council of Trustees. You might expect something so vital to be organised and supported by the government. But in fact the Soil Association is a charity, reliant on donations and on the support of its members and the public to carry out its work.) “A Rock and a Hard Place: Peak Phosphorus and the threat to food security”, Soil Association, [] Unsustainable supply. Our current system of mining, using and disposing of phosphorus is AND it imports,32 with all its imports since 2005 coming from Morocco.

Quality decline means new resources are necessary Soil Association, 2012, The Soil Association was founded in 1946 by a group of farmers, scientists and nutritionists who observed a direct connection between farming practice and plant, animal, human and environmental health. Today, we are the UK's leading membership charity campaigning for healthy, humane and sustainable food, farming and land use. We have over 150 staff based in Bristol and Edinburgh and working as certification inspectors across the country. The Soil Association's Chief Executive is Helen Browning, who reports to the Council of Trustees. You might expect something so vital to be organised and supported by the government. But in fact the Soil Association is a charity, reliant on donations and on the support of its members and the public to carry out its work.) (“A Rock and a Hard Place: Peak Phosphorus and the threat to food security”, Soil Association, []. aspx?fileticket =eeGPQ JORrk w%3D) When is ‘peak phosphorus’ due? __Whilst many people are now familiar with the__ __AND__ reduce the likelihood of continuing steep rises in the price of phosphate fertiliser.

The plan is key-

a) mineral extraction – avoids environment DA’s IAEA 7 – International Atomic Energy Agency (“Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies,” July 2007, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf)//ac// // EXTRACTION OF VALUABLE MATERIALS AND MINIMIZATION OF BRINE DISCHARGE __ Seawater usually contains sixty elements from __// //__ AND __// // desalination complex would only lead to further cost reductions of the overall system. //

//b) Bacteria// // Balbo 12 – Director - Environmental Business at JACOBS Engineering Ireland// //(Laurie, “Green Miner Pulls Minerals from Desalination’s Seawater Brine,” The Green Prophet, August 30, 2o12, http://www.greenprophet.com/2012/08/mining-minerals-desalination/ )//ac __This new approach uses bacteria to mine sulphur and magnesium from desalination’s polluting brine.__ AND a boon to water-starved Middle East nations.

The Ocean Solves a) Phosphorus sinks and marine sediment Payton and McLaughlin 07’, Chemistry review writers for the scholarly publication: Chemical Reviews (Adina and Karen, “The Oceanic Phosphorus Cycle”, 5/6/2009, http://www.agci.org/dB/PDFs/09S2_TCrews_OceanPCycle.pdf) __Phosphorus Sources and Sinks in the Ocean__ __Phosphorus is primarily delivered to the ocean via__ __AND__ into ocean sediment make it challenging to precisely quantify and balance this budget.

b) Continental Weathering Payton and McLaughlin 07’, Chemistry review writers for the scholarly publication: Chemical Reviews (Adina and Karen, “The Oceanic Phosphorus Cycle”, 5/6/2009, http://www.agci.org/dB/PDFs/09S2_TCrews_OceanPCycle.pdf) Continental weathering represents the most significant source of P to marine environments .24, AND . This particulate load is de- posited quickly in estuarine and coastal shelf

The impact is global agrosystem collapse – phosphorous is key Sholz et al 2014 (Sholz et al. Summer 2014, Guest Professor at the Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Fellowship at the Institute of Advanced Studies (STIAS) in Stellenbosch 5/09 - 9/10 Executive Director of ITARICON Swiss GmbH 2004 - 2006 Director of the Institute for Human-Environment Systems (HES) at ETH Zurich 2006 Guest professor at Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (USA) 2003 - Guest professor at the Institute of Innovation and Environmental Management, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz (Austria) - Guest professor at the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life, Vienna (Austria) - Guest and lecturer at the Centre for Sustainability Management (CSM), University of Lueneburg (Germany) 2003 - to date Founder of STTM: Scholz Technology Transition Management 2001 - 2002 King Carl XVI Gustav's Professor of Environmental Science, Center of Environment and Sustainability, Chalmers Technical University of Göteborg and University of Göteborg, Sweden [article "Ett fall för Roland Scholz"] April 2000 - October 2000 Visiting Scholar and Professor at the Environmental Technology and Policy Group, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, MIT, and the Program of Negotiation, Harvard University, School of Laws, Boston, USA 1998 - to date Adjunct Professor (Priv. Doc.) of Psychology at the University of Zurich 1993 - 2012 Full Professor of Environmental Sciences: Natural and Social Science Interface (ETH), Zurich 1988 - 2005 Founder, president (former), and partner of the "Gesellschaft für Organisation und Entscheidung" [Organization and Decision Making Consultants] (Bielefeld/Stuttgart/Zurich) 1987 - 1995 Adjunct Professor (Priv. Doc.) of Psychology at the University of Mannheim 1985 Visiting Scientist at the Decision Research, a Branch of Perceptronics, Eugene, Oregon 1978 - 1993 Research Associate at the Institute for Didactics of Mathematics, University of Bielefeld, Various teaching obligations (Lehraufträge) at the Departments of Psychology, Mathematics and Economy at the University of Bielefeld and Mannheim 1976 - 1978 Research Assistant at the "Center for Social and Economic Decision Research (SFB 24)" at the University of Mannheim, Germany 1974 - 1976 Teaching Assistent in Statistics & Psychological Methods, Institute for Psychology, University of Marburg, Ben, “Sustainable Phosphorous Management”, Springer Publications) The Role of Phosphorus in Food Security and Technology Development ‘‘Producing enough food for AND efficiency is an absolute requirement. 1 Sustainable Phosphorus Management 19 2.4

Agriculture collapse causes global food hotspots to escalate to war and conflict Lagi and Bar-Yam, 2011—Postdoctoral Researcher at New England Complex Systems Institute, American physicist, systems scientist, and founding president of the New England Complex Systems Institute. (Marco, Yaneer, and Karla Bertrand. “The Food Crises and Political Instability in North Africa and the Middle East”, September 28, 2011, New England Complex Systems Institute, http://necsi.edu/research/social/food_crises.pdf)//chm// // Note: figures removed Social unrest may reflect a variety of factors such as poverty // // AND // // that are applied to them, including both the public and special interests. //

//Ag solves extinction// // Lugar, 2K – a US Senator from Indiana, is Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and a member and former chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee (Richard, “Calls for a new green revolution to combat global warming and reduce world instability,” http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)//VIVIENNE In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning AND __in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet.__

Plan Text
The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its development of the Earth’s ocean through nuclear desalination projects

Solvency
Desalination inevitable but insufficient and unsustainable now – only nuclear desalination can solve Glapke 2011 (Emmanuel Glapke is professor of Mechanical Engineering at Howard University, August 2011 “Nuclear desalination: A cure for drought” The New York Beacon, Proquest) It's happening again. A severe drought is spreading pain across the United States, AND a mistake that would come back to haunt us for years to come.

Federal leadership and funding for demonstration projects key Atwater 2006 – Chief Executive Officer Inland Empire Utilities Agency (Richard Atwater, Water and Power Subcommitee Hearing, Tuesday, February 28, 2006 [] ) A policy and Federal leadership commitment with this relatively modest level of federal investment would AND to assist communities in developing innovative and new demonstrations of reuse and desalination technology

Demonstration Projects mean the aff gets modeled Kelly- Detwiler, 6-19- 14 , Principal at NorthBridge Energy Partners, LLC Peter, “Desalination As One Way To Address The World's Water Problem”, Forbes Aaron Mandell, Founder and Chairman of WaterFX, looks at California’s water issue like AND its good for the economy – we can create an entirely new industry.

Nuclear energy is key – they are safe and necessary for sufficient solvency ANS 2005 (American Nuclear Society March 2005, The American Nuclear Society (ANS) is an international, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) scientific and educational organization with a membership of approximately 15,000 scientists, engineers, educators, students, and other associate members. Approximately 900 members live outside the United States in 45 countries. There are 51 U.S. and nine non-U.S. local sections, 24 nuclear plant branches and 34 student sections. ANS members represent more than 1,750 corporations, educational institutions, and government agencies “Use of Nuclear Energy for Desalination”, ANS, http://www.ans.org/pi/ps/docs/ps62.pdf) The American Nuclear Society (ANS) endorses the use of nuclear power reactors AND delivering the copious quantities of energy required for large-scale desalination projects.

Us tech is key – it’s the gold standard and is modelled globally Fischer et al. 5/14 /2014, PhD in Energy Policy and Foreign Relations (Kahlib, “A New Day for Nuclear The Impact of Nuclear Energy and Its Effects”, http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1478&context=honors) United States leadership in the area of nuclear energy is key because of the higher AND as of now, public sentiment is on the side of nuclear energy.

Only the plan provides sufficient certainty NRC 2008 (National Research Council - Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology Water Science and Technology Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. AMY K. ZANDER, Chair, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York MENACHEM ELIMELECH, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut DAVID H. FURUKAWA, Separation Consultants Inc., Poway, California PETER GLEICK, Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, Oakland, California KENNETH HERD, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Brooksville, Florida KIMBERLY L. JONES, Howard University, Washington, DC PHILIP ROLCHIGO, Pentair, Inc., Golden Valley, Minnesota SANDEEP SETHI, Carollo Engineers, Sarasota, Florida JOHN TONNER, Water Consultants International, Mequon, Wisconsin HENRY J. VAUX, University of California, Berkeley JUDITH S. WEIS, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, WARREN W. WOOD, Michigan State University, East Lansing. “Desalination: A National Perspective” []) Public health protection and reliability are high priorities for public water supply facilities ; therefore AND an assessment of environmental impacts or to provide better estimates of treatment costs.

=Negative=

Note
I will put these up if requested. Otherwise, it's just a list of the arguments we've read.

T
Its Nonmilitary Increase Preexisting Development Subsets Oceans Framework

K
Consumption Death Gateway Issue Deleuze Wilderson Race Feminism IR Ableism Baudrillard Anthropocentrism

CP
Vessels States Carbon Tax USFG CP Cloud Seeding 114th Congress Reclassify CP Manufacturing Adv CP

DA/Impact Turns
Politics - HTF Politics - Midterms - TTIF Politics - Midterms - Obama Impeachment Politics - Immigration - Cybersecurity Oil DA Freedom of Navigation DA China Manufacturing DA Dedevelopment CO2 Agriculture Biodiversity Loss Good Chemical Sector Bad (Bees)

Practice Debates 1
Aff: Offshore Wind (Warming, Heg) 1NC: T its, HTF Politics, Consumption K, Vessels CP, States CP 2NR: HTF Politics, Case
 * Rd 2 vs. BEFJR CC (Eli Cordoves and Christina Cruz)**
 * Judge: Brian Rubaie**

Intralab Tournament 1
Aff: Offshore Wind (Warming, No War) 1NC: Death Gateway Issue, T its, HTF Politics, Consumption K, Vessels CP, Carbon Tax CP, Oil DA on case, Freedom of Navigation DA on case 2NR: HTF Politics, Case
 * Rd 1 vs. BEFJR DW (Ali Dastjerdi and Henry Walter)**
 * Judge: Brett Bricker**

Aff: Nuclear Shipping (Heg, Econ) 1NC: Death Gateway Issue, T its, HTF Politics, Consumption K, CP, Dedev 2NR: Dedev
 * Rd 3 vs. BEFJR SV (Jacob Sutter and Josh Villareal)**
 * Judge: Melanie Johnson**

Practice Debates 2
Aff: Offshore Wind (Warming, Heg) 1NC: Death Gateway Issue, T its, Wilderson K, Vessels CP, Oil DA on case, Freedom of Navigation DA on case, CO2 Ag on case 2NR: Vessels CP, Oil DA
 * Rd 1 vs. BEFJR FH (Chris Fry and Jacob Hegna)**
 * Judge: Brian Rubaie**

Aff: Offshore Wind (Environment, Heg) 1NC: Death Gateway Issue, T its, Fem IR K, Midterms DA (GOP good - TTIP), Vessels+Dredging CP, Oil DA on case, BioD loss good on case, China Manufacturing DA on case, Freedom of Navigation DA on case 2NR: Biod Loss Good
 * Rd 3 vs. BEFJR DW (Ali Dastjerdi and Henry Walter)**
 * Judge: Jordan Foley**

Intralab Tournament 2
Aff: Love Letters to the Earth 1NC: Framework, T-Oceans, USFG CP, Deleuze PIK, Racism turn on case, Ableism turn on case, Baudrillard on case, Anthropocentrism on case 2NR: Framework, Racism turn
 * Rd 2 vs. BEFJR BJ (Jeri Brand and Ella Johnson)**
 * Judge: Miranda Ehrlich**

Aff: Offshore Wind (Warming, Heg) 1NC: T its, Midterms DA (GOP good - Obama Impeachment), Race K, Cloud Seeding CP, Oil DA on case, CO2 Ag on case, China manufacturing DA on case 2NR: Race K
 * Rd 4 vs. BEFJR DW (Ali Dastjerdi and Henry Walter)**
 * Judge: Tod**

Aff: OTEC (Warming, No War) 1NC: T its, Midterms DA (GOP good - Obama Impeachment), Wilderson K, Cloud Seeding CP, CO2 Ag on case, 2NR: CO2 Ag
 * Rd 5 vs. BEFJR GS (Adhitya Ganesh and Francesco Scivittaro)**
 * Judge: Jordan Foley**

Interlab Tournament (HJPV)
Aff: Natural Gas (Heg, Econ) 1NC: T (many violations), 114th Congress CP, Midterms DA (GOP good - Obama Impeachment), Race K, Oil DA on case, Dedev on case, China Manufacturing DA on case 2NR: Race K
 * Rd 1 vs. HJPV QV (Jacob Queller and Josh Vasil)**
 * Judge: Jon Voss**

Aff: Natural Gas (Heg, Econ, Warming) 1NC: Death Gateway Issue, T (many violations), 114th Congress CP, Midterms DA (GOP good - Obama Impeachment), Oil DA on case, CO2 Ag on case, Chemical Sector Bad (bees) on case, China Manufacturing DA on case 2NR: CO2 Ag
 * Rd 3 vs. HJPV (Adam and Isaiah)**
 * Judge: Miranda Ehrlich**

Interlab Practice Debates (GRAMS)
Aff: AUVs (Environment, REMs, Port Security) 1NC: T (many violations), Manufacturing Adv CP, Immigration Politics DA (Cyberterror), Reclassify CP, Oil DA on case, BioD Loss Good on case 2NR: Manufacturing Adv CP, BioD Loss Good
 * Rd 1 vs. GRAMS CP (Nick Charles and Dustin Ping)**
 * Judge: Jordan Foley**

Camp Tournament
Aff: LOST (Leadership, SCS) 1NC: T (many violations), Oil DA, Wilderson K, Don't attack China CP, Inherency, Japan Leadership DA on case 2NR: Oil DA, Japan Leadership DA
 * Rd 4 vs. CFJP IK (Ian and Kenji)**
 * Judge: Sara Sanchez**

Aff: Middle Passage (Afropessimism) 1NC: T (exploration/development), Psychoanalysis K, Seshadri Crooks K, Historical Materialism K on case 2NR: Historical Materialism
 * Rd 6 vs. GRAMS PR (Simon Park and Advait Ramanan)**
 * Judge: Greg Zoda**