catherine-marc

flat



email: lollypop184629@gmail.com =Aff 1: Mexico=

The United States Federal Government should provide renewable energy assistance to Mexico through the Border Environmental Cooperation Commission.
=Contention One=

Energy cooperation is key to a SUSTAINABLE partnership – boosts regional economy, solves Mexican violence and reverses anti-US sentiment
Reyes 13 – JD, member of the USA Today Board of Contributors (Raul, April, “Opinion: President Obama has the chance to improve US/Mexico relations,” http://nbclatino.com/2013/04/29/opinion-president-obama-has-the-chance-to-improve-usmexico-relations/)//BB Obama will arrive in Mexico with good and bad news. On the positive side, he can highlight the progress … and he should not miss it. It’s time for a foreign policy with Mexico based on its potential, not on its problems.

SEQUENCING is vital – CLIMATE cooperation FIRST spills over to the rest of relations
Donnelly 10 – Program Associate, Mexico Institute @ Wilson Center (Robert, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda)//BB// // Discussant Johanna Mendelson Forman stressed the linkages connecting climate change, … not just in Mexico, as U.S. companies suffer from a lack of adequate //export-import financing//.

Only Obama solves – reverses Anti-US sentiment throughout Latin America and ACTION IS KEY
Valencia 13 - New York-based political analyst and is a contributing writer for Global Voices Online (Robert, “U.S. and Latin America: Economic Cooperation without Militarization?,” http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2013/05/20/us-and-latin-america-economic-cooperation-without-militarization)//BB In May, President Barack Obama visited Mexico and Costa Rica and vowed to strengthen economic ties with … that concern Latin America, and in turn Latin American countries will forge ahead with economic and security integration amongst themselves.

US-Mexico climate cooperation prevents Latin skirmishes from escalating to war
Barry 13 – senior policy analyst at the Center for International Policy, where he directs the TransBorder project, he specializes in immigration policy, homeland security, border security and the outsourcing of national security, has authored or co-authored more than twenty books on Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, food aid, the United Nations, free trade and U.S. foreign policy (Tom, “Changing Perspectives on US-Mexico Relations,” http://truth-out.org/news/item/16221-changing-perspectives-on-us-mexico-relations)//BB It’s unfortunate that the two presidents chose to hold their May 2-3 summit in Mexico City. Both nations and Presidents Barack … bring the communities to the north and those to the south together as neighbors and part of the larger North American community with shared interests and responsibilities.

The perception of declining US influence in Latin America risks regional wars that go global
Rochin 94 –Professor of Political Science (James, Professor of Political Science at Okanagan University College, Discovering the Americas: the evolution of Canadian foreign policy towards Latin America, pp. 130-131)//BB While there were economic motivations for Canadian policy in Central America, security considerations were … at regional conflict resolution, such as Contadora, as will be discussed in the next chapter.

Relations solve border terrorism
Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of CRS, 1/18/2006 “Mexico’s Importance and Multiple Relationships with the United States”, [])//JG// // Sharing a 2,000-mile border and extensive interconnections through the Gulf of ¶ Mexico, the United States …effectively with migration, drug // trafficking//, and border , //terrorism// , ¶ health, environment, and energy issues.

The impact is an attack on US soil
McCaul 12 – JD @ St. Mary’s, former federal prosecutor (Michael, “A LINE IN THE SAND: COUNTERING CRIME, VIOLENCE AND TERROR AT THE SOUTHWEST BORDER,” UNITED STATES HOUSE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY, Lexis)//BB// // Terrorism remains a serious threat to the security of the United States. The Congressional ¶ … ¶ possibility to //smuggle materials//, including //uranium// , which can be safely assembled on U.S. soil ¶ into a //weapon of mass destruction//.

Nuclear war – there’s multiple different scenarios for escalation
(Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33.7, InformaWorld)//BB But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a catastrophic interstate nuclear exchange—…, the temptations to preempt such actions might grow, although it must be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.
 * Ayson 10 -** Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington

Independently, a US economic crisis is coming
DeLong 13 - Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley, a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, and a Visiting Fellow at the Kauffman Foundation (J. Bradford, “The Second Great Depression: Why the Economic Crisis is Worse Than You Think”, July/August 2013 Foreign Affairs)//Beddow// // Despite its many virtues, however, the book paints an overly optimistic portrait of the state of the U.S. economy. “…, the United States //is likely to sufferanother major economic crisis// in the years ahead __.__

Latin energy connectivity is key to growth
Noriega and Cardenas 12 – *Former US State Dept Official, **director with Vision Americas**
 * (“An action plan for US policy in the Americas,” December, http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/an-action-plan-for-us-policy-in-the-americas/)//BB//**
 * //Key points in this Outlook://**
 * // America’s economic crisis and threats to US security have //undermined its traditional global-leadership …// hemisphere means a more prosperous United States . **

Boosting economic competitiveness is vital to preventing military retrenchment – risks great power wars Khalilzad, ’11** – Bush’s ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the UN and former director policy planning at the DOD (Zalmay, “The Economy and National Security”, National Review, 2-8-11, [])

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to the … could seize the moment, leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.

These wars go nuclear
Harris and Burrows 9 - *Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC), **Jennifer, a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit (“Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” [])//BB// //Increased Potential for Global Conflict// // Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is likely to be … scarcer in Asia and the Middle East, cooperation to manage changing water resources is likely to be //increasingly difficult// both within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world. =Contention Two=

Global warming is real and human induced – top climate scientists agree
Anderegg et al 10 – PhD Candidate @ Stanford in Biology (William, “Expert credibility in climate change,” National Academy of Sciences, p. 12107-12109)//BB Preliminary reviews of scientific literature and surveys of cli- mate scientists indicate striking agreement with the primary conclusions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): anthropogenic greenhouse gases have been responsible for “… public forums regarding anthropogenic climate change.

Warming is reversible but we’re approaching the tipping point, independently ocean acidification causes extinciton
// (Reuters) - //The world is close to reaching tipping points that will …//, the firm's vice president of global business environment. The conference runs through Thursday.
 * Chestney 12** – Reuters reporter, citing executive director of the Australian National University’s Climate Change Institute (Nina, “Global Warming Close to Becoming Irreversible – Scientists”, 3/26/13; < http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/26/us-climate-thresholds-idUSBRE82P0UJ20120326>)//Beddow//

Warming is an existential risk – //__quickening__// reductions is key to avoiding extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA (Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)//BB The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2.5-4.~C above pre-industrial … such rapid change or such climatic conditions, and even in the best case adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

Technical assistance for renewables significantly reduces greenhouse gases
COCEF 12 - La Comisión de Cooperación Ecológica Fronteriza (“Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Transportation: Project Opportunities in the U.S. – Mexico Border Region,” http://www.cocef.org/Eng/VLibrary/Publications/SpecialReports/BECC%20WP%20%20Nov%202011%20index.pdf)//BB// // This white paper describes the current deficit in the U.S.-Mexico border region in terms ¶ of … a //highly// ¶ //capacitated// and //experienced program manager//.

First – production – they have ENORMOUS renewable energy potential
Wood 10 – PhD in Political Studies @ Queen’s, Professor @ ITAM in Mexico City (Duncan, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf)//BB// // The North American context ¶ The North American economic region is experiencing an … The absence of //economic and financial incentives// for public or private sector ¶ development of renewable resources

Second – technology transfer – Mexico will spread the green tech globally
ENS 12 – Environmental News Service (“U.S., Canada, Mexico Vow ‘Continental’ Energy Grid,” http://www.reepedia.com/archives/4568)//BB The leaders of the United States, Mexico, and Canada today pledged to develop “continental energy, … federal cooperationin the area of continental energy, including electricity generation and interconnection and welcome increasing North American energy trade.”

Third – international cooperation – Mexican leadership leads to GLOBAL climate agreements
O’Neill 13 – PhD in Government @ Harvard, senior fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonpartisan foreign-policy think tank and membership organization (Shannon, “Mexico Makes It: A Transformed Society, Economy, and Government,” Foreign Affairs, 92.2)//BB// // If Mexico addresses these challenges, it will emerge as a //powerful player// on the international stage. … Mexico //could become// even more of a //powerbroker// in global institutions and help construct new international financial, trade, and //climatechange accords//.

Border-region development leads to GLOBAL concentrated-solar transition
Smith 10 – BA in Economics @ Queen’s University, Cofounder and Editor of two clean energy magazines (Tracy, “Progress at the U.S.-Mexico Border Comes in the Form of Clean Energy Technology,” Solar Thermal Magazine, http://www.solarthermalmagazine.com/2010/10/28/progress-at-the-u-s-mexico-border-comes-in-the-form-of-clean-energy-technology/)//BB “As a local developer, we knew that SolFocus CPV technology, with its high energy yield, … the SolFocus CPV technology yields significantly more energy than other technologies with an extremely light environmental footprint.

China is going green now
Yang 12 – World Resources Institute (Ailun, “What Is The Future Of King Coal In China?” http://insights.wri.org/news/2012/10/what-future-king-coal-china) China’s great thirst for coal is undeniably troubling from a sustainable … China’s coal development will give China //more incentives// to transform its energy system towards a more //clean and low-carbon future//.

=Contention Three=

An expanded BECC role quickly facilitates a Mexican green economy
COCEF 12 - La Comisión de Cooperación Ecológica Fronteriza (“Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Transportation: Project Opportunities in the U.S. – Mexico Border Region,” http://www.cocef.org/Eng/VLibrary/Publications/SpecialReports/BECC%20WP%20%20Nov%202011%20index.pdf)//BB// // SECTION 4: BECC – THE BORDER TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDER 25 ¶ Since 1995, … rack similarly to the priority projects in ¶ that they show a //clear and ample need// for //technical assistance// in the focus sectors.

Renewables solve quickly – outside expertise is key
Carus 13 - UK journalist, regularly reporting on clean energy policy and finance from California for a global audience (Felicity, “Mexico offers tantalising prospect of a dawning major market,” http://www.pv-tech.org/editors_blog/mexico_offers_tantalising_prospect_of_a_dawning_major_market)//BB Solar investors in the US and further afield would really love to get their hands on Mexico's solar market: great … be able to cope with electrical demand is to really exploit the possibility of developing renewable energy because that can come into play much faster than the installation of potential gas pipelines,” said Hanhausen.

Specifically – the US is key
--aid is high now, but should be re-oriented towards renewables Hartsoch 11 – MA @ San Jose State, Senior Vice President of Marketing and Sales for SolFocus (Nancy, “A Sunny Future for Border Relations?,” http://breakingenergy.com/2011/05/10/featured-a-sunny-future-for-border-relations/)//BB// // Amidst the darkening cloud of violence that grips the US-Mexico border region, ….While important, providing aid to support solar energy project development in the region would be a //more effective// means to creating a peaceful, prosperous, cleaner future.

=Aff 2: Cuba=

** Plan: The United States federal government should normalize its economic relations with Cuba. **
=** Contention One **=
 * Contention One is Multilateralism:**

**US leadership is unsustainable without a highly visible commitment to multilateralism**
The safeguarding of US authority requires multilateralism that is broader and certainly deeper than in the 1990s —... the universal need to restrain authority, the United States should, in its own self-interest, lead the way to a new world order.
 * Lake, 10–** Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego (David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, [|__http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf__])//NG

**Diaz-Canel is not a reformer, can’t reform, and might not be the successor**
¶ Beginning what he says will be his final five-year term as Cuba’s president, Raul Castro ... of the private sector and reducing state payrolls. ¶ Whether these reforms can keep the regime in power beyond the Castros, however, remains to be seen.
 * Grais-Targow 13**-Risa Grais-Targow is an analyst in Eurasia Group's Latin America practice, focusing on the Andean region. Risa holds a master's degree in international economics and Latin American studies from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), and a bachelor's degree in political studies and Latin American studies from Bard College. Prior to joining Eurasia Group, Risa covered Latin American economies for financial clients at the Institute of International Finance, based in Washington, DC. She also focused on Latin America at the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of the Western Hemisphere and at the Albright Stonebridge Group, a global strategy firm. (Risa, “Will Miguel Diaz-Canel lead post-Castro Cuba?”, Foreign Policy, 2/28/13, http://interamericansecuritywatch.com/will-miguel-diaz-canel-lead-post-castro-cuba)//TL

**The plan is a powerful symbol of that commitment**
// 6.3 How would the international community react? At international level all major actors would clearly welcome an end to the embargo. ... interpreted by the international community as// steps towards effective multilateralism.//
 * Burgsdorff, 9–** Ph. D in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, [|__http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf__])//NG//

** The alternative to multilateralism is unilateral militarism – the plan establishes a model for hemispheric diplomacy that sustains US leadership **
//Washington’s relations with Latin America—particularly in terms of the gap between what ... a // frantic attempt to hold on to what it has left // as it enters its senescence—as domestic ideologues, unchecked corporate power, and political paralysis quicken the U.S.’s fall.
 * Grandin 10** – teaches history at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Greg, “Empire's Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America,” //New Labor Forum//, 19:1, Winter 2010, pg. 14-23)//SJF//

**The plan creates a credible model for multilateral conflict resolution**
**Dickerson 10** – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA,” 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf)//SJF ¶ At the international political level, President Obama sees resuming relations with Cuba as a real step towards multilateralism and leadership. ... The U.S. could begin to lead again and reverse its perceived decline in the greater global order bringing true peace for years to come.

**Reliance on unilateralism will collapse US leadership and cause global wars with weapons of mass destruction**
¶ Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy. There is nothing to suggest its efficacy since 9/11.... Lt. Col. Matthew Canfield, U.S. Army (Currently on his second tour in Iraq) ¶ Concerns over economic stability, limited resources and security have divided us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.
 * Montalván, 10** - a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master's of science from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Luis, “Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century” Huffington Post, 4/23, [])

**Any step short of __unconditional removal__ means won’t create the same symbol of multilateralism**
(Jose Miguel, “Restraint, not force, will bring change to Cuba”, humans rights watch, 12/22/06, [], google scholar)//KW ¶ This reluctance would be understandable but misguided. Most Cubans do want change. If they do not call for it after Mr Castro's death, ...But it may be the only hope for real change. By making the effort, the US could begin to reverse the dynamic that helped keep Mr Castro in power. Only when the US stops acting like Goliath will Cuba stop looking like David. ¶
 * Vivanco 6 **- LLM from Harvard Law School, Americas director of Humans Rights Watch

**Multilateralism prevents global conflict – diminishing power creates a vacuum that causes transition wars in multiple places**

 * Brooks et al 13 ** [Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,@http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107, GDI File]

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far more dangerous global security environment. For one thing, as noted above, __ the United States’ overseas presence gives it the leverage to restrain partners from taking provocative action __ .... __yield__ either __ a competitive regional multipolarity complete with____ associated insecurity, arms racing, crisis instability, nuclear proliferation ,____ and the like __, or bids for regional hegemony, which may be beyond the capacity of local great powers to contain (and which in any case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional __ great power war __ ).

**Engagement creates a framework for environmental protection – it will be modeled and protect biodiversity globally**
¶ •Cuba’s abundant natural resources need to be protected with heightened vigilance ¶ •Lifting the trade embargo would ...Cuba’s extreme lack of development provides an unspoiled arena for the execution of exemplary sustainable environmental protection practices. ¶
 * Conell, 9**-Research Associate at COHA (Christina, “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be an Environmental Duo?”, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 6/12/09, [|http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo/)//TL]

**Biodiversity key to ecosystem stability and sustaining the human population**
¶ Nature has provided the goods and services needed to sustain human life for so long that most people take them for granted. ... we must better appreciate how our own well-being is directly linked to the great variety of life that is the most striking feature of our planet. ¶
 * Cardinale, 13** – Associate Professor, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan (Bradley J., “Opinion: Biodiversity Impacts Humanity,” The Scientist, 2/20, http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/34448/title/Opinion--Biodiversity-Impacts-Humanity/)//SY

**Even if heg decline is inevitable, multilateralism solves your transition war arguments**
¶ When US policymakers perceive a rising or a stable heg emony, the anarchic nature of the international system is no longer valid in the mind of US policymakers because... offshore balancing and multilateralism can help the US maximise security in the future anarchic, multipolar world. Pg. 1141-1143
 * He, 10 **—Professor of Political Science at Utah State University(Kai He, “The hegemon’s choice between power and security: explaining US policy toward Asia after the Cold War,” __Review of International Studies__ (2010), 36, pg. 1121–1143)//NG

Soft power? More like
== =Contention Two= ====**The collapse of global agriculture is inevitable – monocultures, pesticides, soil depletion, climate change, pollinators, peak oil and declining yields all mean a new ag model is key to sustainability**==== ¶ The U.S. agricultural system is becoming increasingly more concentrated, specialized, and industrialized .10 As of this writing, ninety-eight percent .. in response to rapidly changing climate conditions and will help to ensure food security.
 * Contention Two is Agriculture:**
 * Peters, 10 –** LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law (Kathryn, “Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution” J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION [Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf)

**Cuba’s model of urban agriculture is a sustainable alternative**
¶ While urban agriculture was a response to a dramatic crisis in Cuba’s history, through the development of a community-based system of cultivation on previously vacant lots employing organic farming techniques, ...an increasing food supply and a new economy for many Cubans without negatively impacting the environment or society.
 * Peters, 10 –** LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law (Kathryn, “Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution” J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION [Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf)

**The plan jumpstarts US investment in Cuban organoponics – causing a widespread global urban agricultural revolution**
¶ VI. New Opportunities ¶ While investment in Cuban businesses and sales or purchases of Cuban products must still move through official channels under the joint venture law or other Cuban programs, ... a cost-effective and proven agricultural model like Cuba's organoponic system may be just what is needed to allow for urban agriculture to flourish.
 * Shkolnick, 12** - J.D. Candidate, Drake University Law School (Jacob, “SIN EMBARGO: n1 THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES” 17 Drake J. Agric. L. 683, Fall, lexis)

**This prevents the collapse of US agriculture and extinction**
¶ An adequate food supply is //essential for the survival of the human race//. Historically, the U.S. food system has been one of abundance. However, ... reduce the financial strain on government resources by increasing urban productivity and enabling urbanites to grow a local food supply, and reduce socioeconomic disparities by providing less-advantaged populations in urban areas with access to an adequate supply of fresh, nutritious food.
 * Peters, 10 –** LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law (Kathryn, “Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution” J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION [Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf)

**Access to the __US export market__ is key to the viability of the Cuban model**
[]) ¶ In addition to the above European markets, the successful expansion and viability of Cuba’s organic production may ... in Cuba will likely remain a necessity-driven way to produce food for domestic consumption in an environment where other production approaches are just not available.
 * Kost, 4** – agricultural economist, Specialty Crops Branch, Economic Research. Service, US Department of Agriculture (William, “CUBAN AGRICULTURE: TO BE OR NOT TO BE ORGANIC?”

**The plan boosts the Cuban sugar ethanol industry which will displace U.S. corn ethanol**
Creating a new market for U.S. goods and services creates a strong financial incentive for the United States to remove the embargo. Another benefit of removing .. in trade and investment will stimulate Cuba's technology sector and potentially increase the ease and volume of ethanol production.
 * Holmes, 10–** B.A. from Georgetown, Master’s Thesis (Michael G., June 21, 2010, “Seizing the Moment”, [|__https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553334/holmesMichael.pdf?sequence=1__], pg. 74-78)//NG

**High corn ethanol demand will deplete the Ogallala Aquifer**
¶ In addition to habitat destruction, water consumption is another environmental consequence resulting ... Ogallala Aquifer, the depletion of this aquifer must be counted as another detrimental environmental effect of the domestic corn-based ethanol industry. ¶
 * Specht, 13** ** – ** Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc., B.A., LSU (Jonathan, “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States”, UC Davis, 4-24-13, [|__http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf__] )//NG

**Threatens peak water which leads to food shortage and water wars**
__In the US, farmers are over-pumping in the Great Plains__, including in several leading grain-producing states such as ... __Indeed, in many countries farmers now face not only a shrinking water supply as aquifers are pumped dry, but also a shrinking share of that shrinking supply.__
 * Brown ’13** - president of the Earth Policy Institute and author of Full Planet, Empty Plates: The New Geopolitics of Food Scarcity (Lester, “'The real threat to our future is peak water'”, the guardian, July 10 2013, http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2013/jul/06/water-supplies-shrinking-threat-to-food) //CW

**Water wars cause global nuclear conflict**

 * NASCA 2006** – the National Association for Scientific & Cultural Appreciation (“Water Shortages – Only A Matter Of Time.” http://www.nasca.org.uk/Strange_relics_/water/water.html)

Water is one of the prime essentials for life as we know it. __The plain fact is – no water, no life!__ This becomes all the more worrying when we realise... __If not, and the problem is left unresolved there will eventually come the day when we shall find ourselves with a nightmare situation for which there will be no obvious answer.__

**Collapsing global water supply causes extinction**

 * Marlow, 01** – National Chairperson of the Council of Canadians and IFG Committee on the Globalization of Water. (Maude, “BLUE GOLD: The Global Water Crisis and the Commodification of the World's Water Supply,” http://www.ratical.org/co-globalize/BlueGold.pdf.

Perhaps __the most devastating analysis of the global water crisis comes from hydrological engineer__ Michal __Kravèík__ and his team of scientists at the Slovakia non-governmental organization (NGO) People and Water. Kravèík, who has a distinguished career with the Slovak Academy of Sciences, .. __decreased biodiversity, melting of the polar icecaps, submersion of vast territories, massive continental desertification and, eventually, "global collapse__ ." =Negative=



Round 2: Hybrid 2 - Hopewell/Yao
Aff: Cuban Oil 1NC: ptx, oil da, consult the B, neolib (generic), disease turn 2NR: Consult Brazil

Round 4: Hybrid 14 - Lowe/Owen
Aff: Nanotech 1NC: ptx, oil, Europe cp, Neolib reps k, nano sooooo bad. 2NR: EU CP + Nanotech Bad

Round 6: Hybrid 18 - Sid/Michael
Aff: Cuba (Multilateralism) 1NC: ptx, oil, neolib (generic), advantage cp, healthcare, shunning 2NR: shunning

Round double octos: TBD
Aff: 1NC 2NR

Round octos: TBD
Aff: 1NC 2NR

Round quarters: TBD
Aff: 1NC 2NR

Round semis: TBD
Aff: 1NC 2NR

Round finals: TBD
Aff: 1NC 2NR