Affirmative+-+Wendell+and+Fiona

=__**1ac Playing With Law**__=

A direct parallel, then, can be drawn between Agamben's notion of the camp AND elevation from homo sacer to an autonomous subject is only a secondary move.
 * The war on terror has legitimized a permanent state of exception where bodies abroad and domestic are surveilled and assessed solely in terms of their threat to the body politic. This logic of preemptive risk management relegates us all to the position of the terrorist, we are all guilty until proven innocent. In other words, all life has been declared homo sacer.**
 * Van Munster '14** (Senior Researcher at the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) and teaches security studies at the Department of Political Science, University of Southern Denmark, Rens, "The War on Terrorism: When the Exception Becomes the Rule", Danish Institute for International Studies, p. 146-152)roetlin

Agamben defines sovereignty mainly in terms of exclusion or exception. Sovereignty is constitutive of AND outside normal laws – the refugee detention and border control regime for example.
 * Sovereign power has shown its true colors – the pervasiveness of the camp in social life is now clearer than ever in lieu of the practices of permanent detention and the authority mechanisms of surveillance have granted the sovereign. The factory farm, the sweat shop, the bill of sale and the concentration camp are all synonymous with modernity. We live in the biopolitical epoch, where all life has become defined by its exclusion from the ever-shrinking category of humanity. We must foster openness for the radical politicization of existence in otherwise administered spaces.**
 * Robinson '11** (Andrew, Political Theorist, Activist Based in the UK and research fellow affiliated to the Centre for the Study of Social and Global Justice (CSSGJ), University of Nottingham, "Giorgio Agamben: The State and the Concentration Camp", January 7th, https://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-giorgio-agamben-the-state-and-the-concentration-camp/, wcp)

I was going to propose a moratorium on the consequences of taking intellectual risks within AND into our terrified worlds. I hope it's as contagious as can be.
 * The world has changed but the academy has not, despite a ruse of liberal tolerance our discussions are made stagnant by the bureaucratic topic committee. Our problem is not with the existence of a resolution but rather the way it was conceived of - the topic is a factory of knowledge for students as calculators who uncritically defend the Westphalian sovereign without immediately recognizing the bare life that underpins our modern world. The question of the resolution is framed to presuppose a certain way of thinking politically and create superficial debates over meaningless policy that distract us from the pressing questions of our generation. How can we be asked to defend the consequences of negative state action without first interrogating the juridical foundations that underpin our discussions?**
 * Barsky '8** (Robert Barsky, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Vanderbilt University, "Safe Spaces in an Era of Gated Communities and Disproportionate Punishments," 2008, wcp)

SHORTLY AFTER THE LARGE-SCALE PROTESTS against the World Trade Organization in Seattle in AND political compliance as it is a technique for reducing actual risks and dangers.
 * Politics is dead – sovereignty brackets off protest to normalize its function and the state of exception. Our political opinions are only valuable in so far as our lives are valued.**
 * Elmer and Opel '8** (Greg Elmer, associate professor of communication and culture at Ryerson University, PhD in communication from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, director of the Infoscape Research Lab at Ryerson University, Andy Opel, associate professor of communication at Florida State University, PhD in mass communication from the University of North Carolina, member of the International Communication Association, November 2008, "Preempting Dissent: The Politics of an Inevitable Future," pages 29-41)


 * Thus, the Plan: The United States federal government should substantially curtail its domestic surveillance.**

In the Kafka essay, the enigmatic image of a law that is studied but AND that absolutely cannot be appropriated or made juridical (Benjamin 1992, 41).
 * Our 1AC is an act of studying the resolution not for its pretended action but to destabilize its predetermined meaning – it is a slow unraveling of the law that creates new vocabularies to understand and discuss sovereignty.**
 * Agamben '5** (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, "The State of Exception", pg. 63)roetlin

Agamben and Education: A Missed Opportunity At first, it may appear that Giorgio AND -expression, the studier is willingly open to the potentiality of whatever.
 * The textual object of the resolution was created through a ruse of democratic deliberation – we are the depoliticized bodies that the topic committee denied agency. Traditionally, the role of the resolution is to impart predetermined skills and values to debaters – this strategy normalizes sovereignty and renders us permanently to the position of the excluded. Our study is a form of play that accepts the full potential of the resolution instead of imposing arbitrary values upon it.**
 * Lewis '14** (Tyson Lewis, PhD in Educational Philosophy from UCLA, "Education as Free Use: Giorgio Agamben on Studious Play, Toys, and the Inoperative Schoolhouse", May 7th, wcp)

Foucault's genealogical analyses reveal that "the self is not given to us"—there AND lifted such movements from the shadows and given them an air of legitimacy.
 * Our act of intellectual self-creation eliminates the conditions that allow oppression to come about.**
 * Clifford '1** (Michael Clifford, Associate Professor of Philosophy @ Mississippi State University, "Political Genealogy After Foucault: Savage Identities", pg 144-146, wcp)

The Educational Value of Toys When the impossibility of transmission becomes a positive ground for AND when one studiously plays with monuments, antiques, or archives as toys.
 * We do not foreclose an analysis of the resolution, in fact it is the nexus question of our advocacy. Rather we render its predetermined political values that sovereignty imposes upon it inoperative which creates space for other parts of the library. Play with the law – study endlessly.**
 * Lewis '14** (Tyson Lewis, PhD in Educational Philosophy from UCLA, "Education as Free Use: Giorgio Agamben on Studious Play, Toys, and the Inoperative Schoolhouse", May 7th, wcp)

-

=__**1ac FCC**__=

**Legal prohibitions bar NSA domestic surveillance – but the lack of a __credible oversight mechanism__ means the NSA actively captures US person data through section 702 and XO 12333**
The NSA, originally formed to monitor outside threats to the security of the United AND opinion shows that Americans are dissatisfied with the reach of government surveillance.29
 * Healey, 14** - J.D. Candidate, The George Washington University Law School (Audra, “A Tale of Two Agencies: Exploring Oversight of the National Security Administration by the Federal Communications Commission”, FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS LAW JOURNAL Vol. 67, December)

**Existing oversight mechanisms guarantee NSA circumvention of prohibitions on domestic surveillance – that creates a __confidence crisis__ in the future of the internet**
III. OVERSIGHT IS NEEDED, AND THE FCC SHOULD PROVIDE IT A. Existing AND all preventive executive, legislative, and internal controls have not been effective.
 * Healey, 14** - J.D. Candidate, The George Washington University Law School (Audra, “A Tale of Two Agencies: Exploring Oversight of the National Security Administration by the Federal Communications Commission”, FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS LAW JOURNAL Vol. 67, December)

**The perception of surveillance overreach wrecks the US internet freedom agenda**
The effects of the NSA disclosures on the Internet Freedom agenda go beyond the realm AND overall decline in U.S. soft power on free expression issues.
 * Kehl, 14** – Policy Analyst at New America’s Open Technology Institute (Danielle, “Surveillance Costs: The NSA’s Impact on the Economy, Internet Freedom & Cybersecurity” July, [])

**The US needs to draw a __sharp distinction__ between domestic and international security surveillance to legitimize its Internet Freedom agenda and prevent __global internet fragmentation.__**
The 2013 revelations of mass surveillance by the U.S. government transformed the AND that EU officials said stemmed directly from worries after the Snowden disclosures.32
 * Fontaine, 14** – President of the Center for a New American Security; was foreign policy advisor to Senator John McCain for more than five years; Worked at the State Department, the National Security Council and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee; was associate director for near Eastern affairs at the National Security Council; B.A. in International Relations from Tulan University (Richard, “Bringing Liberty Online; Reenergizing the Internet Freedom Agenda in a Post-Snowden Era”, Center for a New American Security, September 18, 2014, [|http://www.cnas.org/sites/default/files/publications-pdf/CNAS_BringingLibertyOnline_Fontaine.pdf)//TT]

**Data localization will end internet freedom and cause global democratic rollbacks.**
Free Expression and Internet Freedoms Are Not Well Served Most troubling of all the potential AND localization – namely, security for communications and economic development – are illusory.
 * Hill, 14** – Internet Policy at U.S. Department of Commerce (Jonah, “The Growth of Data Localization Post-Snowden: Analysis and Recommendations for U.S. Policymakers and Business Leaders”, The Hague Institute for Global Justice, Conference on the Future of Cyber Governance, 2014, May 1, 2014, SSRN)//TT

**A free internet is vital to combat every existential threat.**
Many great civilisations have fallen, leaving nothing but cracked ruins and scattered genetics. AND to suggest that the net may just be the technology that saves us.
 * Eagleman, 10** - American neuroscientist and writer at Baylor College of Medicine, where he directs the Laboratory for Perception and Action and the Initiative on Neuroscience and Law (David, “Six ways the internet will save civilization” Wired, 9/10, []

**Data localization will destroy global economic growth.**
C. Economic Development Many governments believe that by forcing companies to localize data within AND aggregating data across borders. We discuss the impacts on these trends below.
 * Chandler and Le, 15** – * Director, California International Law Center, Professor of Law and Martin Luther King, Jr. Hall Research Scholar, University of California, Davis; A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Yale Law School AND **Free Speech and Technology Fellow, California International Law Center; A.B., Yale College; J.D., University of California, Davis School of Law (Anupam and Uyen, “DATA NATIONALISM” 64 Emory L.J. 677, lexis)

**Economic decline makes war inevitable.**
Some of the dynamics of the pre-1914 financial world are now re- AND temptation to roll the dice, even though the game may be fatal.
 * James, 14** – Professor of history at Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School who specializes in European economic history (Harold, “Debate: Is 2014, like 1914, a prelude to world war?” 7/3, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/read-and-vote-is-2014-like-1914-a-prelude-to-world-war/article19325504/)

**Robust __studies prove__**
(Jedidiah, “Economic Integration, Economic Signalling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, chapter in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)//BB First, on the systemic level, Pollins (2008) advances Modelski and Thompson’s AND popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.
 * Royal 10 ** – Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the US Department of Defense

**NSA surveillance is __crushing__ U.S. cloud-computing – __decks competitiveness__ and spills over to the __entire tech sector__**
I. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NSA PROGRAMS __The NSA programs, and public awareness of__ __AND__ __by U.S. firms, gaining market share in the process.__
 * Donohue 15 ** – Professor of Law, Georgetown Law and Director, Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown Law (Lauren, HIGH TECHNOLOGY, CONSUMER PRIVACY, AND U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY, Symposium Articles, 4 Am. U. Bus. L. Rev. 11 p.15-18, 2015, Hein Online)//JJ

**That undermines US global technological leadership**
CONCLUSION When historians write about this period in U.S. history it could AND . government enable its tech industry to effectively compete in the global market.
 * Castro and McQuinn 15** – Daniel Castro works at the Center for Data Innovation, Government Technology, The Information Technology & Innovation Foundation, worked at the U.S. Government Accountability Office, went to Carnegie Mellon. Alan McQuinn works at the Federal Communications Commission, previously had the Bill Archer Fellowship at the University of Texas, (June 2015, “Beyond the USA Freedom Act: How U.S. Surveillance Still Subverts U.S. Competitiveness”, [[file:///C:\Users\Mark\Downloads\2015-beyond-usa-freedom-act.pdf)\AK|file:///C:/Users/Mark/Downloads/2015-beyond-usa-freedom-act.pdf)//AK]]

**Tech leadership is the __primary driver of hegemony__.**
*NSS=National Security State So __what accounts for America’s transformative capacity__ ? AND primarily) a commercial matter—even when the NSS "goes commercial.
 * Weiss 14 ** – Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, Professor Emeritus in Government and International Relations at the University of Sydney, Honorary Professor of Political Science at Aarhus University. (Linda, America Inc.?: Innovation and Enterprise in the National Security State, Cornell University Press, 4/1/14, p. 1-3)//JJ

**Hegemonic decline causes great power wars**
This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it AND forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.
 * Zhang et al, 11 ** –Carnegie Endowment researcher (Yuhan, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry”, 1-22, [], ldg)

**Cloud computing is key to effective space situational awareness – prevents space debris collisions with satellites**
**Johnston et al, 13** – Ph.D. with the Computational Engineering and Design Group (CED) at the University of Southampton, MEng degree in Software Engineering from the School of Electronics and Computer Science, Senior Research Fellow for the Faculty of Engineering and the Environment at University of Southampton (Steven, Neil O’Brien – Senior Technical Recruiter at Colloco Search, Hugh Lewis – Astronautics Research Group at the University of Southampton, PhD, Elizabeth Hart – School of Engineering Science at Southampton University, Adam White – School of Engineering Science at Southampton University, Simon Cox – professor of Computational Methods and Director of the Microsoft Institute for High Performance Computing, PhD, Clouds in Space: Scientific Computing using Windows Azure, Journal of Cloud Computing, 2013, http://www.journalofcloudcomputing.com/content/pdf/2192-113X-2-2.pdf)//JJ Space situational awareness Within the last two decades, the downstream services pro- vided AND -based architecture for space surveillance and tracking, algorithm development and comparison.

** Debris collisions __decks satellites__ – __extinction__ **
__When satellites collide in space__, should ordinary people be worried? __Here's a scenario__ __AND__ If not, the space-is-ruined scenario could become reality.
 * Moore 9 ** – Professor of Economics and International Affairs, M.S. and Ph.D. in economics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Mike, Space Debris: From Nuisance to Nightmare, Foreign Policy, 2/12/9, [|http://foreignpolicy.com/2009/02/12/space-debris-from-nuisance-to-nightmare/)//JJ]

====**Thus, the Plan: The United States federal government should establish Federal Communications Commission oversight of the National Security Agency to curtail its surveillance of the United States communications infrastructure.**====

Contention 3: Solvency
====**FCC oversight of the NSA curtails __bulk__ internet surveillance and enforces __targeted__ surveillance that excludes domestic users. FCC __technical expertise__ and __transparency__ prevent circumvention**==== IV. HOW THE FCC SHOULD ADDRESS THE NSA SURVEILLANCE: IMPLEMENTING THE SOLUTION Congress AND to the oversight of the NSA and Congress should pursue codifying this solution.
 * Healey, 14** - J.D. Candidate, The George Washington University Law School (Audra, “A Tale of Two Agencies: Exploring Oversight of the National Security Administration by the Federal Communications Commission”, FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS LAW JOURNAL Vol. 67, December)

**FCC __public visibility__, __expertise__ in communication tech, and __data analysis__ curb overreaching and boost __public__ and __industry__ __confidence__ in privacy protection**
C. The FCC mission can be naturally expanded to protect privacy in relation to AND agency particularly well-suited to provide helpful insights to the FISA Court.
 * Healey, 14** - J.D. Candidate, The George Washington University Law School (Audra, “A Tale of Two Agencies: Exploring Oversight of the National Security Administration by the Federal Communications Commission”, FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS LAW JOURNAL Vol. 67, December)

**Abstract movements won’t produce political results besides violence – embrace the hard work of pragmatic reform**
Thus, when Žižek and others urge us to “Act” with violence to AND now include the //hard labor// to produce alternative visions that appear materially feasible.
 * Condit 15** [Celeste, Distinguished Research Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Georgia, “Multi-Layered Trajectories for Academic Contributions to Social Change,” Feb 4, 2015, //Quarterly Journal of Speech//, Volume 101, Issue 1, 2015]

**Utilitarianism is the only ethical way to evaluate action.**
Davidson 15 – Researcher and Lecturer at the University of Amsterdam in Economics and Environmental Ethics (Marc D. Davidson, “Climate change and the ethics of discounting” WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:401–412. doi: 10.1002/wcc.347 //.nt)// Welfarist Consequentialism Utilitarianism The most common approach to discounting in the climate debate is AND 66 Broome,67,68, and Stern6 in the climate debate.