Grady+&+Charlie


 * Neg Rounds:**
 * 1ac: Seaborgs**
 * 1nc: FW, Anthro, Commodification**
 * 2nr: Anthro, Commodification**


 * 1ac: Aquaculture**
 * 1nc: T its, T development, Anthro, CIR, Japan CP, China Aquaculture DA**
 * 2nr: Anthro**


 * Round 1**
 * 1ac: Ocean Drones (AUV)**
 * 1nc: Psycho K, Warming Advantage CP, China REMS Tradeoff DA, CIR Politics, T-Non-Military, Space-Tradeoff DA, Case Turns**
 * 2nr: Psycho K, Turns**


 * Round 4**
 * 1ac: Satire**
 * 1nc: Anthro and Visibility**
 * 2nr: Anthro**


 * Round 5**
 * 1ac: Ocean Drones (AUV)**
 * 1nc: Psycho and Anthro**

====**The Middle Passage symbolizes the transformation from humans to slaves in the 17th, 18th, and 19th century, creating a legacy of slavery, which has created structural fractures between black and anti-black Americans. Our genealogy of the effects of the immigrant binary between white and non-white citizens is key to understanding the psychic exclusion the racial state enforces.**==== **Kokontis 11**(Kate Menninger Kokontis, Doctor of Philosophy in Performance Studies University of California, Berkeley, “Performative Returns and the Rememory of History: genealogy and performativity in the American racial state”, pg. 4-5) ====**A genealogy of the Middle Passage is a pre-requisite for ethnic identity frameworks revealing the multiculturalism in the American racial state. Only performative return can retrieve ownership of self for those marginalized subjects—precludes impacts of freedom, democracy, inclusion, and civic nationalism**==== ====**By taking a journey into the past time, we can consider the affect and effect of the past events to identify the historical, social, political, and cultural constructions built by the dominant narrative of the marginalized identities to witness the construction of a racialized subject that has created the present subject in existence.**==== ====**The Middle Passage is not a site of pure racialized violence – it constructed __queer slaves__ and blended then obscured all currents of struggle – isolating race as the sole influence in social relations is a fundamental __misreading__ of history**====
 * 2 Affirmatives:**
 * 1 - Genealogy**
 * Kokontis 11 (**Kate Menninger Kokontis, Doctor of Philosophy in Performance Studies University of California, Berkeley, “Performative Returns and the Rememory of History: genealogy and performativity in the American racial state”, pg. 5-6)
 * Coleman, 2013 (**Taiyon Jennette Coleman, dissertation paper for PH. D. in literature at the University of Michigan, “Out of the Frying Pan and into the Fire: Narrative Past-Time as a Temporal Site of Racialized Identity Deconstrucavetion” May 2013 pg. 8) (jp)
 * Tinsley ’08 **(Omise'eke Natasha Tinsley – Ph.D in comparative literature from UC Berkeley, teaches courses in intersectionality and postcoloniality, “Black Atlantic, Queer Atlantic Queer Imaginings of the Middle Passage,” published in GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Volume 14, Number 2-3, 2008, pp. 191-215, Published by Duke University Press)

**We must confront the legacy of the institution of American slavery and its contemporary consequences to overcome the racial inequities of African Americans**

 * Coleman, 2013 ** (Taiyon Jennette Coleman, dissertation paper for PH. D. in literature at the University of Michigan, “Out of the Frying Pan and into the Fire: Narrative Past-Time as a Temporal Site of Racialized Identity Deconstrucavetion” May 2013 pg. 21-22)

**The shale boom is unsustainable—US reserves and productivity are decreasing rapidly**

 * Gopinath 9-3-13**—New Dehli economist writing for YaleGlobal Online (Deepak, “Shale Energy No Quick Solution,” YaleGlobal Online, http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/shale-energy-no-quick-solution)BC

**Shale productivity is declining but the continuous drilling of new wells is artificially inflating production rates of the entire industry**

 * Blanchard 5-14-14** – writer for Resilience (Roger, “The Status of U.S. Oil and Gas Production (Spring 2014),” Resilience, [] and-gas-production-spring-2014)BC

**This trend causes price spikes**
**Maize,** 12/1/**12** [“Is Shale Gas Shallow or the Real Deal?”, Kennedy, Veteran Journalist¶ Kennedy Maize has spent the past 40 years working as a journalist, analyst, and manager in the private sector and federal government, with over 35 years of that focused on energy and environmental topics. Over that time, he has seen myriad examples of how group think, policy fads, and bad judgment can result in colossal failures, particularly in the field of atomic energy. Maize has seen, up close and personal, the demise of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, the arrival of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the birth of the U.S. Department of Energy, the failures of nuclear flight, the hubris of atomic earthmoving, the boom and bust uranium market, the birth and death of breeder reactors, and the 60-year wandering in the wilderness of nuclear waste policy. After graduating from Penn State and graduate study at the University of Maryland, Kennedy Maize worked for newspapers in Pennsylvania, New York, and Virginia and the Associated Press in Baltimore. He then spent five years in management at the National Institute of Health and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission before taking a job covering energy, environment, and business topics for Editorial Research Reports, a division of Congressional Quarterly, where his work appeared in over 1,000 daily newspapers in the U.S. during the mid-to-late 1970s. Maize became a staff writer and editor at The Energy Daily, a preeminent energy trade paper, on March 28, 1979, the day the Three Mile Island accident began outside Harrisburg, Pa. Over more than 10 years at The Energy Daily, he covered the nuclear and coal industries, including stories involving the Clinch River Breeder Reactor, the U.S. Synthetic Fuels Corp., the Powder River Basin coal leasing scandal, and the Chernobyl explosion. In 1993, he founded The Electricity Daily, where he was the editor for 14 years, writing about changes in the electricity business, the rise and fall of Enron, the stagnation of the nuclear power business, and the arrival of market forces in the utility field. Since 2006, he has been an editor at POWER magazine, and the founder of MANAGING POWER magazine, where he has written about the Fukushima catastrophe, the emergence of shale gas and decline of coal, and the often ill-advised push for renewable electricity technologies¶ http://www.powermag.com/gas/Is-Shale-Gas-Shallow-or-the-Real-Deal_5188.html]

**Price spikes destroy steel manufacturing—the aff solves—low natural gas prices revitalize production**

 * James 12 ** – Steve James is a correspondent for Reuters. (“Analysis: Steelmakers eye gas to cut costs, drive exports”, Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/16/us-steel-gas-idUSBRE82F12Y20120316)

**Steel manufacturing is key to maintain hegemony, military primacy and power projection key**

 * Buyer 07 ** — Steve Buyer is a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives. He was a Colonel in the U.S. Army Reserve, holds a B.S. from The Citadel, and a J.D. from Valparaiso University. (“Statement of Representative Steve Buyer Before the International Trade Commission Regarding the five-year sunset review on Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from Argentina, China, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Romania, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, and Ukraine (Inv. Nos. 701 -TA-404-408 and 731 -TA-898-908),” July 31, 2007)

**Hegemony solves conflict escalation and great power war**
Brooks, et al, 13 [Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment Stephen G. Brooks (bio), [|G. John Ikenberry] (bio) and William C. Wohlforth (bio), Stephen G. Brooks; G. John Ikenberry and William C. Wohlforth STEPHEN G. BROOKS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul. WILLIAM C. WOHLFORTH is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, [|International Security] Volume 37, Number 3, Winter 2012, p. Project Muse]

**Natural gas prices will keep increasing despite flat consumption—that causes economic collapse through multiple sectors**

 * Schwartzel, 13 ** [Erich Schwartzel, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Expert on Fracking, visited Pappas’ Public Policy Class and was part of a round table discussion that consisted of Barry Rabe, professor at UM and others, really funny too, “U.S. report predicts rising natural gas prices in 2013-14”, []]

**Economic collapse causes resource wars in the Middle East that escalate and goes nuclear**

 * Harris and Burrows, 9 ** – *counselor in the National Intelligence Council, the principal drafter of Global Trends 2025, **member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis”, Washington Quarterly, http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_burrows.pdf)

**Our impact has a strong statistical basis – rally around the flag**

 * Royal 10 ** – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-214

**Robust __domestic__ production is key to __manufacturing__ growth and low natural gas prices—that’s the basis for economic recovery**
[]]
 * Duesterberg, 12 [**Tom is Executive Director of the Manufacturing and Society in the 21st Century program at the Aspen Institute. He recently retired as President and CEO of The Manufacturers Alliance/MAPI, an economic research and executive education organization based in Arlington, Virginia with more than 500 manufacturing firms as members. Previous positions include: Director of the Washington Office of The Hudson Institute, Assistant Secretary for International Economic Policy at the U.S. Department of Commerce, chief of staff to two members of Congress, and associate instructor at Stanford University. His commentary and analysis on manufacturing, economic performance, globalization, and related policy issues can be found in major news outlets. He holds a B.A. degree from Princeton and M. A. and Ph.D. degrees from Indiana University, “Impact of the Energy Boom on US Manufacturing”,

**Anthropogenic CO2 emissions will run away in the status quo—natural gas is the only effective alternative to coal—U.S. development is modeled globally and prevents extinction**

 * Riley 8/13 ** —BA, LL.M., PhD, professor of energy law at The City Law School at City University London (Alan, 8/13/12, “Shale Gas to the Climate Rescue,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/14/opinion/shale-gas-to-the-climate-rescue.html, RBatra)

**And, natural gas is the bridge energy—spurring broad renewable development**
**Ju 12** – Anne Ju (senior science writer for the Cornell Chronicle) July 17, 2012 “Study Proves Natural Gas Can Bridge the Gap to a Clean Energy Economy” []

**And, that means only the plan solves global emissions – Replacing coal with natural gas is more efficient than renewables**

 * Riley, 12 ** [August, Alan Riley is a professor of energy law at The City Law School at City University London, “Shale Gas to the Climate Rescue”, []]

**The plan solves warming – most recent and comprehensive study**
**Levi,** 1/3/**13** [Climate consequences of natural gas as a bridge fuel ¶ Michael Levi, David M. Rubenstein Senior Fellow for Energy and the Environment and Director of the Program on Energy Security and Climate Change, Climate Consequences of Natural Gas As a Bridge Fuel, []]

**Extinction—GHG emissions are the proximate cause**
**Costello 11** –, Anthony, Institute for Global Health, University College London, Mark Maslin, Department of Geography, University College London, Hugh Montgomery, Institute for Human Health and Performance, University College London, Anne M. Johnson, Institute for Global Health, University College London, Paul Ekins, Energy Institute, University College London [“Global health and climate change: moving from denial and catastrophic fatalism to positive action” May 2011 vol. 369 no. 1942 1866-1882 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]

**OCS restrictions must be lifted and federal action is key – Congress has to fund DOI leasing projects**

 * Lieberman 08** – senior policy analyst for Energy and Environment for the Heritage Foundation (Ben, “Listing the Offshore Drilling Ban: A Positive Step in the Fight against High Energy Prices”, The Heritage Foundation, 7/14/2008, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2008/07/lifting-the-offshore-drilling-ban-a-positive-step-in-the-fight-against-high-energy-prices)//BD

**85% of gas is off limits now**
**Luthi,** 11/9/**12** [Luthi is the president of the National Ocean Industry Association, representing more than 275 companies engaged in all aspects of the exploration and production of both traditional and renewable energy resources on the nation’s outer continental shelf, “Let's find agreement on new offshore access”, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/energy-a-environment/267089-lets-find-agreement-on-new-offshore-access]

**And, the plan creates certainty for offshore production—balances supply**

 * Griles 3 ** [Lisa, Deputy Secretary, Department of the Interior, “Energy Production on Federal Lands,” Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate]

**And, that sustains low prices and ensures adequate supply**

 * Hastings, 12 ** [House Representative Doc, Republican Washington, President Obama's offshore drilling plan must be replaced, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/energy-a-environment/239529-president-obamas-offshore-drilling-plan-must-be-replaced]