Iqraz+&+Damian

Plan Text: The United States federal government should expand United States Maritime Administration Title XI loan guarantee funding for short sea transportation in the United States.
Advantages: Shipbuilding and Economy

**The plan generates a massive economic stimulus and reduces oil dependence – loan guarantees are the most effective catalyst for widespread investment**
Currently, the U nited S tates ... shippers and consumers.
 * Margaronis, 08** [Marine highway would ride wave of economic benefits, Stas, Guest Columnist Seattle Pi, [|http://www.seattlepi.com/local/opinion/article/Marine-highway-would-ride-wave-of-economic-1293286.php#ixzz1yY1CGarw] ]

**And, a __federal program__ is a vital internal link to US global competitiveness – current funding is insufficient**
For the U nited S tates ... disheartening at best.
 * Zimmer, 11** [Nancy, August, “Progress on America’s Marine Highway” graduated from Smith College (B.A., cum laude, 1998), and City University of New York School of Law, (J.D., 2001). She is admitted to the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and the First Circuit Court of Appeals, and is a trained mediator. She is also a former commercial fisherman and commercial fishing boat owner. She is a member of the Maritime Law Association of the United States. Nancy can be contacted on +1 508 432-2121 or by email at zimmer@sealaw.org, []]

**Oil dependence causes extinction**
Mark **Rosen** (Deputy General Counsel at the Center for Naval Analyses & Professor of Homeland Security Law and Policy at George Washington University) **2010** “Energy Independence and Climate Change: The Economic and National Security Consequences of Failing to Act” University of Richmond Law Review, Lexis There is a growing ... be held hostage. 110

**Competitiveness is key to hegemony**
(Adam, Foreign Affairs, “Is America Losing Its Edge?” November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html) //JMP// // The //U// nited //S// tates' ... entrepreneurship at home.
 * Segal, 4** – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations

**Great power war**
Events in Libya ... make you nervous __.__
 * Barnett, 11** [Thomas P.M. Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis & Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads]

**Congestion underlies a multibillion dollar drag on the economy – chokes any possible recovery**
Traffic congestion is ... a productive option .”
 * Needham, 11** [Report: Traffic congestion costs billions, weighs on the economic recovery, Vicki, The Hill, []]

**That recovery is fragile now – the risk of catastrophic economic failure is high**
The global economy ... income inequality."
 * Xinhua News, 5/23/12** [OECD: Global Economy Recovery Fragile, reprinted, []]

**And, robust study proves our argument – the economic impact is widespread**
The 2010 Urban ... travel time information.
 * Wagner, 11** [The Economic Impact of Traffic Congestion on Truck-borne Freight, Steve Wagner, Communications Manager CFIRE a transportation think tank, extensively citing a 2010 Urban Mobility Report, []]

**And, the externalities act as a multiplier – decreases the underlying foundation of US economic leadership**
Apart from a handful ... fifty-five thousand jobs.
 * Lewis, 08** [David, Senior Vice President with HDR where he serves as the firm’s Chief Economist and Direc­tor for Economics and Financial Services, He served previously as President and CEO of HLB Decision Economics, prior to which he was a Principal Economist of the U.S. Congressional Budget Office. Brookings Institution, America’s Traffic Congestion Problem: Toward a Framework for Nationwide Reform, [|http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2008/07/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2008/7/congestion%20pricing%20lewis/07_congestion_lewis.PDF]]

**The internal link is __linear__ – the plan is necessary and sufficient to relieve congestion**
3. Mitigating highway ... transportation chain.
 * Perakis and Denisis,08** [A survey of short sea shipping and its prospects in the USA, ANASTASSIOS N. PERAKIS* and ATHANASIOS DENISIS Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, 213 NAME Building, 2600 Draper Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2145, USA, []]

**And, independently an effective MTS is vital to growth – capacity limitations act as a deadly stranglehold**
In order to remain ... pre-eminent in global trade. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
 * Lobiondo, et al 11** [Congressional Testimony, Frank A. LoBiondo is the U.S. Representative for New Jersey's 2nd congressional district, serving since 1995. He is a member of the Republican Party, CREATING JOBS AND INCREASING U.S. EXPORTS BY ENHANCING THE MARINE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TUESDAY, JUNE 14, 2011 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION, COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE, []]

** And, the impact is great power nuclear war **
Austin ‘09 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman, Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187) Conversely, global policymakers ... //a big bang//.

**And, an ineffective MTS kills power projection - separate internal link to hegemony**
Jackson, 07 [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us] The importance of ... maintain this status .5

**Increased support for short sea shipping sustains the shipbuilding industry**
http://www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/article/short-sea-shipping-long-on-benefits/ To help meet ... U.S. political leaders.
 * Raymond, 05** [Charles, President and CEO Horizon Inc. “Short Sea Shipping: Long On Benefits”,

**And, expansion of title XI funding ensures __increased naval capacity__**
A less well ... behind the MHI.
 * Goure, 11** [Lexington Institute, Obama Could Create Jobs And Support Defense, Daniel, PhD, []]

**And, the plan reverses tidal waves of shipyard closings which decimate the industry**
As President Obama ... for the poor. Imagine….
 * Munoz, 11** [January 11, The Obama Infrastructure Plan, and Another Shipyard Closes, OP-ED by Tony Munoz, Editor-in-Chief of the Maritime ExecutiveMagazine and the MarEx Newsletter, []]

**And, inland water ways are functionally limitless – the plan is the easiest means of infrastructure expansion and revitalizes the maritime sector**
In addition to ... public as well [46].
 * Perakis and Denisis,08** [A survey of short sea shipping and its prospects in the USA, ANASTASSIOS N. PERAKIS* and ATHANASIOS DENISIS Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, 213 NAME Building, 2600 Draper Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2145, USA, []]

**And, a strong maritime and shipbuilding industry is a vital pre requisite to credible naval capabilities**
In conclusion, our //...// of the vessel.
 * Alberto, et al., 5** (Lieutenant Colonel Ronald P., U.S. Army, Colonel Michael G. Archuleta, U.S. Air Force, Lieutenant Colonel Steven H. Bills, U.S. Air Force, Commander William A. Bransom, U.S. Navy, Mr. Kenneth Cohen, Department of State, Commander William A. Ebbs, U.S. Navy, George Manjgaladze, Ministry of Defense, Republic of Georgia, Commander Elizabeth B. Myhre, U.S. Navy, Audrea M. Nelson, DA, Robert L. Riddick, Department of Defense, Colonel Christopher M. Ross, U.S. Army, Julia N. Ruhnke, DA, Lieutenant Colonel Gregory M. Ryan, U.S. Marine Corps, Colonel David D. Thompson, U.S. Air Force, Commander Hugh D. Wetherald, U.S. Navy, Dr. Mark Montroll, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Dr. Michael Farbman, USAID, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Captain David B. Hill, U.S. Coast Guard, faculty at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, “SHIPBUILDING”, The Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, 2005, http://www.ndu.edu/icaf/programs/academic/industry/reports/2005/pdf/icaf-is-report-shipbuilding-2005.pdf, Deech)

**Great power war**
Deter major power ... extended campaigns ashore.
 * Conway et al 7** [James T., General, U.S. Marine Corps, Gary Roughead, Admiral, U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower,” October, http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf]

**And, causes and escalation of every transnational threat – the ship building industry is key**
NLUS, 12 – a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating our citizens about the importance of sea power to U.S. national security and supporting the men and women of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and U.S.-flag Merchant Marine and their families (Navy League of the United States, “Maritime Primacy & Economic Prosperity: Maritime Policy 2012-13”, Navy League of the United States, 1/21/12, [] | AK) Global engagement is ... warriors is fundamental.

Naval forces are //...// full-scale combat. 9
 * A strong navy is critical to effective peacekeeping**
 * Vego, 8** — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/jfq-50/JFQ-50.pdf, Deech)

**Peacekeeping prevents great power wars**
Experts throughout the ... number of conflicts.
 * Dean 95** – Adviser on international security issues for the Union of Concerned Scientists [Dean, Jonathan. (P articipated in East-West arms control negotiations and worked with U.N. peacekeepers in the field and in the State Department) “A stronger U.N. strengthens America,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Chicago: Mar 1995. Vol. 51, Iss. 2; pg. 45Ebscohost]

Naval forces can ... quickly and decisively.
 * Naval strength solves Middle East war**
 * Vego, 8** — professor of operations at the Naval War College, former commanding officer in the former Yugoslav Navy and former West German merchant marine (Milan N., “On Naval Power”, Joint Forces Quarterly, July 2008, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/jfq-50/JFQ-50.pdf, Deech)

Gold, 07 [Thomas J., Masters in Strategic Intelligence, Joint Military Intelligence College, Nuclear Conflict in the Middle East: An Analysis of Future Events, p. 53-55] If the political,//__...__// __//now// //a possibility//__.
 * And, goes __global__ and __nuclear__**


 * Contention Two is __Solvency__**

====**A comprehensive federal expansion of Title XI loan guarantees mitigates congestion and creates conditions favorable for private investment – the plan reverse the only barrier to short sea transportation**==== For more than ... as a transaction cost.
 * Cook, 11** — former General Counsel of the Maritime Administration, Counsel to Seward and Kissel LLP (H. Clayton, “Dead in the Water”, Maritime Executive, 7/8/2012, http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/dead-in-the-water, Deech)
 * Note: SST = short sea transportation, CCF = capital construction fund

**And, solely private sector action is insufficient – high startup costs make external incentives critical**
The private sector ... the Marine Highway
 * McCormick, 10** [Strengthening US Government US Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood addressed the recent National Port Summit in San Diego. Wayne McCormick, of America’s Marine Highways, conducted the following interviewSupport of Marine Highways, []]

**And, the plan reduces risk and creates the financial backing necessary for short sea shipping**
A loan guarantee... hope to build ships.
 * Margaronis, 08** [Green Ships Can Fight Global Warming, president of California-based Santa Maria Shipowning & Trading Inc, p. online document retrieved via a google download, full text email alexanderdpappas@gmail.com]

**And, that heightens the resiliency of the transportation network – a secure federal funding stream ensures adequate coordination**
Opportunities A successful... categories were identified.
 * Lombardo, 04** [Short Sea Shipping: Practices, Opportunities and Challenges[|[1]] Written by Gary A. Lombardo, Ph.D.[|[2]] Prepared by TransportGistics, Inc, []]

As our road ... develop future capabilities.24
 * And, marine infrastructure is key – other networks have reached maximum capacity – ineffective coordination precipitates wider congestion**
 * Jackson, 07** [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us]

**And, put away your process and funding counterplans – consistent funding and a net increase are required to generate new capacity**
Jackson, 07 [LEVERAGING THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF THE U.S. INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM, Colonel Donald E. Jackson, Jr. United States Army Professor John F. Troxell Project Adviser, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0K7n92gvqk0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA469583+&hl=en&gl=us] In order to ... North Atlantic ports.77

**No link uniqueness – modest federal assistance key**
The Dual-Use Vessel Program and Americas Marine Highway Next Steps, []] “Short Sea Shipping” and AMH A MarAdand ... // -up assistance. //
 * Cook, 12** [H. Clayton Cook, Esq. has been involved with Jones Act issues for more than 40 years and served as General Counsel of the Maritime Administration from 1970-1973. He is currently Counsel to Seward & Kissel LLP in Washington, DC.

Past 2NRs T - Investment =/= loans T - Maintenance T - Transportation =/= Pipelines Jackson Vanik and Case