Jason+Levin+and+Connor+Warshauer

=**Aff**= toc

Biopolitics
After 9/11 the discourse surrounding American security switched from defense to prevention —- this produces bare life globally —- terrorists abroad are criminalised to justify paradoxical attempts to both utterly destroy them and act as a humanitarian figure —- we drop bombs labeled food —- secondly it has created a surveillance state domestically —- the logic of risk management in combination with surveillance functions to assign us all the status of enemy —- everyone is bombed with data collection under the mantra of guilty until proven innocent —- we are no longer reduced to bare life —- all life has become bare life Van Munster, 5/28/2014 – Senior Researcher at the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) and teaches security studies at the Department of Political Science, University of Southern Denmark (Rens, "The War on Terrorism: When the Exception Becomes the Rule", Danish Institute for International Studies, p. 146-152)//roetlin// //A direct parallel, then, can be drawn between Agamben~’s notion of the camp// //AND// //elevation from homo sacer to an autonomous subject is only a secondary move.//

//This universal state of exception becomes normalized through surveillance and exposes us all to the constant potentiality of violence// //Douglas, independent scholar, 2009 – (Jeremy, "Disappearing Citizenship: surveillance and the state of exception", published in Surveillance %26 Society Vol 6, No 1, p. 33-34 http://library.queensu.ca/ojs/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/3402/3365)//roetlin This type of structure, which allows for an unseen seer to watch over individuals AND the population – these biopolitical tactics are what primarily distinguish governmentality from sovereignty.

Those forms of biopolitical control generate the groundwork for racism and eugenics —- these invisible violences outweigh any purported benefits Van Munster, 5/28/2014 – Senior Researcher at the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) and teaches security studies at the Department of Political Science, University of Southern Denmark (Rens, "The War on Terrorism: When the Exception Becomes the Rule", Danish Institute for International Studies, p. 144-146)//roetlin// //Taking his cue from Michel Foucault, Agamben maintains that the sovereign right to take// //AND// //one hand and reduce political subjects to the naked life of homo sacer .//

//Racism is not external to biopolitics, it is a necessary component of today~’s hypocritical order —- biopower is the enabling precondition that allows for racism to be inscribed and codified in the law —- this saturates civil society with violence, making war structurally inevitable —- peace is impossible until the enemy is annihilated// //Mendieta, 4/25/2002 – associate professor of Philosophy at Stony Brook University (Eduardo, "~’To make live and to let die~’ –Foucault on Racism", American Psychological Association Central Division Meeting, p. 7-8)//roetlin This is where racism intervenes, not from without, exogenously, but from within AND of the living, then these threat and foes are biological in nature.

Surveillance occurs at the intersection of bare life and the state of exception, creating totalitarianism Douglas, independent scholar, 2009 – (Jeremy, "Disappearing Citizenship: surveillance and the state of exception", published in Surveillance %26 Society Vol 6, No 1, p. 35-36 http://library.queensu.ca/ojs/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/3402/3365)//roetlin// //Bare Life and the State of Exception This conception of biopolitics as an ancient and// //AND// //seen is how this triad can be applied to our current political milieu.//

//The federal government even uses its surveillance policies to manufacture terror plots —- this allows the FBI to continue destroying communities of color and maintain a climate of fear// //**Cabral %26 Sutcliffe, 15** —- *photojournalist, filmmaker and cinematographer documenting stories seldom seen in mainstream media, AND **documentary filmmaker whose work explores issues of national security post-9/11 (1/26/2015, Lyric R. Cabral and David Felix Sutcliffe, "The FBI Isn~’t Catching Terrorists — It~’s Creating Them" http://creativetimereports.org/2015/01/26/fbi-counterterrorism-lyric-cabral-david-felix-sutcliffe-sundance/, JMP)// //People think that catching terrorists is just a matter of finding them—but,// //AND// //the liberty and security of all Americans, regardless of race or religion.//

//The United States federal government should substantially curtail its domestic surveillance.//

//Using the state should be your goal —- Agamben~’s arguments lay a groundwork for what~’s wrong with the status quo but aren~’t helpful in determining what to do about it —- simply using the state does not doom us —- reflexivity can be achieved// //Colatrella, 09 – (Steven, Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol.9. no.1 Nothing Exceptional: Against Agamben, University of Maryland University College, Europe, http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/09-1-05.pdf)//Tina Conclusion: State Transformation without State of Exception In failing to take into account the AND Agamben has only interpreted for us. The point remains to change them.

View the debate through the lens of their method always failing —- even if they prove legal reform is ineffective sometimes it~’s comparatively more likely to create change CINNEIDE, 08 Colm O~’Cinneide, Senior Lecturer in Law, Faculty of Laws, University College London Controlling the ~’Gorgon~’ of state power in the state of exception: a reply to Professor Tushnet Colm Cambridge journals♥ Tina Are constitutional democracies therefore doomed to repeat a cycle of panic, overreaction, error AND the ~’state of exception~’ opened up by the invocation of emergency powers.

Abstract movements won~’t produce political results besides violence – embrace the hard work of pragmatic reform Condit 15 [Celeste, Distinguished Research Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Georgia, "Multi-Layered Trajectories for Academic Contributions to Social Change," Feb 4, 2015, Quarterly Journal of Speech, Volume 101, Issue 1, 2015] Thus, when Žižek and others urge us to "Act" with violence to AND now include the hard labor to produce alternative visions that appear materially feasible.

Prefer pragmatism – anything else is elitist and violent – also can create future revolution Delgado 9 [Richard, self-appointed Minority scholar, Chair of Law at AND What Minorities Want, Arguing about Law", p. 588-590 ] 2. The CLS critique of piecemeal reform Critical scholars reject the idea of piecemeal AND whether total change, when it comes, will be what we want.

Islamophobia
The government's discriminatory surveillance policy constructs Muslim Americans as criminals —- this spills over to violate the rights of others The U.S. government has been snooping on prominent members of the Muslim AND once put it — an injury to one is an injury to all.
 * Kundnani & Kumar, 14** (7/14/2014, Arun Kundnani is the author of "The Muslims Are Coming: Islamophobia, Extremism, and the Domestic War on Terror", Deepa Kumar is the author of "Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire", "Stop spying on Muslim-Americans," http://www.timesunion.com/opinion/article/Stop-spying-on-Muslim-Americans-5620920.php, JMP)

These constructions create a broader state of violence against bodies of color —- this manifests in xenophobic profiling [Spring 2003, Adrien Katherine Wing is a Bessie Dutton Murray Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Iowa College of Law. A.B. Princeton, 1978; M.A. UCLA, 1979; J.D. Stanford, 1982. This paper was presented at the Civil Rights symposium of the Louisiana State"Civil Rights in the Post 911 World: Critical Race Praxis, Coalition Building, and the War on Terrorism", http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5987&context=lalrev&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dguantanamo%2B%2522critical%2Brace%2Btheory%2522%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C5%26as_vis%3D1#search=%22guantanamo%20critical%20race%20theory%22, 63 La. L. Rev. (2003)] To illustrate how race can be socially constructed, I will use myself as an AND of 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans in World War II.9
 * Wing 3, Bessie Dutton Murray Distinguished Professor of Law**

The federal government even uses its surveillance policies to manufacture terror plots —- this allows the FBI to continue destroying communities of color and maintain a climate of fear
 * Cabral & Sutcliffe, 15** —- *photojournalist, filmmaker and cinematographer documenting stories seldom seen in mainstream media, AND **documentary filmmaker whose work explores issues of national security post-9/11 (1/26/2015, Lyric R. Cabral and David Felix Sutcliffe, "The FBI Isn't Catching Terrorists — It's Creating Them" http://creativetimereports.org/2015/01/26/fbi-counterterrorism-lyric-cabral-david-felix-sutcliffe-sundance/, JMP)**
 * People think that catching terrorists is just a matter of finding them—but,**
 * AND**
 * the liberty and security of all Americans, regardless of race or religion.**

Curtis, 12 **—- Millennium Chair of the Liberal Arts at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (7/5/2012, Edward E. Curtis IV, "For American Muslims, Everything Did Not Change After 9/11," http://religionandpolitics.org/2012/07/05/for-american-muslims-everything-did-not-change-after-911/, JMP)**
 * The result is a vicious cycle —- the government's identification of Muslim Americans as terrorists just serves to reinforce its racist surveillance policies. Recognizing current discriminatory policies and attitudes as a continuation of decades of exclusion and tolerating real dissent can break the stronghold of Islamophobia that controls the public sphere.**
 * "Everything changed after 9/11." This political mantra has become part of**
 * AND**
 * —Muslim and non-Muslim alike—are welcome in American life.**

Kumar 13, Associate Professor of Media Studies and Middle Eastern Studies at Rutgers
 * Islamophobia shapes US foreign policy—notions of western superiority are a critical tool to drum up support for militaristic and elitist interventions**
 * [09/11/13, Deepa Kumar is an Associate Professor of Media Studies and Middle Eastern Studies at the Rutgers University. She is the author of Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire and Outside the Box: Corporate Media, Globalization, and the UPS Strike being interviewed by Jessica Desvarieux, The Real News Network, "Twelve Years Post 9/11, Islamophobia Still Runs High", http://truth-out.org/video/item/18759-twelve-years-post-9-11-islamophobia-still-runs-high]**
 * KUMAR: Absolutely not. I think it is true that larger numbers of conservative**
 * AND**
 * Americans and people who look Muslim have been demonized since 9/11.**

As any university student knows, theories about the "social con­struction" and social AND less likely to avert our mental gaze from the physical effects of violence.
 * This dehumanization of foreign populations establishes continuous cycles of violence —- the way we discuss this issue matters**
 * John** Collins 2**, Ass. Prof. of Global Studies at St. Lawrence, and Ross Glover, Visiting Professor of Sociology at St. Lawrence University, 2002, Collateral Language, p. 6-7, The Real Effects of Language)

Thus:

Plan: The United States federal government should rule that federal domestic surveillance based on race, religion, ethnicity, or national origin violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Solvency
Surveillance of Muslims violates the Equal Protection Clause Ongoing debates over excessive policing, civil liberties violations, and the war on terror AND and] don't feel treated like usual, normal, common French people."
 * Denvir 15** – Senior staff writer at Philadelphia City Paper and Contributing Writer to CityLab (Daniel Denvir, CityLab, "The Perils of Excessive Policing, in Both the U.S. and France," January 16 2015, http://www.citylab.com/crime/2015/01/the-perils-of-excessive-policing-in-both-the-us-and-france/384566/, *fc)

The court solves best —- sets a precedent that spills over and changes surveillance policy at all levels of government. //B. The Courts Are Better Positioned Than the Legislature to Regulate Police Technologies The// //AND// //the Miranda decision, often went above and beyond the Court's minimal requirements.//
 * Rushin, 11** —- PhD student at the University of California, Berkeley, Jurisprudence and Social Policy Program (Fall 2011, Stephen, University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & Policy, "THE JUDICIAL RESPONSE TO MASS POLICE SURVEILLANCE," 2011 U. Ill. J.L. Tech. & Pol'y 281, Lexis,)//Mnush//

//Presidents comply with judicial decisions – empirics and high political costs// //**Bradley and Morrison 13** —- Professor of Law at Duke and Professor of Law at Columbia (Curtis and Trevor, "Presidential Power, Historical Practice, And Legal Constraint", 2013 Directors of The Columbia Law Review Association, Inc. Columbia Law Review May, lexis,)//Mnush Insisting on a sharp distinction between the law governing presidential authority that is subject to AND than an internal sense of fidelity to law (or judicial review). n120

Voting affirmative recognizes the important role of government policies and rhetoric in promoting the racist environment Office of the House of Representative Keith Ellison, U.S Government has issued AND principles when federal dollars are spent perpetuating law-breaking activity like entrapment.
 * Representative Ellison, 14** (12/11/2014, Rep. Keith Ellison (D-MN), US Official News, "Rep. Ellison Testifies in Senate Hearing on Civil and Human Rights," Lexis, JMP)

Effective mobilization will fail without the plan —- we must challenge the Islamophobic base of anti-terror legislation to stand in solidarity with all Muslims. Diana **Ralph 6**, PhD in Psychology and a Master of Social Work. She is an Associate Professor of Social Work at Carleton University, "ISLAMOPHOBIA AND THE WAR ON TERROR: THE CONTINUING PRETEXT FOR U.S. IMPERIAL CONQUEST", The Hidden History of 9-11-2001 (Research in Political Economy, Volume 23), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.261-298, 911blogger.com/node/16381 4. Standing with Muslims against the "War on Terror" In this chapter AND , Islamophobia is the key barrier to effective mobilization against the Bush regime.

The chilling effect from surveillance dissuades people from meaningfully participating in social and political movements that are essential for progressive political change —- any change short the plan will spillover and stifle ALL radical resistance and eviscerate freedom of speech forever Burkhart, et. al, 7 (2007, Laurie Burkhart, Michael Haubert, and Damon Thorley, "The Efect of Government Surveillance on Social Progress," in Confronting Information Ethics in the New Millennium, http://www.ethicapublishing.com/5CH1.htm, JMP) The Chilling Effect In United States law, the "chilling effect" refers AND freedom of speech and the power of the people will be lost forever.

Debates about Islamophobia are valuable [Jan. 04 2012, Shirin Housee works at the School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, UK "What's the point? Anti-racism and students' voices against Islamophobia", Volume 15, Issue 1] Having reflected on the two seminar sessions on Islamophobia and the student comments, I AND is to education that our attention should be directed.' (162)
 * Housee 12, Senior Lecturer in Sociology**

External controls on FBI prevents political and religious profiling while maintaining important law enforcement functions Introduction Since September 11, Americans have accepted new restrictions on their freedom in AND recollection of past abuses of civil liberties in times of national trauma. n38
 * Fisher, 4** —- Associate Professor of Law and Director, Center for Social Justice, Seton Hall Law School (Winter 2004, Linda E., Arizona Law Review, "Guilt by Expressive Association: Political Profiling, Surveillance and the Privacy of Groups," 46 Ariz. L. Rev. 621, Lexis, JMP)

Framing
Magnitude first impact framing regresses into inaction and will never be real world Tom Friedman's piece today in the Times on the environment (http://www. AND But what our response to this news should be is another matter entirely.
 * Meskill 9** – professor at Colorado School of Mines and PhD from Harvard, current assistant professor at Dowling College [David, "The "One Percent Doctrine" and Environmental Faith," David Meskill Blogspot, December 9, 2009, http://davidmeskill.blogspot.com/2009/12/one-percent-doctrine-and-environmental.html, Accessed 6/26/15]

In my ongoing quest to understand how morality and justice apply in a complex society AND save no one if that is the only way to avoid committing murder.
 * ====Utilitarian calculations are fundamentally immoral – murder, even to save a life, is an unethical and justifies mass violence.====**
 * Kramer 11** [Nicholas Kramer, former associate investigator for an oversight & investigations committee in the United States Senate, "Murdering Some to Save Others", http://original.antiwar.com/nkramer/2011/04/12/murdering-some-to-save-others/, 4-12-11]

Default to the principle of intervening actors – it solves their offense and is key to prevent absurdity and immorality Gewirth 1983 (Alan, philosopher, Human Rights: Essays on Justification and Applications, p 230-231) A third distinction is between respecting other persons and avoiding bad consequences. Respect for AND rights cannot justifiably be secured at the price of the rights of blacks.

No counterplan can solve the case—the ability of another actor to address the harm doesn't absolve you of your obligation to do so as well Some have maintained that there is a fourth minimal condition which a potential helper of AND resort is too strong; it is not a minimal condition for obligation.
 * AITKEN 77** (William, teaches philosophy at Chatham College, World Hunger and Moral Obligation, p 93-94)

= = =**Neg**=

2NRs
Foucault Visas and Drones CP, terrorism da State pik heg bad ex post, terrorism drugs internal link turn (borders) security t-domestic + extra t title 3 cp oversight cp, state spending trade-off framework