Colesy+and+Harrison+**Hybrid

Cuts to ocean exploration are destroying US marine science leadership
Mclain, 12 - Assistant Director of Science for the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (Craig, March 15, 2012 “Losing Deep-Sea Science in the United States” http://deepseanews.com/2012/03/losing-deep-sea-science-in-the-united-states/)//gingE As the case in 1962, our nation’s scientific numbers have never been greater or AND to the NOAA Director Jane Lubchenco. Their contact information is listed below.

Greater ocean exploration is vital to understanding deep-ocean thermohaline circulation which determines our ability to adapt to climate change
Goodwin is PhD Marine Biologist and Science Writer at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (“Why Do We Explore” []) zabd Why Ocean Exploration Is Important Today Curiosity, desire for knowledge, and quest for AND the reasons we explore Earth’s ocean; but we also explore to survive.
 * Goodwin, 9** – The Harmon Project, NOAA

Acidification, warming and de-oxygenation all threaten to overwhelm ecosystem resilience
The misconceptions that drove spending on space were mirrored in our lack of knowledge about AND the importance of aggressive ocean research and management before it is too late.
 * Young, 14 –** thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical & Ocean Engineering at MIT **(**Grace, “Missiles & Misconceptions: Why We Know More About the Dark Side of the Moon than the Depths of the Ocean” 1/17, [|http://mseas.mit.edu/publications/Theses/Grace_C_Young_BS_Thesis_MIT2014.pdf)//DH]

It will end all life on the planet
Dingle 11 – Sarah Dingle is a reporter for ABC Radio Current Affairs. (“Ocean heading for mass extinction, scientists warn”, ABC News, [], June 21, 2011, Quay) Scientists are warning of a potential marine massacre with a mass extinction of sea life AND will be presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York this week.

Stable federal exploration funding is the __bellwether__ for catalyzing investment in __adaptation technologies__ and generating better decision-making for ocean ecosystem management
// The importance of the ocean in daily life, whether you live on the East // // AND // // that U.S. ocean science research will have //around the globe//.
 * Avery, 13 -** DIRECTOR, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Susan, “DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION” S. HRG. 113–268, 6/13, gpo.gov)//DH//

====A dedicated federal funding stream through NOPP is __perceived__ as restoring the U.S. __reputation__ within the marine science community – that’s vital to attracting scientists into research collaboration==== NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, [])

The major drawback of a NOPP-sponsored ocean exploration program is that AND to the comments above) or NSF would be appropriate alternatives.

Research-driven adaptation strategies build in __resilience__ to prevent total ecosystem collapse
Major gaps exist in our current scientific understanding, limiting our ability to forecast the AND //increase ecosystem resiliency// as well as local-scale mitigation efforts.
 * Doney, 8 -** Senior Scientist Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Scott, **“**The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act: H.R. 4174” Written testimony presented to the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, United States House of Representatives6/5, []

A dedicated NOPP funding stream will maximize ocean science partnerships and lead to __applied solutions__ for ocean ecosystem management

 * Watkins et al, 9** - Watkins chaired the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, served as the President of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, and founding President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (James, How the Oceanographic Community Created a National Oceanographic Partnership Program” Oceanography Vol. 22, Iss. 2. Published by the NOPP. https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2982/22.2_watkins.pdf?sequence=1) zabd

The successes of the ocean partnership effort started more than ten years ago AND partnering and apply them to society’s most exigent needs with haste and vigor.

US oceans leadership creates the political will for protection– change is empirically possible

 * Sielen, 14 -** ALAN B. SIELEN is Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (“Sea Change: How to Save the Oceans” 4/16, []

The rebirth of the seas will require large doses of education to dispel AND the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, the world’s largest ocean preserve.

Justification for a New Ocean Exploration Program The ocean supports us—whether we AND the oceans respond to chemical, biological, and physical __changes__ __must increase__.
 * Exploration is vital to biodiscovery and developing new cures for diseases **
 * NRC, ’03 **(Committee on Exploration of the Seas, National Research Council “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown” National Academies Press []) //GY

Global antibiotic resistance is increasing rapidly - the ability to treat diseases at all is close to collapsing – ending modern medicine
Antimicrobial resistance ( __AMR__ ) within a wide range of infectious agents is a growing AND has a negative impact on outcomes for patients and health-care expenditures.
 * Fukuda, 14 -** Assistant Director-General Health Security, World Health Organization, 14 (Keiji**,** “Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014” April, []

That risks extinction
Greger 8 **–** M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger,, Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, []) Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent slew of emerging diseases in almost biblical terms AND “might easily transmute into a tune whistled whilst passing a graveyard.”3154

Establishing a new ocean exploration within the NOPP is vital to both __inter-agency__ and __international__ coordination in marine science
NRC 3 – Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. (“Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown”, National Research Council, the National Academies Press, []) Incorporating a //new ocean exploration program// into the //U.S. marine science// field AND force to plan for collaborative exploration programs proposed by international groups of scientists.

The plan establishes a __global model__ and builds __international marine research collaboration__
The oceans cover nearly three-quarters of the Earth's surface, regulate our weather AND bond, highlighting their importance in our lives," Orcutt said.
 * Pages, 4** – Media Relations Officer at National Academies (Patrice, “Exploration of the Deep Blue Sea” National Academies In Focus Magazine, Winter/Spring, [])//DH

This spurs __global solutions__ and the development of multilateral agreements
NRC, 3 – National Research Center (Committee on Exploration of the Seas Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies “Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown ( 2003 )” pp 6-7 [] INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR AN OCEAN EXPLORATION PROGRAM The involvement of many nations in ocean exploration AND //international agreements// to undertake regional exploration or to pursue themes of shared interest.

Maritime conflicts are likely in the South China Sea over unsustainable fishing – transnational marine science collaboration is vital to creating trust necessary for __durable peace__
Fishing for Peace? The Need for a New EBM Initiative in the South China AND multilateral cooperation and mutual trust so urgently needed in the South China Sea.
 * Leutert, et al, 13** - third-year PhD student in the government department at Cornell University, currently based in Beijing from 2013-2014 as a visiting scholar at PekingUniversity and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Also authored by Dr. C. Sachi GERBIN, the 2013-2014 US resident Sasakawa Peace Foundation fellow, and Jennifer MCARDLE, program associate at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Center for Science, Technology and Security Policy at Pacific Forum CSIS. (Wendy, "Forging Cooperation over Competition: Opportunities for Practical Security Collaboration in the Asia-Pacific” Issues & Insights Vol. 14 – No. 6 Beijing, People’s Republic of China December 2013, [|http://csis.org/files/publication/issuesinsights_vol14no6.pdf)//gingE] **DOC = Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea**

Risks extinction
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used. AND //—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.//
 * Wittner 11** - Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany (Lawrence S. Wittner, 11/28, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", [|www.huntingtonnews.net/14446])

Stronger marine science partnerships act as confidence building measures that dampen conflict incentives and bolster inter-state relations
There are a number of successful international marine science partnerships and specific models that should AND improve foreign relations between governments and build goodwill between peoples of different nations.
 * Crosby, 7 –** executive director, National Science Board (Michael, “Improving International Relations Through Marine Science Partnerships”, __Law, Science and Ocean Management__, p. 275-276

plan

 * Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its non-military ocean exploration through the National Oceanographic Partnership Program.**


 * Also we do not endorse any of the gendered language that might be found in our cards**

NOPP is key to a __successful__ and __collaborative__ ocean exploration system—however, additional federal funding is key
[|http://books.google.com/books?id=IjxpKwHgbqkC&pg=PA216&lpg=PA216&dq=nopp+needs+funding&source=bl&ots=lEbDm1FBzq&sig=85Se_kj91a-9gQVpsMpLM6s4hoE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LMitU9DKHqm70wX90oG4Bg&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=nopp%20needs%20funding&f=false], page 215-)//emchen Last month, the Bush Administration announced that U.S. policy on  AND  program offers us a mechanism for using Federal resources to achieve this goal.
 * Nichols et al., 3** —*author of Encyclopedia of Marine, President and oceanographer at Marine Information Resources Corporation **oceanographer at NOAA** *author of Encyclopedia of Marine (C. Reids, David Porter, Robert G. Williams, “Recent Advances and Issues in Oceanography”, Greenwood Publishing Group,

=Neg Disclosure=

1AC: Offshore Oil Drilling

1NC: T - its, Oil Spills Environment DA, Russia Oil Prices DA, Algae CP

2NR: Oil Spills Environment DA

1AC: AUVs

1NC: T - its, Land K (just a few Land cards from the Bataille aff (I won’t do that again)), Midterm Politics DA, Dedev on case

2NR: Dedev

1AC: OTEC

1NC: T - Non Military, Land K (ok this was the last time), Ex-Im Politics DA, Military CP

2NR: Politics

1AC: NOPP

1NC: T - Non Military, China SOI DA, Anthro K, Dedev on case

2NR: Anthro K

1AC: NOPP

1NC: T - Its, T - Non Military, Anthro K, Midterm Poltiisc DA, China SOI DA on Case, Russia SOI DA on Case

2NR: T - Non Military

1AC: Icebreakers

1NC: T - Its, T - Non Military, Anthro K, GOP Good Politics DA, Alaska CP, Russia SOI DA (on case)

2NR: Anthro K

1AC: AUVs

1NC: T - Non Military, T - Its, Anthro K, Midterms Politics DA, Dedev (on case), Heg Bad (on case)

2NR: Space-Colonization Bad (impact turned an add-on on Politics), Dedev